JP2020056053A - Smelting method for oxide ore - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a smelting method for an oxide ore, the smelting method producing a metal by reducing a mixture containing an oxide ore such as a nickel oxide ore, capable of enhancing a grade of an obtained metal and capable of efficiently producing a high-quality metal.SOLUTION: A smelting method for an oxide ore reduces a mixture containing an oxide ore and a carbonaceous reductant to produce a metal being a reduction product. The smelting method for an oxide ore includes a reduction step of heating and applying a reduction treatment to the mixture inserted inside a reduction furnace by a burner in which oxygen in a combustion air is enriched and an air-fuel ratio is set within a range of 0.80 or more and less than 1.00, so as to obtain the reduction product.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for smelting an oxide ore, for example, a method for smelting an oxide ore such as a nickel oxide ore as a raw material with a carbonaceous reducing agent to obtain a reduced product.

  As a method for smelting nickel oxide ore called limonite or saprolite, which is a kind of oxide ore, a dry smelting method using a smelting furnace to produce nickel matte, and iron and nickel using a rotary kiln or moving hearth furnace Smelting method (hereinafter referred to as “ferronickel” as an alloy of iron and nickel), acid leaching at high temperature and pressure using an autoclave, and mixed sulfide mixed with nickel and cobalt (mixed sulfide) ) Is known.

  Among the various methods described above, particularly when reducing and smelting nickel oxide ore using a dry smelting method, the nickel oxide ore as a raw material is crushed to an appropriate size in order to advance the reaction. Agglomeration processing is performed as preprocessing.

  Specifically, when the nickel oxide ore is agglomerated, that is, when the powdered or fine ore is agglomerated, the nickel oxide ore is mixed with other components, for example, a reducing agent such as a binder or coke. The mixture is then adjusted for water content, and then charged into a lump manufacturing machine, for example, a molded product (pellet, briquette, or the like having a side or diameter of about 10 mm or more and 30 mm or less; hereinafter, simply referred to as “pellet”. It is common to say).

  The pellets obtained by agglomeration need to have a certain degree of air permeability in order to "blow off" the contained water. Further, if the reduction does not proceed uniformly in the pellets in the subsequent reduction treatment, the composition of the obtained reduced product becomes non-uniform, which causes inconveniences such as dispersion or uneven distribution of the metal. Therefore, it is important to uniformly mix the mixture when preparing pellets and to maintain the temperature as uniform as possible when reducing the obtained pellets.

  In addition, it is a very important technique to coarsen the metal (ferronickel) generated by the reduction treatment. When the produced ferronickel has a fine size of, for example, several tens μm or more and several hundreds μm or less, it is difficult to separate the slag from the simultaneously generated slag, and the recovery rate (yield) as ferronickel is greatly reduced. I will. Therefore, a treatment for coarsening the reduced ferronickel is required.

  For example, in Patent Document 1, an agglomerate containing a metal oxide and a carbonaceous reducing agent is supplied onto a hearth of a moving bed type reduction melting furnace and heated to reduce and melt the metal oxide. In the manufacturing method, the relative value of the projected area ratio of the agglomerate to the hearth with respect to the maximum projected area ratio of the agglomerate to the hearth when the distance between the agglomerates is 0 is defined as the floor density. A method is disclosed in which agglomerates having an average diameter of 19.5 mm or more and 32 mm or less are supplied onto a hearth so as to have a bed density of 0.5 or more and 0.8 or less, and are heated. In this method, it is described that the productivity of granular metallic iron can be increased by controlling the bed density and the average diameter of the agglomerate together.

  However, in the method using a material having a specific diameter as an agglomerate as disclosed in Patent Literature 1, it is necessary to remove a material having no specific diameter. There was a problem of low. Further, in the method of Patent Document 1, it is necessary to adjust the bed density of the agglomerate to 0.5 or more and 0.8 or less, and it is not possible to laminate the agglomerate. Was high.

  As described above, the technology of producing a metal or an alloy by mixing and reducing an oxide ore has many problems in terms of increasing productivity, reducing production cost, and improving metal quality.

JP 2011-256414 A

  The present invention provides a smelting method for producing a metal by reducing a mixture containing an oxide ore such as a nickel oxide ore, which can improve the quality of the obtained metal and efficiently produce a high-quality metal. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for smelting an oxide ore that can be performed.

  The present inventors have found that the above problem can be solved by enriching the oxygen of the combustion air and heating and reducing the mixture with a burner set to a predetermined air-fuel ratio, and completed the present invention. Was.

  (1) The first aspect of the present invention is a method for refining a mixture containing an oxide ore and a carbonaceous reducing agent to produce a metal as a reductant. Oxide ore comprising a reduction step of heating a mixture charged in a reduction furnace by a burner having an air-fuel ratio of 0.80 or more and less than 1.00 to perform a reduction treatment to obtain a reduced product. Smelting method.

  (2) A second aspect of the present invention is the method for smelting oxide ore according to the first aspect, wherein the burner has an oxygen enrichment ratio of the combustion air of 10% or more.

  (3) In a third aspect of the present invention, in the first or second aspect, in the reduction step, smelting of an oxide ore to be subjected to a reduction treatment while maintaining an oxygen concentration in the reduction furnace at 0.5% by volume or less. Is the way.

  (4) A fourth aspect of the present invention is the method for refining an oxide ore in which the oxide ore is a nickel oxide ore in any one of the first to third inventions.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to the smelting method of the oxide ore which concerns on this invention, a high quality metal can be manufactured efficiently.

It is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a smelting method of nickel oxide ore.

  Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. Note that the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and various changes can be made without changing the gist of the present invention. In this specification, the notation “X to Y” (X and Y are arbitrary numerical values) means “X or more and Y or less”.

≪1. Outline of smelting method of oxide ore
In the method for smelting oxide ore according to the present embodiment, oxide ore (oxide) as a raw material ore is mixed with a carbonaceous reducing agent, and the mixture (pellet) is mixed in a smelting furnace (reduction furnace). By performing the reduction treatment, metal and slag are generated.

  For example, as an oxide ore, a nickel oxide ore containing nickel oxide or iron oxide is used as a raw material, the nickel oxide ore is mixed with a carbonaceous reducing agent to obtain a mixture, and nickel contained in the mixture is preferentially used. There is a method for producing ferronickel, which is an alloy of iron and nickel, by reducing and partially reducing iron.

  And the smelting method of the oxide ore according to the present embodiment is characterized in that the oxygen of the combustion air is enriched and the mixture is heated by a burner set to a predetermined air-fuel ratio to perform a reduction treatment.

  According to such a method, it is possible to effectively perform the reduction treatment on the mixture while suppressing the amount of oxygen remaining in the reduction furnace after the reduction treatment, and to obtain the obtained metal. Quality can be improved. Further, since the mixture can be reduced with a small amount of fuel, the fuel efficiency is high.

{2. Smelting method for producing ferronickel using nickel oxide ore.
In the following, the nickel (nickel oxide) and iron (iron oxide) contained in the nickel oxide ore, which is the raw material ore, are reduced to produce a metal of an iron-nickel alloy, and the ferromagnetic material is separated by separating the metal. A smelting method for producing nickel will be described as an example.

  Specifically, as shown in FIG. 1, the method for smelting nickel oxide ore according to the present embodiment includes a mixing step S1 of mixing nickel oxide ore and a carbonaceous reducing agent to obtain a mixture, and The method includes a reduction step S2 of performing a reduction treatment on the mixture and a separation step S3 of separating metal and slag from the reduced product.

<2-1. Mixing process>
The mixing step S1 is a step of mixing a nickel oxide ore and a carbonaceous reducing agent as a reducing agent to obtain a mixture. Specifically, in the mixing step S1, first, a carbonaceous reducing agent as a first reducing agent is added to and mixed with a nickel oxide ore as a raw material ore, and iron ore, a flux as an optional additive. A powder having a particle diameter of, for example, about 0.1 mm or more and 0.8 mm or less, such as a component and a binder, is added and mixed to obtain a mixture. Note that the mixing process can be performed using a mixer or the like.

The nickel oxide ore, which is a raw material ore, is not particularly limited, and limonite ore, saprolite ore, or the like can be used. Note that the nickel oxide ore contains at least nickel oxide (NiO) and iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ ).

  Although it does not specifically limit as a carbonaceous reducing agent, For example, coal powder, coke powder, etc. are mentioned. It is preferable that the carbonaceous reducing agent has a particle size and a particle size distribution equal to those of the nickel oxide ore, which is a raw material ore, because it is easy to mix uniformly and the reduction reaction easily proceeds uniformly.

  As the content of the carbonaceous reducing agent (the content of the carbonaceous reducing agent contained in the mixture), the chemical equivalent required to reduce the total amount of nickel oxide constituting the nickel oxide ore to nickel metal and the iron oxide ( When the total value of the chemical equivalents required to reduce ferric oxide to metallic iron (also referred to as the “sum of the chemical equivalents” for convenience) is 100% by mass, 50% by mass or less. The ratio is preferably set to 40% by mass or less, and more preferably set to 40% by mass or less. The amount of iron reduction can be suppressed, the nickel quality can be increased, and high quality ferronickel can be manufactured. Further, the mixing amount of the carbonaceous reducing agent is preferably at least 10% by mass, more preferably at least 15% by mass, when the total value of the chemical equivalents is 100% by mass. The reduction of nickel can proceed efficiently and productivity can be improved.

  As the iron ore which is an optional additive, for example, iron ore having an iron grade of about 50% by mass or more, hematite obtained by hydrometallurgy of nickel oxide ore, or the like can be used. Examples of the flux component include calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and silicon dioxide. Examples of the binder include bentonite, polysaccharide, resin, water glass, dehydrated cake, and the like.

  In the mixing step S1, a mixture is obtained by uniformly mixing raw material powders containing nickel oxide ore. Table 1 below shows an example of the composition (% by mass) of some of the raw material powders mixed in the mixing step S1, but the composition of the raw material powders is not limited to this.

  At the time of mixing, kneading may be performed at the same time to enhance the mixing property, or kneading may be performed after mixing. The kneading can be performed using a batch type kneader such as Brabender, a Banbury mixer, a Henschel mixer, a helical rotor, a roll, a single-screw kneader, a twin-screw kneader, or the like. By kneading the mixture, a shear force is applied to the mixture to disperse the agglomeration of the carbonaceous reducing agent, raw material powder, etc., thereby enabling uniform mixing, improving the adhesion of each particle, and reducing voids. Can be. As a result, the reduction reaction easily occurs in the mixture, and the mixture can be uniformly reacted, and the reaction time of the reduction reaction can be shortened. Further, variation in quality can be suppressed.

  After mixing, or after mixing and kneading, the mixture may be extruded using an extruder. As a result, a pressure (shearing force) is applied to the mixture, and the aggregation of the carbonaceous reducing agent, the raw material powder, and the like is released, and the mixture can be more uniformly mixed. Furthermore, voids in the mixture can be reduced. From these facts, the reduction reaction of the mixture tends to occur uniformly in the reduction step S2 described later, the quality of the obtained metal can be improved, and a high-quality metal can be manufactured.

  The extruder is preferably one capable of kneading and molding the mixture under high pressure and high shear force, and examples thereof include a single screw extruder and a twin screw extruder. In particular, it is preferable to provide a twin-screw extruder. By kneading the mixture under high pressure and high shear, the mixture of the raw material powders can be deagglomerated, and can be effectively kneaded, and the strength of the mixture can be increased. In addition, by using a twin-screw extruder, a mixture can be obtained while maintaining high productivity continuously.

  Further, the mixture may be formed into a molded product (pellet) having a predetermined shape. The shape of the molded product can be, for example, spherical, rectangular, cubic, cylindrical, or the like. Since such a shape is a simple shape and not complicated, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of defective products while suppressing the molding cost, the quality of the obtained molded product is also uniform, and the reduction in yield is suppressed. can do.

  The shape of the molded product is particularly preferably spherical. By being a spherical molded product, the reduction treatment can be performed uniformly, and smelting with little variation and high productivity can be performed. When the shape of the molded product is spherical, it can be molded so that the diameter is about 10 mm or more and about 30 mm or less. In the case of a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a cubic shape, a columnar shape, or the like, it can be formed so that the vertical and horizontal inner dimensions are approximately 500 mm or less.

The size of the molded product is not particularly limited, but the volume of the molded product is preferably 8000 mm ³ or more. When the volume of the molded product is 8000 mm ³ or more, the molding cost is suppressed, and the ratio of the surface area to the entire molded product is reduced. Therefore, the reduction treatment is uniformly performed, the variation is small, and the productivity is low. High smelting can be performed.

  Further, the obtained mixture may be filled in a predetermined container for reduction. By performing the reduction treatment in a state where the mixture filled in the container is filled in the container, the metal reduced in the separation step S4, which will be described later, becomes easy to separate and collect the metal by a process such as magnetic separation. Can be suppressed.

  In the mixing step S1, the obtained mixture may be subjected to a drying treatment. The mixture is mixed with a large amount of water in kneading or molding of a molded product. Although it is not an essential aspect to perform the drying treatment in the present embodiment, by performing the drying treatment on the mixture containing a large amount of water, it is possible to prevent the expansion of the mixture due to the vaporization of moisture in the reduction treatment described below. .

  Further, by subjecting the mixture to a drying treatment, it is possible to suppress the entry of moisture caused by the mixture in the reduction furnace. Thereby, the amount of moisture contained in the atmospheric gas in the reduction furnace can be more effectively reduced, and the oxidation of the metal contained in the reduced product can be more effectively suppressed.

  The method for drying the mixture is not particularly limited, such as a method of maintaining the mixture at a predetermined drying temperature (for example, 300 ° C. or more and 400 ° C. or less), a method of blowing hot air at a predetermined drying temperature against the mixture, and the like. Conventionally known means can be used. By such a drying treatment, for example, the solid content of the mixture is about 70% by mass and the water content is about 30% by mass. Note that the temperature of the mixture itself during the drying treatment is preferably less than 100 ° C., so that rupture of the mixture due to bumping of water or the like can be suppressed.

  Further, the drying treatment may be continuously performed at once or may be performed in a plurality of times. Burst of the mixture can be more effectively suppressed by performing the drying treatment in a plurality of times. In the case where the drying treatment is performed a plurality of times, the second and subsequent drying temperatures are preferably 150 ° C. or more and 400 ° C. or less. By drying in this range, drying can be performed without the reduction reaction proceeding.

  Table 2 below shows an example of the composition (parts by mass) in the solid content of the mixture after the drying treatment. The composition of the molded product is not limited to this.

<2-2. Reduction process>
The reduction step S2 is a step of charging the obtained mixture into a reduction furnace and performing a reduction treatment on the mixture to obtain a reduced product containing metal and slag. By the reduction treatment in the reduction step S2, a smelting reaction (reduction reaction) proceeds based on the carbonaceous reducing agent in the mixture, and in the mixture, ferronickel metal (hereinafter, simply referred to as “metal”) and ferronickel Slugs (hereinafter simply referred to as “slags”) are generated separately.

  Specifically, in the reduction step S2, a reduction furnace having a burner is used, and the reduction process is performed by heating the burner to a predetermined reduction temperature.

  In the reduction treatment, the nickel oxide ore and iron oxide in the mixture are reduced and metallized to ferronickel in the vicinity of the surface of the mixture where the reduction reaction easily proceeds, for example, in a short period of time, for example, about 1 minute. Form. On the other hand, in the shell, the slag component is gradually melted with the formation of the shell, and slag in a liquid phase is generated. Thereby, the metal and the slag are separately generated in the mixture.

  Then, when the treatment time elapses about 10 minutes, the excess carbonaceous reducing agent not involved in the reduction reaction is taken into the metal to lower the melting point, so that the metal also becomes a liquid phase.

  The temperature (reduction temperature) in the reduction treatment is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 1200 ° C to 1450 ° C, more preferably in the range of 1300 ° C to 1400 ° C. By performing reduction in such a temperature range, a reduction reaction can be uniformly generated, and ferronickel with reduced quality variation can be generated. More preferably, by performing the reduction at a reduction temperature in the range of 1300 ° C. or more and 1400 ° C. or less, a desired reduction reaction can be caused in a relatively short time.

  The time in the reduction treatment (treatment time) is set according to the temperature of the reduction furnace, but is preferably 10 minutes or more, and more preferably 15 minutes or more.

  In addition, it is preferable that the calorie required for the reduction by multiplying the value of the reduction temperature (° C.) by the numerical value of the reduction time (min) is in the range of 20,000 (° C. × min) to 40,000 (° C. × min). High quality metal can be manufactured efficiently.

  By the way, in the conventional smelting method for oxidized ore, in performing reduction treatment by heating using a burner, in order to avoid incomplete combustion of the burner, excess air is supplied together with fuel in the burner to heat the burner. I was However, in such a case, since unreacted oxygen is contained in the combustion gas, oxygen remains in the atmosphere gas after the reduction treatment, and a part of the generated metal is oxidized by the oxygen. There was a problem that would be done.

  Therefore, the smelting method of nickel oxide ore according to the present embodiment is characterized in that the mixture is heated by a burner having an air-fuel ratio in a range of 0.8 or more and less than 1.0. By adjusting the air-fuel ratio of the burner to a predetermined range as described above, the amount of oxygen remaining in the reduction furnace can be suppressed, and a part of the metal is oxidized by the remaining oxygen. Can be prevented.

  Moreover, at this time, by controlling the air-fuel ratio of the burner to a predetermined range and enriching the oxygen in the combustion air, surprisingly, the reduction reaction of nickel is promoted, and the nickel metal conversion rate is increased, and the nickel metal conversion rate is increased. It has been found that high quality metal can be produced. Although the mechanism is not clear, it is speculated that the combustion efficiency of the burner can be improved by enriching the oxygen of the combustion air, thereby promoting the reduction reaction.

  Note that oxygen enrichment refers to making the oxygen concentration in combustion air higher than the oxygen concentration in the air.

  As described above, the air-fuel ratio (mass of combustion air / mass of fuel) in the burner is 0.80 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, and more preferably 0.90 or more. When the air-fuel ratio is less than 0.80, the combustion efficiency of the burner is remarkably reduced, and a reduction reaction cannot be effectively generated for the mixture. When the air-fuel ratio is 0.80 or more, the mixture can be effectively reduced, and the quality of the obtained metal can be improved.

  On the other hand, the air-fuel ratio in the burner is 1.00 or less, and preferably 0.97 or less. When the air-fuel ratio exceeds 1.00, oxygen remains in the reduction furnace, and a part of the generated metal is oxidized by the oxygen, thereby lowering the metal quality. When the air-fuel ratio is 1.00 or less, the amount of oxygen remaining in the reduction furnace can be reduced, and the quality of the obtained metal can be improved.

  Specifically, the reduction treatment can be performed while maintaining the oxygen concentration in the reduction furnace at 0.5% by volume or less. It is more preferable that the reduction treatment is performed while maintaining the oxygen concentration in the reduction furnace at 0.3% by volume or less.

  As described above, it is important to enrich oxygen in the combustion air in the burner. The oxygen enrichment rate is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and even more preferably 30% or more. Here, the “oxygen enrichment rate” is defined as (volume flow rate of enriched oxygen) / (volume flow rate of enriched oxygen + volume flow rate of oxygen in supplied air) × 100. When the oxygen enrichment ratio is 10% or more, the combustion efficiency of the burner can be improved, and the quality of the metal in the obtained reduced product can be further increased.

  As the fuel for the burner, for example, LPG gas (liquefied petroleum gas), LNG gas (natural gas), coal, coke, pulverized coal, etc. are used, but the cost of these fuels is extremely low, and the equipment and maintenance costs are low. Can also be suppressed at a much lower cost than an electric furnace or the like.

<2-3. Separation process>
The separation step S3 is a step of separating metal and slag from the reduced product obtained in the reduction step S2. Specifically, the metal phase is separated and collected from a mixture (mixture) containing a metal phase and a slag phase, which is obtained by a reduction heat treatment of the mixture filled in the container.

  As a method of separating the metal phase and the slag phase from the mixture of the metal phase and the slag phase obtained as a solid, for example, in addition to removing unnecessary substances by sieving, separation by specific gravity, separation by magnetic force, and the like Method can be used.

  In addition, the obtained metal phase and slag phase can be easily separated from each other because of poor wettability. Alternatively, a metal phase and a slag phase can be easily separated from the mixture by applying an impact such as applying a predetermined vibration during sieving.

  The metal is recovered by separating the metal phase and the slag phase in this way.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples and comparative examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

<Examples and comparative examples>
Appropriate amounts of nickel oxide ore, iron ore, silica sand and limestone as flux components, binder, and carbonaceous reducing agent (coal powder, carbon content: 85% by mass, average particle size: about 75 μm) as raw material ores While adding water, mixing was performed using a mixer to obtain a mixture. The amount of the carbonaceous reducing agent (coal powder) required to reduce nickel oxide and iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ ) contained in the nickel ore, which is the raw material ore, is 100 mass%. Was contained in an amount of 27% by mass. Then, the obtained mixture was equally divided into 21 samples.

  Next, a mixture having a diameter of 15.0 ± 0.5 mm (sample) formed into a sphere by appropriately adding moisture to the obtained mixture by a pan-type granulator was used as a sample 21 (Examples 1 to 14, Comparative Example 1). 1-7) obtained.

Next, the samples of Examples 1 to 14 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 were charged into a reduction furnace, and were subjected to reduction treatment by burners having an oxygen enrichment rate and an air-fuel ratio shown in Table 3. At this time, the hearth of the reduction furnace is preliminarily laid with a hearth protecting agent (main component is SiO ₂ and contains a small amount of oxides such as Al ₂ O ₃ and MgO as other components). The sample was placed.

  After such a reduction treatment, the obtained samples of Examples 1 to 14 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 after cooling of the reduced product were pulverized, and then the metal was recovered by magnetic separation.

  For each sample after the reduction heat treatment, the nickel metallization rate, the nickel content rate in the metal, and the metal recovery rate were calculated by analyzing with an ICP emission spectrometer (SHIMAZU S-8100 type).

The nickel metal conversion rate, the nickel content rate in the metal, and the nickel metal recovery rate were calculated by the following equations (1), (2), and (3).
Nickel metallization rate = mass of nickel in metal / (mass of all nickel in reduced product) × 100 (%) Formula (1) Nickel content in metal = mass of nickel in metal / (metal (Total mass of nickel and iron in solution) × 100 (%) Formula (2) Nickel metal recovery rate = recovered nickel amount / (amount of ore input × nickel content ratio in ore) × 100・ ・ (3) type

The fuel consumption rate was calculated by the following equation (4).
Fuel consumption rate (%) = fuel consumption of burner at the time of performing reduction treatment (g) / fuel consumption of burner at the time of performing the reduction processing with the same air-fuel ratio and fuel at an oxygen enrichment rate of 0% ( g) ・ ・ (4)

  Table 4 below shows the nickel metal conversion ratio, the nickel content in the metal, and the nickel metal recovery ratio for each sample.

  As can be seen from the results in Table 4, in Examples 1 to 14 in which the oxygen in the combustion air was enriched and the reduction treatment was performed by a burner in which the air-fuel ratio was adjusted to a predetermined range, the Ni metallization ratio and the Ni content in the metal were reduced. All rates were higher.

Further, in Examples 1 to 14. It can be seen that the fuel consumption rates are lower than those of Comparative Examples 1 to 7, and that the mixture can be reduced with a small amount of fuel.

Claims (4)

A method for smelting an oxide ore for producing a metal that is a reductant by reducing a mixture containing an oxide ore and a carbonaceous reducing agent,
The mixture charged in the reduction furnace is heated by a burner that enriches the oxygen of the combustion air and has an air-fuel ratio of 0.80 or more and less than 1.00 to perform a reduction treatment, thereby obtaining a reduced product. A method for smelting oxide ores including a reduction step. The smelting method of an oxide ore according to claim 1, wherein the burner has an oxygen enrichment rate of the combustion air of 10% or more. The smelting method of an oxide ore according to claim 1, wherein in the reduction step, the reduction treatment is performed while maintaining an oxygen concentration in the reduction furnace at 0.5% by volume or less. The smelting method for an oxide ore according to claim 1, wherein the oxide ore is a nickel oxide ore.

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