JP2019532457A - LED lighting - Google Patents

Abstract

An apparatus and associated method for the development of an LED system that has a high power consumption relative to the weight of the system by providing an open area is disclosed. The open area improves the air flow while reducing the weight of the optical system. Related optical elements that distribute light from LEDs efficiently and evenly by adjusting the light distribution are described. Further disclosed are circuits and methods for operating the LED system with existing power supplies, such as ballasts and / or offline AC power supplies. [Selection] Figure 1A

Description

[Cross-reference of related applications]
This application claims the benefit of US Patent Application No. 14 / 952,079 “LED Lighting” filed by Frank Shum on November 25, 2015, and is a continuation-in-part of this application. This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 141,010 “LED Lighting”, filed by Frank Shum on March 31, 2015.

  This application incorporates the entire contents of the foregoing applications by reference herein.

  Various embodiments relate generally to improved LED (light emitting diode) illumination sources, and some embodiments relate to light weight and improved temperature management in particular. Other embodiments relate to an optical component with any accessory whose distribution is adjusted for a specific light distribution. Other embodiments relate to the electronics required for operation of LED systems with legacy ballasts.

  Although the field of LED lighting has made tremendous progress, temperature management remains a challenge, especially when high light output is required for the acceptable size of LED lighting systems. This is particularly a problem when exchanging fixtures and fixtures with high light output and high light density. One such area where challenges remain is high intensity discharge (HID) lamps with very high light output. For example, a 400 W HID lamp that is 300 mm long and less than 120 mm in diameter will have more than 35,000 lumens.

  Types of HID lamps include metal halide lamps, high pressure sodium lamps, and low pressure sodium lamps. These types of lamps require a 1-15 minute warm-up period to reach 90% of the total light output. After the lamp has been on for a certain period and then turned off, it cannot be turned on immediately. Before the lamp is turned on again, the arc tube must have an opportunity to cool or the lamp will not restart. This period is called the restart time. Although the restart time of a conventional probe activated MH lamp can take 15 minutes or more, the restart time of a pulse activated MH lamp is usually much shorter. Long warm-up times and long restart times are disadvantageous. HID lamps may also contain the hazardous substance mercury and have a moderate life span of about 10,000-20,000 hours, some during the first 3000-5000 hours. The lumen may decrease rapidly.

  In addition, HID lamps are omnidirectional light sources, which can be difficult to efficiently redirect to a more useful and efficient light distribution. Optical systems used to redirect light are expensive and can be lossy. For example, the light loss factor or optical loss of the lighting equipment is usually about 30%. Also, it is usually difficult to control the light, resulting in dazzling and wasteful as well as causing visual discomfort.

  The apparatus and method of the present invention includes a light emitting diode (LED), a heat sink, an electronic driver, a primary optical system that redirects at least a portion of the raw LED light distribution to a primary light distribution, and at least a portion of the primary light distribution is secondary It relates to an illumination system having a unique combination of one or more of the following subsystems comprising a secondary optical accessory that redirects to a light distribution and an electronic accessory. The system may be an optical system such as a lamp, a fixture, a luminaire, a module, an optical subsystem, or a light engine. Subsystems are new, either alone or in combination with other subsystems. This subsystem, or a combination thereof, is new and need not be associated with the LED.

  In various aspects, the combined geometry set can provide improved airflow to the heat sink, thus improving heat dissipation. In some embodiments, the heat sink structure can be reduced in weight.

  In various embodiments, the optical system can be used to adjust the light to a predetermined light distribution, increasing the efficiency of the system. In some embodiments, this distribution can be adjusted to have a cutoff such that there is substantially little light above a given angle. In various embodiments, a secondary optical accessory can be used to alter the light distribution, for example to provide an upright or asymmetric distribution.

  In some embodiments, the LED system is capable of emitting 10,000 or more lumens and can be designed to be lighter than 4 pounds. In some embodiments, the LED system can be designed to operate from an off-line AC voltage source. In various embodiments, the LED system can be designed to operate from a ballast. In some embodiments, the LED system can be designed to operate from an off-line AC voltage source. In various embodiments, the LED system can be designed to operate from a ballast and an off-line AC voltage source.

  The techniques described herein are particularly applicable to LED lamps such as PAR, MR, BR, and HID shapes, but can be applied to the construction of LED jigs or more generally any LED system. In some embodiments, the LED lighting system can be replaced with HID lamps used for high ceiling or low ceiling applications. In some implementations, references to high ceilings also apply to low ceiling implementations and vice versa.

  In the examples and embodiments of the present disclosure, the orientation of the LED system is shown as the LED faces down, so that air enters the heat sink from the bottom through the LED and / or optics and into the LED system. It flows to the outside through the back. However, this orientation can be reversed so that the air inlet is behind the LED system and the outlet is in front of the system. In other embodiments, the LED system may be tilted. Thus, embodiments are not necessarily limited to a specific orientation.

  The details of various embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

FIG. 1A is an isometric view of an exemplary LED system. FIG. 1B is an exploded view of an exemplary LED system. FIG. 2A is a front view of an exemplary LED embodiment. FIG. 2B is a conceptual diagram of an exemplary opening or area between LEDs. FIG. 2C is a conceptual diagram of an exemplary opening of an LED. FIG. 3 is a rear view of a primary optical system having at least one optical element. FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating the raw light output distribution from an exemplary LED. FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating a reflector having a reflective surface that redirects at least a portion of the raw light output from the exemplary LED package. FIG. 4C is a diagram showing a light output distribution of a total internal reflection (TIR) lens. FIG. 4D is a diagram illustrating a light output distribution of the dielectric CPC. FIG. 4E is a diagram showing a light output distribution of a dielectric CPC having an output surface that is obviously curved in a convex shape. FIG. 4F is a side view of an LED system having a plurality of LED packages corresponding to one optical element. FIG. 5A shows a plan view of an exemplary primary optical system. FIG. 5B is a conceptual diagram of an exemplary opening having at least three optical systems forming an outer periphery. FIG. 5C is a conceptual diagram of an exemplary opening in the outer periphery. FIG. 6A is a polar coordinate plot showing an exemplary light intensity for a Lambertian light intensity distribution of raw light output from an LED. FIG. 6B shows a plotted Cartesian distribution with the x-axis plotted in the range of 0-90 °. Figures 6C, 6D, 6E, and 6F show a variety of different distribution characteristics. FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary LED system having a heat sink. FIG. 7B is a front view of an exemplary LED system with the optical element removed to reveal the location of the LED. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, and 8F illustrate an exemplary LED system having a heat sink with an elongated structure. 9A and 9b are diagrams illustrating exemplary LED systems. 10A and 10B are front views of an exemplary heat sink having at least two fins. 10C and 10D are front views of exemplary heat sinks having fins with different radial lengths. 10E and 10F are front views of an exemplary heat sink with an opening in the center. 11A and 11B are front views of an exemplary heat sink. FIG. 11C is an exploded view of an exemplary heat sink. 11D and 11E are diagrams illustrating an exemplary pair of fin sets. 12A, 12B, and 12C are isometric and front views of an exemplary optical accessory. FIG. 13A is a front view of an exemplary optical system 101 having optical accessories. FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary optical system having an optical accessory. FIG. 13C is a diagram illustrating an exemplary ray trace of a cross section of an exemplary optical system. FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the optical accessory. FIG. 15 is a top perspective view of an exemplary optical accessory having an additional optical accessory region 1501 that is used to redirect light from within the corresponding LED. FIG. 16A is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary 400 W probe-started metal halide ballast designed to operate with a probe-started M59 metal halide lamp load. FIG. 16B is a schematic diagram showing a 400 W pulse start metal halide ballast designed to operate with a probe start M115 metal halide lamp load. FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary electronic LED driver designed to interface with a magnetic ballast. FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an electronic LED driver designed to interface with a bridge, a switch controlled by a controller unit, a smoothing capacitor, and a magnetic ballast having a series of LEDs with a total forward voltage of Vf. . FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a method in which the controller unit controls the switch. 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D, 20E, 20F, 20G, and 20H are exemplary single LEDs that are specifically designed to be powered by magnetic ballasts or directly using an offline AC power supply Vs. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of various drivers. 21A, 21B, 21C, and 21D are various schematic diagrams of an exemplary single LED driver specifically designed to be powered by magnetic ballast or directly using an offline AC power supply Vs. . 21A, 21B, 21C, 21D, and 21E are various schematic diagrams of an exemplary single LED driver specifically designed to be powered by ballast or directly using an offline AC power supply Vs. . FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary electronic LED driver using a flyback topology designed to be powered directly with a ballast or with an offline AC power supply. FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating a method by a controller unit that controls a switch using at least two frequency components. 24A and -24B are diagrams showing a schematic diagram of a control method that can improve power factor and harmonic distortion. FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating a method by which the type of power supply to which the control method is connected can be determined.

  Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

  FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an exemplary LED system. As shown, the LED system is in the form of an LED lamp 100.

  FIG. 1B is an exploded view of an exemplary LED system. Referring to FIG. 1A, the LED system comprises the following subsystems: a light emitting diode (LED) 101, a heat sink 102, an electronic driver 106, a primary optical element 103, a secondary optical element accessory 104, and an electronic accessory 105.

  Each subsystem 101-106 has the characteristics, features, modifications or variations described in detail below.

LED
The LEDs mentioned in this disclosure are intended to have very general characteristics. The LED comprises at least one light emitting semiconductor die, optionally packaged with phosphors or integral or external optical components, or mounted on a PCB.

  LEDs have at least part of the spectrum that emits in the range of 250 nm-900 nm, for example in the UV, visible or infrared region.

  The LED can be packaged in a format that can be attached to a PCB. For example, PCB materials such as fiberglass resin material (eg FR4) or metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB) have improved heat dissipation properties. The LED package may be a surface mount device (SMD), chip on board (COB) or chip scale package (CSP), or other known packaging method.

  If there are at least two LEDs, these LEDs may have substantially similar spectra or have substantially different spectra. For example, the different spectra can include different color temperatures of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple, ultraviolet, or infrared, or white.

  FIG. 2A is a front view of an exemplary LED embodiment. Referring to FIG. 1B, the LED 101 includes 144 LED packages 201 mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) 202. The LEDs are arranged on the inner ring or inner circumference 221, the intermediate ring or middle circumference 222, and the outer ring or outer circumference 223. The middle peripheral portion 222 does not intersect with the outer peripheral portion 223. The innermost peripheral part 221 does not intersect with the middle peripheral part 222. The ward ring and outer periphery are used interchangeably. As shown, the outer ring has more LEDs than the inner ring. Inner ring 221 has 24 LED packages, middle ring 222 has 48 LED packages, and outer ring 223 has 72 LED packages. The outer ring 223, like the intermediate ring 222 and the innermost ring 221, surrounds, surrounds, encloses or contains all LEDs. The intermediate ring 222 includes an inner ring 221. At least one open region 205 a is provided between the intermediate ring 222 and the outer ring 223. At least one opening region 205 b is provided between the inner ring 221 and the intermediate ring 222. At least one open area 205 c is provided in the inner ring 221. Air flows through the open areas 205a, 205b and 205c.

  Spreading LEDs across multiple rings can provide advantages over a single ring that includes all LEDs, or when all LEDs are concentrated in a central region. Arranging LEDs across multiple rings allows the LEDs to be more evenly distributed over the surface contained within the outer periphery, thereby placing more LEDs on the surface. Can also reduce heat. In various embodiments, the LED comprises at least one opening between the rings of LEDs.

  FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating the concept of an exemplary opening or opening area between LEDs. As shown in the figure, an LED (for example, LED 101) includes at least three LEDs 207 to 209, and each LED 207 to 209 is mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) 211 to 213, respectively. The PCBs 211 to 213 may be mechanically separated or mechanically connected to each other. For example, a dotted line represents a PCB or other material that is mechanically connected to at least two of the PCBs 211-213. An outer periphery 216 is formed by the outer LEDs 207 to 209. The perimeter 216 includes, includes, surrounds or includes all LEDs in the system. The PCB open area 221 is formed in the outer periphery 216 and between the PCBs 211 to 213 so that air can flow between the LEDs.

  FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating the concept of an exemplary opening or area between LEDs. Referring to FIG. 2B, the LED further comprises an inner periphery 226 included within the outer periphery 216. As shown in the figure, the inner periphery is formed by three LEDs 227 to 229. The LEDs 227 to 229 are mounted on the PCBs 231 to 233, respectively. At least one of the LEDs 227 to 229 forming the inner periphery 226 may be different from the LEDs 207 to 209 forming the outer periphery 216. The outer peripheral part 216 and the inner peripheral part 226 do not cross each other. The outer peripheral part 216 encloses the inner peripheral part 226. The PCBs 227 to 229 may be mechanically separated or mechanically connected to each other. For example, the dotted line represents a PCB or other material that mechanically connects at least two of the PCBs 227-229. The inner periphery 226 includes at least one inner opening region 225 that allows airflow between the LEDs. The inner periphery 226 is completely included in the outer periphery 216. By adding an inner periphery 226 with an optical system (not shown), the heat generated by the LED can be optimally spread across the bounded surface defined by the outer periphery, improving heat dissipation, As a result, the temperature distribution on the entire heat sink surface becomes uniform.

  In various embodiments, at least one of the LEDs 227-229 can be mounted near the edge or near the outer periphery of the mechanical structure comprising the LED optics. In some embodiments, the LEDs 227-229 can be mounted within 25 mm from the edge of the optical element. Referring to FIGS. 1B-2B, the outer ring of the LED 223 is mounted within 25 mm of the diameter edge of the heat sink 102.

Primary optical system The primary optical system redirects at least part of the light from at least one LED to a first light distribution. This type of optical system is intended to be very general and can redirect light through mechanisms such as reflection or refraction or combinations thereof. Reflective or refractive elements include convex lenses, concave lenses, air composite parabolic reflectors (air CPC), dielectric composite parabolic reflectors (dielectric CPC), Fresnel lenses, total internal reflection lenses (TIR), refractive index distribution A mold lens, a diffractive lens, a microlens, a microstructure, a diffractive optical element, a segment lens, an RXI lens, a light guide or a light guide taper or a combination thereof. The primary optical system consists of a single optical element or an optical element array.

  In some embodiments, the LED system comprises at least three LEDs, each LED having its own optical element. Within the perimeter formed by the at least three LEDs, at least one open area can be formed in the optical system and the LEDs, thereby improving airflow compared to the blocked open area.

  In some embodiments, the LED system 101 has at least three LED packages and at least one optical element. The optical element can be shared by the LEDs. The optical element may have an open area. The outer periphery formed by at least three LEDs comprises at least one open area. The open area of the optical element and LED can improve the air flow. In an illustrative example, the optical element may be a reflector, such as a prismatic reflector, a mirror, or an aluminum metal reflector. Such a reflector structure may have an open structure that allows airflow.

  FIG. 3 shows a rear view of the main optical system having at least one optical element 301. 1A to 3, each optical element 301 corresponds to at least one LED package 201 of the LED 101. The optical element 301 redirects at least part of the raw light output from the at least one LED package 201 to a first light distribution. As shown in the figure, there are 144 optical elements 301. In the optical element 301, an inner ring 321 composed of 24 optical elements corresponds to the LED package 201 of the inner ring 221, an intermediate ring 322 composed of 48 optical elements corresponds to the LED package 201 of the intermediate ring 222, and 72 An outer ring 323 made of a single optical element is disposed so as to correspond to the LED package 201 of the outer ring 223. The individual optical elements 301 are held together by a holder 302, forming a common mechanical unit held together for ease of assembly. The material of the optical system is substantially light transmissive and includes materials such as acrylic, polycarbonate or glass. If the material is plastic, the material can be manufactured using injection molding or compression molding techniques.

  FIG. 4A shows the raw light output distribution from an exemplary LED. As shown, the raw light output 402 from the exemplary LED package 401 tends to be substantially Lambertian with a full width half maximum beam angle (FWHM) distribution of about 120 degrees (120 °). The purpose of the primary optics is to redirect at least a portion of this raw output to the entire first light distribution. In some embodiments, the first light distribution is FWHM <120 °, eg, FWHM <100 °, or <90 °.

  FIG. 4B shows a reflector having a reflective surface that redirects at least a portion of the raw light output from the exemplary LED package. The resulting total light includes redirected light and light that has not been redirected to form a first light distribution 403. The reflective surface 404 is formed by metal coating on a suitably shaped substrate material and reflects incident light to at least a portion of the first light distribution. In such a case, since the light does not pass through the substrate material, the substrate material need not be light transmissive. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the reflective surface 404 may be substantially in the shape of, or based on, a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC).

  FIG. 4C shows the light output distribution of a total internal reflection (TIR) lens. The input refracting surfaces 406 and 407 refract at least part of the raw light output 402 from the LED 401. At least a part of the light refracted by the input surface 407 is further refracted by the output surface 409. At least a portion of the light refracted by the input surface 406 is reflected by the TIR surface 408 and then refracted by the exit surface 409. The resulting total light forms the first light distribution 410.

  FIG. 4D shows the light output distribution of the dielectric CPC. The input surface 412 refracts at least a portion of the raw light output 402 from the LED 401. At least a part of the light refracted by the input surface 412 is further refracted by the output surface 414. At least a part of the light refracted by the input surface 412 is further totally reflected by the surface 413 and then refracted by the output surface 414. The resulting total light forms a first light distribution 415. In the illustrated example, the surfaces 414, 412 are substantially flat. In some embodiments, at least a portion of either of the surfaces 414, 412 may be curved.

  FIG. 4E shows the light output distribution of a dielectric CPC having an output surface or exit surface that is clearly curved in a convex shape. As shown, the first light distribution 417 results from an output surface 416 that is clearly curved in a convex shape. The output surface 416 can advantageously reduce the wide-angle rays in the first light distribution 415 to a light distribution 417 with light that is less wide-angle. The resulting light distribution 417 can reduce glare.

  FIG. 4F shows a side view of an LED system having a plurality of LED packages corresponding to one optical system. As shown, the optical element 421 is shared by at least three LEDs 420 (a third LED is not shown). The optical element 421 includes an opening region 422. The outer periphery is formed of at least three LEDs 420 and includes an opening region 425. In various embodiments, the outer periphery includes a plurality of open areas. An open region 425, such as that formed by optical element 421 and LED 420, provides improved airflow 423, 424. For example, the optical element 421 is a reflector such as a prism reflector, or a coated mirror, or an aluminum metal reflector. Generally, such a reflector has an open structure so that air can flow freely.

  FIG. 5A is a bottom view of an exemplary primary optical element. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3, the LED system 101 includes an outer periphery 501 formed of 72 outer optical elements 301. The outer peripheral part 501 includes all the remaining optical systems 301. All 144 optical elements are connected to each other by a holder 302 to form a common mechanical unit. As shown, the LED system 101 includes an outer ring 501, an intermediate ring 510, and an inner ring 511. Each ring 501, 510, and 511 has a plurality of LEDs. The outer ring 501 includes both an intermediate ring 510 and an inner ring 511. The intermediate ring 510 includes an inner ring 511. The ring 501 has at least one optically open area 502a. Ring 510 has at least one optically open area 502b. Ring 511 has at least one optical aperture region 502c. An air flow is generated by the open areas 502a to 502c.

  FIG. 5B is a conceptual diagram of an exemplary opening of an optical system having at least three optical elements forming an outer periphery. At least three optical systems 503-505 form an outer periphery 506 such that the outer periphery 506 includes, surrounds or spans any remaining optical system in the LED system (eg, LED system 101). is doing. The optical systems 503 to 505 may be mechanically separated or mechanically connected to each other. For example, a dotted line represents a part of a lens holder that mechanically connects at least two optical systems 503 to 505. Each optical component 503 to 505 corresponds to an LED package (for example, LED package 201). The optical aperture region 508 is formed in the periphery 506 between the optical systems 503 to 505. This optical aperture region 508 allows an air flow.

  FIG. 5C is a conceptual diagram of an exemplary opening in the outer periphery. Referring to FIG. 5B, the outer peripheral portion 506 includes a second inner peripheral portion 526 formed by at least three optical systems 23 to 525. In some embodiments, at least one of the LEDs corresponding to at least one of the optical elements 523-525 is different from at least one of the LEDs corresponding to at least one of the optical elements 503-505. Yes. Each optical element 503 to 505, 523 to 525 corresponds to an LED package. As shown in the figure, the outer peripheral portion 506 and the inner peripheral portion 526 do not intersect each other. The optical systems 523 to 525 may be mechanically separated or may be mechanically connected to each other. For example, a dotted line represents a part of the lens holder that mechanically connects at least two of the optical systems 523 to 525. The inner periphery 526 has at least one inner opening region 528 to create an air flow. As shown in the figure, the inner peripheral portion 526 is completely accommodated in the outer peripheral portion 506. With the addition of the inner periphery 526 with optical elements, the LEDs can be optimally spread across the surface defined and bounded by the outer periphery 506. This improves the heat dissipation and makes the temperature distribution across the heat sink surface more uniform.

  In some embodiments, the at least one optical element may be attached near the outer periphery of the structure constituting the entire optical system. In various embodiments, at least a portion of the optical element is mounted within 25 mm from the edge of the LED system. Referring to FIGS. 2A and 3A, the outer ring 323 of the optical component corresponds to the outer ring 223 of the LED. The outer ring 323 can be mounted within 25 mm of the diameter end of the heat sink 102.

  The light illuminance distribution or optical light distribution is measured by how light is emitted at different angles from the light source. The total possible distribution is a distribution to a sphere known as four PI steradians (4π). The usual unit of visible light intensity is candela (cd) or lumens (l) per steradian. A typical representation of light distribution is to slice the sphere and plot the light intensity in the form of a polar coordinate plot where the radiation units are candela.

  FIG. 6A is a polar plot showing an exemplary light intensity of a Lambertian light intensity distribution of raw light output from an LED. The LED emits light 601 substantially in the lower hemisphere. The central optical axis 602 is at zero degrees (0 °) on the polar coordinate plot. For directional lighting applications, including high ceiling lighting, street lighting, PAR, MR, BR, AR, most of the light will illuminate a useful area in front of the optical system in the direction of the optical axis 602. Intended. A useful light region 603 is defined as ± 50 ° from the central optical axis 602. The region greater than ± 50 ° and less than ± 90 ° is defined as the glare zone 604. In the Lambertian distribution, considerable light is in the glare zone, which is not only wasted, but also causes visual discomfort. It is highly desirable to minimize the light emitted to the glare zone 604 and to redirect this light more efficiently through the useful area 603 via the optical element. Useful region 603 and glare region 604 generally form the lower hemisphere from which most of the light is emitted. Upper hemisphere 605 defines an area called upright zone 605. This upright defines how well the light can illuminate the ceiling. In various embodiments, uprights are required or not required.

  FIG. 6B is a diagram showing a light distribution of Cartesian coordinates in which the x-axis is plotted in the range of 0-90 ° so as to show the light intensity distribution in only one hemisphere.

ここで、角θとｈにおけるカンデラ強度分布Ｉ（θ）は、照明器具から照度を計算する平面への高さに等しい。この平面は、例えば、作業面または床であってもよい。照度の一単位は、1 平方メートルあたりのルーメン（１／ｍ^２）またはルクスである。

からの照度Ｅ（θ）は、（ｃｏｓθ）^３で、急速に減少することに留意されたい。より均一な照度Ｅ（θ）を得るには、θと共に値を増加させて光強度分布Ｉ（θ）を少なくとも部分的に補償し、（ｃｏｓθ）^３と共に減少を相殺する必要がある。いくつかの実施形態では、このＩ（θ）の補償は、中心軸から１５−４５°の軸外領域へ離れてゆく光強度分布Ｉ（θ）のピークとして現れる。様々な実施形態において、光強度は、中心から、中心からの相対横方向距離０．７までの変動が、中心照度の少なくとも４０％であるような相対照度プロファイルとなる。相対横方向距離は、高さｈで割った中心軸６０２から横方向の距離Ｄとして定義され、ここで、横方向の距離はＤ＝ｈ・ｔａｎθであり、高さｈは、ＬＥＤシステムの高さｈである。このように、相対横方向距離は、単に、ｔａｎθである。 The illumination profile E (θ) in the plane of interest is calculated by the following equation:

Here, the candela intensity distribution I (θ) at the angles θ and h is equal to the height from the luminaire to the plane on which the illuminance is calculated. This plane may be, for example, a work surface or a floor. One unit of illuminance is lumens per square meter (1 / m ² ) or lux.

Note that the illuminance E (θ) from is rapidly reduced at (cos θ) ³ . To obtain a more uniform illuminance E (θ), it is necessary to increase the value with θ to at least partially compensate the light intensity distribution I (θ) and offset the decrease with (cos θ) ³ . In some embodiments, this I (θ) compensation appears as a peak in the light intensity distribution I (θ) that moves away from the central axis to an off-axis region 15-45 °. In various embodiments, the light intensity is a relative illumination profile such that the variation from the center to a relative lateral distance of 0.7 from the center is at least 40% of the center illumination. The relative lateral distance is defined as the lateral distance D from the central axis 602 divided by the height h, where the lateral distance is D = h · tan θ and the height h is the height of the LED system. H. Thus, the relative lateral distance is simply tan θ.

The light distribution produced by the at least one LED in combination with the at least one optical component determines parameters such as glare, amount of light in the useful zone, upright, relative illumination uniformity, and level or illumination. In various embodiments, this light distribution meets one or more of one or more of the following requirements.
a. The peak of the light intensity distribution I (θ) is not in the central axis but in the region of 15-40 ° from the center.
b. The light intensity I (θ) has a relative illuminance profile in which the variation from the center to the relative lateral distance 0.7 (tan θ = 0.7) is at least 40% of the central illuminance.
c. At least 85% of the total light in the lower hemisphere is in the effective area.
d. Less than 20% of the light enters the glare zone.
e. The maximum candela in the glare zone 604 is 15% or less of the central axis 602 candela.
f. At least 70% of the total light is in the useful area 603 and at least 7.5% of the light is in the upright area.
g. At least 5% of the light is in the upright region.

  6B to 6F are diagrams showing characteristics of various different light distributions. First light distribution from an existing Accuracy HID400W jig. The second light distribution shows an example of the LED Lambert distribution. The third light distribution is from the LED Gaussian distribution. The fourth light distribution is from an exemplary LED target distribution. These light distribution characteristics are summarized in Tables 1 to 3.

  The first light distribution is the existing commercial lighting, the Accuracy High Bay HID (THD 400MP A15 TB LPI) system. This Authority HID luminaire is used as a reference for comparison with the later three LED systems. As summarized in Table 1, the Accuracy HID luminaire initially uses a 40,000 lumen HID lamp and a reflector with a 30% loss to redirect the light. Thus, Aquity HID has a lighting fixture efficiency of 70%. Furthermore, the light maintenance rate of the Aquity HID luminaire is 63%. Light retention is a major factor in other loss issues such as lamp lumen depreciation or dirt build-up. In general, HID systems show much higher lumen degradation than LED systems, so that HID has a 63% light maintenance rate worse than 85% LED systems. The net lumen after luminaire efficiency and light maintenance rate is 17,640 lumens. As shown in FIG. 6B, the light distribution 610 of Accuracy HID is calculated based on 17,640 lumens. FIG. 6F shows the cumulative integrated light from the central axis 602 to various angles, providing a display of all the light in the various zones. For the Accuracy HID luminaire, FIG. 6F and Table 2 show that the Accuracy HID light distribution 650 is approximately 78.5% in the useful region 603, while 21.5% of energy is wasted in the glare region 604. . Therefore, there are only 13,841 lumens in the useful area 603, and 3,799 lumens are wasted in the glare zone. FIG. 6C shows the light distribution normalized to the center value. As shown, the HID normalized light intensity distribution curve 620 shows that the maximum candela within the glare zone 604 is very high, 69.8% of the central candela value. FIG. 6D shows the calculated illuminance in lux at a height equal to 20 feet (h = 20). The X-axis is a relative lateral distance from the central axis 602, and is calculated as a value obtained by dividing the lateral distance by the height, or simply tan θ. The HID illuminance 630 corresponding to Table 3 shows a central peak of about 186 lux. FIG. 6E shows the uniformity of relative illuminance 640 normalized to the central axis illuminance. FIG. 6E and Table 3 show a curve 640 representing the HID light distribution with a worst case result of 56% relative illuminance at a relative lateral distance of 0.7.

  The second light distribution is an example of an LED system having a substantially Lambertian distribution 611 (see FIG. 6B). Such a distribution is raw typical LED radiation without any direction change by the optical element. The raw LED output is 18,000 lumens. Considering 100% luminaire efficiency and 85% light maintenance rate, the net lumen is reduced to 15,300 lumens. The light distribution 611 is adjusted to reflect 15,300 lumens. Referring to Table 2 and the cumulative luminous intensity curve 651, the Lambertian light distribution 611 shows that approximately 39.7% of light (6,075 lumens) is wasted in the glare zone 604 and 60.3% (9,9) in the useful zone 603. 225 lumens) only, with significant glare. Referring to what is summarized in FIG. 6D and Table 3, the resulting illuminance 631 has a median value of 4740 lux, which is significantly lower than the reference case of 6915 lux Accuracy HID. Referring to the summary in FIG. 6C and Table 3, the Lambertian distribution relative intensity 621 shows a relative maximum candela of 64.3% relative to the central intensity in the glare zone 604. Referring to FIG. 6E and the summary in Table 2, curve 641 is the worst-case Lambertian distribution with a relative lateral distance of 0.7 and a relative illuminance of 45%.

The Gaussian light intensity profile is intended to represent an intensity profile across a broad classification. The profile does not have to be strictly Gaussian, but rather has a peak intensity that is approximately close to the central optical axis of 0 °, after which the intensity decreases at a larger angle, ie, moves away from the central optical axis 602. It is. Such a light intensity distribution I (θ) cannot compensate for the drop in (cos θ) ³ , resulting in a generally very non-uniform illumination profile. If the Gaussian distribution is widened, (cos θ) ³ cannot be corrected, and at the same time, very high glare and a significant decrease in axial illuminance may be caused. Gaussian-like shapes can typically be made using simple optical systems such as simple lenses, TIRs, or simple reflectors.

  Referring to FIG. 6B and Table 1, the third light distribution 612 is an example of an LED Gaussian distribution, which is based on a total of 18,000 lumens discounted with 100% luminaire efficiency and 85% light retention. , Adjusted to reflect 15,300 lumens. The Gaussian shape and FWHM are further determined by setting the center peak to 7661 cd to match the fourth distribution 633. The total lumen in this example is the same as the Lambertian distribution, but the center peak intensity of 7661 cd is higher than the Lambertian distribution and Accuracy HID. However, the cumulative luminous intensity curve 652 (see FIG. 6F and Table 2) shows a relatively high glare, 27.4% of the total light in the glare zone 604. This results in 11,115 lumens in the effective zone 603 and 4,185 lumens in the glare zone 604. The relative candela curve 622 (see FIG. 6C and Table 3) also shows a relative maximum candela of 33% in the glare zone 604. Although that portion of glare light and the maximum candela of the glare zone 604 are improved over both Accuracy HID and Lambertian distributions, the glare is still relatively high. Furthermore, glare is improved at the expense of illumination uniformity. The illuminance curve 632 (see FIG. 6D and Table 3) shows a central illuminance of 7661 lux, but the variation of the illuminance 642 from the center to a relative lateral distance of 0.7 is about 32%, which is due to Accuracy HID and Lambert. Worse than the distribution.

FIG. 6B shows the target LED light distribution 613 adjusted to reflect 15,300 lumens based on a total of 18,000 lumens depending on 100% luminaire efficiency and 85% light maintenance. The light distribution 613 shows a general type of profile that represents a preferred embodiment of the light distribution. This class of profiles simultaneously provides lower glare and better illumination uniformity. This characteristic can be achieved by partially compensating for a decrease in illuminance of (cos θ>) ³ by increasing the light intensity distribution I (θ) at an angle θ for a given angular range. As a result, the peak intensity comes at a position away from the central axis in the region of about 15-45 ° from the center. A particular distribution 613 has a peak intensity at about 24 °. Another feature, intensity, minimizes glare by lowering the light distribution from a peak to a relatively low value in the glare zone 604. This requires a steeper roll-off in the intensity that is characteristic of either a Lambertian distribution or a Gaussian intensity distribution. Referring to the summary of FIG. 6C and Table 3, the relative intensity 623 goes from a peak of about 115% at 24 ° to less than 6.9% in the glare zone 604 as shown. This abrupt roll-off occurs within 26 °. This results in a cumulative light level curve 653 as shown in FIG. 6F, and as summarized in Table 2, the glare zone light is only 0.3% (40 lumens) and the total light in the effective zone is Is about 99.7% (15,260 lumens). Thus, glare represents a significant improvement over the Accuracy HID, Lambertian distribution, or Gaussian distribution. At the same time, as shown in FIG. 6D, the illuminance profile 633 is significantly higher over a relative lateral distance 0.7 where the central illuminance starts at 206 lux. Further, the variation in illuminance from the center to a relative lateral distance of 0.7 is about 59% of the central illuminance. Therefore, among the four distributions, the target distribution not only has the lowest glare, but also has the highest central candela, the highest illuminance, the highest central illuminance, and the best illuminance uniformity. The LED Target's light distribution 613, which has only 18,000 lumens of raw, has a raw light level more than twice that of 40,000 lumens, which is significantly higher than the traditional Acuity HID luminaire.

  In some embodiments, the target light intensity distribution characteristic is preferably achieved using a dielectric CPC optical system as shown in FIG. 6D or a dielectric CPC optical system with a curved output as shown in FIG. 6E. .

In some embodiments, the first light distribution or target distribution meets one or more of the following requirements:
a. The peak of the light intensity distribution I (θ) is not in the central axis but in the region of 15 ° -45 ° from the center.
b. The light intensity distribution I (θ) results in a relative illuminance profile such that the illuminance variation from the center to a relative lateral distance of 0.7 is at least 40% of the central illuminance.
c. At least 85% of the total light in the lower hemisphere is in the useful area 603.
d. The light in the glare zone 604 is 20% or less.
e. The maximum relative intensity in the glare zone 604 is 15% or less of the center intensity.

The heat sink heat sink can be manufactured by a number of processes well known in the art such as, for example, die casting, extrusion, skiving, folding fins, and sheet metal. The heat sink material can be aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy or thermally conductive plastic. Such a thermally conductive plastic can be manufactured by a process such as injection molding having a thermal conductivity greater than 1 W / M-K. One company that provides such thermally conductive plastic materials is Celanese Corporation. In general, heat sinks are constructed of long, narrow surface areas that make up structures such as pins or fins attached to a common base. This large surface area is used to dissipate heat from the heat sink into the air. These elongated structures are generally held together by attaching to a common base. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the base is substantially planar and functions as a mechanical structure for attaching the LEDs and / or optical components.

  FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary LED system having a heat sink. The LED system includes a heat sink 701, at least three LEDs 702, and a series of optical components 703 corresponding to the LEDs 702. The LED 702 is in thermal and mechanical contact with the heat sink 701. The heat sink 701 has a series of elongated structures 704, such as fins or pins, that dissipate the heat generated by the LEDs 702 into the surrounding air. These elongated structures 704 are mechanically attached to a heat sink base 706 that is substantially flat. The heat sink 701 has at least one opening, such as 712 or 705. At least three of the outer LEDs 702 form an outer peripheral portion 711. The series of optical components 703 has at least one opening 713, 707. The openings 713, 707 at least partially overlap at least one opening 705, 712 of the heat sink 706. Together, these openings provide a direct, unimpeded airflow from the front of the LED system along the interior of the elongated region 708-709 of the heat sink 701, thereby improving heat dissipation.

  FIG. 7B is a front view of an exemplary LED system with the optical components removed to reveal the LED location. As shown, the LED system includes at least one inner periphery 721 formed of at least three LEDs 720. At least one LED 720 forming the inner peripheral portion 721 is different from the LED 702 forming the outer peripheral portion 711. The inner peripheral part 721 does not cross over the outer peripheral part 711. As shown in the figure, the outer peripheral portion 711 encloses an inner peripheral portion 721. There is at least one opening, such as 712, in the inner periphery 721 to provide improved airflow.

  Without such openings 705, 707, 712 and 713, or open areas 708 and 709, air flows indirectly from the front surface of the heat sink 701 around the edge of the heat sink 701 and then back to the inside 709 of the heat sink 701. It is necessary to take a general route. This indirect bypass path increases the resistance of the air flow and reduces the air flow so that the process flowing around the heat sink 701 heats the air and cools it by the time it reaches the inside 709 of the heat sink 701. The ability will be greatly reduced. Thus, the openings 705, 707, 712 and 713 carry an improved direct cool air flow inside the elongated area 704 of the heat sink, resulting in a significant improvement in thermal resistance.

  The air flow can also exit the elongate structure 730 directly above the elongate structure and exit the LED system through a low air resistance path in a substantially vertical axis from the front of the LED system.

At least one opening 705, 707, 712 and 713 or open area 708 and 709 improves air flow and meets at least one of the following criteria:
a. The open area of the heat sink base, optical components, and PCB is at least 25% of the outer peripheral area.
b. The improved air flow reduces the thermal resistance by at least 5%, 10% or 20% than if such openings 705, 707, 712 and 713 were covered.
c. The improved air flow reduces the average heat sink temperature by at least 5 ° C. than when such openings are blocked.
d. The improved air flow reduces the maximum heat sink temperature by at least 5 ° C. than when such openings are blocked.
e. Air flows in a substantially vertical flow path from the front of the optical system through the heat sink base to the elongated structure and exits directly onto the elongated structure.

  8A-8F illustrate an exemplary LED system having an elongated heat sink. FIG. 8A is an isometric view. FIG. 8B is an exploded view with the optical component removed at a distance. FIG. 8C is a front view of the LED system with the optical components removed and showing at least three LEDs. FIG. 8C is a front view of the optical component. FIG. 8E is a front view of the LED system. FIG. 8F is a cross-sectional view taken along line LL of the LED system with reference to FIG. 8E. The LED system 800 includes a heat sink having a series of pins 803, a heat sink base 802, at least three LEDs 804, and an optical component array 820. The optical component array 820 includes at least three optical components 824 corresponding to at least three LEDs 804. At least three of the outermost LEDs 804 form a perimeter 809 from which all LEDs 804 are included. Within the perimeter 804 is at least one opening 806 and 805, 808 that provides improved airflow. At least three of the outermost optical components 824 form an outer periphery 829. Within the perimeter 829 there are at least one opening 826 and 825, 828 to provide improved airflow. Each optical component 824 corresponds to an individual LED 804. The optical component 824 redirects at least a part of the raw light output from the corresponding LED 804 to the first light distribution. LED 804 and optical component 824 are described elsewhere in this disclosure. The openings in the heat sinks 806 and 805, 808 at least partially overlap some of the openings 825 and 826, 828 in the optical element 824. For example, as shown in FIGS. 8E and 8F, the heat sink opening 806 at least partially overlaps the optical element opening 826, and the heat sink opening 805 at least partially overlaps the optical element opening 825, The heat sink opening 811 at least partially overlaps the optical element opening 821. Both of these openings 805 and 806, 808, 825 and 826, 828 are improved more direct vertical from the front surface 830 of the LED system 800 to the interior of the heat sink elongated structure 803 and exit the elongated structure top 840. Air flow paths 831 and 832 are provided. The geometry shown in the figure allows air to flow almost directly unimpeded from the front surface 830 of the system to the elongated pin structure 803 in the heat sink interior 831, 832.

  In various embodiments, the outer LED outer periphery 809 includes at least one inner periphery 810 and 811, and each inner periphery 810 and 811 is formed by at least three LEDs 804. At least one LED 804 forming the inner peripheral portions 810 and 811 is different from at least three LEDs 804 forming the outer peripheral portion 809. Inner perimeters 810 and 811 have at least one opening 806, 808 to provide improved airflow. The inner peripheral portions 810 and 811 do not cross the outer peripheral portion 809 and are enclosed in the outer peripheral portion 809. In the optical outer peripheral portion 829, at least one inner peripheral portion 820 and 821 is formed by at least three optical systems 824. At least one optical component 824 of at least three optical components 824 forming the inner peripheral portions 820 and 821 is different from at least three optical systems 824 forming the outer peripheral portion 829. Inner peripheries 820 and 821 have at least one opening 826, 828 to provide improved airflow. When these openings 826, 828 are plugged, air 832 will flow from the front of the heat sink around the edge of the heat sink and then toward the interior of the heat sink. This indirect circuitous path increases airflow resistance and reduces airflow. This process of flowing around the heat sink base 802 heats the air and significantly reduces the cooling capacity depending on the time that the air reaches the interior of the heat sink. As shown in FIG. 8, the LEDs 804 are distributed almost uniformly over the surface of the base 802 of the heat sink, so that the spread of the heat load can be improved. Since the openings of the heat sink base 802 are also substantially uniformly distributed over the surface of the heat sink, more uniform air flows into the heat sink. One of the importance of more evenly distributing the thermal load across the heat sink base is that the need for heat distribution or conduction across the heat sink base is substantially reduced. Much of the heat generated by the LED is directly conducted back towards the heat dissipation structure without having to distribute the heat across the base. In some embodiments, the lateral heat spread across the surface of the base is substantially negligible. Perforations in the heat sink base 802 with openings that allow the base to be thinned, reduce weight, and improve air flow by reducing the thermal diffusion requirements of the base, i.e., reducing in-plane lateral thermal conductivity requirements. Is possible. In some embodiments, the heat sink base is 0.5 to 4 mm thick. In FIGS. 8A-8F, the LEDs 804 are substantially thermally isolated from each other across the base of the heat sink base 802, which is connected only by a thin sliver 831 between the openings 808. This sliver has the role of holding the base as a single mechanical unit rather than the thermal conductivity across the base.

  For certain applications, there is a weight limit for the entire LED system. For example, in Section 5.4 of the Underwriters Laboratory (UL) standard 1993 “Self-Ballasted Lamps and Lamp Adapters”, the maximum weight of an LED retrofit lamp is 1.7 kg with the intention of replacing the HID lamp with an E39 socket. Is limited to. Such retrofit lamps are described, for example, in US Patent Application No. 14 / 952,079 ([00182]) entitled “LED Lighting” filed by Frank Shum on November 25, 2015, and in 2015. It is described in FIGS. 29-30 of US Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 141,010 entitled “LED Lighting” filed on March 31 by Frank Shum. The entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In general, heat sinks can make up a significant portion of the weight of an LED system. The LED system also includes the weight of the driver, optical components, and driver housing, for example. Therefore, the weight of the heat sink must be less than 1.7 kg. In some embodiments, the heat sink weighs less than 1 kg, but it is still possible to dissipate heat from optics that generate light exceeding 10,000 lumens. Manufacturing processes such as die casting or extrusion require minimal source structure size and / or aspect ratio. For example, both die casting and extrusion are difficult to produce structure sizes with aspect ratios of less than 1 mm or greater than 10: 1. The size and thus the weight of the heat sink dissipating structure, such as fins or pins, is determined by manufacturing limitations rather than heat dissipation conditions. Therefore, the heat sink may become heavier than necessary.

  Weight is important and sheet metal fins are preferred for some applications. The sheet metal can be less than 1 mm, less than 0.6 mm, or less than 0.5 mm in thickness, and at the same time can have an aspect ratio of 20: 1, or greater than 40: 1 or 80: 1.

  9A and B show various exemplary LED systems having sheet metal fins. The LED system 906 includes a heat sink having a series of heat transfer members such as elongated sheet metal fins attached to a heat sink base 902. At least three LEDs 903 are in thermal communication with the heat sink. As shown in the figure, an outer LED 903 forms an outer peripheral portion 904. The outer periphery 904 includes at least one opening 905 and provides improved air flow from the front 906 of the LED system to the interior 907 of the heat sink. In some embodiments, the LED system includes at least one inner periphery 914 formed of at least three LEDs 903. At least one of the LEDs 903 forming the inner peripheral portion 914 is different from the LED 903 forming the outer peripheral portion 904. The at least one inner peripheral portion 914 does not intersect with the outer periphery 904 and is enclosed by the outer periphery 904. Inner perimeter 914 includes at least one opening 915 and flows from the front 906 of the LED system to the interior 907 of the elongated fin and exits over the elongated fin 910 in an improved substantially direct and vertical direction. Provide airflow.

  10A and 10B are front views of an exemplary heat sink having at least two fins. The heat sink comprises at least two fins 1001, 1006. They are substantially the same size, are oriented radially toward a common center, and are in thermal contact with the base 1002. At least one of the fins 1001, 1006 is thermally and mechanically attached to the central column 1100. At least three of the outermost LEDs 1003 form an outer periphery 1004 having at least one opening 1005 formed between the combination of LEDs 1003, the PCB, and the optical components to provide improved airflow. . Optional optics and PCB are not shown. As shown in the figure, the distance between the fins 1001 and 1006 in the periphery 1009 of the heat sink is larger than the distance between the fins near the central region 1008. With such a radial arrangement, it is usually difficult to achieve the optimum spacing. For example, if the fin spacing at the periphery 1009 is optimized, the fin spacing near the central region 1008 will be too close (eg, <3 mm) to provide effective airflow. In some embodiments, at least one of the LEDs 1003 that form the inner periphery 1014 is different from the LED 1003 that forms the outer periphery 1004. The inner peripheral portion 1014 does not cross the outer peripheral portion 1004 and is surrounded by the outer peripheral portion 1004. Inner periphery 1014 includes at least one opening 1015 to provide improved airflow.

  10C and 10D are front views of exemplary heat sinks having fins with different radial lengths. As shown in the figure, a first fin 1001 having a first radial length and a second fin 1010 having a shorter radial length are at least two fins having different radial lengths. Changes have been made to improve spacing problems through use. The shorter fin 1010 is disposed toward the outer peripheral portion 1004. In this configuration, the inner fin spacing 1018 is substantially improved over the central region 1008, while the fin spacing at the outer periphery 1009, 1019 remains substantially unchanged.

  10E and 10F are isometric views of an exemplary heat sink with an opening in the center. As shown, the heat sink has an opening 1012 in the center to provide a further improved air flow.

  10A to 10F, the heat sink 1002 portion is separated in two mechanical rings corresponding to the outer peripheral portion 1004 and the inner peripheral portion 1014. Since the base 1002 itself cannot diffuse heat from the outer periphery 1004 to the inner periphery 1014, the two peripheral portions are substantially thermally isolated from each other. Most of the heat generated in each peripheral ring flows through the base 1002 substantially directly into the rear fin heat dissipation mechanism. By spreading the LEDs 103 into a plurality of peripheral rings, heat can be more evenly distributed over the front surface of the outer periphery of the base 1002. Within each peripheral ring 1004, 1014, the LEDs are substantially evenly distributed over the circumference of the ring. That is, the heat generation along the ring is substantially uniform and the temperature is substantially uniform so that the heat need not spread along the circumference of the ring. Since the generated heat does not need to flow in the base 1002 either laterally, radially, or circumferentially, the in-plane lateral thermal conductivity of the base 1002 is greatly reduced. This makes the base 1002 very thin and allows the openings 1005, 1015 for air flow to be drilled. The openings 1005, 1015 and the thinnest base 1002 have the additional advantage that the base 1002 can be lightweight.

  11A and 11B are plan views of exemplary heat sinks. Referring to FIG. 11B, the heat sink 102 includes at least two heat dissipating fins 1101 and 1102, each fin 1101, 1102 being oriented in a radial pattern. At least one of the fins 1101, 1102 is thermally and mechanically connected to the central column 1103 and optionally to one of the bases 1104. Connection methods include crimping, riveting, brazing, soldering or glueing. In various embodiments, at least one fin 1102 may have a shorter radial length than other fins 1101. The short fins 1102 are arranged toward the outer periphery. In such a configuration, the interval 1105 between the fins 1101 increases from the vicinity of the center, improving the air flow and lowering the temperature. Another advantage of shorter fins is reduced weight.

  FIG. 11C is an exploded view of an exemplary heat sink. As shown, the heat sink 102 includes a central column 1103, a plurality of fins 1101, 1102, and a base 1104.

  11D and 11E show an exemplary pair of fin sets. As shown, the fins 1110, 1102 are manufactured from a single piece of material, such as sheet metal, and are shaped and folded. The two fins 1101 and 1102 are connected by a flat base region 1107. The flat base region 1107 is thermally and mechanically attached to the base 1104, or alternatively may be attached directly to the PCB. For direct attachment to the PCB, the preferred method is a thermally conductive adhesive such as epoxy, silicone, or thermal grease. In various embodiments, the flat base region 1107 may not be continuous and may have openings 1108 in between. These openings 1108 allow air to flow when assembled to the entire heat sink 102.

  In some embodiments, the flat metal fins of FIGS. 9A-11E may be perforated. The purpose of this hole is to allow air to flow through the fins, which is advantageous when the optical system comprising the fins is not mounted in a substantially vertical position. For example, these holes provide improved airflow in such orientations when the optical system is tilted or leveled from vertical to horizontal. In some embodiments, the hole area is at least 20% of the surface area of a particular fin.

An optical accessory secondary optical system or optical accessory is disposed in front of the primary optical system and redirects at least a portion of the first light distribution to the entire second light distribution. In some embodiments, the first light distribution is modified by an optical accessory so that the entire secondary light distribution is: wider, asymmetric, providing upright, glare reduction such as the use of louvers, light diffusion, One or more suitable for lighting the passage.

  In various embodiments, the majority of the primary light distribution passes through unaltered by the optical accessory. In some embodiments, 5% to 75% of the primary distribution is not substantially changed. In various embodiments, the opening or area of the optical accessory can allow light to pass through the accessory without being affected. Such an open area can be provided with a flat parallel window that does not substantially change the direction of light passing therethrough, but such a window is still Fresnel reflection or 4 from each of the two surfaces. %, And the light efficiency is reduced by 8%. Thus, openings formed in the absence of material are advantageous because they provide maximum efficiency without Fresnel loss. Such openings also have the additional advantage of being able to reduce weight and provide an air flow.

  In some embodiments, the optical accessory may be substantially circular and can be rotated about its center so that the asymmetric secondary light distribution of the accessory rotates with the accessory.

  12A-12C are various views of an exemplary optical accessory. Referring to FIG. 1B, the optical accessory 104 is used to upright. The optical accessory 104 includes an optical portion 1203 that redirects at least a portion of the primary light distribution. In some embodiments, the optical accessory has an opening 1201 that provides airflow. In various embodiments, the optical accessory 104 has a mechanical attachment mechanism that allows it to be attached to an LED system. For example, mechanical attachment mechanisms include screws, snaps, or magnets. In the example shown, the mechanical attachment mechanism can easily rotate the optical accessory 104 about its center relative to the LED system. As shown, the optical accessory 104 is attached to the main structure via a series of snap mechanisms 1202. The snap mechanism 1202 is designed to easily rotate the optical accessory 104. The snap mechanism 1202 is designed to remain the corresponding function of the temporary optical system.

  FIG. 13A is a front view of an exemplary optical system with optical accessories. The optical accessory 104 overlaps and redirects at least a portion of the light from the outer ring of the optical component 323. The opening 1201 of the optical accessory 104 allows light from the intermediate ring 322 and the inner ring 321 to escape without being disturbed. The opening 1201 further allows air to flow into the optical opening 502, the LED opening 205, and the heat sink 102. The opening 1201 can also reduce the weight of the optical accessory.

  In some embodiments, there is at least one LED around the edge of the mechanism to create an upright. This mechanism comprises an optical system or heat sink 102. The optical accessory makes an upright by redirecting at least a part of light emitted from at least one LED in the peripheral portion to the peripheral portion. In various embodiments, the LEDs and corresponding optical components are within 25 mm of the end of the LED system without optical accessories. Advantageously, placing the LEDs near the edge of the mechanism makes it easier to redirect at least part of the light around the mechanism to an upright. In various embodiments, between 5% and 40% of the total light from the LED system is redirected to upright. The optical accessory can have an internal opening to allow most of the light from the LED system to pass unacceptable.

  FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary optical system having an optical accessory. The cross section along the FF line includes a heat sink base 1305, a PCB 1303, at least one LED package 1302, a primary optical component, and an optical accessory 104. The primary optical component comprises at least one optical component 1301, an optical holder 1306, and a snapping mechanism 1304 that fits.

  FIG. 13C is an exemplary ray tracing diagram of a cross section of an exemplary optical system. The LED 1302 is disposed near the periphery of the mechanism of the optical system. This mechanism constitutes an optical system, and part of the emitted light is more easily redirected by the optical accessory 104 around the mechanism to form an upright 1310. At least a part of the light emitted from the LED 1302 is redirected to the first distribution by the optical component 1301. At least a portion of the first optical distribution 1315 is further redirected by the optical accessory 104 into an entire second light distribution that includes unaffected light 1309 and redirected light 1310. In some embodiments, the primary optic 1301 is in the form of a dielectric CPC having an input surface 1314, a TIR reflector surface 1307, and a curved output surface 1308. The optical accessory 104 includes an input surface, a first reflection surface 1313, a second reflection surface 1312, and an exit surface 1316. The input surface and the output surface 1316 may share part of the same physical surface. The optical accessory 104 has a series of snap mechanisms 1202 designed to fit into the main optics via corresponding mechanisms in the optical component 1304. The snap mechanism 1202 can be designed so that the optical accessory 104 can be easily rotated by hand.

  FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the optical accessory. As shown, the optical accessory can be used to redirect light to a more asymmetric profile. The optical accessory has at least two different areas, a first area 1403 and a second area 1404. Each region is arranged to redirect light into a substantially different distribution. The optical accessory further includes an open area 1401 having the same function as the open area 1201. The optical accessory further includes a snap mechanism 1402 having a function similar to that of the open region 1201.

  FIG. 15 is a top perspective view of an exemplary optical accessory having an additional optical accessory region 1501 used to redirect light from within the corresponding LED. The additional area 1501 may comprise an open area 1502 that provides improved airflow to the LED system.

  In some embodiments, optical accessories can be stacked and at least a portion of the light can be redirected by each optical accessory.

The electronic driver LED system can be powered from at least two types of power sources, for example directly from an offline AC voltage source or from a ballast.

  For offline operation using an AC voltage source 1701, the electronic LED driver can be powered by an AC line voltage of 100 VAC to 480 VAC, with a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Some popular voltages include 100, 110, 115, 120, 200, 220, 230, 208, 240, 277, 305, 380, 400, 415 or 480 VAC. Such electronic driver technology for off-line power supplies includes switching mode drivers having various topologies such as, for example, buck, boost, back bust, flyback, or combinations thereof.

  When operating with a ballast such as a magnetic HID ballast, several issues need to be solved, for example, achieving acceptable power factor (PF) and total harmonic distortion (THD) at the input to the ballast. is there. In addition, there is a need to overcome the use of an igniter that produces a pulse of about 2-5 kV during the initial warm phase for HID lamps to prevent damage from the pulse starting ballast. Examples of pulse start 400W HID ballasts with igniters include M135, M155, or SD51. An example of a probe start 400W HID ballast without an igniter is M59.

  HID magnetic ballasts are designed for specific HID lamp loads. For example, an M59 magnetic ballast typically powers a 400W metal halide HID lamp with a good power factor of> 0.9 or> 0.8 and a good THD of generally less than 32% or less than 20%. Designed to supply. LED lamps intended to be directly mounted with the same HID ballast require significantly less power, for example 150W instead of 400W. This places a completely different load on the ballast, resulting in an insufficient power factor, for example less than 0.8, and an insufficient THD, for example greater than 32%. LED electronic drivers must operate to trick the ballast in delivering fairly low power of about 150W or about 200W while maintaining good PF and good THD in the system.

  FIG. 16A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary 400 W probe-started metal halide ballast designed to operate with a probe-started M59 metal halide lamp load. The ballast 1601 includes a transformer 1606, an output capacitor 1605, a series of inputs 1602 and an output 1603. The series of inputs 1602 includes a plurality of taps to the converter, allowing ballast 1601 to operate with various AC voltage sources such as 277V, 240V, 208V, or 120V. In the illustrative example, metal halide lamp load 1604 can be replaced with an electronic driver via connection 1703. During the initial operation of the HID lamp when the HID lamp is cold, the HID lamp is high impedance and a ballast 1601 operating in a relatively constant wattage mode supplies approximately 300V to the HID lamp. As the HID lamp warms, the impedance decreases and the voltage drops to about 130V.

FIG. 16B is a schematic diagram of a 400 W pulse-started metal halide ballast designed to operate with a pulse-started M115 metal halide lamp load. The ballast 1611 includes a transformer 1616, a capacitor 1615, a series of inputs 1612 and an output 1614. The series of inputs 1612 includes multiple taps to the converter, allowing the ballast 1611 to operate with various AC voltage sources such as 480V, 277V, 240V, 208V or 120V. Metal halide lamp load 1614 can be replaced with an electronic driver via connection 1703. The initial high impedance of the HID lamp in the cold state results in an initial higher voltage across the lamp, eg, V _i > 250V. This high voltage is sensed by the igniter 1620 and generates a 2-5 kV pulse to promote warm-up of the HID lamp. As the HID lamp warms up, the impedance drops to about 130V. The ignition device senses this voltage drop and stops firing.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary electronic LED driver designed to interface with a magnetic ballast. The magnetic ballast 1702 (eg, ballast 1601 or ballast 1611) is powered by an off-line AC voltage source 1701. The ballast 1702 is connected to the electronic LED driver 1704 via an electrical connection 1703 such as an E39 or E40 lamp base. The electronic LED driver 1704 includes a capacitor 1708, a rectifier bridge 1707, a smoothing capacitor 1708, and optionally a current and / or thermal fuse 1705. The electronic LED driver 1704 supplies power to the LED 1709 with a forward voltage Vf. The input capacitor 1706 placed in front of the bridge needs to be bipolar, like a film type capacitor. The input capacitor 1706 functions as a partial shunt that returns part of the output power and current from the ballast 1702 to the ballast 1702 instead of the LED 1709. The smoothing capacitor 1708 is intended to minimize current ripple entering the LED 1709. The power to the LED 1709 and the LED forward current _If are controlled by a combination of the capacitance in the capacitor 1706 and the forward voltage V _f of the LED 1709. The M59 ballast, with an input capacitor 1706 of about 22 μF and an LED having a forward voltage of about 140V, will deliver about 150 W to the LED 1709. The value of the smoothing capacitor can be set to 1000 μF. In such a configuration, at the input to the ballast 1702, 48% of the PF is about 0.89, which is a relatively high THD.

  In some embodiments, the input capacitor 1706 can be reduced to 10 μF and the forward voltage Vf of the LED 1709 can be reduced to 65V to 75V. This results in an improved power factor of 0.92 and a significantly improved THD of 23% with about 200 W of power supplied to the LED 1709. The load voltage experienced by the ballast output is substantially equal to the LED forward voltage, which is significantly lower than the voltage required for an approximately 250V igniter to ignite. Thus, in such a configuration, the electronics driver components are protected from the high voltage pulses of the ignition device.

  The LED 1709 has a forward voltage Vf and an LED current If. The LED 1709 may be the aforementioned LED 101 that is part of the LED system 100 hull.

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an electronic LED driver designed to interface with a magnetic ballast. The electronic LED driver comprises a bridge, a switch controlled by the controller unit, a smoothing capacitor, and a series of LEDs having a total forward voltage Vf. Referring to FIG. 17, a switch 1802 controlled by the controller unit 1803 is added to FIG. Switch 1802 may be a MOSFET or other device or combination of devices that has a relatively low impedance at start-up and during at least a portion of the time that power and current are shorted back to ballast 1702. Has current carrying capacity. Switch 1802 is designed to selectively short some of the power and current from ballast 1702 back to ballast 1702, thereby regulating the power to the series of LEDs. The controller unit 1803 has a selective sensor input. The selective sensor input comprises the LED current from current sensor 1805, the output voltage V _B from rectifier bridge 1707, the voltage of capacitor 1708, the temperature of LED string 1709, or the temperature of electronic LED driver 1801 itself. The controller unit 1803 detects these inputs and controls the switch 1802 accordingly to adjust the LED forward current If. The controller unit 1803 may simply be a selection of individual components, or may be a microprocessor or microcontroller unit with more flexibility. For example, if the controller unit 1803 can detect the phase of the input voltage by monitoring the voltage V _B across the bridge 1707, the switching can be in phase or synchronous with the line frequency. In some embodiments, the controller unit 1803 can control the switch 1802 regardless of phase or in a heuristic control scheme that is asynchronous to the input voltage waveform.

The main purpose of the controller unit 1803 is to control the control switch 1802 to adjust the LED current in some predetermined manner. The advantage of FIG. 18 that is different from FIG. 17 is that the controller 1803 can adjust the current If to the LED 1709 to more accurately cope with the fluctuation of the line voltage Vs. For example, V _s typically varies by> 10% and the controller unit 1803 can sense the LED current _If and adjust the switch 1802 to maintain a substantially predetermined current level. In addition, when the system temperature exceeds a certain value, the controller unit 1803 can reduce the current to the LED 1709 in order to increase safety or system life, thereby reducing the heat generated and thermal rollback. Adjust the excess temperature known as. Another advantage of the controller unit 1803 is that it can be configured to dim the system when less light is needed.

Referring to FIG. 18, assuming a stable power supply voltage V _S , the ballast 1702 can provide a substantially constant regulated current I _Ballast over a range of ballast loads. Table 4 summarizes the maximum power delivered to the maximum power supplied to the LEDs (I _f −V _f ) using FIG. Here, ballast 1702 is an M59 HID ballast and switch 1802 is open. By leaving switch 1802 open or inactive, none of the current from the ballast is shorted to the ballast itself, but instead all current is supplied to the LED (I _f = I _Ballast ), the maximum power that can be supplied to the LED can be determined. In Table 4, the current _If is substantially constant as the LED forward voltage _Vf changes, so that the power supplied to the LED is substantially proportional to the LED forward voltage _Vf. become. If there is no variation in ballast input voltage V _S and there is no variation in components such as ballast or LED, system power can be easily maintained by setting the LED forward voltage, switch 1802 or controller 1803. Need not be included. In practice, the AC power supply voltage may vary by at least ± 10%, which causes the ballast current to vary approximately proportionally, ie, I _Ballast αV _{S. Ballasts} can also change from unit to unit and with _age , which also affects ballast current I _Ballast . By adding switches 1803 and 1802, such variations are compensated. Since the operation of the switch 1803 only reduces the supply LED power from the maximum supplyable power, it is necessary to set the LED forward voltage Vf so that the maximum supply supply power is higher than the nominal power. In nominal conditions, the switch operates at the required duty cycle to reduce the supplied power to the desired nominal level. For example, for Table 4, assume that the nominal desired power is 175 W, and assume that the ballast current can vary by I _Ballast = 2.6 A +/− 15%. The system is designed such that the maximum possible power level at nominal ballast current is at least 15% greater than 175 W or about 201 W. This corresponds to a minimum required LED forward voltage of V _f > 79.8V. In order to supply only 175 W at Vf = 79.8 V, it is necessary to stabilize the forward current of the LED to about 2.19 A (175 W = 79.8 V-2.19 A) instead of 2.6 A. This controller 1803 monitors the LED forward current _{I F} using a current sensor 1805, by generating the appropriate duty cycle in the switch 1802, the average LED forward current is bypassed by _{I f,} With the excess current returned to the ballast by the switch, the average LED forward current is controlled to about 1 _f = 2.19A. In such a scenario, the switch is always switched under nominal conditions with an appropriate duty cycle, switched below the LED forward current that is less than the ballast current, and the LED forward current If is less than or equal to I _Ballast , ie, I _Ballast ( 2.6A)> I _F (2.19A). _However, since _{the I Ballast is,} the range from the nominal current _{I Ballast (2.6A)> I F} (2.19A), LED current _{I F} is the same as the ballast current _{I B} of the ballast at the maximum, the switch it is not possible to adjust the longer LED current _I F = 2.19A. Therefore, in order to be able to maintain the regulation near the nominal state at the nominal operating point, the LED forward current _If must always be smaller than the ballast current I _Ballast (I _f <I _Ballast ), and the switch 1802 always switches to maintain this state. In some embodiments, at nominal operating conditions, the LED current satisfies I _f <0.95I _Ballast or I _f <0.85I _Ballast .

Providing switch 1802 and controller 1803 has at least four possible advantages:
a. Even if there is a failure or fluctuation in the system, the LED current can be maintained at a predetermined level. This includes the case where the wrong ballast is used to power the LED electronic driver.
b. By applying temperature, a switch can be used to reduce the LED current and maintain a predetermined temperature. This is particularly important when, for example, the system temperature rises abnormally in an abnormal state.
c. The current for dimming the LED output can be reduced by the switch.
d. As long as the LED voltage is above the minimum required value, the switch allows a less stringent specification of the LED voltage.

  In some embodiments, the controller unit 1803 also adjusts the LED current to improve PF and / or THD at the input to the ballast.

In various embodiments, the system consists of an HID ballast, an electronic driver, and an LED string. The HID ballast includes an input set that is powered by an AC voltage source and an output set that provides power to an electronic driver. The ballast supplies ballast current I _Ballast at its output. The electronic driver includes at least a rectifier and a switch. The rectifier input is connected to the ballast output and the rectifier output is connected to the LED string. The switch is connected in parallel between the bridge output and the LED string, for example, when the switch is inactive, the ballast current I _Ballast substantially flows through the LED string, and when the switch is activated, the switch is substantially LED And the ballast current I _Ballast is redirected through the switch back to the ballast, i.e. through the LED string. The switch is switched in a pattern that maintains the desired forward current _If to the LED. The LED forward voltage is set to a minimum value such that, under nominal conditions, the average ballast current is always less than the LED forward current and I _f > I _Ballast . In some embodiments, a temperature sensor may be provided and the switch is switched in a pattern that reduces the current to the LED and maintains a predetermined temperature set point. In a further embodiment, a capacitor is provided across the LED to smooth the current ripple and a diode is provided in front of the capacitor to prevent the capacitor current from flowing back into the switch.

FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a possible method for the controller unit to control the switch.
Scheme 1910 illustrates an equivalent rectified offline voltage source 1701 or V _S. The rectifying bridge voltage V _B has the same periodicity as Scheme 1910, but may have a different non-sinusoidal shape due to distortion from the ballast. Nevertheless, the bridge voltage V _B can be used to sense the periodicity of the off-line voltage V _S that is a fixed phase offset. Schemes 1920 through 1970 illustrate a scheme in which the switch 1910 can be controlled with timing about the phase of the rectified voltage 1910 to adjust the LED current with the benefit of improving PF and / or THD at the input to the ballast. .

In Scheme 1920 and 1930, the switch 1802 is controlled by the rectified voltage _V B 1910 and phase or stationary phase offset, there is a single on / off cycles in each cycle of the rectified voltage _V B 1910. Therefore, the frequency of scheme 1920 is the same as scheme 1910, which is twice the line voltage frequency V _S 1701. Scheme 1920 is symmetric within the cycle, whereas scheme 1930 is intended for a class of schemes where pulses of any shape need not be symmetric within the cycle. By deliberately offsetting the pulse from the voltage peak, the load can appear to be roughly inductive or capacitive, so such a pulse pattern will cause PF or THD at the input to the ballast. Is intended to improve. This pulse pattern can also be used to simulate a non-linear load to generate harmonics and cancel harmonics in the ballast to improve overall THD. In some embodiments, the equivalent impedance, whether linear or non-linear, can vary within the duty cycle. Such a control scheme will be described later with reference to FIGS.

In Scheme 1940, although switch 1802 is controlled by the rectified voltage _{V B} and the phase or stationary phase offset, not complete on / off cycle of the switch 1802 in each cycle of the rectified voltage _{V B,} thus the frequency of Scheme 1940 Lower than Scheme 1910.

In Scheme 1950, the switch 1802 is rectified the voltage is controlled by the _{V B} and phase or stationary phase offset, there is a single on / off cycle of the switch 1802 in each cycle of the rectified voltage _{V B.} Thus, the frequency of scheme 1940 is higher than scheme 1910. In some embodiments, this frequency may be 2 times, 4 times, 10 times, 100 times, 1000 times, 10000 times, or alternatively> 10 KHz of the rectified line frequency. One advantage of a higher frequency system is that the capacitor 1708 is charged more regularly, thereby reducing the required capacitance. In various embodiments, the switching frequency is equal to or more than twice the rectifying line frequency, but is still sufficiently low, eg, <10 times the rectifying line frequency, and the ballast output inductance is ballast Does not prevent interruption of current return to. For example, the typical inductance of the output winding of an M59 ballast is about 1000 mH. In other words, the ballast output has sufficient inductance and cannot effectively shunt the current and power returning from the ballast to the ballast when the switch 1802 operates at a frequency that is too high.

In Scheme 1960, the switch 1802 is controlled by shift rectified voltage _{V B} and phase. This scheme 1960 more broadly encompasses the switch patterns and frequencies of schemes 1920 through 1950, but is out of phase with the rectified voltage V _{B of} scheme 1910. This class of asynchronous control includes heuristic control, such as switching only when necessary to maintain a controlled voltage or current within a predetermined range. Such a control scheme 1960 is simpler in that it does not require the complexity of detecting the phase and then synchronizing to the phase of the input voltage.

In the scheme 1970, the switch 1802 is controlled in phase with the rectified voltage V _B of the scheme 1910, but the switching pattern is arbitrary in each period, but repeats in each subsequent period. For example, in a particular scheme 1970, this frequency is higher at the beginning of the cycle and gradually changes to a lower frequency. Such a scheme will more accurately simulate the capacitance or inductivity required to improve PF and THD at the input to the ballast.

Figure 20A to 20F, and 21A to 21D is a magnetic ballast, or are specifically designed to be directly powered by offline AC power V _S, is a different schematic diagram of an exemplary single LED driver . Such an implementation is advantageous in that a single product can handle both types of power supplies. However, this driver adds complexity because it needs to solve one or more of the following problems:
a. Achieve acceptable PF and low THD for both types of power supplies. An acceptable PF is, for example,>0.7,> 0.8 or> 0.9. Acceptable THDs are, for example, <50%, <32%, <20%.
b. Prevents damage from ballasts with ignition devices capable of firing high voltage pulses.
c. It senses the type of power supply that sets the type of control scheme to achieve # 1 or # 2 in both hardware or software.

  20A to 20F and FIGS. 21A to 21D show a case where the AC off-line voltage source 1701 is connected to the driver input connection 1703 by a set of dotted lines, and the ballast 1702 is connected to the driver input connection 1703 by a set of solid lines. Shows the case. Note that it is not intended to connect both the AC offline voltage source 1701 and the ballast 1702 to the driver 2001 input connection 1703 simultaneously.

As shown in FIG. 20A, the electronic driver 2001 includes a switch 2002 similar to the conventional switch 1802 and a controller 2003 similar to the conventional controller 1803, and includes all control and switching schemes 1920-1970. This time, it is designed not to adjust the current _If of the LED 2009 but to adjust either the voltage or the current entering the regulator 2010 by a combination of the controller 2003 and the switch 2002. The regulator 2010 can then be used to adjust the current _If to the LED 2009. The diode 2011 prevents current from flowing backward from the regulator 2010 through the switch 2002. For example, regulator 2010 can be a switching mode regulator such as buck, boost, buck-boost, flyback, or a combination thereof, i.e. including multiple switching stages. Alternatively, current regulator 2010 may be a linear regulator. An optional current sensor 2016 can measure the current through switch 2002.

20B is a diagram illustrating the embodiment of FIG. 20A, where the regulator 2010 comprises a primary regulator comprising a diode 2011 and a capacitor 2008, and a secondary regulator 2011. FIG. Regulator 2011 has an adjustable voltage _{V SC} at its input. Controller 2003 to adjust the voltage _{V SC.} According to using a two-step method shown in 20B, the voltage adjustment of V _SC it need not be so strict. For example, if the regulator 2011 is buck-boost current regulator, the input _{V SC} can vary such as higher than LED forward voltage _{V f} or low.

In the embodiment of FIG. 20B, the maximum regulated voltage at V _B must always be lower than the trigger voltage V _i of the igniter, which can prevent the igniter from firing high voltage pulses. . For example, when the controller 2003 senses that the bridge output voltage V _B is close to the ignition device trigger voltage V _i , the switch 2002 is activated to at least partially ensure that V _B <V _i. Short circuit for a period of time. During that portion of time, the switch 2113 is activated, causing the switch 2113 to be substantially shorted so that the bridge output voltage V _B is near 0 V, which is lower than the igniter trigger voltage.

In some embodiments, current regulator 2011 is a buck regulator. The voltage V _SC across the capacitor 2008 is substantially adjusted by the controller 2003 and the switch 2002 to be higher than the forward voltage V _f of the LED 2009 but lower than the igniter trigger voltage V _i , so that the igniter Hinder ignition.

In another embodiment of FIG. 20B, the capacitor 2008 has the capacity necessary to absorb a sufficient amount of energy from the igniter pulse to reduce the peak pulse voltage to an acceptable level that does not damage the driver components. Designed to. This is usually lower than the rated voltage of the driver component. As an example, the following parameters for the ballast can be used to calculate the capacitance C2008 required to fully absorb the pulse energy from the M59 ballast igniter. The M59 output winding inductance is about H _B = 1 Henry or 1H, the M59 output short circuit current is about ISC = 4 A, the maximum voltage at the ballast output is about V _{Z_M} = 250 V, and the rated voltage of the capacitor 2008 is about V _R = 450 V. . In this case, the necessary capacitance C ₂₀₀₈ is given by the following equation.

Note that the rated voltage of capacitor 2008 also needs to be sufficient to handle the worst case offline voltage. For example, the nominal RMS voltage _V S = 277 VAC offline voltage source, if there is over-voltage of up to 10%, the rated voltage of the capacitor _{V R} is higher than the peak of the AC line when poor, or following Should be an expression:

Therefore, a capacitor with a rated voltage of 450V is suitable to be powered from both the offline voltage source V _S = 277V and the M59 ballast.

In other scenarios, the capacitance of the capacitor 2008 is C ₂₀₀₈ ≧ 100 μF, ≧ 200 μF, or ≧ 500 μF, and the rated voltage is V _R ≧ 200 V, ≧ 450 V, or ≧ 750 V. Such large capacitance values are generally much larger than those of EMI filters with capacitances on the order of 10 <μF or <1 μF.

One advantage of properly sizing the capacitor 2008 with sufficient capacitance is that the ignition pulse can be sustained continuously, for example in situations where the controller 2003 or current regulator 2012 cannot guarantee V _B <V _i. It is. Such situations include a lack of control circuitry, malfunction, invalidity, or power line noise or surges.

In various embodiments, the controller 2003 may determine that the voltage V _B of the rectifying bridge 1707 approaches or exceeds a predetermined level limit voltage V _C , eg, V _C > 200V, V _C > 250V, V _C > 300V. Designed to activate switch 2010 when sensed. In order to suppress ignition of the ignition device in the ballast, it is desirable that the limiting voltage V _C is smaller than the trigger voltage V _i of the ignition device. The switch 2002 remains in the started shunt position until such time that the ballast output voltage is not increased beyond the igniter trigger voltage V _i . For example, an energy storage device in regulator 2010, such as capacitor 2011, can drain sufficiently to a level where opening of switch 2008 charges the energy storage device. In such a state, charging of the storage device causes the regulator 2010 to have a relatively low impedance, resulting in a voltage V _B or V _B <V _I that is lower than the ignition device trigger voltage.

One important issue is that switch 1705 in FIGS. 20A and 20B needs to be deactivated (off) or in a high impedance mode when driver 2001 is directly connected to offline voltage source 1701. . Otherwise, a short circuit at the rated voltage will cause the fuse or other component 1705 to exceed the rated current. This can be prevented if the controller 2003 can detect whether the driver is connected to the ballast 1702 or directly to the off-line voltage source 1701. In some embodiments, this detection is performed by monitoring the current I _S by using the current sensor 2010. The short circuit current I _S is significantly higher for I _S (offline) when connected to the off-line voltage source 1701 than I _S (ballast) when connected to the ballast. That is, I _S (offline) >> I _S (ballast). For example, short circuit current of the M59 ballast I _S (ballast), I _SC (ballast) ≈ 4A RMS or 7A peak, but assuming a switch resistance of Vs = 120VAC and 5Ω, the short circuit current of the offline power supply is , I _S (offline) ≈24A RMS or 32A peak, which is significantly higher than Isc (ballast) ≈4A. This detection is done in a relatively short period of time, for example, <0.25 seconds, <0.5 seconds, <1 second, or <2 seconds during the initial power-up of the driver to connect the driver to the offline power supply 170. In this case, the possibility of a short circuit current of the switch 2002 resulting from the driver should be prevented.

  When the electronic driver of FIG. 20B is operated directly from the offline voltage source 1701, the switch 2002 is deactivated and the system is essentially a regulator 2012 with a large capacitor on the front. In general, when such a capacitor is present on the input side of the driver, the PF is deteriorated and the THD performance is deteriorated. In a further improvement, the capacitor 2008 has a series switch 2026 as shown in FIG. 20C. Switch 2026 is controlled to switch a capacitor in parallel with regulator 2012 when power is supplied from ballast 1702. When powering directly from an off-line power supply, switch 2016 turns off the capacitor to improve PF and THD performance.

In an alternative embodiment that improves PF and THD, the capacitor 2008 of FIG. 20B is replaced with a valley fill capacitor consisting of capacitors 2014, 2013, and diode 2015, as shown in FIG. 20D. As an advantage of such a system, the switch 2016 is not required and thus reduces complexity. Another advantage is that the total rated voltage of capacitor 2018 is reduced and divided between capacitors 2014 (V _C2 ) and 2013 (V _C1 ), thus allowing each individual capacitor to be rated lower. . However, the individual capacitances of the capacitors 2013, 2014 need to be increased so that the combination in series is the same as the total required capacitance of the capacitor 2008.

  In an alternative embodiment, as shown in FIG. 20E, the switching related components 2002, 2003, 2010 are intentionally removed and the system is a regulator 2012 with a front end of the valley fill circuit. The advantage of such a system is that no switching (outside of regulator 2012) is required and there is no need to sense whether the system is powered by a ballast or directly powered by an offline voltage source. The complexity is reduced. The disadvantage is that there is no switch 2002 to shunt power and the PF and THD of the system can be compromised.

  FIG. 20F is an improvement of FIG. 20E, where a capacitor 2017 is placed in front of the bridge. The advantages of capacitor 2017 include improved THD, PF, and reduced peak from the ballast when operating with a ballast. Capacitor 2017 has similar specifications and performs the same function as described above for capacitor 1706. For example, capacitor 2017 should be bipolar, such as a film-type capacitor, and distribute some of the output power and current from ballast 1702 back to ballast 1702 rather than the components behind the bridge. Acts as a shunt partial shunt.

  The valley fill circuit shown in FIGS. 20A-20F and referenced herein can be modified to further improve THD and PF using the modifications shown in FIGS. 20G-20HC. Resistor 2018 can be added to the valley fill circuit. FIG. 20H shows a further improvement of the valley fill circuit version, with two additional capacitors 2019-2020 added with a center tap 2021 connected to the input side of the bridge. Capacitors 2019-2020 maintain current during the longer part of the voltage crossing, thereby improving PF and THD. Since only a small amount of current is required to fill the intersection, the capacitances of the capacitors 2019 and 2020 may be smaller than the capacitances of the capacitors 2013 and 2014. A resistor 2022 may be added in series with the capacitor 2013 to reduce current spikes. Such a circuit is capable of PF> 0.9 and THD <20%.

As described above, the function of the valley fill circuit can be at least one of the following functions:
a. Sizing at sufficient capacitance and rated voltage to absorb pulses from the igniter when operating from a ballast, such as ballast 1702.
b. Sizing of a sufficient capacitance to smooth the voltage V _s to the current regulator 2012.
c. Improved PF and THD operation when operating directly from an offline AC voltage source 1701.

  The following is a summary of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 20A-20H. The LED driver can be powered by at least two different external power sources, the first power source being a ballast and the second power source being an AC voltage source. The LED driver includes a bridge rectifier, the bridge input is connected to an external power source, the bridge output is connected in parallel to the switch, and is also in parallel with the regulator. The regulator can be designed to regulate the current to one or more LEDs.

  In some embodiments, detection of the presence of either a ballast or an AC voltage source occurs at a predetermined time after system power up. A sensor detects the presence of either a ballast or an AC voltage source. This detection is performed during system startup. When an AC voltage source is detected, the switch is deactivated or enters a high impedance mode. When a ballast is detected, the switch operates periodically according to a predetermined scheme to regulate the current or voltage entering the current regulator.

  In various embodiments, at least one equivalent capacitor is connected in parallel to the output of the bridge. This capacitor has sufficient capacitance to absorb the pulses from the igniter and the resulting pulse voltage is reduced to <500V. This equivalent capacitor can be arranged in a valley fill circuit configuration. In some embodiments, the switch and associated circuitry can be removed.

  20A-20H driver 2001 may include additional elements not shown, such as an EMI filter, PF correction circuit, or THD correction circuit. For example, a simple EMI filter comprises a PI filter with two capacitors placed in parallel with the bridge output on either one or both sides of the capacitor connected by one or more inductors. The EMI filter can be placed before and after the bridge rectifier.

21A-21D are various schematic views of an exemplary electronic LED driver designed to be powered by a ballast or directly powered by an offline AC power source. In the conventional embodiment shown in FIGS. 20A-20D, the switch 2002 can be designed to be deactivated or become high impedance when directly connected to the offline AC power supply 1701, and the LED current I _f. Is adjusted by the current regulator 2010. In contrast, in FIGS. 21A-21D, switch 2112 is implemented in combination with controller 2113 to adjust LED current when powered by ballast 1702 or directly powered by offline AC power supply 1701. Has been.

FIG. 21A shows an LED driver 2101 having a switch mode regulator 2115, a bridge 1707, optionally a temperature and / or current fuse 1705, and an EMI filter 2114. The EMI filter 2114 can be placed after the bridge, as shown, or before the bridge, or both. Switch-mode regulator 2115 regulates the forward current _{I f} to LED1709. The switch mode regulator 2115 includes at least one equivalent inductor 2114 and a switch 2112 controlled by the controller 2113. Switch 2112 and inductor 2114 are connected to substantially shunt or short current from one side of the bridge to the return side of the bridge at low frequencies (eg, DC to 240 Hz). This is necessary when powering by ballast, and switching mode topologies that shunt the output of the bridge at low frequencies (eg, boost, buck-boost, SEPIC, CUK, flyback, forward, push-pull, half-bridge, (Resonant LLC) is an example. However, this cannot be achieved with an enhanced topology. The combination of inductor 2114, switch 2112, and controller 2113 substantially adjusts current _If to LED 1709. In some embodiments, there are at least two different schemes that control the switch 2112. A first scheme powered by ballast 1702 and a second scheme powered directly by off-line AC power supply 170. In various embodiments, there may be a third switching scheme during initial power up of the system. Using the third switching scheme, at least two functions can be achieved. The first function is to detect whether the power source is a ballast 1702 or an off-line AC voltage source 1701, and the second function is an overcurrent short circuit when hooked to the off-line AC power source 1701. It is to confirm that there is no state, or that there is no overvoltage state when power is supplied by the ballast 1702. For example, when the system starts, the system is connected to an offline AC voltage source 1701 and switches at a relatively high frequency, for example, in a switching scheme where the substantial frequency component is> 10 KHz. In this case, the inductor 2114 at this frequency component has a non-negligible impedance and acts to limit the maximum current. In this way, short circuit currents can be prevented, as in the case of low frequency switching schemes that could short circuit and damage the system. However, if the current detected through either switch 2112 or controller 2113 is different than expected from off-line AC voltage source 1701, the controller changes the switching scheme to that for the ballast. For example, a switching scheme in which the substantial frequency component is <10 KHz, or <1 KHz, or <240 Hz. Since the ballast output winding has a significantly higher impedance value than inductor 2114, for example> 10 times the impedance value, a lower frequency is required. In this way, the inductor 2114 becomes negligible and the switching frequency component required to function in the ballast can be, for example, 10 times lower than when using the offline voltage source 1701. High frequency and low frequency switching schemes include those already described in FIG. 19, such as those intended to improve PF and THD.

  The EMI filter 2114 comprises at least one of the following two functions: a first function to remove EMI and EMC noise from the regulator, and a ballast so that the resulting pulse is at an acceptable value. A second function of absorbing pulses from the internal ignition device. A part of the EMI filter can be constituted by a valley fill circuit.

In FIG. 21B, the regulator 2115 is configured in the same manner as a boost converter in which the inductor 2114 is connected in front of the switch 2112. When the controller 2113 detects that the electronic driver is directly powered from the offline AC power supply 1701, it switches the switch 2112 to a high frequency as conceivable for a switching mode power supply, for example> 10 KHz. The entire unit functions as a boost converter, and inductor 2114 has a non-negligible impedance. However, when the controller 2113 detects that it is connected to the ballast 1703, the controller 2113 switches at a much lower frequency, eg, <10 KHz, <1 KHz, <240 Hz, or eg 120 Hz. At this lower frequency, the impedance of inductor 2114 is substantially negligible and the system operates sustainably in the same manner as shown in FIG. When operating in boost converter mode, the LED voltage must always be higher than the peak voltage of the input offline AC power supply 1701. If the offline voltage source 1701 is V _S = 277 VAC, the peak voltage is 391 V and the LED string voltage must be greater than the voltage required to connect many LEDs together. Another problem is that higher voltages have more stringent components and safety requirements.

  FIG. 21C shows an improvement of FIG. 21B where a diode 2120 is added to connect the output of the bridge 1707 to the capacitor 2108 so that the diode 2111 can transfer this energy to the capacitor 2108 when a pulse is generated by the ballast 1702. To absorb this energy at least partially to an acceptable level. The calculation of the capacitance required for the capacitor 2108 is the same as that described above with reference to FIG. 20B. One advantage of this calibration is that capacitor 2108 is behind switch 2112 and inductor 2114 rather than directly at the input as in FIGS. 21 and 22, and switch 2112 in combination with inductor 2114. However, the PF can be configured to be optimized and switched.

  FIG. 21D shows the implementation of a regulator 2115 in the form of a SEPIC with the addition of a capacitor 2117 and an inductor 2118. FIG. 21E shows an implementation of regulator 2115 in the form of a CUK converter with the addition of capacitor 2117, inductor 2119, and replacement of diode 2120 with a new location except diode 2111.

  In FIG. 22, the electronic driver 2101 is configured in the same format as a flyback converter to which a transformer 2214 is added. The switch 2112 is connected in series with the input winding of the transformer 2214, and connects or grounds the output winding of the transformer to the return path. The transformer input winding functions double as the inductor 2114 as described above. When the controller 2113 detects that the electronic driver 2101 is directly connected to the offline AC power supply 1701, it switches the switch 2212 at a higher frequency, for example> 10 kHz, as expected for a switching mode power supply. The entire unit functions as a flyback converter and the transformer 2214 has a non-negligible impedance. However, when the controller 2113 detects the ballast 1703, the controller 2113 switches to a much lower frequency, such as <10 KHz, <1 KHz, <240 Hz, or 120 Hz, for example. At this lower frequency, inductor 2114 has a substantially negligible impedance and the system operates sustainably as in FIG.

In a further embodiment shown in FIGS. 21A-21E, when connected to a ballast, the controller 2113 switches on at least two substantially different frequency components, a combination of high frequency components 2330, 2332 and low frequency components 2331. 2112 is controlled. The low frequency component 2331 is sufficient to shunt some of the power and current from the ballast to the ballast and bypass the LED. Such a frequency where the low frequency component 2331, eg, <10 KHz, <1 KHz, or 120 Hz is lower than the impedance of the inductor 2114 or lower than the equivalent inductor of the first winding of the transformer 2214 can be ignored. . The high frequency components 2330, 2332 are sufficient to effectively transfer power to the LED via the transformer 2214 or inductor 2114. For example, the higher frequency is> 10 kHz. In some embodiments, the controller 2113 may ensure that the output voltage of the ballast 1703, or the bridge voltage V _B is always lower than the voltage that triggers the ignition device in the ballast, for example <200V, <250V, <300V. Guarantee.

As shown in FIG. 23, trace 2320 shows the equivalent rectified offline voltage source 1701V _S or rectifier ballast output voltage _{V Z.} Note that the rectified bridge voltage V _B has the same periodicity as the line voltage V _S but is different due to distortion from the ballast and has a non-sinusoidal shape. Nevertheless, the periodicity of the offline voltage V _S can be detected using the bridge voltage V _B. Schemes 2321 and 2322 are examples of how the controller 2113 can be used to control the switch 2112. Schemes 2321 and -2322, having at least two separate frequency components, the low frequency component 2231 is intended to shunt power and current from the ballast, and the high frequency component 2231 is a transformer It is intended to transmit power across 2214 or inductor 2114.

  FIG. 22 illustrates a preferred embodiment of an electronic driver that is compatible with both off-line voltage source 1701 and ballast 1702. The flyback topology provides isolation and the flexible LED forward voltage is independent of the power supply voltage at the input to the driver.

  The illustrations shown in FIGS. 21A to 21E and FIGS. 22 and 23 are summarized below. The LED driver can be powered by at least two different external power sources: a first external power source that is a ballast and a second power source that is an AC voltage source. The LED driver comprises a bridge rectifier, a bridge input connected to an external power source, and a bridge connected switch output in series with the inductor. The detection mechanism detects the presence of either a ballast or an AC voltage source. Detection takes place during system startup. The switch is actuated by at least two different switching patterns: a first switching pattern powered by a ballast and a second switching pattern powered by an AC power source. This switch activation pattern is designed to short the inductor to the bridge return and stabilize the current to the LED for both power supplies. The first switching pattern has a lower frequency component than the second switching pattern.

FIG. 24A is a diagram showing a control configuration of the LED driver 2421 incorporating the power factor correction. The power conversion circuit 2420 is configured such that the input current I _in is forcibly proportional to the signal V _C. In this case, the signal V _C is generated by multiplying the rectified voltage V _B and the error signal V _ERROR , or V _C = (V _B · V _ERROR ), or I _in α (VB · V _ERROR ). The equivalent resistance R _D that the driver provides to the AC power supply 1701 is R _D α / V _B / I _in , which is simplified to R _D α / V _ERROR . The V _ERROR signal is relatively constant by filtering its frequency components with a low pass filter 2411 so that it changes at a rate much lower than the AC input frequency (eg, the bandwidth of the filter 2411 <60 Hz / 10). Is kept at the average value. If V _ERROR is kept relatively constant, the equivalent resistance _RD is relatively constant. The output current feedback 2116 adjusts the V _ERROR signal to keep the LED string current _If at a constant value as set by the LED current set point 2410 or V _IS . Some other components in the system include a sensor 2414 that detects the rectified line voltage, a multiplier 2412, an input current sensor 2405, and an LED current sensor 2105. The power conversion circuit accumulates the input current I _in for part of the AC line voltage cycle and later stores energy such as a capacitor used to release the energy stored in the LED to another part of the AC line voltage cycle. It has a component. The power converter circuit can present a very high impedance, similar to an open circuit, or a very low impedance, such as a short circuit.

In Figure 24B, because it contains a waveform generator 2413, giving a signal _{V C} effects. Such a configuration allows the control configuration to present actual and invalid non-linear impedances at the input 1703 of the electronic driver 2431. For example, the input current I _in may be out of phase with the input voltage V _B and the driver represents the capacitance or combination of inductance and resistance in parallel with the ballast. The waveform generator can also generate a non-linear load by generating harmonics of the power line frequency. Thereby, the input current can be made into an arbitrary waveform by summing up the correct harmonic components. When the electronic driver 2431 is connected to a ballast, the ability to show inductive, capacitive or non-linearity to the load can be used to improve the power factor or THD at the input to the ballast, so This is advantageous. To further improve PF and THD, impedance, linear and / or non-linear need not be constant, but will change within a half cycle of the line frequency. The harmonic non-linear load applied to the ballast is necessary to offset the harmonic distortion caused by the ballast, which is not possible with purely linear reactance, capacitive or resistive impedance.

  The control scheme described for driver 2431 can be implemented using a topology similar to that of electronic driver 2001 or 2101, where the power conversion circuit is comprised of at least a switch functionally similar to switch 2002 or 2112. The waveform generator 2413 switches the power conversion circuit 2420 with the same waveform as in FIG.

  The optimal current waveform or non-linear impedance to optimize the ballast input power factor and distortion can be set by the waveform generator. When the waveform generator is configured to supply the input voltage or a scalar multiple of the input voltage to the multiplier, the control configuration of FIG. 24 is functionally equivalent to the control configuration of FIG. 24B. Thus, this configuration can be configured to operate from a ballast or directly from an AC line.

  FIG. 25 illustrates the process of selecting the driver operating mode and configuring the control circuit for optimal ballast input power factor and harmonic distortion for multiple ballast types. First, when the driver starts after application of input power, the input impedance of the AC power supply is tested to determine whether it is connected to an AC grid (low impedance) or a ballast (high impedance). If it is determined that the input power is supplied by a ballast, this configuration is set for a typical ballast. A further test of ballast impedance is then performed to determine if a type ballast is present. This ballast type is then used to set a specific transfer function for optimal power factor and distortion at the ballast input.

In one embodiment of the electronic accessory LED system, the electronic accessory is located in the front center of the LED system. The optimal location for electronic accessories is as follows.

  a. Located at the air inlet and therefore the coldest air.

  b. The front surface usually has an unobstructed field of view and is useful when the electronic accessory is, for example, a visible or infrared camera. The front surface allows unobstructed radiation and reception of radio signals, such as radio frequencies, for example, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Thread, Zibgee or other radio signals. This front face is particularly advantageous for unobstructed optical communication signals, such as LiFi to and from the lighting system.

  c. Depending on the center position, an optical accessory having a central opening can easily be placed over the electronic accessory and rotated around the accessory without interference.

  In some embodiments, the electronic accessory has an electrical connection that draws power from the main lighting unit, such as 12V, 5V, or 3.3V. The other electrical connection dims the main LED system by sending back a dimming signal PWM of, for example, 0 to 10V. In order for the electronic accessory to communicate with the main lighting assembly, it may be a data communication line using a protocol such as SPL, I2C, SPI. The electronic accessory further has a wireless communication function for receiving data for dimming light. The wireless unit can also transmit data signals to communicate with other lighting systems as well as the control unit.

  In other embodiments, the electronics accessory may comprise one or more sensors such as daytime light sensors, occupancy, temperature, GPS location, world clock, altitude, humidity, vibration, acceleration, and the like.

  Further embodiments of GPS may include sensitive or supersensitive sensors that can pinpoint the exact location within the building. A GPS sensor is very advantageous in combination with wireless communication because it allows the LED system to report its position. This is very advantageous in the case of system initialization or commissioning that requires the position of the lamp, for example identifying which zone the particular lamp being controlled is in. This can also be paired with other remote sensors in addition to optional GPS sensors to more easily determine which sensors are controlling which lights in which zones. If GPS is not used, the location of all sensors and LED systems must be manually recorded during initial installation and the floor plan must be marked. With the proposed GPS sensor, both the lighting position and / or other selective sensors can be created automatically.

  In some embodiments, the electronic accessory may comprise one or more indicator lights. Such indicator lights can convey some information, such as, for example, the need for maintenance, replacement, fault conditions, parking availability, the location of items in the warehouse, and the like.

  In various embodiments, the electronic accessory may comprise one or more audio elements, such as, for example, a speaker, a microphone, or a buzzer. Such audio elements are useful, for example, in public announcement (PA) systems.

  In some embodiments, electronic accessories can be stacked to add additional electronic functionality. In such a stacked arrangement, it is advantageous to configure the electrical interconnect so that it can be easily stacked like a LEGO block.

  While various embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, other embodiments are possible. For example, in the embodiment of FIGS. 8A-8F, the heat sink base 802 is thermally connected to the pin 803 and is proximate along a heat transfer axis that defines an axial fluid communication path (eg, air flow path 831). A heat conduction path extending to the distal side is defined to transfer heat generated by the LED light source substantially proximally and exhaust to the ambient atmosphere. In the embodiment of FIGS. 9A and 9B, an elongated sheet metal fin 901 is thermally attached to the heat sink base 902 and extends from an axial fluid communication path (eg, from the front 906 of the LED system to the interior 907 of the elongated fin; It defines a heat conduction path that extends proximally along a heat transfer axis that defines a vertical air flow emanating from above the elongated fins 910.

  In the embodiment of FIGS. 10A to 10F, the heat conduction path extending in the proximal direction along the heat transfer axis is such that the distance between the fins 1001 and 1006 on the outer periphery 1004 is larger than the distance between the fins 1001 and 1006 near the central region 1008. Is defined. This axis defines an axial fluid communication path that conducts heat generated by the LED light source substantially proximally and exhausts it to the surroundings. In the embodiment of FIGS. 10C and 10D, the first fin 1001 has a first radial length and the second fin 1010 has a shorter radial length. The fins 1001, 1010 define a heat conduction path that extends proximally along a heat transfer axis that defines an axial fluid communication path, and transfers heat generated by the LED light source to approximately the ambient atmosphere. It is configured to discharge.

  As shown in FIGS. 11A-11E, the fins 1101, 1102 are thermally and mechanically connected to the central column 1103 and / or the base 1104 so that one or more heat conduction paths can provide axial fluid communication. It extends in a proximal direction along a defining heat transfer axis. This axis defines an axial fluid communication path that transfers heat generated by the LED light source substantially proximally and exhausts it to the surroundings.

  In some embodiments, the structure of the heat sink, such as the heat sink of FIGS. 8A-11E, requires less metal and thus can reduce the weight of the LED system. The heat sink advantageously has more air flow paths compared to conventional LED systems in order to minimize impedance. In various embodiments, the heat sink reduces the operating temperature of the LED system, so the heat sink can extend the operating life of the LED system. In some embodiments, the LED system can be optimized in the vertical direction by providing a substantially straight path through which air flows.

  In various embodiments, referring to FIG. 2C, the outer periphery 216 defines a first polygon, the inner periphery 226 defines a second polygon, and the first polygon is a second polygon. Is included. In some embodiments, the outer periphery 216 may share a portion of the outer periphery 216 with a portion of the inner periphery 226, so that the first polygon is the first polygon, for example, as shown in FIGS. 8D and 9A. It shares a boundary with two polygons.

  In some embodiments, the first plurality of LEDs is projected onto a first plane and the second plurality of LEDs is projected onto a second plane. In various embodiments, the first plane and the second plane may be the same plane. In various embodiments, the first plane and the second plane are substantially parallel to each other, do not intersect each other, and the LED defining the first plane when viewed from above is a first plane. It includes LEDs that define two planes.

  In various embodiments, an LED-based illumination system with enhanced substantially vertical convection flow flow includes a light generation module having a plurality of LED light sources arranged to illuminate a distal direction along the optical axis. It has. The plurality of LED light sources are separated from each other by one or more open areas. Each of the plurality of LED light sources of the light generating module may comprise a heat transfer member that is in substantial thermal communication with the LED light source, so that the heat transfer member is a heat transfer axis substantially parallel to the optical axis. And a heat conduction path extending in the proximal direction. In operation, the heat transfer member transfers heat generated by the LED light source substantially proximally. The LED-based illumination further comprises an optical module having a plurality of optical elements separated from each other by one or more optical open areas, each optical element corresponding to at least one LED light source. Each optical open area corresponds to one open area when the optical module is aligned with the light generating module. The aperture region defines at least one or more apertures, and at least one or more optical apertures defined within the one or more optical aperture regions correspond to corresponding aperture regions. Aligning with one or more openings to define an axial fluid communication path through the one or more openings and one or more optical openings and an axial fluid communication path parallel to the optical axis Then, heat is removed from the heat transfer member. Here, each axial communication path extends proximally and exhausts to the surrounding atmosphere.

Several implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. For example, if the disclosed technical steps are performed in a different order, if the components of the disclosed system are combined in different ways, or if the components are supplemented with other components, advantageous results may be achieved. Can be achieved. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the claims.

Claims (20)

In an LED-based lighting system with convective throughflow enhanced in a substantially vertical direction:
A first plurality of LED light sources and a second plurality of LED light sources, wherein the first plurality of LED light sources and the second plurality of LED light sources illuminate a distal side along the optical axis. A light generating module configured to:
A first region defined by a first perimeter, forming a first polygon, wherein each of the first plurality of LED light sources defines a vertex of the first polygon; A first region;
A second region defined by a second outer periphery, forming a second polygon, wherein each of the second plurality of LED light sources defines a vertex of the second polygon; A second region;
A third region surrounded by the first region and outside the second region;
A first plurality of optical elements configured to optically align with the first plurality of LED light sources, and a second configured to optically align with the second plurality of LED light sources. A plurality of optical elements;
With
Each of the first plurality of LED light sources and the second plurality of LED light sources of the light generating module includes:
At least one heat transfer member substantially in thermal communication with the first plurality of LED light sources; and at least one heat transfer member substantially in thermal communication with the second plurality of LED light sources; A heat transfer path extending proximally along a heat transfer axis substantially parallel to the optical axis, and during operation, the heat transfer member receives heat generated by the LED light source. Transmit substantially proximally;
At least one opening is defined in the third region, each of the at least one opening providing an axial fluid communication path through the opening and substantially parallel to the optical axis, Removing heat from the or more heat transfer members and each of the axial fluid communication passages extends proximally and exhausts to ambient atmosphere;
An LED-based lighting system characterized in that.   The LED-based lighting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one opening defined in the third region includes at least 25% of the area of the third region.   The one or more heat transfer members further comprise a first plurality of fins and a second plurality of fins extending from the first outer periphery in a radial direction of a substantially common center point, The LED-based lighting system of claim 1, wherein the second plurality of fins is shorter in the radial direction than the first plurality of fins.   And further comprising at least one inner opening surrounded by the second region, the at least one inner opening passing through the opening and providing an axial fluid communication path parallel to the optical axis. The LED lighting system of claim 1, wherein heat is removed from the one or more heat transfer members and each of the axial fluid communication passages extends proximally and exhausts to ambient atmosphere. .   And further comprising an optical accessory mounted along an end of the first outer periphery, wherein the optical accessory emits a portion of the light emitted through the first plurality of optical elements around the first outer periphery. The LED lighting system according to claim 1, wherein the upright is formed by changing the direction.   A dielectric composite parabolic reflector, wherein each of the first plurality of optical elements and the second plurality of optical elements has a resulting peak in a light distribution between 25 and 45 degrees from the optical axis ( The LED-based lighting system according to claim 1, comprising a CPC).   And further comprising an E39 screw base, the E39 screw base, the light generation module, the first plurality of LEDs, the second plurality of LEDs, the first plurality of optical elements, and the second The LED-based lighting system of claim 1, wherein the total weight of the plurality of LEDs is less than 1.7 kg.   An electronic driver having an HID ballast having a series of outputs for providing an average ballast current and at least one bridge rectifier electrically connected in parallel to the controllable switch, the controllable switch comprising the controllable switch An electronic driver electrically connected to the output of the HID ballast to intermittently substantially short the output of the HID ballast, wherein the light generating module operates at a nominal operating point. The first plurality of LED power supplies such that the electronic driver causes the controllable switch to operate continuously such that an average total LED forward current is at least 5% less than the average ballast current. 2. The LED-based lighting system of claim 1, wherein the second plurality of LED power supplies are adjusted.   An electronic driver having a power conversion circuit configured to supply an input current from the power supply according to a control signal adjusted to match a power supply, the power supply having a fundamental frequency, and the control signal Further comprising an electronic driver that has a periodic pattern at least a multiple of the fundamental frequency and that causes the power conversion circuit to present an effective impedance to match the impedance of the power source, wherein the effective impedance of the power conversion circuit is: The LED-based lighting system of claim 1, comprising one or more elements of the group consisting of resistive, inductive, capacitive, and non-linear.   The LED lighting system according to claim 9, wherein the power source comprises an HID ballast. In an LED-based lighting system with convective through flow enhanced in a substantially vertical direction:
A first plurality of LED light sources; and a second plurality of LED light sources, wherein the first plurality of LED light sources and the second plurality of LED light sources illuminate distally along the optical axis. A configured light generation module;
A first region defined by a first outer periphery, wherein the first outer periphery forms a first polygon, and each of the first plurality of LED light sources has an apex of the first polygon. Defining a first region;
A second region defined by a second outer periphery, wherein the second outer periphery forms a second polygon, and each of the second plurality of LED light sources is an apex of the second polygon A second region defining;
A third region surrounded by the first region and outside the second region;
With
Each LED light source in the first plurality of LED light sources and the second plurality of LED light sources of the light generation module includes:
At least one heat transfer member substantially in thermal communication with the first plurality of LED light sources; and at least one heat transfer member substantially in thermal communication with the second plurality of LED light sources; A heat transfer path extending proximally along a heat transfer axis substantially parallel to the optical axis, and during operation, the heat transfer member receives heat generated by the LED light source. Transmit substantially proximally;
At least one opening is defined in the third region, each of the at least one opening providing an axial fluid communication path through the opening and substantially parallel to the optical axis, Removing heat from the or more heat transfer members and each of the axial fluid communication passages extends proximally and exhausts to ambient atmosphere;
An LED-based lighting system characterized in that.   12. The LED-based lighting system of claim 11, wherein at least one opening defined in the third region occupies at least 25% of the third region.   The one or more heat transfer members further comprise a first plurality of fins and a second plurality of fins extending radially from the first outer periphery at a substantially common center point, the first plurality of fins. The LED-based lighting system of claim 11, wherein the two plurality of fins are shorter in the radial direction than the first plurality of fins.   And further comprising at least one inner opening surrounded by the second region, the at least one inner opening passing through the opening and providing an axial fluid communication path parallel to the optical axis. 12. The LED illumination of claim 11, wherein heat is removed from the one or more heat transfer members, and each of the axial fluid communication passages extends proximally and exhausts to ambient atmosphere. system.   An electronic driver having an HID ballast having a series of outputs for providing an average ballast current and at least one bridge rectifier electrically connected in parallel to the controllable switch, the controllable switch comprising the controllable switch An electronic driver electrically connected to the output of the HID ballast to intermittently substantially short the output of the HID ballast, wherein the light generating module operates at a nominal operating point. The first plurality of LED power supplies such that the electronic driver causes the controllable switch to operate continuously such that an average total LED forward current is at least 5% less than the average ballast current. The LED-based lighting system of claim 11, wherein the second plurality of LED power supplies are adjusted. In LED-based lighting systems with convective through flow enhanced in a substantially vertical direction:
A first plurality of LED light sources and a second plurality of LED light sources, wherein the first plurality of LED light sources and the second plurality of LED light sources illuminate distally along the optical axis. A configured light generation module;
A first region defined by a first outer periphery, wherein the first outer periphery forms a first polygon, and each of the first plurality of LED light sources has an apex of the first polygon. Defining a first region;
A second region defined by a second outer periphery, wherein the second outer periphery forms a second polygon, and each of the second plurality of LED light sources is an apex of the second polygon A second region defining;
A third region surrounded by the first region and outside the second region;
Means for transferring heat generated by the LED light source substantially proximally;
With
At least one opening is defined in the third region, each of the at least one opening providing an axial fluid communication path through the opening and substantially parallel to the optical axis, Removing heat from the or more heat transfer members and each of the axial fluid communication passages extends proximally and exhausts to ambient atmosphere;
An LED-based lighting system characterized in that.   The LED-based lighting system of claim 16, wherein at least one opening defined in the third region occupies at least 25% of the third region.   The one or more heat transfer members further comprise a first plurality of fins and a second plurality of fins extending radially from the first outer periphery at a substantially common center point, the first plurality of fins. 17. The LED-based lighting system of claim 16, wherein the two plurality of fins are shorter in the radial direction than the first plurality of fins.   And further comprising at least one inner opening surrounded by the second region, the at least one inner opening passing through the opening and providing an axial fluid communication path parallel to the optical axis. 17. The LED lighting of claim 16, wherein heat is removed from the one or more heat transfer members, and each of the axial fluid communication passages extends proximally and exhausts to ambient atmosphere. system. An electronic driver having an HID ballast having a series of outputs for providing an average ballast current and at least one bridge rectifier electrically connected in parallel to the controllable switch, the controllable switch comprising the controllable switch An electronic driver electrically connected to the output of the HID ballast to intermittently substantially short the output of the HID ballast, wherein the light generating module operates at a nominal operating point. The first plurality of LED power supplies such that the electronic driver causes the controllable switch to operate continuously such that an average total LED forward current is at least 5% less than the average ballast current. 17. The LED-based lighting system of claim 16, wherein the second plurality of LED power supplies are adjusted.

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