JP2018138574A - Methods and compositions for improving kidney function - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide methods and compositions for improving kidney function and for treatment or prophylaxis of kidney disease in dogs.SOLUTION: A composition containing L-carnitine, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, saturated fatty acid, protein, fat, crude fiber and the like in amounts and proportion in specific ranges is administered to a dog.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

The kidneys filter waste from the body (such as urea and creatinine), regulate electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and chlorine), produce hormones that help regulate red blood cell production and blood pressure, Form and concentrate as well as maintain proper hydration. When kidney damage occurs, the outcome is usually irreversible.

One estimate is that 9 out of 1,000 dogs suffer from kidney disease. Although kidney disease can occur in dogs of any age, it is usually an aging pet disease. For dogs with kidney disease who suffer from chronic renal failure, the average age of diagnosis is 7 years.

Diet may help manage the renal dysfunction in dogs. However, despite years of research and development on kidney disease and kidney function, kidney disease and kidney dysfunction continue to be a major health problem in dogs. Accordingly, there is a need for new methods and compositions for the prevention and treatment of canine kidney disease and for improving canine kidney function.

Surprisingly, administering a composition comprising an effective amount of L-carnitine, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid can improve kidney function and can be used in the treatment or prevention of kidney disease. Has been found.

  A method for improving renal function in a dog in need of improved renal function is provided.

Also provided are methods of treating or preventing kidney disease in dogs in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease.

Also provided are compositions for improving renal function in dogs in need of improved renal function.

Also provided are compositions for treating or preventing kidney disease in dogs in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease.

Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. It is.

The following description of the preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention, the application, or the use in any way.

As used throughout, a range is used as a shorthand for indicating each and every value within that range. Any value within the range can be selected as the end of the range. Moreover, all references cited within this specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event of a conflict in a definition in the present disclosure and that in a cited reference, the present disclosure controls.

Unless otherwise stated, all proportions and amounts expressed herein and elsewhere in this specification should be understood to refer to weight percent. Unless stated otherwise, all percentages expressed herein are dry matter based weights.

As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” reverses the progression of a disease or condition in which such terms are used, or one or more symptoms of such disease or condition,
Means mitigation, mitigation or inhibition.

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

As used herein, “animal” refers to any animal, such as birds, cows, dogs, horses,
Means a cat, goat, mouse, sheep or pig. In some embodiments, the animal is a mammal. In some embodiments, the animal is a dog or cat.

As used herein, “kidney drug” means any compound, composition, or drug useful for the treatment or prevention of kidney disease.

As used herein, “L-carnitine” means L-carnitine in free or salt form. In some embodiments, the salt form of L-carnitine means an L-carnitine salt that is safe for consumption by a dog.

As used herein, “with” refers to one or more compositions and compounds of the invention (eg, a kidney drug or composition compound), (1) with a composition according to the present disclosure, or (2 )
It means that the animals are administered separately at the same or different frequency, using the same or different routes of administration, at approximately the same time or period.

As used herein, “improve kidney function” or “improve kidney function”
Means that the composition is administered to the animal for a period of time effective to improve renal function, as measured by comparison with renal function in animals where the composition is not administered or where no method is used, or It means that the method is used on animals.

Renal function may be measured by any renal function evaluation method known in the art. For example, renal function is assessed by measuring glomerular filtration rate and / or measuring one or more biomarkers in tissue or body fluid samples such as creatinine and / or symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). You can.

As used herein, “dogs” include dogs that are companion animals such as Canis Familiaris, working dogs and the like. The term “dog” refers to the term “canine”.
Is a synonym.

As used herein, “dog food” means a composition formulated as a nutritionally balanced composition that is intended for consumption by dogs and is suitable as a daily diet.

As used herein, an “effective amount” or “effective amount” is a specification that may be effective in obtaining a particular biological result, eg, improving renal function or treating or preventing kidney disease. Means the amount of a compound, material or composition described in the document. In one embodiment, a composition of the invention, such as composition 1 (eg, 1.1-1.176 (vida infrastructure)) or, for example, composition 2 (eg, 2.1-2.176 (vida infrastructure)). Is dog food. A nutritionally balanced composition provides sufficient nutrients to maintain the normal health of a healthy dog.

As used herein, “medium chain fatty acid” means a fatty acid having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, such as a saturated medium chain fatty acid such as caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, or myristic acid, For example, capric acid, lauric acid or myristic acid is meant.

As used herein, “medium chain triglyceride oil” means an oil containing more medium chain triglycerides than long chain and / or short chain triglycerides, such as coconut oil.

A nutritionally balanced composition is tasty and the use of water provides the only source of all the nutrition needed to maintain normal health of a healthy dog. Nutritionally balanced compositions are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, nutrients and ingredients, such as those disclosed herein and others suitable as animal feed compositions, and recommended amounts thereof are, for example, 201
2 Official Publication of the Associate
of American Feed Control Officials ("AAF
CO "), Inc. , Or National Research Council A
nominal Nutrition Series Nutrient Requirements
ents of Dogs and Cats, 2006. For example, dog food is made up of protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, amino acids, minerals, vitamins,
And other ingredients known to those skilled in the art.

As used herein, a “kidney drug” is any kidney drug known to those of skill in the art that is useful for the suppression of kidney disease. The kidney drug may be administered to the dog in any manner suitable for the kidney drug and in an amount known to those of skill in the art sufficient to treat or prevent kidney disease.

The protein may be supplied by any of a variety of sources known to those skilled in the art, including plant sources, animal sources, or both. Examples of animal sources include meat, meat processing by-products, seafood, dairy products, and eggs. Examples of meat include poultry, fish, and mammals (eg, cows, pigs,
Sheep, goat, etc.). By-products of slaughter include, for example, lung, kidney, brain, liver, and stomach and intestine (all removed or essentially all of these contents). Proteins are intact and can be almost completely hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed. Typical amounts of protein in the compositions of the present invention are:
At least about 10% (or about 10% to about 55%, or about 13% to about 50%, or about 14% to about 36%).

Fat may be supplied by any of a variety of sources known to those skilled in the art, including meat, meat processing by-products, fish oil, and plants. Vegetable fat sources include wheat, amanine, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, corn, oats, millet, wheat germ, corn germ, soybean,
Peanuts and cottonseed, as well as oils derived from these and other vegetable fat sources. The compositions of the present invention are typically at least about 4% (or about 4% to about 50%, or about 8% to
About 25%, or about 15% to about 22%).

Arachidonic acid (“AA”) may be derived from a variety of natural sources. Livers such as chicken livers are relatively rich in AA. On the other hand, fish oil is relatively rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (“EPA”) and docosahexaenoic acid (“DHA”).

Carbohydrate may be supplied by any of a variety of sources known to those skilled in the art including beet pulp, perboiled rice, corn starch, corn gluten meal, and any combination of these sources. Grains that supply carbohydrates include, but are not limited to, wheat, corn, barley, sorghum, and rice. The carbohydrate content in the food may be measured by any of a number of methods known to those skilled in the art. Typically, the carbohydrate percentage may be calculated as a nitrogen-free extract (“NFE”), which may be calculated as follows: NFE = 100%-% moisture−% protein−% fat +% ash -% Crude fiber.

Dietary fiber means a food ingredient that is resistant to digestion by animal digestive enzymes. Dietary fiber includes soluble and insoluble fiber. Soluble fibers such as beet pulp, guar gum, chicory, psyllium, pectin, blueberries, cranberries, pumpkins, apples, oats, beans, citrus, barley, or peas are resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine and the large intestine Fully or partially fermented. Oat fiber, cellulose, peanut hulls, whole wheat products, wheat oat, corn bran, flaxseed, grapes,
Celery, kidney beans, cauliflower, potato skin, fruit skin, vegetable skin, peanut shell,
And insoluble fiber, including soy fiber, may be supplied by any of a variety of sources. The crude fiber includes non-digestible components contained in cell walls and cell contents of plants such as grains, for example, husks of grains such as rice, corn, and beans. Typical fiber amounts in the compositions of the present invention are from about 0 to about 10%, or from about 1% to about 5%.

Amino acids, including essential amino acids, may be added as free amino acids to the dog food of the present invention or may be supplied to the compositions of the present invention by any number of sources, such as intact proteins. An essential amino acid is an amino acid that must be supplied in the diet because it cannot be synthesized de novo by living organisms or can be synthesized in insufficient amounts. Essential amino acids depend on the organism's metabolism and vary between species. For example, dogs and cats (and humans)
The essential amino acids are generally understood to be phenylalanine, leucine, methionine, lysine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, and arginine.

The dog food of the present disclosure can also avoid one or more minerals and / or elements such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium chloride, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, iodine, and selenium to avoid deficiencies and improve health. It may be contained in an amount necessary to maintain. These quantities are for example 2012 Official Publication of the
Associate of American Feed Control Offi
cials, Inc. ("AAFCO"), or National Research
h Council Animal Nutrition Series Nutrie
It is known to those skilled in the art, as provided in nt Requirements of Dogs and Cats, 2006. Typical mineral amounts are about 0.1 to about 4%, or about 0.1% to about 2%.

The dog food of the present disclosure may also contain the amount of vitamins necessary to avoid deficiencies and maintain health. These amounts and methods of measurement are known to those skilled in the art. For example, 2012
Official Publication of the Associate of
American Feed Control Officials, Inc. ("
AAFCO "), or National Research Council Ani
mal Nutrition Series Nutrient Requirements
ts of Dogs and Cats, 2006 provides recommended amounts of such ingredients for dogs. As envisaged herein, useful vitamins include vitamin A, vitamin B ₁ , vitamin B ₂ , vitamin B ₃ , vitamin B ₅ , vitamin B ₆ , vitamin B ₁₂
, Vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin H (biotin), vitamin K, folic acid,
Examples include, but are not limited to choline, inositol, niacin, and pantothenic acid. Typical vitamin amounts in the compositions of the present invention range from about 0 to about 3%, or about 1%.
~ About 2%.

The dog food of the present disclosure may further comprise other additives such as taste enhancers and stabilizers in amounts and combinations well known to those skilled in the art. Stable substances include, for example, substances that tend to increase the shelf life of the composition. Other examples of such other additives that may be suitably included in the compositions of the present invention include, for example, preservatives, colorants, antioxidants, flavoring agents, synergists and sequestering agents, filling gases, stability Agents, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, and wetting agents. Examples of emulsifiers and / or thickeners include, for example, gelatin, cellulose ether, starch, starch ester, starch ether, and modified starch. The concentration of such additives in the composition may typically be up to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of such additives (especially when such additives are major nutritional balance agents such as vitamins and minerals) is from about 0 to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of such additives (and particularly where such additives are the primary nutritional balance agent)
Is from about 0 to about 3% by weight.

Any consistency or water content of the presently disclosed dog food, such as dry, wet or semi-moist dog food is contemplated. In some embodiments, the water content is about 3% to about 90% of the total weight of the composition. “Semi-moist” means a dog food having a moisture content of about 25-35%. By “wet” food is meant a dog food having a moisture content of about 60 to about 90% or greater. "Dry" food means dog food having a moisture content of about 3 to about 11% and may be manufactured in small pieces or kibble form.

As used herein, "kibble" includes a dog food with particulate pellets. Kibbles can range from hard to soft and have an internal structure ranging from an expanded structure to a dense structure.

When preparing a dog food of the present disclosure in a wet or canned form, the optional ingredients are usually added, for example during processing of the formulation, for example during and / or after mixing other components of the composition.
It may be introduced into the composition. Putting these components into the composition may be accomplished by conventional methods. In one embodiment, animal and poultry ground protein tissue is mixed with fish oil,
Cereals, other nutritional balance ingredients, special purpose additives (for example, a mixture of vitamins and minerals,
Mix with other ingredients, including inorganic salts, cellulose and beet pulp, fillers, etc.) and also add an amount of water sufficient for processing. These components are preferably mixed in a container suitable for heating during the blending of the components. Any suitable method may be used to heat the mixture, such as, for example, direct steam injection or using a vessel with a heat exchanger. After the last component is added, the mixture is heated in a temperature range of about 50 ° F. (10 ° C.) to about 212 ° F. (100 ° C.). In some embodiments, the mixture is about 70 ° F. (21 ° C.) to about 140 ° F. (60 ° C.).
Heat in the temperature range. Temperatures outside these ranges are generally acceptable, but can be commercially impractical without the use of other processing aids. Upon heating to the appropriate temperature, the material will usually be in the form of a viscous liquid. Fill the can with viscous liquid. Put on the lid and seal the container. The sealed can is then placed in a conventional device designed to sterilize the contents. This can usually be achieved by heating for a suitable time to temperatures above about 230 ° F. (110 ° C.), which depends, for example, on the temperature and composition used.

Alternatively, the dog food of the present disclosure may be prepared in a dry form using conventional processes.
Usually, dry ingredients including animal protein, vegetable protein, cereal and the like are pulverized and mixed together. Next, wet or liquid ingredients including fat, oil, animal protein, water, etc. are added and mixed with the dry mix. The mixture is then processed into kibbles or similar dry pieces.
Kibbles are often formed using an extrusion process. In this process, a mixture of dry and wet components is subjected to mechanical operation at high pressure and high temperature, extruded from a small diameter opening and cut into pieces with a rotating knife. The wet kibble is then dried and coated with one or more topical coating materials that may optionally include, for example, flavors, fats, oils, powders, and the like. Kibbles can also be made from dough using baking rather than extrusion, in which the dough is placed in a mold followed by a dry heating process.

Treats of the present disclosure may be prepared, for example, by extrusion or baking methods similar to those described above for dry hoods.

Treats include, for example, compositions that are given to encourage animals to eat while not at meal times. Examples of conceivable dog treats include dog bones. Treats may be nutritious, the composition may include one or more nutrients and may have, for example, the composition described above for food. Non-nutritive treats include any other non-toxic treats.

In one embodiment, there is a need for improved renal function comprising administering to a dog a composition comprising an effective amount of L-carnitine and one or both of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A method for improving renal function in a dog is described (Method 1).

Further, method 1 is provided as follows.
1.1 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 100 ppm L-carnitine.
1.2 Method 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 200 ppm L-carnitine.
1.
1.3 Method 1, 1.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 300 ppm L-carnitine
Or 1.2.
1.4 Method 1 or 1.1-1.3, wherein the composition comprises 100 ppm to 1500 ppm L-carnitine.
1.5 Method 1 or 1.1-1.4, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1500 ppm L-carnitine.
1.6 Method 1 or 1.1-1.5, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1200 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.7 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.6, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1000 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.8 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.7, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 800 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.9 Method 1 or 1.1-1.8, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 700 ppm L-carnitine.
1.10. Method 1 or 1.1-1.9, wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm to 600 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.11 Method 1 or 1.1-1 .1 wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm L-carnitine.
10.
1.12 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.11. The composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.13 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.12. The composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.14 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.13, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.15 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.14, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.30% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.16 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.15, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.35% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.17 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.16, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.18 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.17, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.19 Method 1 or 1.1-, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% EPA
1.11.
1.20 Method 1.19 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15 wt% EPA.
1.21 Method 1.20, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% EPA.
1.22 Method 1.21 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.25 wt% EPA.
1.23 Method 1.22 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.30 wt% EPA.
1.24 Method 1, 1.1 to 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.05 wt% DHA.
11, or 1.19 to 1.23.
1.25 Method 1.24 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% DHA.
1.26 Method 1.25, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15 wt% DHA.
1.27 Method 1.26, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% DHA.
1.28 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.27, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% EPA, and at least 0.05 wt% DHA.
1.29. Method 1.28 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% EPA, and at least 0.07 wt% DHA.
1.30 Method 1.29, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% EPA, and at least 0.15 wt% DHA.
1.31 Method 1.30, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.23% by weight EPA, and at least 0.16% by weight DHA.
1.32 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.31 wherein the composition comprises 0.10% to 2.0% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.33 Method 1.32 wherein the composition comprises 0.10% to 1.5% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.34 Method 1.33, wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 1.0% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.35 Method 1.34, wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 0.50% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.36 Method 1.35, wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 0.40% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.37 Method 1 or 1. The composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% EPA.
1-1.36.
1.38 Method 1.37 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% EPA.
1.39 Method 1.38 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% EPA.
1.40 Method 1.39, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.80 wt% EPA.
1.41 Method 1.40, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.60 wt% EPA.
1.42 Method 1.41, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.40 wt% EPA.
1.43 Method 1.42, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.30 wt% EPA.
1.44 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.05% to 2.0% by weight of DHA.
1-1.43.
1.45 Method 1.44 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 1.5 wt% DHA.
1.46 Method 1.45 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 1.0 wt% DHA.
1.47 Method 1.46 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.80 wt% DHA.
1.48 Method 1.47 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.60 wt% DHA.
1.49 Method 1.48 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.40 wt% DHA.
1.50. Method 1.49 wherein the composition comprises 0.05% to 0.20% DHA by weight.
1.51. Method 1.50 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt% DHA.
1.52 Method 1 or 1.1-1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight fish oil
. 51.
1.53 Method 1 or 1.1-1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50% by weight of fish oil
. 52.
1.54 Method 1 or 1.1-1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60% by weight of fish oil
. 53.
1.55 Method 1 or 1.1-1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% fish oil
. 54.
1.56 Method 1 or 1.1-1 .in which the composition comprises at least 1.0% by weight of fish oil.
55.
1.57 Method 1 or 1.1-1 .in which the composition comprises at least 1.2% by weight of fish oil.
56.
1.58 Method 1 or 1.1-1 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.4% by weight fish oil.
57.
1.59 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1. in which the composition comprises at least 1.5% by weight of fish oil.
58.
1.60 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1. in which the composition comprises at least 1.6% by weight of fish oil.
59.
1.61 Method 1 or 1.1-1.. Wherein the composition comprises at least 1.8 wt% fish oil.
60.
1.62 Method 1 or 1.1-1.. Wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% fish oil.
61.
1.63 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1. in which the composition comprises at least 2.5% by weight of fish oil.
62.
1.64 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1. in which the composition comprises at least 3.0% by weight of fish oil.
63.
1.65 Method 1 or 1.1-, wherein the composition comprises 0.2 wt% to 3.0 wt% fish oil
1.64.
1.66 Method 1 or 1.1-, wherein the composition comprises 0.2 wt% to 2.0 wt% fish oil
1.65.
1.67 Method 1 or 1.1-, wherein the composition comprises 0.4 wt% to 2.0 wt% fish oil
1.66.
1.68 Method 1 or 1.1-, wherein the composition comprises from 0.6 wt% to 1.5 wt% fish oil
1.67.
1.69 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.68, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.70 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.69, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.71 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.70, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.72 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.71 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.70% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.73 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.72 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.90% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.74 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids
Or 1.1 to 1.73.
1.75 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.3% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
Or 1.1 to 1.74.
1.76 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.4% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
Or 1.1-1.75.
1.77 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.7% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
Or 1.1 to 1.76.
1.78 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.9% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
Or 1.1-1.77.
1.79 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
Or 1.1-1.78.
1.80 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
Or 1.1-1.79.
1.81 The composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 1 or 1.1-1.80.
1.82 The composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.5 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.81.
1.83 the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.82.
1.84 The composition comprises 0.30% to 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 1 or 1.1-1.83.
1.85 composition comprises 0.50% to 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 1 or 1.1-1.84.
1.86 Method 1.69-1.85 wherein the one or more medium chain fatty acids are selected from capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid.
1.87 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% capric acid.
1-1.86.
1.88 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% capric acid.
1-1.87.
1.89 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40 wt% capric acid.
1-1.88.
1.90 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% capric acid.
1-1.89.
1.91 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% capric acid.
1-1.90.
1.92 Method 1 or 1.1 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% capric acid
~ 1.91.
1.93 Method 1 or 1.1 wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% capric acid
~ 1.92.
1.94 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.93, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% capric acid.
1.95 Method 1.94 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% capric acid.
.
1.96 Method 1.9, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.80 wt% capric acid
5.
1.97 Method 1.9, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.60 wt% capric acid
6.
1.98 Method 1.9, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.40 wt% capric acid
7.
1.99 Method 1.9, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt% capric acid.
8.
1.100 Method 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% lauric acid
. 1-1.99.
1.101 Method 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% lauric acid
. 1-1.100.
1.102 Method 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40 wt% lauric acid
. 1-1.101.
1.103 Method 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% lauric acid
. 1-1.102.
1.104 Method 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% lauric acid
. 1-1.103.
1.105 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% lauric acid.
1-1.104.
1.106 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% lauric acid.
1-1.105.
1.107 Method 1 or 1. wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0 wt% lauric acid.
1-1.106.
1.108 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.107, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% lauric acid.
1.109 Method 1.1 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% lauric acid
08.
1.110 Method 1.1, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% lauric acid
09.
1.111 Method 1.1, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% lauric acid
10.
1.112 Method 1.1, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% lauric acid
11.
1.113 Method 1 or 1.1-, wherein the composition comprises one or more medium chain triglyceride oils
1.68.
1.114 Method 1.113 wherein the composition comprises at least 1% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.115 Method 1.114 wherein the composition comprises at least 2% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.116 Method 1.115 wherein the composition comprises at least 4% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.117 Method 1.116 wherein the composition comprises at least 6% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.118 Method 1.117 wherein the composition comprises at least 8% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.119 Method 1.118 wherein the composition comprises at least 10% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.120 Method 1.119 wherein the composition comprises at least 12% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.121 Method 1.120 wherein the composition comprises at least 15% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.122 Method 1.121 wherein the composition comprises at least 20% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.123 Method 1.113 wherein the composition comprises 1% to 10% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.124 Method 1.123 wherein the composition comprises 1% to 15% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.125. Method 1.124 wherein the composition comprises 1% to 10% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.126 Method 1.113 wherein the one or more medium chain triglyceride oils is coconut oil
~ 1.125.
1.127 Method 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises from 1 wt% to 10 wt% coconut oil.
1-1.126.
1.128. Method 1.127 wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 8 wt% coconut oil.
1.129 Method 1.128 wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 5 wt% coconut oil.
1.130 Method 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises 1 wt% to 15 wt% corn oil
. 1-1.129.
1.131 Method 1.130 wherein the composition comprises 2% to 10% by weight corn oil
.
1.132 Method 1.131 wherein the composition comprises from 5 wt% to 10 wt% corn oil
.
1.133 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.132, wherein the composition comprises at least 2 wt% linoleic acid (LA).
1.134 Method 1.13 wherein the composition comprises at least 3% by weight linoleic acid (LA)
3
1.135 Method 1.13 wherein the composition comprises at least 4% by weight linoleic acid (LA)
4.
1.136 Method 1.13 wherein the composition comprises at least 5% by weight linoleic acid (LA)
5.
1.137 Method 1.13 wherein the composition comprises at least 8% by weight linoleic acid (LA)
6.
1.138 Method 1.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 10% by weight linoleic acid (LA)
37.
1.139 Method 1 or 1.1 wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 10 wt% linoleic acid
~ 1.138.
1.140 Method 1.139, wherein the composition comprises 3 wt% to 8 wt% linoleic acid.
1.141 Method 1.140, wherein the composition comprises 4 wt% to 6 wt% linoleic acid.
1.142 Method 1.141 wherein the composition comprises 4 wt% to 5 wt% linoleic acid.
1.143 The composition is at least 1.5%, such as 1.5% to 10%, such as 1.5% to 8%, such as 1.5% to 5%, such as 1.5%. ~ 3% by weight
Or α-1 linolenic acid.
1.144 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.143, wherein the composition comprises arachidonic acid.
1.145 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.144, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.2: 1 or greater.
1.146. Method 1.145 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid greater than or equal to 1.3: 1.
1.147 Method 1.146 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.5: 1 or greater.
1.148. Method 1.147 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 2: 1 or greater.
1.149 Method 1.148 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3: 1 or greater.
1.150. Method 1.149 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3.5: 1 or greater.
1.151 Method 1.150 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3.8: 1 or greater.
1.152. Method 1.151 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 4: 1 or greater.
1.153 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.152, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.5 wt% arachidonic acid.
1.154 Method 1. The composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.1 wt% arachidonic acid.
153.
1.155 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.08 wt% arachidonic acid
. 154.
1.156 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises 0.02 wt% to 0.07 wt% arachidonic acid
. 155.
1.157 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises 0.03% to 0.07% by weight of arachidonic acid
. 156.
1.158 Method 1 wherein the composition comprises 0.04 wt% to 0.06 wt% arachidonic acid
. 157.
1.159. Method 1.158 wherein the composition comprises 0.06 wt% arachidonic acid.
1.160 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.159, wherein the composition is a dog food.
1.161 Method 1.160 wherein the composition comprises one or more of protein, fiber, and nutrient balance agent.
1.162. Method 1.161 wherein the composition comprises at least 10% protein, at least 10% fat, and at least 0.5% crude fiber.
1.163. Method 1.162 wherein the composition comprises at least 15% fat and at least 1.0% crude fiber.
1.164 Composition is at least 0.50% calcium, 0.10% phosphorus, and 0
. Method 1.158-1.163, containing 1% sodium.
1.165 the composition is at least 0.70% calcium, 0.20% phosphorus, and 0
. Method 1.164, comprising 2% sodium.
1.166 Method 1.158 to 1.165, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
1.167. Method 1.166 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
1.168 Method 1.167 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.5% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
1.169 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.168, wherein the composition comprises at least 4.0% of one or more saturated fatty acids.
1.170 Method 1. The composition comprises at least 4.5% of one or more saturated fatty acids.
169.
1.171 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.170, wherein the composition comprises at least 5.0% of one or more monounsaturated fatty acids.
1.172 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.171, wherein the composition comprises at least 4.0% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids.
1.173 Method 1 or 1.1 wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0% omega-6 fatty acid (n-6 fatty acid) and at least 1.0% omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 fatty acid) ~ 1.1
72.
1.174 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.159, wherein the composition is canine treats.
1.175 Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.174, wherein the composition comprises one or more renal drugs.
1.176
Method 1 or 1.1 to 1.175, wherein the composition is administered with one or more renal drugs.

In another embodiment, an effective amount of L-carnitine and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
And a method of treating or preventing kidney disease in a dog in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease, comprising administering to the dog a composition comprising one or both of and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Method 2). ).

Furthermore, method 2 is provided as follows.
2.1 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 100 ppm L-carnitine.
2.2 Method 2 or 2. The composition comprises at least 200 ppm L-carnitine.
1.
2.3 Method 2, 2.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 300 ppm L-carnitine
Or 2.2.
2.4 Method 2 or 2.1-2.3, wherein the composition comprises 100 ppm to 1500 ppm L-carnitine.
2.5 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.4, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1500 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.6 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.5, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1200 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.7 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.6, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1000 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.8 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.7, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 800 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.9 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.8, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 700 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.10 Method 2 or 2.1-2.9, wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm to 600 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.11 Method 2 or 2.1-2.wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm L-carnitine.
10.
2.12 Method 2 or 2.1-2.11 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.13 Method 2 or 2.1-2.12 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.14 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.13, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.15 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.14, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.30% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.16 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.15, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.35% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.17 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.16, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.18 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.17, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.19 Method 2 or 2.1-, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% EPA
2.11.
2.20 Method 2.19 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15 wt% EPA.
2.21 Method 2.20, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% EPA.
2.22 Method 2.21 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.25 wt% EPA.
2.23 Method 2.22 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.30 wt% EPA.
2.24 Method 2, 2.1-2.wherein the composition comprises at least 0.05 wt% DHA.
11, or 2.19-2.23.
2.25 Method 2.24, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% DHA.
2.26 Method 2.25 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15 wt% DHA.
2.27 Method 2.26, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight DHA.
2.28 Method 2 or 2.1-2.27, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% EPA, and at least 0.05 wt% DHA.
2.29. Method 2.28 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% EPA and at least 0.07 wt% DHA.
2.30 Method 2.29 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% EPA and at least 0.15 wt% DHA.
2.31 Method 2.30 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.23% by weight EPA and at least 0.16% by weight DHA.
2.32 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.31, wherein the composition comprises 0.10% to 2.0% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.33 Method 2.32, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.34 Method 2.33 wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 1.0% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.35 Method 2.34, wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 0.50% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.36 Method 2.35 wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 0.40% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.37 Method 2 or 2. The composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% EPA.
1-2.36.
2.38 Method 2.37 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% EPA.
2.39 Method 2.38 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% EPA.
2.40 Method 2.39 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.80 wt% EPA.
2.41 Method 2.40 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.60 wt% EPA.
2.42 Method 2.41 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.40 wt% EPA.
2.43 Method 2.42 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.30 wt% EPA.
2.44 Method 2 or 2. The composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 2.0 wt% DHA.
1-2.43.
2.45 Method 2.44 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 1.5 wt% DHA.
2.46 Method 2.45 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 1.0 wt% DHA.
2.47 Method 2.46 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.80 wt% DHA.
2.48 Method 2.47 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.60 wt% DHA.
2.49 Method 2.48 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.40 wt% DHA.
2.50. Method 2.49 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.20 wt% DHA.
2.51 Method 2.50, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt% DHA.
2.52 Method 2 or 2.1-2, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of fish oil
. 51.
2.53 Method 2 or 2.1-2, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50% by weight of fish oil
. 52.
2.54 Method 2 or 2.1-2, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60% by weight of fish oil
. 53.
2.55 Method 2 or 2.1-2, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80% by weight of fish oil
. 54.
2.56 Method 2 or 2.1-2.2, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% fish oil.
55.
2.57 Method 2 or 2.1-2. Wherein the composition comprises at least 1.2 wt% fish oil.
56.
2.58 Method 2 or 2.1-2.2, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.4 wt% fish oil.
57.
2.59 Method 2 or 2.1-2. Wherein the composition comprises at least 1.5 wt% fish oil.
58.
2.60 Method 2 or 2.1-2.wherein the composition comprises at least 1.6% by weight of fish oil.
59.
2.61 Method 2 or 2.1-2.2, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.8 wt% fish oil.
60.
2.62 Method 2 or 2.1-2.2, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% fish oil.
61.
2.63 Method 2 or 2.1-2.2, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.5 wt% fish oil.
62.
2.64 Method 2 or 2.1-2.2, wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0 wt% fish oil.
63.
2.65 Method 2 or 2.1-, wherein the composition comprises 0.2 wt% to 3.0 wt% fish oil
2.64.
2.66 Method 2 or 2.1-, wherein the composition comprises 0.2 wt% to 2.0 wt% fish oil
2.65.
2.67 Method 2 or 2.1-, wherein the composition comprises from 0.4 wt% to 2.0 wt% fish oil
2.66.
2.68 Method 2 or 2.1-, wherein the composition comprises from 0.6 wt% to 1.5 wt% fish oil
2.67.
2.69 Method 2 or 2.1-2.68, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.70 Method 2 or 2.1-2.69, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.71 Method 2 or 2.1-2.70, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.72 Method 2 or 2.1-2.71, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.70% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.73 Method 2 or 2.1-2.72, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.90% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.74 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids
Or 2.1-2.73.
2.75 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.3% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
Or 2.1-2.74.
2.76 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.4% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids
Or 2.1-2.75.
2.77 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.7% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids
Or 2.1-2.76.
2.78 Method 2, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.9% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids
Or 2.1-2.77.
2.79 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids
Or 2.1-2.78.
2.80 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
Or 2.1-2.79.
2.81 The composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 2 or 2.1-2.80.
2.82 The composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.5 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 2 or 2.1-2.81.
2.83 The composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 2 or 2.1-2.82.
2.84 The composition comprises 0.30% to 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 2 or 2.1-2.83.
2.85 The composition comprises 0.50% to 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Method 2 or 2.1-2.84.
2.86 Method 2.69-2.85, wherein the one or more medium chain fatty acids are selected from capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid.
2.87 Method 2 or 2. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% capric acid.
1-2.86.
2.88 Method 2 or 2. The composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% capric acid.
1-2.87.
2.89 Method 2 or 2. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40 wt% capric acid.
1-2.88.
2.90 Method 2 or 2. The composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% capric acid.
1-2.89.
2.91 Method 2 or 2. wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% capric acid.
1-2.90.
2.92 Method 2 or 2.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% capric acid
~ 2.91.
2.93 Method 2 or 2.1 wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% capric acid
~ 2.92.
2.94 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.93, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% capric acid.
2.95. Method 2.94 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% capric acid
.
2.96. Method 2.9 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.80 wt% capric acid
5.
2.97 Method 2.9 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.60 wt% capric acid
6.
2.98 Method 2.9 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.40 wt% capric acid
7.
2.99 Method 2.9, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt% capric acid
8.
2.100 Method 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% lauric acid
. 1-2.99.
2.101 Method 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% lauric acid
. 1-2.100.
2.102 Method 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40 wt% lauric acid
. 1-2.101.
2.103 Method 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% lauric acid
. 1-2.102.
2.104 Method 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% lauric acid
. 1-2.103.
2.105 Method 2 or 2. wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% lauric acid.
1-2.104.
2.106 Method 2 or 2. The composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% lauric acid.
1-2.105.
2.107 Method 2 or 2. wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0 wt% lauric acid.
1-2.106.
2.108 Method 2 or 2.1-2.107, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% lauric acid.
2.109 Method 2.1 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% lauric acid
08.
2.110 Method 2.1, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% lauric acid
09.
2.111 Method 2.1 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% lauric acid
10.
2.112 Method 2.1, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% lauric acid
11.
2.113 Method 2 or 2.1-, wherein the composition comprises one or more medium chain triglyceride oils
2.68.
2.114 Method 2.113 wherein the composition comprises at least 1% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.115 Method 2.114 wherein the composition comprises at least 2% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.116 Method 2.115 wherein the composition comprises at least 4% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.117 Method 2.116 wherein the composition comprises at least 6% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.118 Method 2.117 wherein the composition comprises at least 8% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.119 Method 2.118 wherein the composition comprises at least 10% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.120. Method 2.119 wherein the composition comprises at least 12% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.121 Method 2.120 wherein the composition comprises at least 15% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.122 Method 2.121 wherein the composition comprises at least 20% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.123 Method 2.113 wherein the composition comprises 1% to 20% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.124 Method 2.123 wherein the composition comprises 1% to 15% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.125. Method 2.124 wherein the composition comprises 1% to 10% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.126 Method 2.113 wherein the one or more medium chain triglyceride oils is coconut oil
~ 2.125.
2.127 Method 2 or 2. wherein the composition comprises 1 wt% to 10 wt% coconut oil.
1-2.126.
2.128. Method 2.127 wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 8 wt% coconut oil.
2.129. Method 2.128 wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 5 wt% coconut oil.
2.130 Method 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises 1 wt% to 15 wt% corn oil
. 1-2.129.
2.131 Method 2.130 wherein the composition comprises from 2 wt% to 10 wt% corn oil
.
2.132 Method 2.131 wherein the composition comprises from 5 wt% to 10 wt% corn oil
.
2.133 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.132, wherein the composition comprises at least 2 wt% linoleic acid (LA).
2.134 Method 2.13 wherein the composition comprises at least 3% by weight of linoleic acid (LA)
3
2.135 Method 2.13 wherein the composition comprises at least 4% by weight of linoleic acid (LA)
4.
2.136 Method 2.13 wherein the composition comprises at least 5% by weight linoleic acid (LA)
5.
2.137 Method 2.13 wherein the composition comprises at least 8 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
6.
2.138 Method 2.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 10% by weight linoleic acid (LA)
37.
2.139 Method 2 or 2.1 wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 10 wt% linoleic acid
~ 2.138.
2.140. Method 2.139, wherein the composition comprises 3 wt% to 8 wt% linoleic acid.
2.141 Method 2.140, wherein the composition comprises 4 wt% to 6 wt% linoleic acid.
2.142 Method 2.141 wherein the composition comprises 4 wt% to 5 wt% linoleic acid.
2.143 The composition is at least 1.5%, such as 1.5% to 10%, such as 1.5% to 8%, such as 1.5% to 5%, eg 1.5% ~ 3% by weight
Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.142, comprising the α-linolenic acid of
2.144 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.143, wherein the composition comprises arachidonic acid.
2.145 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.144, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.2: 1 or greater.
2.146. Method 2.145 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.3: 1 or greater.
2.147 Method 2.146 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.5: 1 or greater.
2.148. Method 2.147 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 2: 1 or greater.
2.149. Method 2.148 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3: 1 or greater.
2.150. Method 2.149 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3.5: 1 or greater.
2.151. Method 2.150 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3.8: 1 or greater.
2.152. Method 2.151 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 4: 1 or greater.
2.153. Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.152, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.5 wt% arachidonic acid.
2.154. The method wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.1 wt% arachidonic acid.
153.
2.155 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.08 wt% arachidonic acid
. 154.
2.156 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises 0.02 wt% to 0.07 wt% arachidonic acid
. 155.
2.157 Method 2 wherein the composition comprises 0.03% to 0.07% arachidonic acid
. 156.
2.158. Method 2 wherein the composition comprises 0.04 wt% to 0.06 wt% arachidonic acid
. 157.
2.159. Method 2.158 wherein the composition comprises 0.06 wt% arachidonic acid.
2.160 Method 2 or 2.1-2.159, wherein the composition is a dog food.
2.161 Method 2.160, wherein the composition comprises one or more of protein, fiber, and nutrient balance agent.
2.162. The method 2.161 wherein the composition comprises at least 10 wt% protein, at least 10 wt% fat, and at least 0.5 wt% crude fiber.
2.163. Method 2.162 wherein the composition comprises at least 15% by weight fat and at least 1.0% by weight crude fiber.
2.164 Composition is at least 0.50% calcium, 0.10% phosphorus, and 0
. Method 2.158-2.163, containing 1% sodium.
2.165 Composition is at least 0.70% calcium, 0.20% phosphorus, and 0
. Method 2.164, comprising 2% sodium.
2.166. Method 2.158-2.165, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
2.167 Method 2.166, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
2.168 Method 2.167, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.5% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
2.169 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.168, wherein the composition comprises at least 4.0% of one or more saturated fatty acids.
2.170. The method wherein the composition comprises at least 4.5% of one or more saturated fatty acids.
169.
2.171 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.170, wherein the composition comprises at least 5.0% of one or more monounsaturated fatty acids.
2.172 Method 2 or 2.1 to 2.171, wherein the composition comprises at least 4.0% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids.
2.173 Method 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0 wt% omega-6 fatty acids (n-6 fatty acids) and at least 1.0 wt% omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 fatty acids) .1
~ 2.172.
2.174 Method 2 or 2.1-2.159, wherein the composition is canine treats.
2.175 Method 2 or 2.1-2.174, wherein the composition comprises one or more renal drugs.
2.176 Method 2 or 2.1-2. Wherein the composition is administered with one or more renal drugs.
175.

In still other embodiments, L-carnitine and one of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in an amount effective to improve renal function in dogs in need of improved renal function. Or the composition (composition 1) containing both is provided.

Furthermore, the composition 1 is provided as follows.
1.1 Composition 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 100 ppm L-carnitine.
1.2 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 200 ppm L-carnitine.
1.3 Compositions 1, 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 300 ppm L-carnitine
. 1 or 1.2.
1.4 Composition 1 or 1.1-1.3, wherein the composition comprises 100 ppm to 1500 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.5 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.4, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1500 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.6 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.5, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1200 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.7 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.6, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1000 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.8 Composition 1 wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 800 ppm of L-carnitine
Or 1.1-1.7.
1.9 Composition 1 wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 700 ppm of L-carnitine
Or 1.1-1.8.
1.10 Composition 1 or 1.1-1.9, wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm to 600 ppm of L-carnitine.
1.11. Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm L-carnitine
~ 1.10.
1.12 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.11. The composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.13 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.12. The composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.14 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.13, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.15 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.14, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.30% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.16 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.15, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.35% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.17 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.16, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.18 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.17, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.19 Composition 1 or 1 wherein said composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% EPA
. 1-1.11.
1.20 Composition 1.19 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15 wt% EPA.
1.21 Composition 1.20 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% EPA.
1.22 Composition 1.21, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.25 wt% EPA.
1.23 Composition 1.22 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.30 wt% EPA.
1.24 Composition 1, 1.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.05 wt% DHA
To 1.11 or 1.19 to 1.23.
1.25 Composition 1.24 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% DHA.
1.26 Composition 1.25, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15 wt% DHA.
1.27 Composition 1.26 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% DHA.
1.28 The composition is at least 0.10 wt% EPA, and at least 0.05
Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.27, comprising DHA by weight.
1.29 wherein the composition is at least 0.10 wt% EPA, and at least 0.07
Composition 1.28 comprising wt% DHA.
1.30 wherein the composition is at least 0.20 wt% EPA, and at least 0.15
Composition 1.29 comprising, by weight, DHA.
1.31 wherein the composition is at least 0.23% by weight EPA, and at least 0.16
Composition 1.30, comprising by weight DHA.
1.32 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.31 wherein the composition comprises 0.10% to 2.0% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.33 Composition 1.32 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.34 Composition 1.33, wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 1.0% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.35 Composition 1.34, wherein the composition comprises 0.15 wt% to 0.50 wt% of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.36 Composition 1.35, wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 0.40% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
1.37 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.36, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% EPA.
1.38 Composition 1.3 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% EPA
7.
1.39 Composition 1.3 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% EPA
8.
1.40 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.80 wt% EPA.
39.
1.41 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.60 wt% EPA.
40.
1.42 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.40 wt% EPA.
41.
1.43 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.30 wt% EPA.
42.
1.44 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.43, wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 2.0 wt% DHA.
1.45 Composition 1.4 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 1.5 wt% DHA
4.
1.46 Composition 1.4 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 1.0 wt% DHA
5.
1.47 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.05% to 0.80% by weight of DHA.
46.
1.48 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.60 wt% DHA.
47.
1.49 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.40 wt% DHA
48.
1.50 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.05% to 0.20% DHA by weight.
49.
1.51 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt% DHA.
50.
1.52 Composition 1 or 1 wherein said composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% fish oil.
1-1.51.
1.53 Composition 1 or 1. wherein said composition comprises at least 0.50% by weight of fish oil.
1-1.52.
1.54 Composition 1 or 1 wherein said composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% fish oil.
1-1.53.
1.55 Composition 1 or 1 wherein said composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% fish oil.
1-1.54.
1.56 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.0% by weight of fish oil
~ 1.55.
1.57 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.2% by weight of fish oil
~ 1.56.
1.58 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.4% by weight fish oil
~ 1.57.
1.59 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.5 wt% fish oil
~ 1.58.
1.60 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.6% by weight of fish oil
~ 1.59.
1.61 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.8% by weight of fish oil
~ 1.60.
1.62 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 2.0% by weight of fish oil
~ 1.61.
1.63 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.5 wt% fish oil
~ 1.62.
1.64 Composition 1 or 1.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 3.0% by weight of fish oil
~ 1.63.
1.65 Composition 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises 0.2 wt% to 3.0 wt% fish oil
. 1-1.64.
1.66 Composition 1 or 1 wherein said composition comprises 0.2 wt% to 2.0 wt% fish oil
. 1-1.65.
1.67 Composition 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises 0.4 wt% to 2.0 wt% fish oil
. 1-1.66.
1.68 Composition 1 or 1 wherein said composition comprises from 0.6 wt% to 1.5 wt% fish oil
. 1-1.67.
1.69 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 1 or 1.1-1.68.
1.70 The composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 1 or 1.1-1.69.
1.71 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 1 or 1.1-1.70.
1.72 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.70% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.71.
1.73 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.90% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.72.
1.74 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.73 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.75 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.74, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.3% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.76 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.75, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.4 v% of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.77 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.76, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.7% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.78 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.77, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.9% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.79 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.78, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.80 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.79, wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.81 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.80, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.82 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.81 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.5 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.83 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.82 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.84 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.83, wherein the composition comprises 0.30% to 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.85 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.84, wherein the composition comprises 0.50% to 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
1.86 Compositions 1.69 to 1.85, wherein the composition comprises one or both of capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid.
1.87 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.86, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% capric acid.
1.88 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.87, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% capric acid.
1.89 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.88, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40 wt% capric acid.
1.90 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.89, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% capric acid.
1.91 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.90, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% capric acid.
1.92 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.91 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% capric acid.
1.93 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.92, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% capric acid.
1.94 Composition 1 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% capric acid
Or 1.1-1.93.
1.95 Composition 1 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% capric acid
. 94.
1.96 The composition 1.95, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.80 wt% capric acid.
1.97 Composition 1.96 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.60 wt% capric acid.
1.98 Composition 1.97 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.40 wt% capric acid.
1.99 The composition 1.98, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt% capric acid.
1.100 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.99, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% lauric acid.
1.101 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.100, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% lauric acid.
1.102 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.101, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40 wt% lauric acid.
1.103 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.102, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% lauric acid.
1.104 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.103, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% lauric acid.
1.105 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.104, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% lauric acid.
1.106 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.105, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% lauric acid.
1.107 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.106, wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0 wt% lauric acid.
1.108 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.107, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% lauric acid.
1.109 Composition 1.108 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% lauric acid.
1.110 Composition 1.109 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% lauric acid.
1.111 The composition 1.110, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% lauric acid.
1.112 Composition 1.11 wherein said composition comprises 0.10% to 3.0% lauric acid
1.
1.113 Composition 1 or 1 wherein the composition comprises one or more medium chain triglyceride oils
. 1-1.68.
1.114 Composition 1.113 wherein the composition comprises at least 1% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.115 The composition 1.114, wherein the composition comprises at least 2% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.116 Composition 1.115 wherein the composition comprises at least 4% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.117 The composition 1.116, wherein the composition comprises at least 6% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.118 Composition 1.117 wherein the composition comprises at least 8% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.119 The composition 1.118, wherein the composition comprises at least 10% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.120 Composition 1.119, wherein the composition comprises at least 12% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.121 The composition 1.120, wherein the composition comprises at least 15v% of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.122 Composition 1.121 wherein the composition comprises at least 20% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.123 Composition 1.113 wherein the composition comprises 1% to 20% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.124. Composition 1.123 wherein the composition comprises 1% to 15% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.125. Composition 1.124 wherein the composition comprises 1 wt% to 10 wt% of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
1.126 Compositions 1.113 to 1.125, wherein the one or more medium chain triglyceride oils are coconut oil or corn oil.
1.127 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.126, wherein the composition comprises 1 wt% to 10 wt% coconut oil.
1.128 Composition 1.12 wherein said composition comprises 2 wt% to 8 wt% coconut oil
7.
1.129 Composition 1.12 wherein said composition comprises 2 wt% to 5 wt% coconut oil
8.
1.130 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.129, wherein the composition comprises 1 wt% to 15 wt% corn oil.
1.131 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 10 wt% corn oil.
130.
1.132 Composition 1. wherein the composition comprises 5% to 10% by weight corn oil.
131.
1.133 Composition 1 wherein said composition comprises at least 2 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
Or 1.1 to 1.132.
1.134 Composition 1 wherein the composition comprises at least 3 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
. 133.
1.135 Composition 1 wherein said composition comprises at least 4% by weight of linoleic acid (LA)
. 134.
1.136 Composition 1 wherein said composition comprises at least 5 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
. 135.
1.137 Composition 1 wherein said composition comprises at least 8% by weight of linoleic acid (LA)
. 136.
1.138 The composition 1.137, wherein the composition comprises at least 10% by weight linoleic acid (LA).
1.139 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.138, wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 10 wt% linoleic acid.
1.140 Composition 1.139, wherein said composition comprises 3 wt% to 8 wt% linoleic acid
.
1.141 Composition 1.140, wherein said composition comprises from 4 wt% to 6 wt% linoleic acid
.
1.142 Composition 1.141 wherein said composition comprises 4 wt% to 5 wt% linoleic acid
.
1.143 The composition is at least 1.5 wt%, such as 1.5 wt% to 10 wt%
Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.142, for example comprising 1.5% to 8%, such as 1.5% to 5%, such as 1.5 to 3% by weight of α-linolenic acid. .
1.144 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.143, wherein the composition comprises arachidonic acid.
1.145 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.144, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.2: 1 or greater.
1.146 The composition 1.145, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.3: 1 or greater.
1.147 The composition 1.146, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.5: 1 or greater.
1.148 The composition 1.147, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 2: 1 or greater.
1.149 The composition 1.148, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3: 1 or greater.
1.150. Composition 1.149 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3.5: 1 or greater.
1.151 The composition 1.150, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3.8: 1 or greater.
1.152. Composition 1.151 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 4: 1 or greater.
1.153 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.152, wherein said composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.5 wt% arachidonic acid.
1.154 The composition 1.153, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.1 wt% arachidonic acid.
1.155. Composition 1.154, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.08 wt% arachidonic acid.
1.156 The composition 1.155, wherein the composition comprises 0.02 wt% to 0.07 wt% arachidonic acid.
1.157 The composition 1.156, wherein the composition comprises 0.03% to 0.07% arachidonic acid.
1.158. Composition 1.157, wherein the composition comprises 0.04 wt% to 0.06 wt% arachidonic acid.
1.159. Composition 1.158, wherein the composition comprises 0.06 wt% arachidonic acid.
1.160 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.159, wherein the composition is a dog food.
1.161 the composition comprises one or more of protein, fiber, and nutritional balance agent;
Composition 1.160.
1.162 wherein the composition is at least 10 wt% protein, at least 10 wt%
Of fat and at least 0.5% by weight of crude fiber.
1.163 wherein the composition is at least 15 wt% fat, and at least 1.0 wt%
Of composition 1.162.
1.164 Compositions 1.158 to 1.163, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50 wt% calcium, 0.10 wt% phosphorus, and 0.1 wt% sodium.
1.165. Composition 1.164 wherein said composition comprises at least 0.70% calcium, 0.20% phosphorus, and 0.2% sodium.
1.166 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% α-linoleic acid (α-LA);
Composition 1.158-1.165.
1.167 The composition 1.166, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
1.168 The composition 1.167, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.5 wt% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
1.169 the composition comprises at least 4.0% by weight of one or more saturated fatty acids,
Composition 1 or 1.1-1.168.
1.170 The composition comprises at least 4.5% by weight of one or more saturated fatty acids,
Composition 1.169.
1.171 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.170, wherein the composition comprises at least 5.0% by weight of one or more monounsaturated fatty acids.
1.172 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.171, wherein the composition comprises at least 4.0% by weight of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids.
1.173 wherein the composition is at least 3.0 wt% omega-6 fatty acid (n-6 fatty acid)
, And at least 1.0 wt% omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 fatty acid).
1.174 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.159, wherein the composition is canine treats
.
1.175 Composition 1 or 1.1 to 1.17, wherein said composition comprises one or more kidney drugs
4.
1.176 Composition 1 or 1.1 wherein said composition is administered with one or more renal drugs
~ 1.175.

In still other embodiments, L-carnitine and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in an amount effective for the treatment or prevention of kidney disease in dogs in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease.
And docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or a composition comprising the same (Composition 2).

Furthermore, the composition 2 is provided as follows.
2.1 Composition 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 100 ppm L-carnitine.
2.2 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 200 ppm L-carnitine.
2.3 Compositions 2, 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 300 ppm L-carnitine
. 1, or 2.2.
2.4 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.3, wherein the composition comprises 100 ppm to 1500 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.5 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.4, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1500 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.6 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.5, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1200 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.7 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.6, wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 1000 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.8 Composition 2 wherein the composition comprises 200 ppm to 800 ppm of L-carnitine
Or 2.1-2.7.
2.9 Composition 2 wherein said composition comprises 200 ppm to 700 ppm of L-carnitine
Or 2.1-2.8.
2.10 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.9, wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm to 600 ppm of L-carnitine.
2.11. Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm L-carnitine
~ 2.10.
2.12 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.11. The composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.13 Composition 2 or 2.1-2.12, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.14 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.13, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.15 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.14, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.30% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.16 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.15, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.35% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.17 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.16, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.18 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.17, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.19 Composition 2 or 2 wherein said composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% EPA
. 1-2.11.
2.20 The composition 2.19, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15 wt% EPA.
2.21 Composition 2.20 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% EPA.
2.22 Composition 2.21 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.25 wt% EPA.
2.23 Composition 2.22 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.30 wt% EPA.
2.24 Composition 2, 2.1 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.05 wt% DHA
To 2.11, or 2.12 to 2.23.
2.25 Composition 2.24 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% DHA.
2.26 Composition 2.25 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.15 wt% DHA.
2.27 Composition 2.26 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.2 wt% DHA.
2.28 The composition is at least 0.10 wt% EPA, and at least 0.05
Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.27, comprising DHA by weight.
2.29 the composition is at least 0.10 wt% EPA, and at least 0.07
Composition 2.28 comprising wt% DHA.
2.30 wherein the composition is at least 0.20 wt% EPA, and at least 0.15
Composition 2.29 comprising, by weight, DHA.
2.31 wherein the composition is at least 0.23% by weight EPA, and at least 0.16
Composition 2.30 comprising wt% DHA.
2.32 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.31 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.33 Composition 2.32 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.34 Composition 2.33, wherein the composition comprises 0.15 wt% to 1.0 wt% of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.35 Composition 2.34 wherein the composition comprises 0.15% to 0.50% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.36 Composition 2.35 wherein the composition comprises 0.15 wt% to 0.40 wt% of one or both of EPA and DHA.
2.37 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.36, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% EPA.
2.38 Composition 2.3 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% EPA
7.
2.39 Composition 2.3 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% EPA
8.
2.40 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.80 wt% EPA.
39.
2.41 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.60 wt% EPA.
40.
2.42 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.40 wt% EPA.
41.
2.43 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.30 wt% EPA.
42.
2.44 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.43, wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 2.0 wt% DHA.
2.45 Composition 2.4 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 1.5 wt% DHA
4.
2.46 Composition 2.4 wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 1.0 wt% DHA
5.
2.47 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.80 wt% DHA.
46.
2.48 The composition wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.60 wt% DHA.
47.
2.49 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.40 wt% DHA.
48.
2.50 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises 0.05 wt% to 0.20 wt% DHA.
49.
2.51 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt% DHA.
50.
2.52 Composition 2 or 2. wherein said composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% fish oil.
1-2.51.
2.53 Composition 2 or 2. wherein said composition comprises at least 0.50 wt% fish oil.
1-2.52.
2.54 Composition 2 or 2. wherein said composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% fish oil.
1-2.53.
2.55 Composition 2 or 2. wherein said composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% fish oil.
1-2.54.
2.56 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% fish oil
~ 2.55.
2.57 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.2% by weight of fish oil
~ 2.56.
2.58 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.4 wt% fish oil
~ 2.57.
2.59 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.5 wt% fish oil
~ 2.58.
2.60 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.6 wt% fish oil
~ 2.59.
2.61 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 1.8% fish oil
~ 2.60.
2.62 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% fish oil
~ 2.61.
2.63 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 2.5 wt% fish oil
~ 2.62.
2.64 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein said composition comprises at least 3.0 wt% fish oil
~ 2.63.
2.65 Composition 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises 0.2 wt% to 3.0 wt% fish oil
. 1-2.64.
2.66 Composition 2 or 2 wherein said composition comprises 0.2 wt% to 2.0 wt% fish oil
. 1-2.65.
2.67 Composition 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises 0.4 wt% to 2.0 wt% fish oil
. 1-2.66.
2.68 Composition 2 or 2 wherein said composition comprises from 0.6 wt% to 1.5 wt% fish oil
. 1-2.67.
2.69 The composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 2 or 2.1-2.68.
2.70 The composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 2 or 2.1-2.69.
2.71 The composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 2 or 2.1-2.70.
2.72 The composition comprises at least 0.70% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 2 or 2.1-2.71.
2.73 The composition comprises at least 0.90% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids,
Composition 2 or 2.1-2.72.
2.74 Composition 2 or 2.1-2.73, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.75 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.74, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.3% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.76 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.75, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.4% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.77 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.76, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.7% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.78 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.77, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.9% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.79 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.78, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.80 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.79, wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.81 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.80, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.82 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.81, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.5 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.83 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.82, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.84 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.83, wherein the composition comprises 0.30% to 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.85 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.84, wherein the composition comprises 0.50% to 2.0% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
2.86 The composition 2.69-2.85, wherein the composition comprises one or both of capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid.
2.87 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.86, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% capric acid.
2.88 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.87, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% capric acid.
2.89 Composition 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40 wt% capric acid
. 1-2.88.
2.90 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.89, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% capric acid.
2.91 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.90, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% capric acid.
2.92 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.91 wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% capric acid.
2.93 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.92, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% capric acid.
2.94 Composition 2 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% capric acid
Or 2.1-2.93.
2.95 Composition 2 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% capric acid
. 94.
2.96 The composition 2.95 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.80 wt% capric acid.
2.97 Composition 2.96 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.60 wt% capric acid.
2.98 Composition 2.97 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.40 wt% capric acid.
2.99 The composition 2.98, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 0.20 wt% capric acid.
2.100 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.99, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.10 wt% lauric acid.
2.101 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.100, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20 wt% lauric acid.
2.102 Composition 2 or 2.1-2.101, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.40 wt% lauric acid.
2.103 Composition 2 or 2.69-2.102, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.60 wt% lauric acid.
2.104 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.103, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.80 wt% lauric acid.
2.105 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.104, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% lauric acid.
2.106 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.105, wherein the composition comprises at least 2.0 wt% lauric acid.
2.107 Composition 2 or 2.1-2.106, wherein the composition comprises at least 3.0 wt% lauric acid.
2.108 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.99, wherein the composition comprises 0.10% to 3.0% lauric acid.
2.109 The composition 2.108, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 2.0 wt% lauric acid.
2.110 Composition 2.109 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.5 wt% lauric acid.
2.111 The composition 2.110, wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 1.0 wt% lauric acid.
2.112 Composition 2.111 wherein the composition comprises 0.10 wt% to 3.0 wt% lauric acid.
2.113 Composition 2 or 2 wherein the composition comprises one or more medium chain triglyceride oils
. 1-2.68.
2.114 Composition 2.113 wherein the composition comprises at least 1% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.115 The composition 2.114, wherein the composition comprises at least 2% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.116 Composition 2.115 wherein the composition comprises at least 4% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.117 The composition 2.116, wherein the composition comprises at least 6% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.118 Composition 2.117 wherein the composition comprises at least 8% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.119 The composition 2.118, wherein the composition comprises at least 10% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.120 Composition 2.119, wherein the composition comprises at least 12% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.121 The composition 2.120, wherein the composition comprises at least 15% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.122 Composition 2.121 wherein the composition comprises at least 20% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.123 The composition 2.122, wherein the composition comprises 1% to 20% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.124 The composition 2.123, wherein the composition comprises 1% to 15% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.125. The composition 2.124, wherein the composition comprises 1% to 10% by weight of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
2.126 Compositions 2.113 to 1.125, wherein the one or more medium chain triglyceride oils are coconut oil or corn oil.
2.127 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.126, wherein the composition comprises 1 wt% to 10 wt% coconut oil.
2.128. Composition 2.12 wherein said composition comprises 2 wt% to 8 wt% coconut oil
7.
2.129 Composition 2.12 wherein said composition comprises 2 wt% to 5 wt% coconut oil
8.
2.130 Composition wherein the composition comprises 1 wt% to 15 wt% corn oil.
1-2.129.
2.131 Composition 2. wherein the composition comprises from 2 wt% to 10 wt% corn oil.
130.
2.132 The composition wherein the composition comprises 5 wt% to 10 wt% corn oil.
131.
2.133 Composition 2 wherein said composition comprises at least 2 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
Or 2.1-2.132.
2.134 Composition 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 3 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
. 133.
2.135 Composition 2 wherein said composition comprises at least 4 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
. 134.
2.136 Composition 2 wherein said composition comprises at least 5 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
. 135.
2.137 Composition 2 wherein said composition comprises at least 8 wt% linoleic acid (LA)
. 136.
2.138 The composition 2.136, wherein the composition comprises at least 10% by weight linoleic acid (LA).
2.139 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.138, wherein the composition comprises 2 wt% to 10 wt% linoleic acid.
2.140 Composition 2.139, wherein said composition comprises 3 wt% to 8 wt% linoleic acid
.
2.141 Composition 2.140, wherein said composition comprises 4 wt% to 6 wt% linoleic acid
.
2.142 Composition 2.141, wherein the composition comprises 4 wt% to 5 wt% linoleic acid
.
2.143 At least 1.5% by weight of the composition, for example 1.5% to 10% by weight
Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.142, for example containing 1.5 wt% to 8 wt%, such as 1.5 wt% to 5 wt%, such as 1.5 to 3 wt% α-linolenic acid. .
2.144 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.143, wherein the composition comprises arachidonic acid.
2.145 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.144, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.2: 1 or greater.
2.146. The composition 2.145, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.3: 1 or greater.
2.147 The composition 2.146, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.5: 1 or greater.
2.148 The composition 2.147, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 2: 1 or greater.
2.149 The composition 2.148, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3: 1 or greater.
2.150. The composition 2.149, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3.5: 1 or greater.
2.151 The composition 2.150, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 3.8: 1 or greater.
2.152. Composition 2.151 wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 4: 1 or greater.
2.153. Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.152, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.5 wt% arachidonic acid.
2.154 The composition 2.153, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.1 wt% arachidonic acid.
2.155. The composition 2.154, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 wt% to 0.08 wt% arachidonic acid.
2.156 The composition 2.155, wherein the composition comprises 0.02 wt% to 0.07 wt% arachidonic acid.
2.157 The composition 2.156, wherein the composition comprises 0.03% to 0.07% arachidonic acid.
2.158. Composition 2.157, wherein the composition comprises 0.04 wt% to 0.06 wt% arachidonic acid.
2.159. Composition 2.158, wherein the composition comprises 0.06 wt% arachidonic acid.
2.160 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.159, wherein the composition is a dog food.
2.161 The composition comprises one or more of protein, fiber, and nutritional balance agent;
Composition 2.160.
2.162 wherein the composition is at least 10 wt% protein, at least 10 wt%
Of composition 2.16, composition 2.161 comprising at least 0.5% crude fiber by weight.
2.163 wherein the composition is at least 15 wt% fat, and at least 1.0 wt%
Of composition 2.162.
2.164. Compositions 2.158-2.163, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50 wt% calcium, 0.10 wt% phosphorus, and 0.1 wt% sodium.
2.165. The composition 2.164, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.70 wt% calcium, 0.20 wt% phosphorus, and 0.2 wt% sodium.
2.166. Compositions 2.158 to 2.165, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
2.167 The composition 2.166, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.0 wt% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
2.168 The composition 2.167, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.5 wt% α-linoleic acid (α-LA).
2.169 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.168, wherein the composition comprises at least 4.0% of one or more saturated fatty acids.
2.170 The composition comprises at least 4.5% by weight of one or more saturated fatty acids,
Composition 2.169.
2.171 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.170, wherein the composition comprises at least 5.0% by weight of one or more monounsaturated fatty acids.
2.172 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.171, wherein the composition comprises at least 4.0% by weight of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids.
2.173 wherein the composition is at least 3.0 wt% omega-6 fatty acids (n-6 fatty acids)
, And at least 1.0% omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 fatty acids).
1-2.172.
2.174 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.159, wherein the composition is Dog Treats
.
2.175 Composition 2 or 2.1 to 2.17, wherein the composition comprises one or more renal drugs
4.
2.176 Composition 2 or 2.1, wherein said composition is administered with one or more renal drugs
~ 2.175.

The composition of the present disclosure, such as composition 1, such as 1.1 to 1.176, or such as composition 2, such as 2.1 to 2.176, is preferably by using any suitable method. The composition is administered to the dog by feeding it to the dog.

Compositions of the present disclosure, such as Composition 1, such as 1.1 to 1.176, or such as Composition 2, such as 2.1 to 2.176, are in any form suitable for oral administration, such as tablets, pills. Orally, using suspensions, solutions (optionally mixed with drinking water), emulsions, capsules, powders, syrups, and food ingredients. In a preferred embodiment, the composition component and the food component are mixed during the manufacturing process used to prepare a composition suitable for administration in the form of dog food taken by the dog.

Methods according to the present disclosure, such as method 1, such as 1.1 to 1.176, or such as method 2
For example, 2.1-2.176 may be achieved by administering the composition to the dog in various forms. For example, one or more composition ingredients and food ingredients are in separate containers and are mixed just prior to administration. In another embodiment, one or more composition ingredients are mixed with food ingredients during manufacture, and the remaining composition ingredients are mixed with such food ingredients just prior to administration. In a further embodiment, the composition is a component of a pour-on formulation (preferably containing vitamins and minerals) that is utilized as a food ingredient prior to administration. The composition is also mixed with one or more food ingredients, and such mixture is mixed with another food ingredient prior to administration. In a further embodiment, the composition is coated onto the food ingredient during the manufacturing process or after the food composition is manufactured. Alternatively, the composition is administered orally and the food composition is fed to the animal.

In yet another embodiment, L-carnitine and one of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in an amount effective to improve renal function in dogs in need of improved renal function. Or use of a composition comprising both (use 1).

In yet another embodiment, an amount of one of L-carnitine, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) effective to improve renal function in a dog in need of improved renal function. Both, as well as the use of a composition comprising one or more medium chain fatty acids (Use 2) are provided.

In yet another embodiment, in a dog in need of improved renal function, an amount of one of L-carnitine, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) effective to improve renal function or Both provide the use of the composition (Use 3) comprising one or more medium chain fatty acids and a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid.

In still other embodiments, Composition 1, such as 1.1 to 1.176, or Composition 2, such as 2.1 to 2, for improving renal function in dogs in need of improved renal function. .1
Provides 76 uses (use 4).

In still other embodiments, L-carnitine and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in an amount effective for the treatment or prevention of kidney disease in dogs in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease.
And use of a composition comprising one or both of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (use 5).

In yet another embodiment, an amount of L-carnitine, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) effective in treating or preventing kidney disease in a dog in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease. Use of a composition comprising one or both, as well as one or more medium chain fatty acids (Use 6) is provided.

In yet another embodiment, an amount of L-carnitine, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) effective in treating or preventing kidney disease in a dog in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease. Use of a composition comprising one or both, one or more medium chain fatty acids and a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (use 7) is provided.

In still other embodiments, Composition 1, for example 1.1 to 1.176, or Composition 2, for example 2. for the treatment or prevention of kidney disease in dogs in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease. Provides use of 1-2.176 (use 8).

In still other embodiments, Method 1, such as 1.1 to 1.176 or Method 2, such as 2
. Provided is the use of L-carnitine and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the manufacture of a dog food composition for use in methods according to 1-2.176, or uses 1-8. .

In still other embodiments, Method 1, such as 1.1 to 1.176 or Method 2, such as 2
. One or both of L-carnitine, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the manufacture of a dog food composition for use in a method according to 1-2.176 or use 1-8; As well as the use of one or more medium chain fatty acids.

In still other embodiments, Method 1, such as 1.1 to 1.176 or Method 2, such as 2
. One or both of L-carnitine, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the manufacture of a dog food composition for use in a method according to 1-2.176, or use 1-8. The use of one or more medium chain fatty acids as well as the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid is provided.

Example 1

Forty-one healthy beagle dogs with an average age of 9.9 years (range 3.1-14.8 years) are included in the study. Equal numbers of females (n = 21, ovariectomized) and males (n = 20, castrated) were randomly divided into three study groups. Initial weight, mean ± SEM is 12.4 ± 0.4 kg
It is. Exclusion criteria included an inability to eat dry food and / or a diagnosis of the condition. The exclusion criteria from the study is the progression of any condition that would benefit the animal by exclusion.
food

All foods contained similar protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium concentrations (within target analysis error) and were isocaloric. The control food is the appropriate amount of long chain EPA and D
HA, as well as medium chain caprin [10: 0], laurin [12: 0], myristin [14: 0]
It lacks fatty acids (FA). Control foods were palmitic [16: 0] and stearin [1
8: 0] FA is most abundant. Test food 1 is richer in EPA and DHA than the control food, but the medium chain FA content is comparable. Test food 2 consisted of EPA and DHA with increased concentrations, and medium chain FA with increased concentrations, and linolene [LA, 18: 2 (n-6)] and α-linolene [αLA, 18: 3 (n-3)]. Contains FA. Test food 2 also contains minimal amounts of palmitic, stearin, and AA FA. All foods are relatively identical (n-6):
(N-3) has an FA ratio and is approximately 2.3: 1.

In summary, diet is control food (no n-6 or n-3 fatty acids or carnitine fortification), test food 1 (total of EPA and DHA is 0.17%, and carnitine 300pp
m), and test food 2 (EPA and DHA 0.39%, carnitine added, MCT oil added, and n-6 fatty acid added). See Table 4 for completed analysis.
result

表２．クレアチンの血漿濃度（メタボロミクス解析に基づく任意の単位）

表３．ＳＤＭＡの血漿濃度（腎機能マーカーの対称性ジメチルアルギニン）

By feeding this nutrient mixture, increased creatine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
) As well as a decrease in the plasma concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA).
Table 1. Least square mean of glomerular filtration rate (mL / kg / min)

Table 2. Plasma concentration of creatine (arbitrary unit based on metabolomics analysis)

Table 3. Plasma concentration of SDMA (symmetrical dimethylarginine, a renal function marker)

Thus, carnitine, EPA and DHA, linoleic acid, and medium chain fatty acids (c: 1
A blend of components of 0, c: 12, and c: 14, all unsaturated) is effective for GFR, creatine, and (SDMA). We conclude that test food 2 is beneficial for dogs with reduced renal function, since an increase in GFR and a decrease in SDMA are both signs of benefit in renal function. Furthermore, since GFR and creatine are significantly correlated, GFR
The effects of may be mediated by changes in creatine at least in the past.

^ａ全ての分析値は、特に断りのない限り給餌した食物の割合として表している。
^ｂ修正したアトウォーター係数（タンパク質は３．５ｋｃａｌ／ｇ、脂肪は８．５、及び
窒素非含有抽出物は３．５）を使用した分析から計算した
^ｃ飽和脂肪酸の合計：８：０＋１０：０＋１１：０＋１２：０＋１４：０＋１５：０＋１
６：０＋１７：０＋１８：０＋２０：０＋２２：０＋２４：０。
^ｄモノ不飽和脂肪酸の合計：１４：１＋１５：１＋１６：１＋１７：１＋１８：１＋２０
：１＋２２：１＋２４：１。
^ｅポリ不飽和脂肪酸の合計：１８：２（ｎ−６）＋１８：３（ｎ−６）＋１８：３（ｎ−
３）＋１８：４（ｎ−３）＋２０：２（ｎ−６）＋２０：３（ｎ−６）＋２０：３（ｎ−
３）＋２０：４（ｎ−６）＋２０：４（ｎ−３）＋２０：５（ｎ−３）＋２１：５（ｎ−
３）＋２２：２（ｎ−６）＋２２：４（ｎ−６）＋２２：５（ｎ−６）＋２２：５（ｎ−
３）＋２２：６（ｎ−３）。
^ｆ（ｎ−６）脂肪酸の合計。
^ｇ（ｎ−３）脂肪酸の合計。 Test food 2 also contains a minimal amount of AA FA. Test food 2 results in a decrease in circulating AA. The mean change in circulating AA over time in the study showed that the control food resulted in a significant increase in circulating AA (7.28), test food 1 resulted in a small increase in circulating AA (1.49), and the test Food 2 is to cause a significant decrease in circulating AA (-11.22). Decreased circulating AA (acting with increased EPA and DHA) can reduce inflammation in the kidney and lead to improved reported markers of renal function.
Table 4. Food composition of control food and two dietary foods

^aAll analytical values are expressed as the percentage of food fed unless otherwise noted.
^b Calculated from analysis using corrected Atwater coefficient (3.5 kcal / g for protein, 8.5 for fat, and 3.5 for nitrogen-free extract)
^c Total of saturated fatty acids: 8: 0 + 10: 0 + 11: 0 + 12: 0 + 14: 0 + 15: 0 + 1
6: 0 + 17: 0 + 18: 0 + 20: 0 + 22: 0 + 24: 0.
^d Total of monounsaturated fatty acids: 14: 1 + 15: 1 + 16: 1 + 17: 1 + 18: 1 + 20
: 1 + 22: 1 + 24: 1.
^e Total of polyunsaturated fatty acids: 18: 2 (n-6) + 18: 3 (n-6) + 18: 3 (n-
3) +18: 4 (n-3) +20: 2 (n-6) +20: 3 (n-6) +20: 3 (n-
3) +20: 4 (n-6) +20: 4 (n-3) +20: 5 (n-3) +21: 5 (n-
3) +22: 2 (n-6) +22: 4 (n-6) +22: 5 (n-6) +22: 5 (n-
3) +22: 6 (n-3).
^f (n-6) Total fatty acids.
^g (n-3) Total of fatty acids.

Claims (30)

A method for improving renal function in a dog in need of improved renal function, said method comprising adding an effective amount of L-carnitine and one of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to the dog. Administering the composition comprising one or both. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises at least 100 ppm L-carnitine. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the composition comprises at least 200 ppm L-carnitine. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprises 300 ppm L-carnitine. The composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA;
The method as described in any one of Claims 1-4. The composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA;
The method as described in any one of Claims 1-4. The composition comprises at least 0.30% by weight of one or both of EPA and DHA;
The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5. 7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.20% by weight fish oil. 8. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.50% by weight fish oil. 9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.4 wt% fish oil. The composition comprises at least 0.10% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
10. The method according to any one of items 9. The composition comprises at least 0.15% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
The method according to any one of 10 above. The composition comprises at least 1.4% by weight of one or more medium chain fatty acids.
The method according to any one of 0. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the one or more medium chain fatty acids are selected from capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid. 10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the composition comprises one or more medium chain triglyceride oils. 15. The composition comprises at least 1% of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
The method described in 1. 15. The composition comprises at least 4% of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
Or 15. The method according to 15. 15. The composition comprises at least 8% of one or more medium chain triglyceride oils.
The method as described in any one of -16. 18. A method according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the one or more medium chain triglyceride oils are coconut oil. The said composition contains one or both of coconut oil and corn oil.
9. The method according to any one of items 8. 20. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises at least 2% linoleic acid (LA). 21. The method of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the composition comprises at least 4% linoleic acid (LA). 22. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises at least 1.5 wt% [alpha] -linolenic acid. 23. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition has a ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid of 1.3: 1 or greater.   24. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the composition is a dog food. A method of treating or preventing kidney disease in a dog in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease comprising the step of: adding to the dog an effective amount of L-carnitine, as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (E
Administering a composition comprising one or both of PA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). An effective amount of L-carnitine to improve renal function and 1 of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dogs in need of improved renal function
A composition comprising one or both. An effective amount of L-carnitine and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (in a dog in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease)
A composition comprising one or both of DHA). An effective amount of L-carnitine to improve renal function and 1 of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dogs in need of improved renal function
Use of a composition comprising one or both. An effective amount of L-carnitine and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (in a dog in need of treatment or prevention of kidney disease)
Use of a composition comprising one or both of DHA).