JP2017217886A - Card and method for manufacturing card - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a card which prevents a nonuniform pressure of a pressure applied to a laminate, occurrence of air bubbles and elongation of a printed pattern, and has glossiness and a pattern held by a mother-of-pearl, when the card is produced by hot pressing a laminate, and to provide a method for producing the same.SOLUTION: A method for producing a card includes: a step of laminating a first resin sheet, an IC inlet, a second resin sheet, a third resin sheet, a mother-of-pearl hollowing out sheet engaged with and a mother-of-pearl sheet and a transparent sheet having an adhesive layer formed on the sheet side; a step of thermally laminating the laminate produced by the step; a step of thermally laminating the laminate again; a step of laminating a pattern printing layer of a first over sheet on the first resin sheet side of the laminate produced in the step, a pattern printing layer in an opposite side to the transparent sheet on the transparent sheet side, and a second over sheet having a protective layer provided thereon; and a step of thermally laminating a laminate produced by the step.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a card having high designability using a screw and a manufacturing method thereof.

  Various techniques have been developed as a method for imparting high design properties to cards. Among such techniques, a technique that mimics a screw or a screw that is a decoration technique mainly used for traditional crafts such as lacquerware and belts has been proposed.

  For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a technique for realizing a pattern by a diffraction grating that can produce an effect of unevenly flowing a pattern depending on a viewing angle and that expresses a spiral pattern that cannot be expressed by a conventional optical diffraction structure. A diffraction grating design in which a design represented by a dimension is divided into fine parts, and the information of the divided design is replaced with information from an optical diffraction structure, and the diffraction pitch or diffraction angle and diffraction pitch of adjacent diffraction grating designs , Which change continuously, but the rate of change is non-linear, and a diffraction grating pattern that differs depending on the direction is disclosed.

  This technology has a high design characteristic of a diffraction grating pattern, but has a different texture from that of a screw.

  Further, Patent Document 2 discloses an IC card having a lacquer decoration part provided with a lacquer decoration by attaching a screw or a gold foil as a technique for realizing an IC card having a high design.

  This technology can produce a card with high design with a lacquer decoration part (screw) with lacquered decoration, but because the lacquer decoration part is hard, a sheet containing this lacquer decoration part is laminated. Thus, when the card is manufactured by hot pressing, the pressure applied to the laminate becomes non-uniform. As a result, there is a problem in that bubbles are generated in a portion where the pressure is insufficient, and conversely, the printed pattern of the pattern printing layer extends in a portion where the pressure is excessive.

Japanese Patent No. 4648150 Utility Model Registration No. 3188672

  In order to solve the above-described problems, the present invention provides a method for producing a card by hot pressing the laminated body, so that the pressure applied to the laminated body becomes non-uniform, and bubbles are not generated and the printed pattern is not elongated. It is an object of the present invention to provide a card having a high design with a unique luster, texture, and pattern of Raden, and a method for producing the same.

As means for solving the above problems, the invention according to claim 1 of the present invention includes a first oversheet provided with a pattern printing layer,
A first resin sheet laminated on the pattern print layer side of the oversheet;
An IC inlet provided with an IC chip side of an IC inlet provided with an antenna pattern and an IC chip on a base sheet on the side opposite to the first resin sheet;
A second resin sheet provided with an IC chip hole for accommodating the convex part of the IC chip in accordance with the position of the IC chip;
A third resin sheet provided with a base layer that is a printed layer on the side opposite to the second resin layer, and provided with a first adhesive layer on the printed layer;
A threaded part cut-out sheet in which a screwed sheet is fitted in a threaded part cut-out part into which the screwed sheet is fitted;
A transparent sheet provided with a second adhesive layer on the threaded part cut sheet side;
The card is characterized in that a picture printed layer is provided on the side opposite to the transparent sheet, and a second oversheet provided with a protective layer is laminated on the picture printed layer in this order.

  The invention according to claim 2 is the card according to claim 1, wherein the first resin layer and the second resin layer are a transparent sheet or a colored sheet.

The invention according to claim 3 is a method of manufacturing a card according to claim 1 or 2,
The first resin sheet, the IC inlet, the second resin sheet, the screw part cut sheet in which the third resin sheet and the screw sheet are fitted, and the second adhesive layer on the screw part cut sheet side A first laminating step of laminating the transparent sheet on which is formed to form a laminate,
A first laminate press step of thermally laminating the laminate produced in the first lamination step and thermally fusing between the sheets;
A second laminate press step in which the heat-sealed laminate obtained in the first laminate press step is heat laminated again;
On the first resin sheet side of the laminate produced in the second laminate press step, the pattern printed layer side of the first oversheet is laminated and the transparent sheet side is laminated with the transparent sheet. A second laminating step of laminating a second oversheet provided with the pattern printing layer and a protective layer provided thereon on the opposite side;
And a third laminating press step for thermally laminating the laminate produced in the second laminating step.

  Further, in the invention according to claim 4, in the first laminating press step, the second laminating press step, and the third laminating press step, the arithmetic surface roughness Ra of the press surface in contact with the laminate is 0.2 μm. It is -1.5micrometer, It is a manufacturing method of the card | curd of Claim 3 characterized by the above-mentioned.

  In the invention according to claim 5, the arithmetic surface roughness Ra of the press surface in contact with the laminate is 0.2 μm in the first laminate press step, the second laminate press step, and the third laminate press step. It is less than this, It is a manufacturing method of the card | curd of Claim 3 characterized by the above-mentioned.

According to the card of the present invention, it is possible to provide a card having a high design with a gloss and pattern peculiar to a screw.
Further, according to the card manufacturing method of the present invention, it is possible to make the pressure applied to the laminated body uniform when the laminated body constituting the card is laminate-pressed. It is possible to manufacture a card in which the printed pattern generated at an excessive portion does not stretch.

Explanatory drawing for demonstrating an example of the laminated structure of the card | curd of this invention. Explanatory drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing method of the card | curd of this invention.

<Card>
The card of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
FIG. 1 shows an example of the laminated structure of the card 20 of the present invention.

  The card 20 of the present invention includes a first oversheet 16 provided with a pattern print layer 15, a first resin sheet 14 laminated on the pattern print layer 15 side of the first oversheet 16, and an antenna pattern on the base sheet. The IC inlet 13 provided with the IC chip 17 side of the IC inlet 13 provided with 18 and the IC chip 17 on the side opposite to the first resin sheet 14, and the IC chip hole 12 for accommodating the convex part of the IC chip 17 are provided in the IC chip. The second resin sheet 11 provided in accordance with the position 17 and the base layer 9 as a printing layer are provided on the side opposite to the second resin sheet 11, and the first adhesive layer 8 is provided on the base layer 9. A transparent sheet provided with a three-resin sheet 10, a threaded part cut-out part 7 into which the screwed sheet 6 is fitted, a screwed part cut-out sheet 7 fitted with the screwed sheet 6, and a second adhesive layer 5 on the screwed part cut-out sheet 7 side. And bets 4, picture-printed layer 2 is provided on the side opposite to the transparent sheet 4, a second over sheet 3 protective layer 1 is provided on top of the picture-printed layer 2, it is laminated in this order.

  The first resin layer and the second resin layer may be a transparent sheet or a colored sheet.

The layer structure of the card of the present invention will be described in more detail.
First, the first resin sheet 14 which is a transparent or colored sheet is laminated on the first oversheet 16 on the back side where the pattern printing layer 15 is formed, and the IC inlet 13 is disposed thereon. On the IC inlet 13, a second resin sheet 11 which is a transparent sheet or a colored sheet provided with IC chip holes 12 is laminated. By providing the IC chip hole 12, it is possible to prevent a communication failure of the IC from occurring due to the pressure of the laminating press when forming a card.

  On the 2nd resin sheet 11 which provided the IC chip hole 12, the 3rd resin sheet 10 which is the transparent sheet or colored sheet in which the base layer 9 which is a printing layer was formed is laminated | stacked. By providing the third resin sheet 10, the IC chip 17 can be prevented from seeping through the screw sheet 6. Furthermore, the first adhesive layer 8 is provided on the screw sheet 6 side of the third resin sheet 10. By providing the first adhesive layer 8, it is possible to make a card that does not easily peel between the screw sheet 6 and the third resin sheet 10.

  Next, the screw sheet 6 is laminated on the third resin sheet 10 so as to fit the screw part cut sheet 7. Thereby, separation of the pearl layer can be prevented in the screw of the screw sheet 6.

  Next, the transparent sheet 4 provided with the second adhesive layer 5 on the screw sheet 6 side is laminated on the screw sheet 6 and the screw part cut-out sheet 7. The second adhesive layer 5 has a function of making it difficult to peel off between the screw sheet 6 and the transparent sheet 4. Further, by using the transparent sheet 4, it is possible to visually recognize the screw sheet 6 from above the second oversheet 3 on the surface, and it is possible to obtain a card having a high design with a gloss and pattern of the screw.

  Next, the second oversheet 3 in which the pattern printing layer 2 is formed on the opposite side of the transparent sheet 4 is laminated on the transparent sheet 4, and the protective layer 1 is further formed on the pattern printing layer 2. It is.

Next, components of the card of the present invention will be described.
(Card substrate; oversheet, transparent sheet, colored sheet)
Examples of the material for the card substrate such as the first oversheet 16, the second oversheet 3, the transparent sheet 4, the first resin sheet, the second resin sheet, and the third resin sheet include polyester resin and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Polymer resins (ABS resins), vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resins, PET-G, polypropylene, triacetate, polyamide, and other resins can be used, but it is not necessary to limit to these.

In addition, a colored sheet having no light transmittance can be produced by finely dispersing various pigments such as white, black, indigo, red, and yellow into a transparent resin and uniformly dispersing the resin in the resin. .
As pigments to be used, organic pigments and inorganic pigments such as brilliant carmine 6C, disazo yellow, phthalocyanine green, phthalocyanine blue, methyl violet lake, carbon black, and titanium white can be used, but it is not necessary to limit to these. .

(Adhesive layer)
For the adhesive layer, various commercially available adhesives can be used. For example, an adhesive such as a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer system, an epoxy system, an acrylic system, or a polyurethane system can be preferably used. An adhesive can also be used. For example, an acrylic or polyester adhesive can be used, and a urethane or epoxy curing agent or the like may be added as necessary. From the viewpoint of compatibility and adhesion to the card substrate, an epoxy or urethane adhesive is preferred.

(Picture printing layer)
As the pattern ink used to form the pattern printing layer, offset ink is generally used, but it is not limited to ultraviolet curable ink or oxidation polymerization type ink, but penetrating ink, heat drying ink, evaporation Printing inks such as dry inks can be used.

  The composition of the offset ink consists of organic pigments and inorganic pigments such as brilliant carmine 6C, disazo yellow, phthalocyanine green, phthalocyanine blue, methyl violet lake, carbon black, titanium white, rosin-modified phenolic resin, tung oil, and high boiling point fat. Examples include petroleum petroleum solvents, oligomers (prepolymers), vehicles (varnishes) such as polyfunctional acrylic monomers, auxiliary agents such as set-off prevention agents and photopolymerization initiators, but these are not all of them.

  As an embodiment of the present invention, as a pigment, copper phthalocyanine, disazo yellow, etc., and as a resin, polyvinyl acetate and its copolymer resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, rosin-modified phenol resin , Urea resin and melamine resin, ketone resin, PVC, acrylic resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, polyamide resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane, nitrocellulose, ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, cyclized rubber, chlorinated rubber, etc. Alternatively, a photopolymerizable material and two or more modifying resins that improve adhesion can be used in combination as a vehicle, but UV curable (UV) offset from the viewpoint of compatibility and adhesion to the card substrate. Ink, and rosin-modified phenolic resin If resin, acrylic resin or a copolymer resin is preferable. Examples of the photopolymerization initiator benzophenone, benzyl, dimethylamino benzophenone are preferred. In addition, hydroquinone is preferable as the thermal polymerization inhibitor. However, it is also possible to use screen ink, flexographic ink, gravure ink or the like without depending on the above ink.

(IC inlet)
The IC inlet is not particularly limited, and a commercially available IC inlet can be suitably used. Moreover, what was manufactured in another process may be used.
An antenna that is a support and is formed by forming a conductive ink-printed antenna pattern, aluminum foil, or copper foil on a base material made of an electrically insulating material, and then patterning the pattern by photolithography. What is necessary is just to form a pattern and connect an IC chip to the antenna pattern. It may be a module in which a resin-molded IC chip is mounted on an antenna pattern formed on a thin printed wiring board.

(Underlayer)
The underlayer is a layer formed by printing. As a method for forming the underlayer, a screen ink printing method can be preferably applied, but the method is not limited thereto. As the ink, evaporative drying ink, ultraviolet curable ink, oxidation polymerization ink, penetrating ink, and the like can be used. Various printing methods can be applied to the printing method.

  As the composition of the ink, polyvinyl acetate and its copolymer resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, rosin-modified phenol resin, urea resin and melamine resin, ketone resin, PVC, Use various resins such as acrylic resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, polyamide resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane, nitrocellulose, ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, cyclized rubber, chlorinated rubber, or use in combination of two or more. However, polyvinyl acetate-acrylic copolymer resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylic copolymer resin, and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-acrylic copolymer resin are preferable from the viewpoint of compatibility and adhesion to the card substrate.

(Spiral sheet)
Examples of the screw used in the screw sheet according to the present invention include diatom oysters (nightlight shellfish), mimigai (south shell), white butterfly (white butterfly), black butterfly (black butterfly), kawashinjugai (blue shell), and pearl oyster (pearl shell). ), Pearl layers inside shells such as Takase-gai (Takasekai), abalone, etc. are generally used, but are not limited thereto. Also, as a type, there are a thin film obtained by thinly peeling a shell having a thickness of approximately 0.05 mm to 1.5 mm using a chemical or the like, and a thick film having a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2.0 mm polished and cut out. . From the viewpoint of the thickness of the card, a thin film having a thickness of 0.05 mm to 0.20 mm, more preferably 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm is preferable. In addition, the pearl layers can be joined together with glue to form a sheet, or the pearl layers can be pulverized into powder.

  As an embodiment of the present invention, an adhesive layer is provided on a sheet-like material (screw sheet), or 1.0 mm to 10.0 mm for card size standards (JIS X 6301), from the viewpoint of adhesion. A sheet-like one having a length of 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm, length × width being shortened, or one cut out at one point can be suitably used. Moreover, as the glue, urethane or epoxy glue can be preferably used.

(Punched sheet)
As the threaded sheet, either a transparent sheet having light transmittance or a sheet having no light transmittance can be used. In the case of non-light-transmitting sheets, white, black, indigo, crimson, yellow and other pigments or mixed pigments are colored by mixing them into the resin during sheet processing, and the resin is processed into a sheet. By doing so, a sheet that is colored and does not have optical transparency can be produced.

As pigments used for coloring, organic pigments and inorganic pigments such as brilliant carmine 6C, disazo yellow, phthalocyanine green, phthalocyanine blue, methyl violet lake, carbon black, and titanium white are generally used, but are not limited thereto. There is no need. As the material of the sheet, polyester resin, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer resin (ABS), vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, PET-G, polypropylene, polycarbonate, triacetate, polyamide and the like are generally used. It is not necessary to limit to these, and any material that conforms to JIS X 6301 can be used.

  Further, the thickness of the sheet is preferably the same as the thickness of the screw, 0.10 mm to 0.20 mm, and further 0.10 mm to 0.15 mm.

  The size of the cut-out portion is desirably 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, more preferably 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm larger than the size of the screw sheet. As a means for forming the cut-out portion, punching processing, laser processing, or the like can be suitably used, but it is not necessary to limit to these.

(Protective layer)
The protective layer only needs to be made of transparent resin having light permeability, and can be formed by laminating a transparent resin sheet and thermally laminating. Further, instead of the resin sheet, a coating liquid made of a transparent resin may be applied and dried.

<Card manufacturing method>
Next, the manufacturing method of the card | curd of this invention is demonstrated.
As shown in FIG. 2, the card manufacturing process of the present invention includes the following five processes.

(First lamination process)
First, in the first laminating step, the first resin sheet, the IC inlet, the second resin sheet, the screw part hollow sheet in which the third resin sheet and the screw sheet are fitted, and the second adhesion to the screw part hollow sheet side A laminate is formed by laminating the transparent sheet on which the layers are formed.

(First laminating press process)
Next, the laminate produced in the first lamination step is thermally laminated, and the sheets are thermally fused.

(Second Laminating Press Step Next, the heat-sealed laminate obtained in the first laminating press step is heat laminated again. This can eliminate the unevenness of the sheet surface and improve the surface uniformity. .

(Second lamination process)
Next, the laminate produced in the second laminate press step and the second laminate press step is laminated with the pattern printed layer side of the first oversheet facing the first resin side, and on the transparent sheet side, A second oversheet provided with a pattern printing layer and a protective layer provided thereon is laminated on the opposite side of the transparent sheet.

(Third laminating press process)
Next, the laminate produced in the second lamination step is heat laminated. By increasing the uniformity of the sheet surface by the second laminating press, pressure is uniformly applied to the entire ticket surface, and the generation of bubbles can prevent the pattern from growing.
The laminated structure of the card of the present invention can be manufactured through the above steps. After that, when multiple faces are applied, the card is completed by punching or cutting each card.

(Surface treatment)
In the method for producing a card of the present invention, when the card surface has a uniform uneven shape, the arithmetic surface roughness Ra of the metal plate or roll directly in contact with the card surface in each laminating press step is 0. .2 μm to 1.5 μm. In order to obtain a card having a mirror surface, the arithmetic surface roughness Ra is similarly set to 0.2 μm or less.

  When a film is sandwiched between a metal plate or roll and a card, the arithmetic surface roughness Ra of the surface of the film in contact with the surface of the card may be 0.2 μm to 1.5 μm and 0.2 μm or less, respectively. . As the material of the film to be used, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, or the like can be used.

  The conditions of the laminating press are as follows: the temperature is 80 ° C. to 180 ° C., which is + 30 ° C. to + 100 ° C., the pressure is 1.0 to 50.0 MPa, and the time for pressing 1 minute to 30 minutes is suitable.

  Next, examples of the present invention will be described.

<Example 1>
A card having the layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was produced.
The following resin sheets and IC inlets were used.
-Oversheet made of stretched PET with a thickness of 0.070 mm on which a pattern printing layer was formed-Transparent sheet made of PET-G with a thickness of 0.125 mm on which an underlayer was formed-Made of PET-G with a thickness of 0.125 mm White sheet-Transparent sheet provided with IC-chip holes made of PET-G with a thickness of 0.200 mm-Transparent sheet with hollowed out screw parts made of PET-G with a thickness of 0.200 mm-Screw sheet with a thickness of 0.135 mm -IC inlet consisting of an IC chip with a thickness of 0.200 mm and an antenna sheet with a thickness of 0.080 mm-Transparent sheet consisting of PET-G with a thickness of 0.125 mm

  First, (3) a white sheet, (7) an IC inlet, (4) a transparent sheet provided with IC chip holes, and (2) an adhesive layer on the base layer side of the transparent sheet on which the base layer is formed. A transparent sheet in which the screw sheet of (6) is fitted into the transparent sheet in which the screw part of (5) is cut out, and a transparent sheet of (8) in which an adhesive layer is formed on the side of the screw part cut-out sheet Are stacked in this order.

Next, the 1st lamination press was implemented using the lamination press apparatus.
Lamination press temperature: 120 ° C., pressure: 20 MPa, holding time: 5 minutes.

  Next, the second lamination press was carried out under the conditions of the lamination press temperature: 120 ° C., pressure: 20 MPa, holding time: 10 minutes, and then cooled and taken out. In this way, a heat-sealed laminate was obtained.

  Next, on the IC inlet side of the laminate obtained as described above, the pattern printing layer side of the oversheet (1) on which the pattern printing layer was formed was laminated. The transparent sheet (8) was laminated on the pattern printing layer of the oversheet (1) on the screw sheet side of the laminate.

The laminated body thus obtained was subjected to a third laminating press using a laminating press apparatus to obtain a laminated body having the laminated structure of the card of the present invention. The conditions for the laminating press were the same as those for the first time. The card of the present invention was manufactured by subjecting the laminate thus obtained to post-treatment such as cutting and chamfering.

  Note that the arithmetic surface roughness Ra of the press surface that directly contacts the surface of the laminate when the laminate was hot-pressed by a laminate press apparatus was 0.5 μm.

<Comparative example>
Next, a comparative example will be described.
In the laminated structure of the final layer structure of Example 1, a laminate press was performed under the same conditions as the first laminate press to obtain a heat-bonded laminate. The laminated body thus obtained was subjected to post-treatment such as cutting and chamfering in the same manner as in Example 1 to produce a card.

  As a result of evaluating the cards produced in Example 1 and the comparative example as described above, the card of the present invention in Example 1 was a card without generation of bubbles and elongation of the pattern. In addition, a card with a high design property could be obtained without finding any damage on the screw of the screw sheet. On the other hand, the card in the comparative example was a card with the generation of bubbles and the elongation of the pattern.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Protective layer 2 ... Pattern printing layer 3 ... Oversheet 4 ... Transparent sheet 5 ... Adhesive sheet 6 ... Screw sheet 7 ... Screw part cut sheet 8 ... Adhesion Layer 9: Underlayer (printing)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Transparent or colored sheet 11 ... Transparent or colored sheet 12 ... IC chip hole 13 ... IC inlet 14 ... Transparent or colored sheet 15 ... Pattern printing layer 16 ... Oversheet

Claims (5)

A first oversheet with a pattern printing layer;
A first resin sheet laminated on the pattern print layer side of the oversheet;
An IC inlet provided with an IC chip side of an IC inlet provided with an antenna pattern and an IC chip on a base sheet on the side opposite to the first resin sheet;
A second resin sheet provided with an IC chip hole for accommodating the convex part of the IC chip in accordance with the position of the IC chip;
A base layer that is a printed layer is provided on the side opposite to the second resin sheet, and a third resin sheet provided with a first adhesive layer on the base layer;
A threaded part cut-out sheet in which a screwed sheet is fitted in a threaded part cut-out part into which the screwed sheet is fitted;
A transparent sheet provided with a second adhesive layer on the threaded part cut sheet side;
A card comprising: a pattern printing layer provided on the opposite side of the transparent sheet; and a second oversheet provided with a protective layer on the pattern printing layer.   The card according to claim 1, wherein the first resin layer and the second resin layer are a transparent sheet or a colored sheet. A card manufacturing method according to claim 1 or 2,
The first resin sheet, the IC inlet, the second resin sheet, the screw part cut sheet in which the third resin sheet and the screw sheet are fitted, and the second adhesive layer on the screw part cut sheet side A first laminating step of laminating the transparent sheet on which is formed to form a laminate,
A first laminate press step of thermally laminating the laminate produced in the first lamination step and thermally fusing between the sheets;
A second laminate press step in which the heat-sealed laminate obtained in the first laminate press step is heat laminated again;
On the first resin sheet side of the laminate produced in the second laminate press step, the pattern printed layer side of the first oversheet is laminated and the transparent sheet side is laminated with the transparent sheet. A second laminating step of laminating a second oversheet provided with the pattern printing layer and a protective layer provided thereon on the opposite side;
And a third laminating press step for thermally laminating the laminate produced in the second laminating step.   In the first laminating press step, the second laminating press step, and the third laminating press step, the arithmetic surface roughness Ra of the press surface in contact with the laminate is 0.2 μm to 1.5 μm. The manufacturing method of the card | curd of Claim 3.   The arithmetic surface roughness Ra of the press surface in contact with the laminate is less than 0.2 μm in the first laminate press step, the second laminate press step, and the third laminate press step. The manufacturing method of the card | curd as described in.