JP2018536424A - インビトロのトポロジカルなニューロンネットワークにおける哺乳動物細胞 - Google Patents
インビトロのトポロジカルなニューロンネットワークにおける哺乳動物細胞 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2018536424A JP2018536424A JP2018530058A JP2018530058A JP2018536424A JP 2018536424 A JP2018536424 A JP 2018536424A JP 2018530058 A JP2018530058 A JP 2018530058A JP 2018530058 A JP2018530058 A JP 2018530058A JP 2018536424 A JP2018536424 A JP 2018536424A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cells
- network
- wells
- neurons
- substrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
- C12M41/46—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of cellular or enzymatic activity or functionality, e.g. cell viability
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3804—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by specific cells or progenitors thereof, e.g. fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, kidney cells
- A61L27/383—Nerve cells, e.g. dendritic cells, Schwann cells
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3839—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by the site of application in the body
- A61L27/3878—Nerve tissue, brain, spinal cord, nerves, dura mater
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
- C12M23/02—Form or structure of the vessel
- C12M23/12—Well or multiwell plates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M35/00—Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion
- C12M35/08—Chemical, biochemical or biological means, e.g. plasma jet, co-culture
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/0068—General culture methods using substrates
- C12N5/0075—General culture methods using substrates using microcarriers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/0618—Cells of the nervous system
- C12N5/0619—Neurons
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
- A61L2430/32—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for nerve reconstruction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2513/00—3D culture
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2533/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture, characterised by material
- C12N2533/30—Synthetic polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2535/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture characterised by topography
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本出願は、2015年12月9日に出願された米国特許出願第62/265,399号明細書の利益を主張し、開示は参照により本明細書に援用される。
Claims (32)
- インビトロで細胞を培養するためのウェルのネットワークと前記ウェルを接続するチャネルとを含む、生体適合性基材であって、
チャネルによって接続された、2つ以上の培地を含むウェルを含み、前記チャネルは、2つ以上の前記ウェルの間にネットワークを形成するように、かつ細胞間接続を促進するように構成されており、
前記ウェルの少なくとも1つがニューロンを有するか、又は神経細胞に分化することができる幹細胞もしくは前駆細胞を有する、
生体適合性基材。 - 前記ネットワークが、リング、メッシュ、スター、ライン、ツリー又はバストポロジを有する、請求項1に記載の基材。
- 前記ネットワークが、スター又はツリートポロジを有する、請求項2に記載の基材。
- 前記基材がガラス又は合成ポリマーを含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 前記基材が天然ポリマーを含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 前記基材が電極アレイを含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 液体鋳造、射出成形、熱的及び/又はUVマイクロエンボシング、微細加工、熱成形、及び/又は高圧スタンピングによって形成される、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 少なくとも1つのウェルが、神経筋細胞、心臓細胞、肝臓細胞、腎臓細胞、膵臓細胞、又は皮膚細胞を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 少なくとも1つのウェルが運動ニューロンを含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 少なくとも1つのウェルが非運動ニューロンを含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 前記非運動ニューロンが、皮質ニューロン、海馬ニューロン、又は後根ニューロンを含む、請求項10に記載の基材。
- 隣接するウェルが異なる細胞タイプを有する、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 少なくとも1つのチャネルが約5〜約25ミクロンの直径を有する、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- 少なくとも1つのチャネルが約5〜約25ミクロンの長さを有する、請求項1〜13のいずれか1項に記載の基材。
- インビトロで細胞を培養するためのウェルのネットワークと前記ウェルを接続するチャネルとを含む、生体適合性基材の作製方法であって、
マルチウェルプレートを提供し、ここで前記プレート中の前記ウェルの直径が約10ミクロン〜約25000ミクロンであり、
1つ又は複数の前記ウェル間に1つ又は複数のチャネルを作製し、ここで前記チャネルの幅が約2ミクロン〜約250ミクロンであり、それによって相互接続したウェルのネットワークを形成すること
を含む、方法。 - 前記チャネルが約5〜約25ミクロンの幅を有する、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記チャネルが約5〜約25ミクロンの長さを有する、請求項15又は16に記載の方法。
- 前記ネットワークが、リング、メッシュ、スター、ライン、ツリー又はバストポロジである、請求項15〜17のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記基材がガラス又は合成ポリマーを含む、請求項15〜18のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記基材が電極アレイを含む、請求項15〜19のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 液体鋳造、射出成形、熱的及び/又はUVマイクロエンボシング、微細加工、熱成形、及び/又は高圧スタンピングによって形成される、請求項15〜19のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の基材を提供し、
ウェル中の細胞を1つ又は複数の化合物に接触させ、そして
接触後、前記細胞の活動をモニターすること
を含む、細胞の活動をモニターする方法。 - 電気活動をモニターする、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも2つのウェルを異なる化合物に接触させる、請求項22又は23に記載の方法。
- 各ウェルの前記培地が同じである、請求項22〜24のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つのウェルが、神経筋細胞、心臓細胞、肝臓細胞、腎臓細胞、膵臓細胞、又は皮膚細胞を含む、請求項22〜25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記ウェル中の前記細胞が同じ種類の細胞である、請求項22〜26のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つのウェルが運動ニューロンを含む、請求項22〜26のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つのウェルが非運動ニューロンを含む、請求項22〜26又は28のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記非運動ニューロンが、皮質ニューロン、海馬ニューロン、又は後根ニューロンを含む、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 隣接するウェルが異なる細胞タイプを有する、請求項22〜26又は28〜30のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 1つ又は複数の前記チャネルが軸索を含む、請求項22〜31のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201562265399P | 2015-12-09 | 2015-12-09 | |
US62/265,399 | 2015-12-09 | ||
PCT/US2016/066014 WO2017100705A1 (en) | 2015-12-09 | 2016-12-09 | Mammalian cell in vitro topological neuron network |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2018536424A true JP2018536424A (ja) | 2018-12-13 |
Family
ID=57851327
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2018530058A Pending JP2018536424A (ja) | 2015-12-09 | 2016-12-09 | インビトロのトポロジカルなニューロンネットワークにおける哺乳動物細胞 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20170166857A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3387116A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2018536424A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2017100705A1 (ja) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10625234B2 (en) | 2014-08-28 | 2020-04-21 | StemoniX Inc. | Method of fabricating cell arrays and uses thereof |
US10760053B2 (en) | 2015-10-15 | 2020-09-01 | StemoniX Inc. | Method of manufacturing or differentiating mammalian pluripotent stem cells or progenitor cells using a hollow fiber bioreactor |
WO2021015213A1 (ja) | 2019-07-22 | 2021-01-28 | 株式会社Jiksak Bioengineering | 培養方法および培養容器 |
US11248212B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2022-02-15 | StemoniX Inc. | Surface energy directed cell self assembly |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2018075890A1 (en) * | 2016-10-21 | 2018-04-26 | StemoniX Inc. | Electronic neuron pain assay |
EP3600362B1 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2023-12-13 | The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University | Assembly of functionally integrated human forebrain spheroids and methods of use thereof |
SG11201909501TA (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2019-11-28 | Univ Leland Stanford Junior | Personalized 3d neural culture system for generating human oligodendrocytes and studying myelination in vitro |
US20210261898A1 (en) * | 2017-06-23 | 2021-08-26 | Koniku Inc. | A reconfigurable biological computer based on coupled trainable neuronal gates |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102156158B (zh) * | 2010-12-28 | 2013-03-20 | 重庆大学 | 拓扑图式化神经细胞网络培养测量微流控芯片装置 |
-
2016
- 2016-12-09 WO PCT/US2016/066014 patent/WO2017100705A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-12-09 JP JP2018530058A patent/JP2018536424A/ja active Pending
- 2016-12-09 US US15/374,961 patent/US20170166857A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-12-09 EP EP16829018.7A patent/EP3387116A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10625234B2 (en) | 2014-08-28 | 2020-04-21 | StemoniX Inc. | Method of fabricating cell arrays and uses thereof |
US11248212B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2022-02-15 | StemoniX Inc. | Surface energy directed cell self assembly |
US10760053B2 (en) | 2015-10-15 | 2020-09-01 | StemoniX Inc. | Method of manufacturing or differentiating mammalian pluripotent stem cells or progenitor cells using a hollow fiber bioreactor |
WO2021015213A1 (ja) | 2019-07-22 | 2021-01-28 | 株式会社Jiksak Bioengineering | 培養方法および培養容器 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3387116A1 (en) | 2018-10-17 |
WO2017100705A1 (en) | 2017-06-15 |
US20170166857A1 (en) | 2017-06-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP2018536424A (ja) | インビトロのトポロジカルなニューロンネットワークにおける哺乳動物細胞 | |
Shmoel et al. | Multisite electrophysiological recordings by self-assembled loose-patch-like junctions between cultured hippocampal neurons and mushroom-shaped microelectrodes | |
Lee et al. | Canonical organization of layer 1 neuron-led cortical inhibitory and disinhibitory interneuronal circuits | |
US9517128B2 (en) | Multi-functional hybrid devices/structures using 3D printing | |
Becheler et al. | The concept of population in clonal organisms: mosaics of temporally colonized patches are forming highly diverse meadows of Zostera marina in Brittany | |
Napoli et al. | Comparative analysis of human and rodent brain primary neuronal culture spontaneous activity using micro‐electrode array technology | |
Meek et al. | Structural organization of the mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe | |
Dodds et al. | Limited imitation contagion on random networks: Chaos, universality, and unpredictability | |
CN109089398A (zh) | 决定设备机架的插槽位置的系统 | |
Nadot et al. | Phylogenetic comparative analysis of microsporogenesis in angiosperms with a focus on monocots | |
Baruchi et al. | The emergence and properties of mutual synchronization in in vitro coupled cortical networks | |
Gross | Multielectrode arrays | |
KR20100050006A (ko) | 3차원 신경회로망 구현장치 | |
US20050003530A1 (en) | Bioreactor for neuronal cells and hybrid neuronal cell systems | |
CN113186162B (zh) | 一种结构仿生的三维活性类脑组织生物芯片 | |
CN107758605B (zh) | 一种微电极阵列芯片及其制作方法 | |
Whitfield | The role of auditory cortex in behavior | |
Simakovic et al. | Detection and localization of failures in hybrid fiber–coaxial network using big data platform | |
CN108130273A (zh) | 检测基板及其制作方法、检测核酸的方法 | |
Adamatzky | Twenty Five Uses of Slime Mould in Electronics and Computing: Survey. | |
Merayo et al. | An experimental OpenFlow proposal over legacy GPONs to allow real-time service reconfiguration policies | |
CN103312829A (zh) | 一种异构网络通信方法和装置 | |
CN108092807B (zh) | 一种立体化多路径数据中心网络拓扑结构及构建方法 | |
Booker et al. | Biogeography and the evolution of acoustic communication in the polyploid North American grey treefrog complex | |
Barlow | Plant roots: autopoietic and cognitive constructions |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20180808 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20190625 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20190709 |
|
A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20191008 |
|
A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20191107 |
|
A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20200421 |