JP2017190271A - Laminated glass and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a laminated glass having a fixed quality even if two glass plates with different glass compositions are used.SOLUTION: Provided is a laminated glass 1 comprising: a first glass plate 2; a second glass plate 3 and an intermediate film 4 between the first glass plate 2 and the second glass plate 3. The thickness of the second glass plate 2 is smaller than that of the first glass plate 3, the first glass plate 2 is curvedly molded so as to have the first curvature radius R1, an intermediate film 4 is provided at the side of a recessed face 2b of the first glass plate 2, and, in a state where the projecting curve reduction from the curvature radius R1 of the first glass plate 2 is smaller than the projecting curve increase of the second glass plate 3, the first glass plate 2 and the second glass plate 3 are adhered with the intermediate film 4. The thickness of the first glass plate 2 is 1 to 3 mm, the thickness of the second glass plate 3 is 0.3 to 2 mm, the first glass plate 2 being soda lime glass, and the second glass plate 3 being aluminosilicate glass.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to laminated glass used for vehicles such as automobiles and railways and vehicles such as aircraft.

  Conventionally, physically tempered glass and laminated glass have been used as window glass used in vehicles such as automobiles and railways and vehicles such as aircraft. Particularly in recent years, in order to improve fuel efficiency, there is an increasing demand for lighter window glass used in vehicles. Physically tempered glass has high strength due to the formation of compressive stress on the surface, while it requires a certain thickness to form compressive stress. There is a safety problem due to the miniaturization and scattering, and it is difficult to reduce the weight by simple thin plate. On the other hand, since the safety of laminated glass is ensured and it is easier to reduce the weight than the above-mentioned physically strengthened glass, in recent years, laminated glass has been widely used as a window glass for vehicles.

  Laminated glass for vehicles is generally manufactured by bonding two glass plates formed in a curved shape with a polyvinyl butyral film (PVB film). As described in Patent Document 1 below, bending of laminated glass for vehicles is performed by laminating two sheet glasses via a release agent such as boron nitride (BN), diatomaceous earth, and magnesium oxide, and bending the glass at the same time. It is common to separate and wash one by one later.

WO2012 / 176813

  In recent years, a laminated glass having a thinner thickness has been demanded from the demand for further weight reduction of laminated glass for vehicles. On the external environment side of a vehicle such as an automobile, it is difficult to reduce the thickness because stepping stones or the like may collide with the laminated glass. On the other hand, it is possible to reduce the thickness on the internal environment side of the driver or the like as compared with the external environment side. When the thickness of the glass plate is reduced, the strength becomes relatively low. Therefore, in order to compensate for the reduced strength, the use of chemically tempered glass is also being considered on the internal environment side. That is, it has been studied to change the type of glass between the glass plate on the external environment side and the glass plate on the internal environment side of the laminated glass for vehicles.

  However, when the type of glass plate is changed, the following problems occur. That is, when the type of glass plate, particularly the glass composition, is changed, the preferred bending temperature of the glass plate also changes. When the glass sheet cannot be bent at a suitable bending temperature, the following problem occurs. When the bending temperature is low, a desired bent shape cannot be obtained, and when it is high, the surface property of the glass plate is deteriorated. If two sheet glasses having different bending temperatures are bent at the same time as described in Patent Document 1, it is necessary to set the temperature to a sheet glass having a higher preferable bending temperature. There is a problem that the surface accuracy of the plate glass having a lower preferred bending temperature is deteriorated.

  On the other hand, it is also conceivable that two plate glasses are individually bent and bonded with an intermediate film. However, there is actually an individual difference in the bent glass sheet, and it is difficult to completely match the curvature radii of the two glass sheets. When bonding is actually performed with an intermediate film using two individually formed glass plates, it is necessary to perform bonding while absorbing a deviation in curvature radius caused by individual differences. In the laminated glass bonded in this way, the bending stress resulting from the absorption of the deviation described above remains, and the bending stress is not determined in a certain direction as the compression direction or the tensile direction. There is also a problem that it is not constant.

  Even when the same glass composition is used for the two glass plates, the following problems arise when the chemically strengthened glass is employed only on the internal environment side. That is, even if two glass plates are bent at the same time by an apparatus such as Patent Document 1, the glass plate on the internal environment side after chemical strengthening is performed by performing the chemical strengthening process only on the glass plate on the internal environment side thereafter. It is a problem that the curvature of is changed. Even in this case, there arises a problem that the bending stress is not constant as in the case where the above-described two glass sheets are individually bent.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and even when two different types of glass plates are used, laminated glass having a certain quality, and its The object is to propose a manufacturing method.

  The invention devised to solve the above problems is a laminated glass having a first glass plate, a second glass plate, and an intermediate film between the first glass plate and the second glass plate, The thickness of the second glass plate is thinner than the thickness of the first glass plate, and the first glass plate is curved and formed to have a first radius of curvature. In the state which has the said intermediate film in the concave surface side of a glass plate, and the convex curve decrease amount from the said 1st curvature radius of the said 1st glass plate is smaller than the convex curve increase amount of a said 2nd glass plate. The first glass plate and the second glass plate are bonded to each other with the intermediate film.

  The said structure WHEREIN: It is preferable that the said 2nd glass plate is curve-shaped so that it may have a 2nd curvature radius, and a said 1st curvature radius is larger than a said 2nd curvature radius.

  The said structure WHEREIN: It is preferable that the said convex curve reduction amount is 0.

  The said structure WHEREIN: It is preferable that the thickness of a said 1st glass plate is 1 mm-3 mm, and the thickness of a said 2nd glass plate is 0.3 mm-2 mm.

  The said structure WHEREIN: It is preferable that a said 1st glass plate is soda-lime glass and a said 2nd glass plate is aluminosilicate glass.

  The present invention devised to solve the above problems is a method for producing a laminated glass, comprising: a first preparation step of bending a first glass plate with a first radius of curvature; and the first glass plate. A second preparation step of preparing a second glass plate having a small thickness, an intermediate film is disposed between the concave surface side of the first glass plate and the second glass plate, and the first glass plate is bonded at the time of bonding. Bonding step of bonding the first glass plate and the second glass plate with the intermediate film so that the convex curve increase amount of the second glass plate is larger than the convex curve decrease amount of the glass plate. The invention relates to a method for producing a laminated glass.

  Said structure WHEREIN: It is preferable that a said 2nd preparation process carries out curve shaping | molding of the said 2nd glass plate with the 2nd curvature radius larger than a said 1st curvature radius.

  The said structure WHEREIN: It is preferable that the curve shaping | molding temperature in a said 2nd preparation process is higher than the curve shaping | molding temperature in a said 1st preparation process.

  According to the present invention, a laminated glass with stable quality can be manufactured.

It is a side view of the laminated glass which concerns on this invention. It is a side view of the 1st glass plate used for this invention. It is a perspective view of the 2nd glass plate 3 used for this invention. It is a side view of the 2nd glass plate shape-curved used for this invention. It is a figure explaining the convex curve reduction amount of the 1st glass plate used for this invention. It is a figure explaining the convex curve increase amount of the 2nd glass plate used for this invention. It is the figure which showed the flowchart of the manufacturing method of the laminated glass which concerns on this invention. It is the schematic of the 1st preparatory process which concerns on this invention. It is the figure which has arrange | positioned the intermediate film between the 1st glass plate and the 2nd glass plate when performing the adhesion process which concerns on this invention.

  Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of a laminated glass and a method for producing the same according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

  In the laminated glass 1 according to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, a first glass plate 2 and a second glass plate 3 are bonded with an intermediate film 4.

The first glass plate 2 is arranged on the external environment side when mounted on a vehicle such as an automobile in the state of the laminated glass 1. The convex surface 2a side of the first glass plate 2 is the external environment side, and the intermediate film 4 is disposed on the concave surface 2b side. As the first glass plate 2, soda lime glass is preferably used from the viewpoint of strength and cost. The first glass plate 2 has a glass composition of mass%, SiO ₂ 70 to 75%, Al ₂ O ₃ 0 to 5%, CaO 5 to 15%, MgO 0 to 5% Na ₂ O 10 to 15%. It is preferable to use a soda-lime glass plate containing From the viewpoint of strength, the thickness of the first glass plate 2 is preferably 1 mm to 3 mm, more preferably 1.3 mm to 2.5 mm, and 1.3 mm to 2.1 mm. More preferably, it is 1.6 mm to 2.1 mm.

The second glass plate 3 is arranged on the internal environment side when mounted on a vehicle such as an automobile in the state of the laminated glass 1. The intermediate film 4 is disposed on the convex surface 3a side of the second glass plate 3, and the concave surface 3b side is the internal environment side. The second glass plate 3 is preferably glass having a composition and characteristics different from those of the first glass plate 2. The second glass plate 3 preferably has a glass composition different from that of the first glass plate 2, and aluminosilicate glass is preferably used from the viewpoint of strength. Moreover, it is preferable that the 2nd glass plate 3 is a glass which has a different characteristic from the 1st glass plate 2, and it is preferable to use chemically strengthened glass from a viewpoint of raising an intensity | strength. A second glass plate 3, a case of using a chemically tempered glass of aluminosilicate, as a glass composition, in _{mass%, SiO 2 50~80%, Al} 2 O 3 5~25%, B 2 O 3 0 _{~15%, Na 2 O 1~20%} , it is preferable to use a tempered glass plate containing K 2 O 0~10%. If the glass composition range is regulated as described above, it becomes easy to achieve both ion exchange performance and devitrification resistance at a high level. Further, as the second glass plate 3, chemically tempered glass of soda lime glass can be used.

  The second glass plate 3 is thinner than the first glass plate 2, and the thickness is preferably 0.1 mm to 2 mm, more preferably 0.3 mm to 2 mm, and 0. More preferably, it is 5 mm to 1.5 mm. By making the thickness of the second glass plate 3 smaller than that of the first glass plate 2, the weight of the laminated glass 1 as a whole can be reduced. In addition, from the viewpoint of reinforcing the reduction of the thickness of the second glass plate 3, it is preferable to use the second glass plate 3 that is chemically strengthened with aluminosilicate glass.

  The first glass plate 2 and the second glass plate 3 used in the present invention are prepared using a known float method, rollout method, slot down draw method, overflow down draw method, redraw method, or the like. Can do. Since the first glass plate 2 has a large thickness, it is preferably manufactured by a float method, and the second glass plate 3 has a small thickness, and is preferably manufactured by an overflow down draw method.

  In the present embodiment, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is preferably used for the intermediate film 4, but is not limited to this, and for example, a hot melt type such as ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer resin (EVA) or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). A sheet can also be preferably used.

FIG. 2 is a side view of the first glass plate 2 used in the present invention.
The first glass plate 2 is curved so as to have a first radius of curvature R1. The method of curve-forming the first glass plate 2 is not particularly limited, and the first glass plate 2 is formed by a known method such as a self-weight bending method by heating, a hinge method, a suction method, a gas furnace method, a horizontal press method, or the like. Can be curved.

  The first radius of curvature R1 of the first glass plate 2 is appropriately set according to the vehicle to be mounted, but is 1000 mmR to 8000 mmR when the vehicle on which the laminated glass 1 is mounted is an automobile window glass. It is preferable. When the laminated glass 1 is finally manufactured and the radius of curvature of the first glass plate 2 does not change (when the amount of decrease in convex curve described later is 0), the first radius of curvature R1 is mounted. Is the same as the radius of curvature required for the vehicle. On the other hand, when the laminated glass 1 is finally manufactured, if the first radius of curvature R1 of the first glass plate 2 decreases, the amount of decrease in the convex curvature of the first glass plate 2 that occurs after the bonding step is taken into consideration. Then, the first curvature radius R1 is set.

  FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the second glass plate 3. FIG. 4 is a side view of the curved second glass plate 4.

  When the 2nd glass plate 3 has flexibility (for example, when the thickness of the 2nd glass plate 3 is 0.1 mm or more and less than 0.3 mm), or the 1st curvature radius of the 1st glass plate 2 When R1 is sufficiently large with respect to the thickness of the second glass plate 3 and the second glass plate 3 can sufficiently follow the curved shape of the first glass plate 2, as shown in FIG. The second glass plate 3 need not be curved. On the other hand, when the thickness of the second glass plate 4 is relatively thick, such as 0.3 mm or more, the second glass plate 3 is curved so as to have a second radius of curvature R2, as shown in FIG. It is preferable that The second radius of curvature R2 of the second glass plate 3 is preferably larger than the first radius of curvature R1 of the first glass plate 2. Thereby, when the 1st glass plate 2 and the 2nd glass plate 3 are bonded together by the intermediate film 4 at the adhesion process mentioned later, the 1st glass with large thickness, bending the 2nd glass plate 3 Bonding is performed so as to be along the plate 2, the compressive stress is applied to the concave surface 3 b side of the second glass plate 3, and the tensile stress is applied to the convex surface 3 a side. The state of stress applied to the glass plate 4 is constant. A method similar to the method described for the first glass plate 2 described above can be used as the method for curve-forming the second glass plate 3. In the second glass plate 3 having a large stress change after bonding, the maximum value of the stress change amount is preferably 100 MPa or less, more preferably 70 MPa or less, and further preferably 50 MPa or less. The curvature of the second radius of curvature R2 (in some cases, the use of the flat second glass plate 3) is determined so that the second glass plate 3 has the above stress change amount. Thereby, the 2nd glass plate 3 can be appropriately bonded together to the 1st glass plate 2, compressive stress is reliably given to the concave surface 3b of the 2nd glass plate 3, and tensile stress is certainly given to convex surface 3a, The stress state is also appropriate.

  FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the amount of decrease in convex curvature of the first glass plate 2 of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the amount of increase in the convex curve of the second glass plate 3 of the present invention. In FIGS. 5 and 6, the curvature is emphasized for the sake of explanation.

  In FIG. 5, since the first glass plate 2 has the first curvature R1, the central portion 2d of the concave surface 2b is spaced upward from the virtual straight line L1 connecting the lower ends 2c of the first glass plate 2. It becomes a state, and the separation distance is set to t1. When the laminated glass 1 is produced, in the present invention, the curved shape of the first glass plate 2 does not change or changes so that the degree of curvature decreases. At this time, the distance between the virtual straight line L1 connecting the lower ends 2c of the first glass plate 2 and the central portion 2d is t2. In the present invention, t1-t2 is defined as a concave curve reduction amount t3. When the curved shape of the first glass plate 2 does not change before and after bonding, t3 = 0, that is, the convex curve reduction amount t3 is zero.

  On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 6, the second glass plate 3 is curved with a second radius of curvature R2. The distance from the virtual straight line L2 connecting the lower ends 3c of the second glass plate 3 to the central portion 3d is defined as t4. When the laminated glass 1 is produced, in the present invention, the curved shape of the second glass plate 3 further changes to a convex shape. At this time, the distance between the virtual straight line L2 connecting the lower ends 3c of the second glass plate 3 and the central portion 3d is defined as t5. In the present invention, t5-t4 is defined as the convex curve deformation amount t6. In addition, the 2nd glass plate 3 does not need to be curved-shaped, In that case, it is t4 = 0 and is set to t5 = t6.

  In the present invention, the convex curve decrease amount t3 of the first glass plate 2 is smaller than the convex curve increase amount t6 of the second glass plate 3. Thereby, the tensile stress is applied to the convex surface 3a side of the second glass plate 3, and the compressive stress is reliably applied to the concave surface 3b side. Thereby, the laminated glass 1 of the state to which the stable stress was provided can be produced. Moreover, even if it is a case where it deform | transforms so that an impact may be applied with respect to the laminated glass 1 from the external environment side and it may be pushed in, since the 2nd plate glass 3 becomes a direction which returns to the shape before bonding, 2nd It is possible to prevent the plate glass 3 from being damaged. On the other hand, when it deform | transforms so that an impact may be applied to the laminated glass 1 from the internal environment side and it may be pushed in, it will become the direction where the bending deformation of the 2nd glass plate 3 becomes large, and the 2nd glass plate 3 will be damaged rapidly. Thereby, even if a collision object such as the head of a human body collides with the second plate glass 3, it is possible to prevent the second plate glass 3 from being quickly damaged, thereby preventing an excessive shock from being applied to the collision object. it can. Furthermore, by making the second glass plate 3 a chemically strengthened glass of aluminosilicate, the glass fragments at the time of breakage become finer than the physically strengthened glass and behave integrally with the intermediate film. The impact can be further reduced.

  In the present invention, it is preferable that the convex curve reduction amount t3 is zero. Thereby, since the laminated glass 1 can be produced so that the 2nd glass plate 3 may be followed by the curved shape of the 1st glass plate 2, it can compress and tensile stress more reliably and stably. While being able to give to the glass plate 3, it can be set as the laminated glass 1 which has a desired curved shape.

  FIG. 7 is a view showing a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a laminated glass according to the present invention.

  The manufacturing method of the laminated glass which concerns on this invention performs the adhesion | attachment process S3, after performing 1st preparatory process S1 and 2nd preparatory process S2, as shown in FIG.

  FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the first preparation step S1. The first preparation step S1 is a step of bending the first glass plate 2 so as to have the first radius of curvature R1.

  FIG. 8 illustrates a horizontal press method, in which the first glass plate 2 is placed on the female die 5, and the first glass plate 2 is heated by a heater such as a heater (not shown) while the male die 6. Thus, the first glass plate 2 is pressed with the first radius of curvature R1 by pressing the first glass plate 2. The preparation step S1 is not limited to the horizontal press method, and a known method such as a self-weight bending method, a hinge method, a gas furnace method, or a roller method can be appropriately employed.

  The second preparation step S2 is a step of preparing the second glass plate 3. As shown in FIG. 7, the second preparation step S2 is preferably performed in parallel with the first preparation step S1.

  The second preparation step S2 for preparing the second glass plate 3 is performed when the second glass plate 3 has flexibility (for example, the thickness of the second glass plate 3 is 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm). Or the first glass plate 2 has a first radius of curvature R1 that is sufficiently larger than the thickness of the second glass plate 3, and the second glass plate 3 is If it is possible to sufficiently follow the curved shape, the process is terminated by cutting the second glass plate 3 to a desired size.

  On the other hand, when the thickness of the second glass plate 4 is relatively large, such as 0.3 mm or more, the second glass plate 3 is curved and formed so as to have the second radius of curvature R2. As described above, the second curvature radius R2 of the second glass plate 3 is preferably larger than the first curvature radius R1 of the first glass plate 2. As the method of curve forming, a known method such as a horizontal press method can be adopted as in the preparation step S2 of the first glass plate 2 described above.

  It is preferable that the curve forming temperature in the second preparation step S2 is higher than the curve forming temperature in the first preparation step S1. When soda lime glass is used as the first glass plate 2 and aluminosilicate glass is used as the second glass plate 3, the second plate glass 3 has a more suitable bending temperature than the first plate glass 2. It tends to be higher. By setting the molding temperature in the first preparation step S1 and the molding temperature in the second preparation step S2 to suitable temperatures, respectively, the surface properties of the first plate glass 2 and the second plate glass 3 are changed. The curved shape can be formed into a desired radius of curvature while maintaining the state. In this case, it is preferable that the first preparatory step S1 and the second preparatory step S2 perform curve forming in a separate line (with a separate bending device). The difference between the curve forming temperature in the second preparation step and the curve forming temperature in the first preparation step is preferably 50 ° C to 150 ° C, more preferably 80 to 120 ° C.

  In the case of using chemically strengthened glass as the second glass plate 3, the second preparation step S2 preferably further includes a chemical strengthening step. The chemical strengthening step is preferably performed after the second glass plate 3 is cut to a desired size, and when the second glass plate 3 needs to be bent, the second glass plate 3 is bent. It is preferable to be performed after. In the chemical strengthening step, the second glass plate 3 is immersed in a molten salt of potassium nitrate at 360 ° C. to 500 ° C. for about 15 minutes to 12 hours, followed by slow cooling, washing, and the like.

  Next, adhesion process S3 is performed. The bonding step S3 is a step of bonding the first glass plate 2 and the second glass plate 3 with the intermediate film 4.

  FIG. 9 is a diagram in which the intermediate film 4 is disposed between the first glass plate 2 and the second glass plate 3 when performing the bonding step S3 of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 9, the intermediate film 4 is disposed between the concave surface 2 b of the first glass plate 2 and the convex surface 3 a of the second glass plate 3.

  In FIG. 9, the 2nd glass plate 3 is arrange | positioned on the convex surface 7a of the jig | tool 7, the intermediate film 4 is arrange | positioned on it, and the 1st glass plate 2 is arrange | positioned on it. The convex surface 7a of the jig 7 is formed by calculating so that the finally produced laminated glass 1 has a desired radius of curvature. When the first glass plate 2 is placed on the jig 7, The first radius of curvature R1 of the first glass plate 2 does not increase. In FIG. 9, the description is given using the jig 7 having the convex surface 7 a, but the jig 7 having the concave surface is prepared, and the first glass plate 2, the intermediate film 4, and the second glass plate are provided on the concave surface. 3 may be arranged. Even in this case, the concave surface of the jig 7 is formed after calculation so that the finally produced laminated glass 1 has a desired radius of curvature.

  In the state where the first glass plate 2, the intermediate film 4 and the second glass plate 3 are placed on the jig 7, the adhesive force of the intermediate film 4 is exhibited. Specifically, the first glass plate 2 and the second glass plate 3 are bonded to each other with the intermediate film 4 by sealing the jig 7 together with a vacuum bag (not shown) and heating and pressurizing with an autoclave or the like. When the first glass plate 2 or the second glass plate 3 does not follow the convex surface 7a or concave surface of the jig 7 during the bonding step S3, a weight or the like (not shown) is appropriately used. Further, without using the jig 7, the first glass plate 2 and the second glass plate 3 laminated through the intermediate film are passed between the rollers in a heated state and temporarily pressed, and then processed by an autoclave. Thus, the first glass plate 2 and the second glass plate 3 may be permanently bonded.

  After heating and pressing, a laminated glass 1 having a desired radius of curvature can be obtained as shown in FIG.

  The present invention can be suitably used mainly for window glass for vehicles such as automobiles.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Laminated glass 2 1st glass plate 3 2nd glass plate 4 Intermediate film t3 Convex curve decrease amount t6 Convex curve increase amount S1 1st preparatory process S2 2nd preparatory process S3 3rd preparatory process

Claims (8)

A first glass plate, a second glass plate, and a laminated glass having an intermediate film between the first glass plate and the second glass plate,
The thickness of the second glass plate is thinner than the thickness of the first glass plate,
The first glass plate is curved so as to have a first radius of curvature;
Having the intermediate film on the concave side of the first glass plate;
The first glass plate and the second glass in a state in which the convex curve decrease amount from the first curvature radius of the first glass plate is smaller than the convex curve increase amount of the second glass plate. The plate is bonded with the intermediate film,
Laminated glass characterized by that. The second glass plate is curved so as to have a second radius of curvature;
The first radius of curvature is greater than the second radius of curvature;
The laminated glass according to claim 1. The convex curve reduction amount is 0,
The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that. The thickness of the first glass plate is 1 mm to 3 mm;
The thickness of the second glass plate is 0.3 mm to 2 mm,
The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: The first glass plate is soda lime glass;
The second glass plate is aluminosilicate glass;
The laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: A method for producing laminated glass,
A first preparation step of curve-forming the first glass plate with a first radius of curvature;
A second preparation step of preparing a second glass plate having a thickness smaller than that of the first glass plate;
An intermediate film is arranged between the concave side of the first glass plate and the second glass plate, and the convex curve of the second glass plate is increased more than the amount of decrease of the convex curve of the first glass plate at the time of bonding. An adhesion step of bonding the first glass plate and the second glass plate with the intermediate film so that the amount is larger;
The manufacturing method of the laminated glass characterized by having. The second preparation step includes curve-forming the second glass plate with a second curvature radius larger than the first curvature radius.
The manufacturing method of the laminated glass of Claim 6 characterized by the above-mentioned. The curve forming temperature in the second preparation step is higher than the curve forming temperature in the first preparation step.
The manufacturing method of the laminated glass of Claim 7 characterized by the above-mentioned.