JP2021008834A - engine - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide an engine capable of reducing the width of the engine.SOLUTION: The engine comprises a cylinder block 2, an oil filter 3 disposed on a lateral side of the engine, and an oil cooler 4 disposed on a lateral side of the cylinder block 2 in a position not overlapping the oil filter 3. The oil cooler 4 comprises a heat radiation pipe 5 through which an engine oil 6 passes. The heat radiation pipe 5 comprises multiple front-rear elongate pipes 5a, 5a and connection pipes 5b, 5b. The multiple front-rear elongate pipes 5a, 5a are arranged in the vertical direction. The heat radiation pipe 5 is formed serpiginously by connecting ends of each vertically neighboring pair of front-rear elongate pipes 5a, 5a via the connection pipe 5b.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

The present invention relates to an engine, and more particularly to an engine whose width can be reduced.

Conventionally, there is an engine provided with an oil filter and an oil cooler (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

Jikkenhei 2-20710 (see FIGS. 1 and 2)

<< Problem >> The width of the engine becomes large.
In the engine of Patent Document 1, since the oil cooler and the oil filter are arranged side by side on the side of the engine, the width of the engine becomes large.

An object of the present invention is to provide an engine capable of reducing the width.

The configuration of the present invention is as follows.
As illustrated in FIG. 1 (A), the erection direction of the crankshaft (1) is the front-rear direction, and as illustrated in FIG. 1 (B), the width direction of the engine orthogonal to the front-rear direction is the lateral direction.
As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the cylinder block (2), the oil filter (3) arranged on the side of the engine, and the cylinder block (2) are located at positions that do not overlap with the oil filter (3). Equipped with an oil cooler (4) placed on the side
The oil cooler (4) includes a heat dissipation pipe (5) through which the engine oil (6) passes.
The heat radiating pipe (5) includes a plurality of front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) and connecting pipes (5b) (5b), and the plurality of front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) are vertically oriented. The heat radiating pipe (5) is formed in a serpentine shape by connecting the ends of the front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) that are lined up and adjacent to each other by the connecting pipe (5b). The engine to be.

The invention of the present application has the following effects.
<< Effect >> The width of the engine can be reduced.
The heat dissipation pipe (5) of the oil cooler (4) arranged at a position not overlapping with the oil filter (3) is formed in a meandering shape in which a plurality of front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) are arranged in the vertical direction. Therefore, the oil cooler (4) does not project significantly to the side of the cylinder block (2), and the width of the engine can be reduced.

1 (A) is a schematic side view, FIG. 1 (B) is an enlarged sectional view taken along line BB of FIG. 1 (A), and FIG. 1 is a view for explaining an engine according to a first embodiment of the present invention. (C) is a cross-sectional view showing the details of the part C of FIG. 1 (A), and FIG. 1 (D) is a cross-sectional view showing the details of the part D of FIG. 1 (A). 2 (A) is a side view and FIG. 2 (B) is a view for explaining a modified example of the piping of the oil supply passage interposed with the water-cooled oil cooler used in the engine according to the first embodiment of FIG. 2 (A) is a cross-sectional view showing the details of part B, and FIG. 2 (C) is a cross-sectional view showing details of part C of FIG. 2 (A). 3A is a side view of a basic example, and FIG. 3B is a view for explaining piping of an oil supply passage interposed with an air-cooled oil cooler used in an engine according to a second embodiment of the present invention. 3 (A) is an enlarged sectional view taken along line BB, and FIG. 3 (C) is a side view of a modified example.

1 and 2 are views for explaining the engine according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a view for explaining the second embodiment of the present invention. In each embodiment, a water-cooled vertical multi-cylinder diesel engine is used. Will be described.

The outline of the engine according to the first embodiment is as follows.
As shown in FIG. 1 (A), this engine was assembled on the cylinder block (2), the cylinder head (14) assembled on the upper part of the cylinder block (2), and the upper part on the cylinder head (14). A cylinder head cover (15), an engine cooling fan (8) provided at the front of the cylinder block (2), a fly wheel (17) arranged at the rear of the cylinder block (2), and a cylinder block (2). It is equipped with an oil pan (18) assembled at the bottom of the cylinder.
An intake manifold (not shown) is assembled on one lateral side of the cylinder head (14), and an exhaust manifold (19) is assembled on the other lateral side of the cylinder head (14).

This engine includes a fuel supply device (16), an engine starter (20), a water cooling device (21), an engine lubricator (22), a supercharger (10), and a supercharger lubricator (26). ) Is provided.

As shown in FIG. 1 (A), the fuel supply device (16) is a common rail type fuel injection device, which is a fuel injector (24) inserted into a combustion chamber (not shown) and a fuel injector (24). The common rail (25) that accumulates the fuel (16a) supplied to the common rail (25), the fuel supply pump (27) that supplies the fuel (16a) to the common rail (25), and the fuel (16a) that supplies the fuel supply pump (27). It is provided with a fuel tank (28) for storing the fuel.
The opening and closing of the electromagnetic valve (24a) of the fuel injector (24), the internal pressure of the common rail (25), and the rotation speed of the fuel supply pump (27) are controlled by the electronic control device (29), and the engine rotation speed and engine load are controlled. The valve opening timing and valve opening time of the electromagnetic valve (24a) of the fuel injector (24) are set accordingly, and a predetermined amount of fuel (16a) is injected from the fuel injector (24) at a predetermined timing.
The electronic control device (29) is an engine ECU. ECU is an abbreviation for electronic control unit and is a microcomputer. The fuel (16a) is light oil.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the engine starting device (20) includes a starter motor (23), a ring gear (30) that meshes with a pinion gear (not shown) of the starter motor (23), and a key switch (31). And a battery (32).
The battery (32) is electrically connected to the starter motor (23) via a key switch (31) and an electronic control device (29).
The key switch (31) has an OFF position, an ON position, and a START position, and when the key switch (31) is switched from the OFF position to the ON position, the battery (32) to the fuel supply device (16) or the like via the electronic control device (29). When power is supplied to other electrical systems and the ON position is switched to the START position, power is supplied from the battery (32) to the starter motor (23), the engine is started by motoring, and when the ON position is switched to the OFF position, The power supply to the fuel supply device (16) and other electric systems is stopped, and the electronic control device (29) finishes the process after performing a predetermined process such as storing operation data.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the water cooling device (21) includes a cylinder jacket (2a) serving as a water channel in the cylinder block (2) of the engine cooling water (7) and a water channel in the cylinder head (14). The engine is equipped with a cylinder head jacket (14a), a water flange (35) containing a thermostat valve (34), a radiator (36), and a water pump (37). The cooling water (7) circulates in the order of the cylinder jacket (2a), the cylinder head jacket (14a), the water flange (35), the radiator (36), and the water pump (37) to cool the engine with water. A part of the engine cooling water (7) bypasses the radiator (36) and circulates in the order of the cylinder jacket (2a), the cylinder head jacket (14a), and the water pump (37).
When the water temperature of the engine cooling water (7) is low, the thermostat valve (34) is closed, and the engine cooling water (7) only circulates around the radiator (36) to raise the temperature of the engine cooling water (7). Warm-up operation is performed to accelerate the operation.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the engine lubricator (22) includes an oil pan (18), an oil pump (38), an oil strainer (39), an oil filter (3), and an oil gallery (40). The engine oil (6) stored in the oil pan (18) is sucked from the oil strainer (39) by the suction force of the oil pump (38), and the oil is sucked by the pumping force of the oil pump (38). It is supplied to a sliding portion (41) such as a bearing portion of the crank shaft (1) via a filter (3) and an oil gallery (40) in this order.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the supercharger (10) is assembled on the upper part of the exhaust manifold (19), and has an exhaust turbine (10b), an air compressor (10c), an exhaust turbine (10b), and air. A turbine shaft bearing (10a) is provided between the compressors (10c). The supercharger (10) drives the air compressor (10c) with the exhaust gas (10f) flowing into the exhaust turbine (10b) from the exhaust manifold (19), and airs the intake air (10d) from the air cleaner (not shown). The intake manifold is supercharged from the compressor (10c) via the supercharging pipe (10e).

As shown in FIG. 1 (A), the supercharger lubricator (26) has an oil supply passage (11) branched from the middle of the oil gallery (40) on the downstream side of the oil supply of the oil filter (3). It is provided with an oil discharge passage (12) derived from the bearing (10a) of the feeder (10), and the end of the oil supply passage (11) is communicated with the upper part of the bearing (10a) of the booster (10) to carry oil. The start end of the discharge passage (12) communicates with the lower part of the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10), and the end end is opened above the oil pan (18).
In this turbocharger lubricator (26), the engine oil (6) diverted from the oil gallery (40) to the oil supply passage (11) is oil after cooling the bearing (10a) of the turbocharger (10). Return to the oil pan (18) from the discharge passage (12).

In this engine, as shown in FIG. 1 (A), the erection direction of the crankshaft (1) is the front-rear direction, and as shown in FIG. 1 (B), the width direction of the engine orthogonal to the front-rear direction is the lateral direction. As shown in FIG. 1 (A), the side of the cylinder block (2) is located at a position not overlapping with the cylinder block (2), the oil filter (3) arranged on the side of the engine, and the oil filter (3). It is equipped with an oil cooler (4) arranged on the side.
The oil cooler (4) includes a heat radiating pipe (5) through which the engine oil (6) passes, and the heat radiating pipe (5) includes a plurality of front and rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) and a connecting pipe (5b). A plurality of front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) provided with (5b) are arranged in the vertical direction, and the ends of the front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) adjacent to each other in the vertical direction are connected pipes (5b). By being connected, the heat radiating pipe (5) is formed in a meandering shape.

In this engine, the heat dissipation pipe (5) of the oil cooler (4) arranged at a position that does not overlap with the oil filter (3) has a meandering shape in which a plurality of front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) are lined up in the vertical direction. Since the oil cooler (4) does not protrude significantly to the lateral side of the cylinder block (2), the lateral width of the engine can be reduced.
As shown in FIG. 1 (A), the plurality of front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) are all oriented substantially horizontally in the front-rear direction, and as shown in FIG. 1 (B), the cylinders. They are arranged in a row above and below along the horizontal wall (2b) of the block (2).

As shown in FIG. 1 (B), the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) is formed by radial folds (5c) in which the orthogonal cross-sectional shape of the axis (5ac) is alternately folded inside and outside the peripheral wall.
In this engine, the heat dissipation area of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) is large, and the cooling efficiency of the engine oil (6) is high.
The orthogonal cross-sectional shape of the axis (5ac) of the anterior-posterior longitudinal pipe (5a) is petal-shaped or star-shaped by a plurality of radial folds (5c).

As shown in FIG. 1A, the oil cooler (4) includes a cooler case (4a) for accommodating the heat dissipation pipe (5), and the cooler case (4a) is a cooler jacket (4a) surrounding the heat dissipation pipe (5). It is a water-cooled type equipped with 4b) and through which the engine cooling water (7) passes through the cooler jacket (4b).
In this engine, the oil cooler (4) is a water-cooled type that is less susceptible to changes in the outside air temperature than an air-cooled type, so that the temperature of the engine oil (6) is stabilized.
Further, in this engine, since the engine oil (6) is water-cooled by the engine cooling water (7), a new refrigerant supply source dedicated to the oil cooler (4) is not required.
The engine cooling water (7) in the cooler jacket (4b) is sucked into the water pump (37) by the suction force of the water pump (37), and is newly supplied from the cylinder jacket (2a).

In this engine, as shown in FIG. 1 (A), the cooler case (4a) is made of metal, and the outer surface thereof is the air passage (8b) of the engine cooling air (8a) generated by the engine cooling fan (8). Inside, it is exposed to the engine cooling air (8a).
In this engine, the heat of the engine cooling water (7) passing through the cooler jacket (4b) is dissipated to the engine cooling air (8a) via the cooler case (4a), so that the oil cooler (4) sends the heat to the engine body (4). Return to 9) The temperature of the engine cooling water (7) is unlikely to rise, and insufficient cooling of the engine is unlikely to occur.
Further, in this engine, since the engine cooling water (7) is air-cooled by the engine cooling air (8a), a new refrigerant supply source dedicated to the oil cooler (4) is not required.
The engine body (9) is a part of the engine body excluding engine accessories such as an oil cooler (4) and includes a cylinder block (2), a cylinder head (14), and the like.

In this engine, as shown in FIG. 1 (A), the supercharger (10), the oil supply passage (11) for supplying the engine oil (6) to the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10), and the oil supply passage (11). As described above, the oil cooler (4) is provided with the oil supply passage (12) for discharging the engine oil (6) from the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10). 11) Intervening in.
In this engine, the engine oil (6) is cooled by the oil cooler (4) immediately before being supplied to the high temperature bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10), so that the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10) is cooled. Seizure is unlikely to occur.

As shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D, the oil inlets (5d) and oil outlets (5e) formed at both ends of the heat dissipation pipe (5) are the inlet side pipe joint (13a) and the outlet side pipe, respectively. It is connected to the oil supply passage (11) via a joint (13b).
This engine facilitates the connection of the oil cooler (4) to the oil supply passage (11).

In this engine, as shown in FIG. 1 (C), the inlet side pipe joint (13a) is an annular eye joint (13c) provided at the oil inlet (5d) of the heat radiation pipe (5) and an eye joint (13c). A hollow bolt (13d) inserted into the 13c) and a pair of gaskets (13e) (13e) are provided, and the hollow bolt (13d) protruding from the eye joint (13c) is connected to the upstream pipe (11) of the oil supply passage (11). 11a) is screwed into the gasket (13e) between the upstream pipe (11a) and the eye joint (13c) and between the eye joint (13c) and the bolt head (13f) of the hollow bolt (13d). ) Is sandwiched.
In this engine, the engine oil (6) is passed from the upstream pipe (11a) of the oil supply passage (11) through the hollow bolt (13d) and the eye joint (13c) in order to the oil inlet (5d) of the heat dissipation pipe (5). ).

In this engine, as shown in FIG. 1 (D), the outlet side pipe joint (13b) is an annular eye joint (13c) provided at the oil outlet (5e) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) and an eye joint (13c). A hollow bolt (13d) inserted into the 13c) and a pair of gaskets (13e) (13e) are provided, and the hollow bolt (13d) protruding from the eye joint (13c) is connected to the downstream pipe (11) of the oil supply passage (11). 11b) is screw-fitted, and a gasket (13e) is provided between the eye joint (13c) and the bolt head (13f) of the hollow bolt (13d), and between the downstream pipe (11b) and the eye joint (13c). It is sandwiched.
In this engine, the engine oil (6) is passed from the oil outlet (5e) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) to the downstream pipe (11b) of the oil supply passage (11) via the eye joint (13c) and the hollow bolt (13d) in this order. ) Outflow.

As shown in FIG. 1 (A), in the basic example of the piping of the oil supply passage (11) in which the water-cooled oil cooler (4) is interposed, the oil inlet (5d) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) is the lowest. The oil outlet (5e) of the heat radiation pipe (5) is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the highest position, and is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the highest position. The oil supply passage (11) rises from 5e) toward the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10) located higher than the heat dissipation pipe (5).

The piping of the oil supply passage (11) interposed with the water-cooled oil cooler (4) may be deformed as follows.
As shown in FIG. 2A, in the modified example, the oil inlet (5d) of the heat radiating pipe (5) is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the highest position, and the heat radiating pipe (5) is provided. The oil outlet (5e) of the above is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the lowest position, and the oil supply passage (11) is located higher than the heat dissipation pipe (5) from the oil outlet (5e). It is rising toward the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10).
In the case of this modified example, the engine oil (6) in the heat radiation pipe (5) remains even after the engine is stopped, so that the engine oil (6) fills the oil supply passage (11) in a short time when the engine is started. When the engine is started, the engine oil (6) is supplied to the bearing (10a) of the turbocharger (10) shown in FIG. 1 (A) in a short time.

In this modification, as shown in FIG. 2B, the inlet side pipe joint (13a) is an annular eye joint (13c) provided at the oil inlet (5d) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) and an eye joint. A hollow bolt (13d) inserted through (13c) and a pair of gaskets (13e) (13e) are provided, and a hollow bolt (13d) protruding from the eye joint (13c) is connected to an upstream pipe of an oil supply passage (11). (11a) is screw-fitted, and gaskets (11a) are fitted between the upstream pipe (11a) and the eye joint (13c), and between the eye joint (13c) and the bolt head (13f) of the hollow bolt (13d). 13e) is sandwiched.
In this engine, the engine oil (6) is passed from the upstream pipe (11a) of the oil supply passage (11) through the hollow bolt (13d) and the eye joint (13c) in order to the oil inlet (5d) of the heat dissipation pipe (5). ).

In this modification, as shown in FIG. 2C, the outlet side pipe joint (13b) is an annular eye joint (13c) provided at the oil outlet (5e) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) and an eye joint. A hollow bolt (13d) inserted into (13c), a pair of gaskets (13e) and (13e) are provided, and a hollow bolt (13d) protruding from the eye joint (13c) is connected to a pipe on the downstream side of the oil supply passage (11). (11b) is screwed into the gasket (13e) between the eye joint (13c) and the bolt head (13f) of the hollow bolt (13d), and between the downstream pipe (11b) and the eye joint (13c). Is sandwiched.
In this engine, the engine oil (6) is passed from the oil outlet (5e) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) to the downstream pipe (11b) of the oil supply passage (11) via the eye joint (13c) and the hollow bolt (13d) in this order. ) Outflow.

Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described.
In this second embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C, the oil cooler (4) is an air-cooled type.
That is, as shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C, the oil cooler (4) has a heat dissipation pipe (5) in the air passage (8b) of the engine cooling air (8a) generated by the engine cooling fan (8). ) Is an air-cooled type that is exposed to the engine cooling air (8a).
In this engine, the engine oil (6) is air-cooled by the engine cooling air (8a), so that a new refrigerant supply source dedicated to the oil cooler (4) is not required.

As shown in FIG. 3A, in the basic example of the piping of the oil supply passage (11) in which the air-cooled oil cooler (4) is interposed, the oil inlet (5d) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) is the lowest. The oil outlet (5e) of the heat radiation pipe (5) is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the highest position, and is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the highest position. The oil supply passage (11) rises from 5e) toward the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10) located higher than the heat dissipation pipe (5).

The piping of the oil supply passage (11) interposed with the air-cooled oil cooler (4) may be deformed as follows.
In the modified example shown in FIG. 3C, the oil inlet (5d) of the heat radiating pipe (5) is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the highest position, and the oil outlet of the heat radiating pipe (5) is provided. FIG. 1 (5e) is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the lowest position, and the oil supply passage (11) is located higher than the heat dissipation pipe (5) from the oil outlet (5e). It is rising toward the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10) of A).
In the case of this modified example, the engine oil (6) in the heat radiation pipe (5) remains even after the engine is stopped, so that the engine oil (6) fills the oil supply passage (11) in a short time when the engine is started. When the engine is started, the engine oil (6) is supplied to the bearing (10a) of the turbocharger (10) shown in FIG. 1 (A) in a short time.

Other configurations and functions of the engine according to the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C are the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A to 2D and 2A to 2C. In FIGS. 3 (A) to 3 (C), the same elements as those in the first embodiment, which are equivalent to the configuration and function of the engine of the embodiment, include FIGS. 1 (A) to (D) and FIGS. ) And the same code.

(1) ... crank shaft, (2) ... cylinder block, (3) ... oil filter, (4) ... oil cooler, (4a) ... cooler case, (4b) ... cooler jacket, (5) ... heat dissipation pipe, ( 5a) ... front-rear longitudinal pipe, (5ac) ... central axis, (5b) ... connecting pipe, (5c) ... folds, (5d) ... oil inlet, (5e) ... oil outlet, (6) ... engine oil, ( 7) ... engine cooling water, (8) ... engine cooling fan, (8a) ... engine cooling air, (8b) ... air passage, (10) ... supercharger, (10a) ... bearing, (11) ... oil supply Passage, (12) ... Oil discharge passage, (13a) ... Inlet side pipe joint, (13b) ... Outlet side pipe joint.

Claims (8)

The erection direction of the crankshaft (1) is the front-rear direction, and the width direction of the engine orthogonal to the front-rear direction is the lateral direction.
An oil cooler (4) arranged on the side of the cylinder block (2) at a position not overlapping the cylinder block (2), the oil filter (3) arranged on the side of the engine, and the oil filter (3). With
The oil cooler (4) includes a heat dissipation pipe (5) through which the engine oil (6) passes.
The heat radiating pipe (5) includes a plurality of front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) and connecting pipes (5b) (5b), and the plurality of front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) are vertically oriented. The heat radiating pipe (5) is formed in a serpentine shape by connecting the ends of the front-rear longitudinal pipes (5a) (5a) that are lined up and adjacent to each other by the connecting pipe (5b). The engine to be. In the engine according to claim 1,
The front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) is an engine with a supercharger, characterized in that the orthogonal cross-sectional shape of the axis (5ac) is formed by radial folds (5c) in which the peripheral wall is alternately folded inside and outside. In the engine according to claim 1 or 2.
The oil cooler (4) includes a cooler case (4a) that houses the heat dissipation pipe (5), and the cooler case (4a) includes a cooler jacket (4b) that surrounds the heat dissipation pipe (5), and the cooler jacket (4b). An engine with a supercharger, which is characterized by being a water-cooled type through which the engine cooling water (7) passes. In the engine according to claim 3,
The cooler case (4a) is made of metal, and its outer surface is exposed to the engine cooling air (8a) in the air passage (8b) of the engine cooling air (8a) generated by the engine cooling fan (8). The engine is characterized by that. In the engine with a supercharger according to claim 1 or 2.
The oil cooler (4) is an air-cooled type in which the heat radiation pipe (5) is exposed to the engine cooling air (8a) in the air passage (8b) of the engine cooling air (8a) generated by the engine cooling fan (8). An engine with a supercharger that is characterized by being. In the engine according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
Engine oil from the supercharger (10), the oil supply passage (11) that supplies the engine oil (6) to the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10), and the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10). Equipped with an oil discharge passage (12) for discharging (6)
The oil cooler (4) is an engine characterized in that it is interposed in the oil supply passage (11). In the engine according to claim 6,
The oil inlets (5d) and oil outlets (5e) formed at both ends of the heat radiation pipe (5) are connected to the oil supply passage (11) via the inlet side pipe joint (13a) and the outlet side pipe joint (13b), respectively. An engine characterized by being connected to. In the engine according to claim 6 or 7.
The oil inlet (5d) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) is provided at the end of the front-rear longitudinal pipe (5a) at the highest position, and the oil outlet (5e) of the heat dissipation pipe (5) is the front-rear longitudinal at the lowest position. From the oil outlet (5e) toward the bearing (10a) of the supercharger (10), which is provided at the end of the shape pipe (5a) and whose oil supply passage (11) is higher than the heat dissipation pipe (5). An engine that is characterized by being rising.

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