JP2017003652A - Toner for electrostatic charge image development, electrostatic charge image developer, toner cartridge, process cartridge, image forming apparatus, and image forming method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a toner for electrostatic charge image development that suppresses the occurrence of streak-like image defects occurring when images having low image density are repeatedly formed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment.SOLUTION: There is provided a toner for electrostatic charge image development comprising: toner particles containing a binder resin including an amorphous polyester resin and a crystalline polyester resin, a mold release agent including a hydrocarbon-based wax, and a styrene-(meth)acrylic resin; and an external additive containing poly-(meth)acrylate ester resin particles and polishing agent particles, wherein 70% or more of the total mold release agent is present within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particle; the mold release agent forms a domain having an average diameter of 0.5 μm or more and 1.0 μm or less in the toner particle.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrostatic charge image developing toner, an electrostatic charge image developer, a toner cartridge, a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus, and an image forming method.

  A method for visualizing image information through an electrostatic charge image by electrophotography or the like is currently used in various fields. In electrophotography, image information is formed as an electrostatic charge image on the surface of an image carrier (photoreceptor) by charging and exposure processes, and a toner image is developed on the surface of the photoreceptor using a developer containing toner. The toner image is visualized as an image through a transfer step of transferring the toner image to a recording medium such as paper and a fixing step of fixing the toner image on the surface of the recording medium.

For example, Patent Document 1 states that “the release agent content in the vicinity of the toner surface containing 2 to 10% by weight of the release agent and within 0.25 μm from the toner surface is 1 of the release agent presence rate of the entire toner. The electrostatic charge image developing toner is 1 time or more and less than 1.5 times.
Patent Document 2 states that “a sea-island structure in which a release agent exists in an island shape in a continuous phase of the binder resin in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of a toner, and a toner cross-sectional view of the TEM image. The peripheral area from the peripheral edge to the inner 0.05D (μm) is A, and the intermediate area excluding the peripheral area (A) from the inner 0.2D (μm) from the peripheral edge of the toner cross-sectional view of the TEM image B, and C in the toner cross-sectional view of the TEM image, excluding the peripheral area (A) and the intermediate area (B), the ratio of the area occupied by the island area in each area is IA (%), The electrostatic charge latent image developing toner in which IB> IA and IB> IC when IB (%) and IC (%) ”is disclosed.
Patent Document 3 states that in the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image in which a wax domain is formed in a binder resin, the softening point Tsp of the toner is 90 ° C. ≦ Tsp ≦ 110 ° C., and the wax domain diameter in the toner cross section. Among them, a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image satisfying a relational expression of 0.02 ≦ (Sw / S) × 100 ≦ 10, where Sw is the area of the maximum domain diameter and S is the cross-sectional area of the entire toner ”is disclosed. .

JP 2004-109485 A JP 2007-192952 A JP 2008-145568 A

  An object of the present invention is to contain a binder resin containing a polyester resin and a release agent containing a hydrocarbon wax, and a specific amount of the release agent exists within a specific depth range from the surface of the toner particles. 1) When the toner particles do not contain styrene (meth) acrylic resin, 2) The average diameter of the release agent domains is less than 0.3 μm or 0 Less than 8 μm, or 3) a low image in a high temperature and high humidity environment as compared with a case where one or both of poly (meth) acrylate resin particles and abrasive particles are not used as an external additive. It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrostatic image developing toner that suppresses the occurrence of streak-like image defects that occur when a density image is repeatedly formed.

  The above problem is solved by the following means.

The invention according to claim 1
Toner particles containing a binder resin containing a polyester resin, a release agent containing a hydrocarbon wax, and a styrene (meth) acrylic resin,
An external additive comprising poly (meth) acrylic ester resin particles and abrasive particles;
Have
70% or more of the release agent is present within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particles,
An electrostatic charge image developing toner in which the release agent forms a domain having an average diameter of 0.3 μm or more and 0.8 μm or less in the toner particles.

The invention according to claim 2
The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein an exposure rate of the release agent on the surface of the toner particles is 10 atom% or less.

The invention according to claim 3
3. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein an ester site of the resin in the poly (meth) acrylic ester resin particles has 1 to 6 carbon atoms. 4.

The invention according to claim 4
The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive particles are rutile type titanium oxide particles.

The invention according to claim 5
5. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive particles have a number average particle diameter of 25 nm to 200 nm.

The invention according to claim 6
The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the binder resin includes an amorphous polyester resin and a crystalline polyester resin as the polyester resin.

The invention according to claim 7 provides:
An electrostatic charge image developer comprising the electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1.

The invention according to claim 8 provides:
Containing the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of claims 1 to 6,
A toner cartridge to be attached to and detached from the image forming apparatus.

The invention according to claim 9 is:
A developing means for containing the electrostatic charge image developer according to claim 7 and developing the electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image by the electrostatic charge image developer,
A process cartridge attached to and detached from the image forming apparatus.

The invention according to claim 10 is:
An image carrier,
Charging means for charging the surface of the image carrier;
An electrostatic charge image forming means for forming an electrostatic charge image on the surface of the charged image carrier;
Developing means for containing the electrostatic charge image developer according to claim 7 and developing the electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image by the electrostatic charge image developer;
Transfer means for transferring a toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of a recording medium;
Fixing means for fixing the toner image transferred to the surface of the recording medium;
An image forming apparatus comprising:

The invention according to claim 11 is:
A charging step for charging the surface of the image carrier;
An electrostatic charge image forming step of forming an electrostatic charge image on the surface of the charged image carrier;
A developing step of developing an electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image with the electrostatic charge image developer according to claim 7;
A transfer step of transferring a toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of a recording medium;
A fixing step of fixing the toner image transferred to the surface of the recording medium;
An image forming method comprising:

According to the first aspect of the present invention, the binder resin containing the polyester resin and the release agent containing the hydrocarbon wax are included, and a specific amount of release resin is included within a specific depth range from the surface of the toner particles. In the electrostatic image developing toner having toner particles in which the mold agent is present 1) When the toner particles do not contain styrene (meth) acrylic resin 2) The average diameter of the domain of the mold release agent is less than 0.3 μm Or, in the case of exceeding 0.8 μm, or 3) as an external additive, in a high temperature and high humidity environment, compared to the case where one or both of poly (meth) acrylate resin particles and abrasive particles are not included, Provided is an electrostatic charge image developing toner that suppresses the occurrence of streak-like image defects that occur when an image having a low image density is repeatedly formed.
According to the invention of claim 2, it occurs when an image having a low image density is repeatedly formed in a high temperature and high humidity environment as compared with a case where the exposure rate of the release agent on the surface of the toner particles exceeds 10 atom%. An electrostatic image developing toner that suppresses the occurrence of streak-like image defects is provided.
According to the invention of claim 3, the image of low image density is repeatedly formed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment as compared with the case where the carbon number of the ester portion of the resin in the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles is 7 or more. An electrostatic charge image developing toner that suppresses the occurrence of streak-like image defects is provided.
According to the invention of claim 4, as compared with the case where the abrasive particles are anatase-type titanium oxide particles, streak-like image defects caused when a low image density image is repeatedly formed in a high temperature and high humidity environment. An electrostatic charge image developing toner that suppresses the generation is provided.
According to the invention according to claim 5, the streaky shape generated when an image having a low image density is repeatedly formed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment as compared with the case where the number average particle size of the abrasive particles is less than 25 nm and more than 200 nm. There is provided a toner for developing an electrostatic image that suppresses the occurrence of image defects.
According to the invention of claim 6, the binder resin containing the polyester resin and the release agent containing the hydrocarbon wax are contained, and 70% of the total release agent within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particles. In the electrostatic image developing toner having toner particles in which the above release agent is present, 1) when the toner particles do not contain styrene (meth) acrylic resin, 2) the average diameter of the domains of the release agent is 0 When the polyester resin is less than 3 μm or more than 0.8 μm, or 3) as an external additive, compared to the case where one or both of poly (meth) acrylate resin particles and abrasive particles are not included, Even if the toner particles contain an amorphous polyester resin and a crystalline polyester resin, the occurrence of streak-like image defects caused when a low image density image is repeatedly formed in a high temperature and high humidity environment. Provided is a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image that suppresses life.

  According to the invention according to claim 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11, the binder resin containing the polyester resin and the release agent containing the hydrocarbon wax are contained and within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particles. In the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image having toner particles in which 70% or more of the release agent is present in the total release agent, 1) When a toner in which the toner particles do not contain a styrene (meth) acrylic resin is applied 2) When a toner having an average diameter of a release agent domain of less than 0.3 μm or more than 0.08 μm is applied, or 3) poly (meth) acrylate resin particles and abrasive particles as external additives Compared to the case where a toner that does not have one or both of the above is applied, an electrostatic charge image that suppresses the occurrence of streak-like image defects that occur when a low-image-density image is repeatedly formed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. An image agent, a toner cartridge, a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus, or an image forming method is provided.

1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment. It is a schematic block diagram which shows an example of the process cartridge which concerns on this embodiment.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below. These descriptions and examples are illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

<Toner for electrostatic image development>
An electrostatic charge image developing toner (hereinafter referred to as “toner”) according to the present embodiment includes toner particles and an external additive. The toner particles contain a binder resin containing a polyester resin, a release agent containing a hydrocarbon wax, and a styrene (meth) acrylic resin. On the other hand, the external additive includes poly (meth) acrylate resin particles and abrasive particles.
The toner particles have a release agent of 70% or more of the total release agent within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particle, and the release agent has an average diameter of 0.3 μm or more and 0.8 μm in the toner particles. The following domains are formed.

  Here, in the toner particles, the release agent forms a domain means a state where a sea-island structure is formed in which the binder resin is a sea part and the region containing the release agent is an island part. . Styrene (meth) acrylic resin also forms domains in the toner particles.

  The toner according to the present embodiment suppresses the occurrence of streak-like image defects (for example, white streaks) that occur when an image having a low image density is repeatedly formed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment with the above configuration. The reason is presumably due to the following.

First, for the purpose of imparting low-temperature fixability of toner, a technique is known in which a toner resin contains a polyester resin as a binder resin. In that case, since the polyester resin, which is a resin having a relatively low glass transition temperature, is present on the surface of the toner particles, the fluidity and storage property of the toner tend to be poor.
Therefore, for the purpose of improving the fluidity and storage property of the toner, a technique in which a styrene (meth) acrylic resin is included in the toner particles together with the polyester resin is also known.

  On the other hand, since the polyester resin and the styrene (meth) acrylic resin are resins having low compatibility with each other, toner particles containing these resins tend to have low meltability between the toner particles during fixing. In order to suppress this phenomenon, the release agent is unevenly distributed on the surface layer side of the toner particles (that is, 70% or more of the release agents are present within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particles. ) Is effective. This is because if the release agent is present in the surface layer portion of the toner particles, the release agent functions as a plasticizer, and it is considered that the meltability between the toner particles containing mutually incompatible resins is increased.

However, when the release agent is unevenly distributed on the surface layer side of the toner particles (that is, when 70% or more of the release agents are present within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particles), the environment is high temperature and high humidity. When an image having a low image density (for example, an image density of 0.5% or less) is repeatedly formed under the environment (for example, in an environment of 30 ° C. and 80% RH), a streak-like image defect may occur. Specifically, it is as follows.
Usually, in the developing unit, the developer containing toner is conveyed in a state of being held in a layer form by a developer holding body (for example, a developing roller). Then, after the thickness of the developer layer held on the surface of the development holding body is regulated by a layer regulating member (for example, a blade) disposed opposite to the surface of the development holding body, the developer layer It is conveyed to a position where the holding body and the image holding body face each other and contributes to development. At this time, if an image having a low image density is repeatedly formed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, the temperature in the apparatus rises. In particular, the layer regulating member is often made of metal and has good heat conduction, so that the temperature is likely to rise due to rubbing against the developer. Further, due to the temperature rise in the apparatus, the fluidity of the developer is lowered, the replacement of the developer around the layer regulating member is lowered, and the toner comes into contact with the layer regulating member for a long time. For this reason, the mechanical load and the thermal load applied to the toner increase.
As described above, since a thermal load is applied in addition to the mechanical load, the release agent unevenly distributed on the surface layer side of the toner particles is likely to ooze out from the toner particles. In particular, when a hydrocarbon wax having a lower affinity for the polyester resin than the ester wax is applied as the mold release agent, the mold release agent easily oozes out from the toner particles. In addition, even when an external additive is externally added to the toner particles, the external additive is easily embedded in the toner particles, and the surface of the toner particles directly contacts the layer regulating member. As a result, a phenomenon occurs in which the release agent that has oozed out on the surface of the toner particles adheres to the surface of the layer regulating member.
When the release agent adheres to the surface of the layer regulating member, the toner particles aggregate at the adhesion site, and the aggregate of the toner particles tends to hinder the layer regulating function of the layer regulating member, causing streak image defects. May occur.

On the other hand, when abrasive particles are applied as the external additive, the release agent adhered to the layer regulating member is peeled off. On the other hand, when poly (meth) acrylate resin particles are further applied as an external additive, layer control is performed by abrasive particles on the surface of the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles having high affinity with the release agent. The release agent peeled off from the member adheres. That is, the release agent peeled off from the layer regulating member is held by the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles, and reattachment of the peeled release agent to the layer regulating member is suppressed.
Further, if the average diameter of the release agent domains in the toner particles is reduced within the range of 0.3 μm or more and 0.8 μm or less, the surface of the toner particles can be obtained even if the release agent is unevenly distributed on the surface layer side of the toner particles. Increased hardness. For this reason, even when a large mechanical load is applied by the layer regulating member under high temperature and high humidity, it becomes difficult for the external additive to be embedded in the surface of the toner particles, and the above functions of the external additive are exhibited. Further, deformation of the toner particles can be suppressed, and bleeding of the release agent onto the surface of the toner particles can be suppressed.
As a result, adhesion of the release agent to the surface of the layer regulating member is suppressed, and aggregation of toner particles on the surface of the layer regulating member due to adhesion of the release agent is suppressed. As a result, inhibition of the layer regulating function of the layer regulating member due to aggregation of toner particles is suppressed.

  From the above, it is presumed that the toner according to the present embodiment suppresses the generation of streak-like image defects that occur when an image with a low image density is repeatedly formed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment.

  In particular, when an amorphous polyester resin and a crystalline polyester resin are used in combination as a polyester resin for the purpose of imparting sharp melting characteristics (sharp melt properties) to toner particles and further improving low-temperature fixability, the crystalline polyester Resins may behave similarly to mold release agents. That is, when an image having a low image density is repeatedly formed in a high temperature and high humidity environment, the crystalline polyester resin oozes out from the toner particles, adheres to the layer forming member, and adheres to the surface of the layer regulating member. Aggregation of the toner particles and inhibition of the layer regulating function of the layer regulating member due to the aggregation of the toner particles are likely to occur. However, the toner according to the exemplary embodiment has a streak shape that occurs when a low-image-density image is repeatedly formed under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment due to the same action on the release agent even when a crystalline polyester resin is used. The occurrence of image defects is suppressed.

  In addition, when double-sided printing or the like is performed in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, the temperature inside the apparatus easily rises and the above-described streak-like image defect is likely to occur. However, the toner according to the present embodiment tends to increase the temperature inside the apparatus. Even in the situation, the occurrence of streak-like image defects is suppressed.

  The poly (meth) acrylate resin particles holding the release agent (or crystalline polyester resin) peeled off from the layer regulating member are developed, transferred, and fixed as they are together with the toner particles. In addition, the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles holding the release agent (or crystalline polyester resin) have a function as a plasticizer because the release agent (or crystalline polyester resin) serves as a plasticizer. It also contributes to low-temperature fixability in order to promote melting.

  Hereinafter, the toner according to the exemplary embodiment will be described in detail.

  The toner according to the exemplary embodiment includes toner particles and an external additive.

[Toner particles]
The toner particles include a binder resin, a release agent containing a hydrocarbon wax, and a styrene (meth) acrylic resin. The toner particles may contain other internal additives such as a colorant.
For example, the toner particles have a sea-island structure in which a release agent and a styrene (meth) acrylic resin are dispersed in a binder resin.

-Binder resin-
As the binder resin, a polyester resin is applied from the viewpoint of fixability. The ratio of the polyester resin to the total binder resin is, for example, 75% by mass or more, preferably 90% by mass or more, and more preferably 100% by mass.

  Examples of the polyester resin include known amorphous polyester resins. A polyester resin may use a crystalline polyester resin together with an amorphous polyester resin. However, the crystalline polyester resin is preferably used in the range of 2 mass% to 40 mass% (preferably 2 mass% to 20 mass%) with respect to the total binder resin.

The “crystallinity” of the resin means that it has a clear endothermic peak in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) rather than a stepwise endothermic amount change. Specifically, the temperature rise rate is 10 (° C. / Min) indicates that the half-value width of the endothermic peak is 10 ° C. or less.
On the other hand, “amorphous” of the resin means that the half width exceeds 10 ° C., shows a stepwise endothermic change, or does not show a clear endothermic peak.

-Amorphous polyester resin As an amorphous polyester resin, the condensation polymer of polyhydric carboxylic acid and polyhydric alcohol is mentioned, for example. In addition, as an amorphous polyester resin, a commercial item may be used and what was synthesize | combined may be used.

Examples of the polyvalent carboxylic acid include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (eg, oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, glutaconic acid, succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, etc.) Alicyclic dicarboxylic acids (for example, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid), aromatic dicarboxylic acids (for example, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, etc.), their anhydrides, or lower (for example, having 1 or more carbon atoms) 5 or less) alkyl esters. Among these, as polyvalent carboxylic acid, aromatic dicarboxylic acid is preferable, for example.
The polyvalent carboxylic acid may be used in combination with a dicarboxylic acid or a trivalent or higher carboxylic acid having a crosslinked structure or a branched structure. Examples of the trivalent or higher carboxylic acid include trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, anhydrides thereof, and lower (for example, having 1 to 5 carbon atoms) alkyl esters.
Polyvalent carboxylic acid may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the polyhydric alcohol include aliphatic diols (for example, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, etc.), alicyclic diols (for example, cyclohexanediol, cyclohexanedimethanol, Hydrogenated bisphenol A, etc.) and aromatic diols (for example, ethylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A, propylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A, etc.). Among these, as the polyhydric alcohol, for example, aromatic diols and alicyclic diols are preferable, and aromatic diols are more preferable.
As the polyhydric alcohol, a trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohol having a crosslinked structure or a branched structure may be used together with the diol. Examples of the trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohol include glycerin, trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol.
A polyhydric alcohol may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the amorphous polyester resin is preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 80 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 65 ° C. or lower.
The glass transition temperature is determined from a DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and more specifically described in the method for determining the glass transition temperature in JIS K 7121-1987 “Method for Measuring Plastic Transition Temperature”. Of “extrapolated glass transition start temperature”.

The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the amorphous polyester resin is preferably from 5,000 to 1,000,000, and more preferably from 7,000 to 500,000.
The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the amorphous polyester resin is preferably 2000 or more and 100,000 or less.
The molecular weight distribution Mw / Mn of the amorphous polyester resin is preferably 1.5 or more and 100 or less, and more preferably 2 or more and 60 or less.
The weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The molecular weight measurement by GPC is performed with a THF solvent using a Tosoh GPC / HLC-8120GPC as a measuring device and a Tosoh column / TSKgel SuperHM-M (15 cm). The weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are calculated using a molecular weight calibration curve prepared from a monodisperse polystyrene standard sample from this measurement result.

The amorphous polyester resin can be obtained by a known production method. Specifically, for example, the polymerization temperature is set to 180 ° C. or higher and 230 ° C. or lower, the pressure in the reaction system is reduced as necessary, and the reaction is performed while removing water and alcohol generated during the condensation.
In addition, when the monomer of the raw material is not dissolved or compatible at the reaction temperature, a solvent having a high boiling point may be added and dissolved as a solubilizing agent. In this case, the polycondensation reaction is performed while distilling off the solubilizer. If a monomer with poor compatibility is present in the copolymerization reaction, the monomer with poor compatibility and the monomer and the acid or alcohol to be polycondensed are condensed in advance and then polymerized together with the main component. It is good to condense.

Crystalline polyester resin Examples of the crystalline polyester resin include a polycondensate of a polyvalent carboxylic acid and a polyhydric alcohol. In addition, as a crystalline polyester resin, a commercial item may be used and what was synthesize | combined may be used.
Here, since the crystalline polyester resin easily forms a crystal structure, a polycondensate using a polymerizable monomer having a linear aliphatic group is preferable to a polymerizable monomer having an aromatic group.

Examples of the polyvalent carboxylic acid include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (for example, oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, 1,9-nonanedicarboxylic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid. Acid, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,14-tetradecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,18-octadecanedicarboxylic acid, etc.), aromatic dicarboxylic acid (eg phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) Dibasic acids such as acids), anhydrides thereof, or lower (for example, having 1 to 5 carbon atoms) alkyl esters.
The polyvalent carboxylic acid may be used in combination with a dicarboxylic acid or a trivalent or higher carboxylic acid having a crosslinked structure or a branched structure. Examples of the trivalent carboxylic acid include aromatic carboxylic acids (for example, 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, etc.), these Examples thereof include anhydrides and lower (for example, having 1 to 5 carbon atoms) alkyl esters thereof.
As the polyvalent carboxylic acid, a dicarboxylic acid having a sulfonic acid group or a dicarboxylic acid having an ethylenic double bond may be used in combination with these dicarboxylic acids.
Polyvalent carboxylic acid may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the polyhydric alcohol include aliphatic diols (for example, linear aliphatic diols having a main chain portion having 7 to 20 carbon atoms). Examples of the aliphatic diol include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8- Octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-undecanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 1,13-tridecanediol, 1,14-tetradecanediol, 1,18- Examples include octadecanediol and 1,14-eicosandecanediol. Among these, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, and 1,10-decanediol are preferable as the aliphatic diol.
The polyhydric alcohol may be used in combination with a diol and a trivalent or higher alcohol having a crosslinked structure or a branched structure. Examples of the trivalent or higher alcohol include glycerin, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and the like.
A polyhydric alcohol may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.

  Here, the polyhydric alcohol may have an aliphatic diol content of 80 mol% or more, and preferably 90 mol% or more.

The melting temperature of the crystalline polyester resin is preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower, more preferably 55 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 60 ° C. or higher and 85 ° C. or lower.
The melting temperature is determined from the “melting peak temperature” described in the method for determining the melting temperature of JIS K7121-1987 “Method for measuring the transition temperature of plastic” from the DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

  The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the crystalline polyester resin is preferably 6,000 or more and 35,000 or less.

  The crystalline polyester resin can be obtained by a known production method, for example, similarly to the amorphous polyester.

Here, the binder resin may use other binder resins in combination with the polyester resin.
Examples of other binder resins include styrenes (for example, styrene, parachlorostyrene, α-methylstyrene, etc.), (meth) acrylic acid esters (for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, acrylic acid n- Propyl, n-butyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, etc.), ethylenically unsaturated nitriles (Eg, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, etc.), vinyl ethers (eg, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, etc.), vinyl ketones (eg, vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl ethyl ketone, vinyl isopropenyl ketone, etc.), olefins (examples) For example, a vinyl polymer made of a homopolymer of monomers such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, etc., or a copolymer obtained by combining two or more of these monomers (excluding styrene (meth) acrylic resins) Is mentioned.
Other binder resins include, for example, epoxy resins, polyester resins, polyurethane resins, polyamide resins, cellulose resins, polyether resins, non-vinyl resins such as modified rosins, mixtures of these with the vinyl resins, or Examples also include graft polymers obtained by polymerizing vinyl monomers in the presence of these.
These other binder resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The content of the binder resin is, for example, preferably 40% by weight to 95% by weight, more preferably 50% by weight to 90% by weight, and more preferably 60% by weight to 85% by weight with respect to the entire toner particles. Further preferred.

-Styrene (meth) acrylic resin-
The styrene (meth) acrylic resin is a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing at least a monomer having a styrene skeleton and a monomer having a (meth) acryloyl group. “(Meth) acrylic acid” is an expression including both “acrylic acid” and “methacrylic acid”. Further, “(meth) acryloyl group” is an expression including both “acryloyl group” and “methacryloyl group”.

Examples of the monomer having a styrene skeleton (hereinafter referred to as “styrene monomer”) include styrene, alkyl-substituted styrene (for example, α-methylstyrene, 2-methylstyrene, 3-methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene, Methyl styrene, 2-ethyl styrene, 3-ethyl styrene, 4-ethyl styrene, etc.), halogen-substituted styrene (for example, 2-chlorostyrene, 3-chlorostyrene, 4-chlorostyrene, etc.), vinyl naphthalene, and the like. A styrene-type monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used together 2 or more types.
Among these, as the styrene monomer, styrene is preferable in terms of easy reaction, easy control of reaction, and availability.

  Examples of the monomer having a (meth) acryloyl group (hereinafter referred to as “(meth) acrylic monomer”) include (meth) acrylic acid and (meth) acrylic acid ester. Examples of (meth) acrylic acid esters include (meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters (for example, n-methyl (meth) acrylate, n-ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, (meth ) N-butyl acrylate, n-pentyl (meth) acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-heptyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, n-decyl (meth) acrylate, ( N-dodecyl (meth) acrylate, n-lauryl (meth) acrylate, n-tetradecyl (meth) acrylate, n-hexadecyl (meth) acrylate, n-octadecyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate , Isobutyl (meth) acrylate, t-butyl (meth) acrylate, isopentyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) a Aryl amylate, neopentyl (meth) acrylate, isohexyl (meth) acrylate, isoheptyl (meth) acrylate, isooctyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, (meta ) T-butyl cyclohexyl acrylate), aryl esters of (meth) acrylic acid (for example, phenyl (meth) acrylate, biphenyl (meth) acrylate, diphenylethyl (meth) acrylate, t-butyl (meth) acrylate) Phenyl, (meth) acrylate terphenyl, etc.), dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, methoxyethyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) Β-carboxyethyl acrylate , (Meth) acrylamide and the like. A (meth) acrylic acid-type monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used together 2 or more types.

  The copolymerization ratio (mass basis, styrene monomer / (meth) acrylic monomer) of the styrene monomer and the (meth) acrylic monomer is, for example, 85/15 to 70/30. It is good.

  The styrene (meth) acrylic resin preferably has a cross-linked structure from the standpoint of suppressing image set-off. The styrene (meth) acrylic resin having a crosslinked structure is, for example, a crosslinked crosslinking obtained by copolymerizing at least a monomer having a styrene skeleton, a monomer having a (meth) acrylic acid skeleton, and a crosslinking monomer. Things.

Examples of the crosslinkable monomer include bifunctional or higher functional crosslinking agents.
Examples of the bifunctional crosslinking agent include divinylbenzene, divinylnaphthalene, and di (meth) acrylate compounds (for example, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, methylenebis (meth) acrylamide, decanediol diacrylate, glycidyl (meth) acrylate, etc.) , Polyester type di (meth) acrylate, 2-([1′-methylpropylideneamino] carboxyamino) ethyl methacrylate, and the like.
Examples of the polyfunctional crosslinking agent include tri (meth) acrylate compounds (for example, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, trimethylolethane tri (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, etc.), tetra (meth) acrylate Compound (for example, tetramethylol methane tetra (meth) acrylate, oligoester (meth) acrylate, etc.), 2,2-bis (4-methacryloxy, polyethoxyphenyl) propane, diallyl phthalate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl asocyanurate , Triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, diaryl chlorendate and the like.

  The copolymerization ratio of the crosslinkable monomer to the total monomer (mass basis, crosslinkable monomer / total monomer) is preferably, for example, 2/1000 to 30/1000.

The weight average molecular weight of the styrene (meth) acrylic resin is, for example, from 30,000 to 200,000, preferably from 40,000 to 100,000, and more preferably from 50,000 to 80,000, from the viewpoint of suppressing the shift of the image.
The weight average molecular weight of the styrene (meth) acrylic resin is a value measured by the same method as the weight average molecular weight of the polyester resin.

  The content of the styrene (meth) acrylic resin is, for example, preferably 10% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less with respect to the toner particles in terms of both the fluidity and storage property of the toner and the suppression of the set-off of the image. Preferably they are 12 mass% or more and 28 mass% or less, More preferably, they are 15 mass% or more and 25 mass% or less.

-Release agent-
As the release agent, at least a hydrocarbon wax is applied. The ratio of the hydrocarbon wax to the total mold release agent may be at least 85% by mass, preferably 95% by mass or more, and more preferably 100% by mass.

  The hydrocarbon wax is a wax having a hydrocarbon skeleton, for example, Fischer-Tropsch wax, polyethylene wax (wax having a polyethylene skeleton), polypropylene wax (wax having a polypropylene skeleton), paraffin wax (paraffin skeleton). ), Microcrystalline wax, and the like. Among these, as the hydrocarbon wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, polyethylene wax, or polypropylene wax is preferable from the viewpoint of fixability. In addition, it is preferable from the viewpoint of fixability to include a plurality of types of hydrocarbon waxes in the toner particles.

The melting temperature of the release agent is, for example, 85 ° C. or higher and 110 ° C. or lower, preferably 90 ° C. or higher and 105 ° C. or lower, from the viewpoint of fixability.
The melting temperature of the release agent is determined from the “melting peak temperature” described in the method for determining the melting temperature in JIS K-7121-1987 “Method for measuring the transition temperature of plastic” from the DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). ].

As for the release agent, 70% or more of the total release agent is present within 800 nm from the toner particle surface. (Hereinafter, the abundance ratio of the release agent existing within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particles is also referred to as “existence ratio of the release agent”).
The abundance of the release agent is 70% or more, but is preferably 80% or more from the viewpoint of fixability. The upper limit value of the abundance of the release agent is preferably 100%.

  The average diameter (hereinafter also referred to as “domain diameter”) of the release agent domain is 0.3 μm or more and 0.8 μm or less, and preferably 0.3 μm or more and 0.7 μm or less from the viewpoint of suppressing streak-like image defects. And more preferably 0.3 μm or more and 0.5 μm or less.

  Here, a method for measuring the abundance ratio of the release agent and the domain diameter of the release agent (domain average diameter) will be described.

Samples and images for measurement are prepared by the following method.
The toner is mixed with an epoxy resin and embedded to solidify the epoxy resin. The obtained solidified product is cut by an ultramicrotome apparatus (Ultracut UCT manufactured by Leica) to produce a thin piece sample having a thickness of 80 nm to 130 nm. Next, the obtained flake sample is dyed with ruthenium tetroxide for 3 hours in a desiccator at 30 ° C. And the SEM image of the dyed thin piece sample is obtained with an ultra-high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM; S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). Since it is easy to dye | stain to ruthenium tetroxide in order of a mold release agent, a styrene (meth) acrylic resin, and a polyester resin, each component is identified by the lightness and darkness resulting from the dyeing degree. If it is difficult to distinguish the shade due to the condition of the sample, adjust the staining time.
In the cross section of the toner particle, the colorant domain is smaller than the release agent domain and the styrene (meth) acrylic resin domain, and therefore can be distinguished by the size. Further, the colorant domains can be distinguished by the density of the dyeing between the release agent domain and the styrene (meth) acrylic resin domain.

The abundance of the release agent is a value measured by the following method.
In the SEM image, a cross section of the toner particles having a maximum length of 85% or more of the volume average particle diameter of the toner particles is selected, the domain of the dyed release agent is observed, and the area of the release agent in the entire toner particles Then, the area of the release agent existing in a region within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particle is obtained, and the ratio of the two areas (area of the release agent existing in the region within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particle / release of the entire toner particle). Calculate the area of the mold). Then, this calculation is performed for 100 toner particles, and the average value is defined as the abundance ratio of the release agent.
The reason for selecting a toner particle cross section having a maximum length of 85% or more of the volume average particle diameter of the toner particles is that the cross section having a volume average particle diameter of less than 85% is expected to be a cross section of the toner particle end portion. This is because the state of the domains in the toner particles is not well reflected in the cross section.

The domain diameter (domain average diameter) of the domain diameter of the release agent is a value measured by the following method.
In the SEM image, 30 toner particle cross sections whose maximum length is 85% or more of the volume average particle diameter of the toner particles are selected, and a total of 100 dyed release agent domains are observed. The maximum length of each domain is measured, the maximum length is taken as the diameter of the domain, and the arithmetic average is taken as the average diameter.

  Examples of the control method for setting the abundance ratio of the release agent to 70% or more include a method in which the toner particles have a core-shell structure and the release agent is used when forming the shell.

  The average diameter of the release agent domains is, for example, adjusted by adjusting the volume average particle diameter of the release agent particles contained in the release agent particle dispersion used in the manufacture of toner particles by agglomeration and coalescence. It can be controlled by preparing a plurality of release agent particle dispersions having different volume average particle diameters and using them in combination.

  On the other hand, the exposure rate of the release agent (exposure rate of the release agent on the surface of the toner particles) is preferably 10 atom% or less, more preferably 5 atom% or less, more preferably 2 atom% or less from the viewpoint of suppressing streak-like image defects. Further preferred.

  Here, the exposure rate of the release agent is a value determined by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurement. As an XPS measuring apparatus, JPS-9000MX manufactured by JEOL Ltd. is used. For measurement, MgKα ray is used as an X-ray source, acceleration voltage is 10 kV, and emission current is 30 mA. Here, the amount of the release agent on the toner surface is quantified by the peak separation method of the C1S spectrum. In the peak separation method, the measured C1S spectrum is separated into components using curve fitting by the least square method. As a component spectrum that is a base for separation, a C1S spectrum obtained by independently measuring a release agent, a binder resin, and a crystalline resin used for the production of toner particles is used.

  The content of the release agent is, for example, preferably from 1% by mass to 20% by mass, more preferably from 3% by mass to 20% by mass, and more preferably from 3% by mass to 15% by mass with respect to the entire toner particles. More preferably, the content is 5% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less.

-Colorant-
Examples of the colorant include carbon black, chrome yellow, hansa yellow, benzidine yellow, sren yellow, quinoline yellow, pigment yellow, permanent orange GTR, pyrazolone orange, vulcan orange, watch young red, permanent red, brilliant carmine 3B, and brilliant. Carmine 6B, Dupont Oil Red, Pyrazolone Red, Resol Red, Rhodamine B Lake, Lake Red C, Pigment Red, Rose Bengal, Aniline Blue, Ultramarine Blue, Calco Oil Blue, Methylene Blue Chloride, Phthalocyanine Blue, Pigment Blue, Phthalocyanine Green, Various pigments such as malachite green oxalate, or acridine, xanthene, , Benzoquinone, azine, anthraquinone, thioindico, dioxazine, thiazine, azomethine, indico, phthalocyanine, aniline black, polymethine, triphenylmethane, diphenylmethane, thiazole, and other dyes Etc.
A colorant may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  As the colorant, a surface-treated colorant may be used as necessary, or it may be used in combination with a dispersant. A plurality of colorants may be used in combination.

  The content of the colorant is, for example, preferably 1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and more preferably 3% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less with respect to the entire toner particles.

-Other additives-
Examples of other additives include known additives such as a magnetic material, a charge control agent, and inorganic powder. These additives are contained in the toner particles as internal additives.

-Toner particle characteristics-
The toner particles may be toner particles having a single layer structure, or toner particles having a so-called core / shell structure composed of a core (core particle) and a coating layer (shell layer) covering the core. The core-shell structure is preferable. The toner particles having a core / shell structure include, for example, a core portion including a binder resin, a styrene (meth) acrylic resin, and a colorant, and a coating including a binder resin and a release agent. And a layer.

  The volume average particle diameter (D50v) of the toner particles is preferably 2 μm or more and 10 μm or less, and more preferably 4 μm or more and 8 μm or less.

Various average particle diameters and various particle size distribution indexes of the toner particles are measured using Coulter Multisizer II (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter), and the electrolyte is measured using ISOTON-II (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter).
In the measurement, 0.5 mg to 50 mg of a measurement sample is added to 2 ml of a 5% by mass aqueous solution of a surfactant (preferably sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate) as a dispersant. This is added to 100 ml or more and 150 ml or less of the electrolytic solution.
The electrolyte in which the sample is suspended is dispersed for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser, and the particle size distribution of particles in the range of 2 μm to 60 μm is measured using a Coulter Multisizer II with an aperture having an aperture diameter of 100 μm. To do. The number of particles to be sampled is 50,000.
For the particle size range (channel) divided based on the measured particle size distribution, the cumulative distribution is drawn from the smaller diameter side to the volume and number, respectively, and the particle size to be 16% is the volume particle size D16v, the number particle size D16p, the particle size that is 50% cumulative is defined as the volume average particle size D50v, the number average particle size D50p, and the particle size that is cumulative 84% is defined as the volume particle size D84v and the number particle size D84p.
Using these, the volume average particle size distribution index (GSDv) is calculated as (D84v / D16v) ^1/2 and the number average particle size distribution index (GSDp) is calculated as (D84p / D16p) ^1/2 .

  The shape factor SF1 of the toner particles is preferably 110 or more and 150 or less, and more preferably 120 or more and 140 or less.

The shape factor SF1 is obtained by the following equation.
Formula: SF1 = (ML ² / A) × (π / 4) × 100
In the above formula, ML represents the absolute maximum length of the toner, and A represents the projected area of the toner.
Specifically, the shape factor SF1 is quantified mainly by analyzing a microscope image or a scanning electron microscope image using an image analyzer, and is calculated as follows. That is, by capturing an optical microscope image of particles dispersed on the surface of a slide glass into a Luzex image analyzer using a video camera, obtaining the maximum length and projected area of 100 particles, calculating by the above formula, and obtaining the average value can get.

(External additive)
As the external additive, poly (meth) acrylate resin particles and abrasive particles are applied. As the external additive, other external additives may be used in combination with the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles and the abrasive particles.

・ Poly (meth) acrylate resin particles The poly (meth) acrylate resin particles are an ester compound of (meth) acrylic acid and alcohol (hereinafter also referred to as “(meth) acrylate ester monomer”). Polymer particles. “(Meth) acrylic acid” is an expression including both “acrylic acid” and “methacrylic acid”. Further, “(meth) acryloyl group” is an expression including both “acryloyl group” and “methacryloyl group”.

  Examples of (meth) acrylic acid ester monomers include (meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters (for example, (meth) acrylic acid n-methyl, (meth) acrylic acid n-ethyl, (meth) acrylic acid n- Propyl, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, n-pentyl (meth) acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-heptyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylate n -Decyl, n-dodecyl (meth) acrylate, n-lauryl (meth) acrylate, n-tetradecyl (meth) acrylate, n-hexadecyl (meth) acrylate, n-octadecyl (meth) acrylate, (meta ) Isopropyl acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, t-butyl (meth) acrylate, isopentyl (meth) acrylate, ( T) amyl acrylate, neopentyl (meth) acrylate, isohexyl (meth) acrylate, isoheptyl (meth) acrylate, isooctyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, (Meth) acrylic acid t-butylcyclohexyl etc.), (meth) acrylic acid aryl ester (for example, (meth) acrylic acid phenyl, (meth) acrylic acid biphenyl, (meth) acrylic acid diphenylethyl, (meth) acrylic acid t -Butylphenyl, (meth) acrylate terphenyl, etc.), dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, methoxyethyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, ( (Meth) acrylic acid β-carboxyl Examples include siethyl and (meth) acrylamide. The (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer is preferably a (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer from the viewpoint of suppressing streak-like image defects, and preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms). ) Alkyl group-containing (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer (CH ² ═C (R ¹ ) —C (═O) —O—R ² , wherein R1 is hydrogen An atom or a methyl group, R2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms), including a hydroxy group, an amino group, and a carboxy group. Group, an alkoxy group, etc.) are preferable.

That is, the number of carbon atoms in the ester site (alkyl chain) of the resin in the poly (meth) acrylic acid ester resin particles is preferably 1 or more and 6 or less (preferably 1 or more and 3 or less).
Poly (meth) acrylate resin particles having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the ester moiety (alkyl chain) (the weight of alkyl group (meth) acrylate monomers having an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms) The coalesced particles are easy to ensure the affinity for the release agent (especially hydrocarbon wax) while increasing the strength of the resin particles. That is, the resin particles are not easily crushed and the release agent (particularly hydrocarbon wax) is likely to adhere. For this reason, streak-like image defects are more easily suppressed.

  The alkyl group of the (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer may be linear, branched or cyclic, but is preferably linear or branched, more preferably linear.

Here, the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles may be crosslinked resin particles. In this case, examples of the crosslinkable monomer to be used include a bifunctional or higher functional crosslinking agent.
Examples of the bifunctional crosslinking agent include divinylbenzene, divinylnaphthalene, and di (meth) acrylate compounds (for example, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, methylenebis (meth) acrylamide, decanediol diacrylate, glycidyl (meth) acrylate, etc.) , Polyester type di (meth) acrylate, 2-([1′-methylpropylideneamino] carboxyamino) ethyl methacrylate, and the like.
Examples of the polyfunctional crosslinking agent include tri (meth) acrylate compounds (for example, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, trimethylolethane tri (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, etc.), tetra (meth) acrylate Compound (for example, tetramethylol methane tetra (meth) acrylate, oligoester (meth) acrylate, etc.), 2,2-bis (4-methacryloxy, polyethoxyphenyl) propane, diallyl phthalate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl asocyanurate , Triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, diaryl chlorendate and the like.

  The copolymerization ratio of the crosslinkable monomer to the total monomer (mass basis, crosslinkable monomer / total monomer) is preferably, for example, 2/1000 to 30/1000.

The weight average molecular weight of the resin in the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles is, for example, from 50,000 to 600,000, preferably from 100,000 to 550000, more preferably from 200,000 to 500,000, from the viewpoint of suppressing streak-like image defects. It is.
The weight average molecular weight of the resin in the poly (meth) acrylic ester resin particles is a value measured by the same method as the weight average molecular weight of the polyester resin.

  The number average particle diameter of the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles is preferably 50 nm or more and 500 nm or less, more preferably 80 nm or more and 300 nm or less, from the viewpoint of enhancing dispersibility in toner particles and facilitating streak-like image defects. More preferably, it is 100 nm or more and 250 nm or less.

  The number average particle diameter of the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles is a value measured by the following method. First, 100 primary particles of poly (meth) acrylate resin particles after externally adding (dispersing) the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles to the toner particles are observed with a SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) apparatus. The longest diameter and the shortest diameter of each particle are measured by image analysis of primary particles in the observed SEM image, and the equivalent sphere diameter is measured from the intermediate value. The 50% diameter (D50p) in the cumulative frequency based on the number of sphere equivalent diameters obtained is taken as the number average particle diameter of the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles.

  The external addition amount of the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 5.0% by mass or less with respect to the toner particles, for example, from the viewpoint of suppressing streak-like image defects. 05 mass% or more and 1.0% or less are more preferable, and 0.1 mass% or more and 0.5 mass% or less are still more preferable.

Abrasive particles Examples of the abrasive particles include well-known abrasive particles. Specifically, for example, cerium oxide, strontium titanate, magnesium oxide, alumina, silicon carbide, zinc oxide, silica, titanium oxide, Examples thereof include inorganic particles such as boron nitride, calcium pyrophosphate, zirconia, barium titanate, calcium titanate, calcium carbonate, and strontium titanate.

  Among these abrasive particles, titanium oxide particles are preferable from the viewpoint of image coloring, and rutile titanium oxide particles (titanium oxide particles having a rutile crystal structure) are more preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing streak-like image defects. In particular, rutile type titanium oxide particles have high Mohs hardness and weaker adhesion to the surface of toner particles than anatase type titanium oxide particles. That is, the rutile type titanium oxide particles have a polishing function higher than that of the anatase type titanium oxide particles and have the property of being easily released from the toner particles. For this reason, streak-like image defects are more easily suppressed.

The number average particle diameter of the abrasive particles is preferably 25 nm or more and 200 nm or less, more preferably 25 nm or more and 150 nm or less, and further preferably 40 nm or more and 100 nm or less from the viewpoint of enhancing dispersibility in toner particles and facilitating streak-like image defects. preferable.
Further, the polished release agent may adhere to the abrasive particles, and by causing the abrasive particles to adhere to the (meth) acrylic ester resin particles, streak-like image quality defects can be further suppressed. For this reason, the number average particle diameter of the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles is preferably at least twice the number average particle diameter of the abrasive particles, more preferably at least 2.5 times. When the abrasive particles are smaller than the number average particle diameter of the (meth) acrylic ester resin particles and are in the range shown on the left, the abrasive particles easily adhere to the (meth) acrylic ester resin particles.
The number average particle size of the abrasive particles is a value measured by the same method as the number average particle size of the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles.

  From the viewpoint of suppressing streak-like image defects, for example, the external addition amount of the abrasive particles is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 5.0% by mass or less, and 0.05% by mass or more. 5 mass% or less is more preferable, and 0.5 mass% or more and 2.0 mass% or less is still more preferable.

Other external additives Other external additives include small-diameter inorganic particles for the purpose of improving the fluidity and heat storage property of the toner.
Examples of the small-diameter inorganic particles include SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , CuO, ZnO, SnO ₂ , CeO ₂ , Fe ₂ O ₃ , MgO, BaO, CaO, K ₂ O, Na ₂ O, and ZrO _{2. , CaO · SiO 2, K 2} O · (TiO 2) n, Al 2 O 3 · 2SiO 2, CaCO 3, MgCO 3, BaSO 4, MgSO 4 , and the like.

The number average particle size of the small-diameter inorganic particles is preferably less than 80 nm, and more preferably 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
The number average particle size of the small-diameter inorganic particles is a value measured by the same method as the number average particle size of the poly (meth) acrylate resin particles.

  Other external additives include resin particles other than poly (meth) acrylic ester resin particles (resin particles such as polystyrene and melamine resin), cleaning activators (for example, metal salts of higher fatty acids represented by zinc stearate) And fluorine high molecular weight particles).

  The amount of other external additives added is, for example, preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less with respect to the toner particles.

The surface of inorganic particles (including abrasive particles) as an external additive is preferably subjected to a hydrophobic treatment. The hydrophobic treatment is performed, for example, by immersing inorganic particles in a hydrophobic treatment agent. The hydrophobizing agent is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include silane coupling agents, silicone oils, titanate coupling agents, aluminum coupling agents and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
The amount of the hydrophobizing agent is, for example, 1 part by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the inorganic particles.

[Toner Production Method]
The toner according to the exemplary embodiment is manufactured by manufacturing toner particles and externally adding an external additive to the toner particles.

  The toner particles may be produced by any of a dry production method (for example, a kneading pulverization method) and a wet production method (for example, an aggregation coalescence method, a suspension polymerization method, a dissolution suspension method, etc.). There is no restriction | limiting in particular in these manufacturing methods, A well-known manufacturing method is employ | adopted. Among them, it is preferable to obtain toner particles by an aggregation coalescence method.

Specifically, for example, when toner particles are produced by an aggregation coalescence method,
A step of preparing a polyester resin particle dispersion in which polyester resin particles are dispersed (polyester resin particle dispersion preparation step);
A step of preparing a styrene (meth) acrylic resin particle dispersion in which styrene (meth) acrylic resin particles are dispersed (styrene (meth) acrylic resin particle dispersion preparing step);
A step of preparing a release agent particle dispersion in which release agent particles are dispersed (a release agent particle dispersion preparation step);
In a mixed dispersion obtained by mixing the two resin particle dispersions (in a dispersion obtained by mixing other particle dispersions such as a colorant if necessary), resin particles (if necessary, other particles may be added). And agglomerating to form first agglomerated particles (first agglomerated particle forming step);
The first aggregated particle dispersion in which the first aggregated particles are dispersed, the polyester resin particle dispersion, and the release agent particle dispersion are mixed, and the polyester resin particles and the release agent particles are mixed on the surface of the first aggregated particles. A step of agglomerating to adhere to form second aggregated particles (second aggregated particle forming step);
Heating the second agglomerated particle dispersion in which the second agglomerated particles are dispersed, and fusing and coalescing the second agglomerated particles to form toner particles (fusing and coalescing step);
Then, toner particles are manufactured.

  Hereinafter, the detail of each process of the aggregation coalescence method is demonstrated. In the following description, a method for obtaining toner particles containing a colorant will be described. The colorant is used as necessary. Of course, other additives other than the colorant may be used.

-Preparation step of resin particle dispersion-
First, together with a resin particle dispersion in which polyester resin particles as a binder resin are dispersed, a styrene (meth) acrylic resin particle dispersion in which styrene (meth) acrylic resin particles are dispersed, a colorant in which colorant particles are dispersed A dispersion liquid and a release agent particle dispersion liquid in which release agent particles are dispersed are prepared.

  The polyester resin particle dispersion is prepared, for example, by dispersing polyester resin particles in a dispersion medium using a surfactant.

Examples of the dispersion medium used for the polyester resin particle dispersion include an aqueous medium.
Examples of the aqueous medium include water such as distilled water and ion exchange water; alcohols. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the surfactant include anionic surfactants such as sulfate ester, sulfonate, phosphate, and soap; cationic surfactants such as amine salt type and quaternary ammonium salt type; polyethylene glycol And nonionic surfactants such as polyphenols, alkylphenol ethylene oxide adducts, and polyhydric alcohols. Among these, an anionic surfactant and a cationic surfactant are particularly mentioned. The nonionic surfactant may be used in combination with an anionic surfactant or a cationic surfactant.
Surfactant may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  Examples of the method for dispersing the polyester resin particles in the dispersion medium include a general dispersion method using a rotary shearing homogenizer, a ball mill having media, a sand mill, a dyno mill, and the like. In addition, the polyester resin particles may be dispersed in the dispersion medium by a phase inversion emulsification method. The phase inversion emulsification method is a method in which a resin to be dispersed is dissolved in a hydrophobic organic solvent in which the resin is soluble, neutralized by adding a base to the organic continuous phase (O phase), and then water (W phase). Is used to perform phase inversion from W / O to O / W and disperse the resin in an aqueous medium in the form of particles.

The volume average particle size of the polyester resin particles dispersed in the polyester resin particle dispersion is, for example, preferably 0.01 μm or more and 1 μm or less, more preferably 0.08 μm or more and 0.8 μm or less, and 0.1 μm or more and 0.6 μm or less. Further preferred.
The volume average particle size of the polyester resin particles is a particle size range obtained by measurement with a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device (for example, LA-700, manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.), and for a divided particle size range (channel), A cumulative distribution is drawn from the small particle size side with respect to the volume, and the particle size that makes the volume 50% of all particles is defined as the volume average particle size D50v. The volume average particle size of particles in other dispersions is also measured in the same manner.

  The content of the polyester resin particles contained in the polyester resin particle dispersion is preferably 5% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less, and more preferably 10% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less.

  In the same manner as the polyester resin particle dispersion, a styrene (meth) acrylic resin particle dispersion, a colorant dispersion, and a release agent particle dispersion are also prepared. That is, the dispersion medium, the dispersion method, the volume average particle diameter of the particles, and the content of the particles in the polyester resin particle dispersion are styrene (meth) acrylic resin particle dispersion, colorant dispersion, release agent particle dispersion. The same applies to.

-First aggregated particle forming step-
Next, the polyester resin particle dispersion, the styrene (meth) acrylic resin particle dispersion, and the colorant dispersion are mixed.
Then, the polyester resin particles, the styrene (meth) acrylic resin particles, and the colorant particles are hetero-aggregated in the mixed dispersion, and the polyester resin particles and the styrene (meth) acrylic have a diameter close to that of the target toner particles. First agglomerated particles including resin particles and colorant particles are formed.
In addition, if necessary, a release agent particle dispersion may also be mixed, and the release agent particles may be included in the first aggregated particles.

Specifically, for example, a coagulant is added to the mixed dispersion, and the pH of the mixed dispersion is adjusted to acidic (for example, pH 2 to 5), and a dispersion stabilizer is added as necessary. To a temperature close to the glass transition temperature (specifically, for example, the glass transition temperature of the polyester resin is −30 ° C. or higher and the glass transition temperature is −10 ° C. or lower), and the particles dispersed in the mixed dispersion are aggregated To form first agglomerated particles.
In the first agglomerated particle forming step, for example, the aggregating agent is added at room temperature (for example, 25 ° C.) while stirring the mixed dispersion with a rotary shearing homogenizer, and the pH of the agglomerated dispersion is acidic (for example, pH 2 to 5) And after adding a dispersion stabilizer as necessary, heating may be performed.

Examples of the flocculant include a surfactant having a polarity opposite to that of the surfactant contained in the mixed dispersion, an inorganic metal salt, and a bivalent or higher-valent metal complex. When a metal complex is used as the flocculant, the amount of the flocculant used is reduced and the charging characteristics are improved.
An additive that forms a complex or similar bond with the metal ion of the flocculant may be used together with the flocculant. As this additive, a chelating agent is preferably used.

Examples of inorganic metal salts include metal salts such as calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, barium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, and aluminum sulfate; inorganic metal salts such as polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum hydroxide, and calcium polysulfide Polymer; and the like.
A water-soluble chelating agent may be used as the chelating agent. Examples of the chelating agent include oxycarboxylic acids such as tartaric acid, citric acid, and gluconic acid; aminocarboxylic acids such as iminodiacetic acid (IDA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); .
For example, the addition amount of the chelating agent is preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more and 5.0 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and less than 3.0 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin particles.

-Second aggregated particle forming step-
After obtaining the first aggregated particle dispersion in which the first aggregated particles are dispersed, the first aggregated particle dispersion, the polyester resin particle dispersion, and the release agent particle dispersion are further mixed. The polyester resin particle dispersion and the release agent particle dispersion may be mixed in advance, and this mixture may be mixed with the first aggregated particle dispersion.

  Then, in the mixed dispersion liquid in which the first aggregated particles, the polyester resin particles, and the release agent particles are dispersed, the polyester resin particles and the release agent particles are aggregated to adhere to the surface of the first aggregated particles, Second agglomerated particles are formed.

  Specifically, for example, in the first aggregated particle forming step, when the first aggregated particle reaches a target particle size, the polyester resin particles and the release agent particles are dispersed in the first aggregated particle dispersion. Mix the dispersion. Next, this mixed dispersion is heated below the glass transition temperature of the polyester resin, and the pH of the mixed dispersion is adjusted to a range of, for example, about 6.5 to 8.5 to stop the progress of aggregation.

  Thereby, the 2nd aggregated particle aggregated so that the polyester resin particle and the release agent particle adhere to the surface of the 1st aggregated particle is obtained.

-Fusion / unification process-
Next, the second aggregated particle dispersion in which the second aggregated particles are dispersed is heated to, for example, a glass transition temperature or higher of the polyester resin (for example, a temperature of 10 ° C. to 50 ° C. higher than the glass transition temperature of the polyester resin). Then, the second aggregated particles are fused and united to form toner particles.

Through the above steps, toner particles are obtained.
After obtaining the second aggregated particle dispersion in which the second aggregated particles are dispersed, the second aggregated particle dispersion is further mixed with the polyester resin particle dispersion in which the polyester resin particles are dispersed, (2) Aggregating so that polyester resin particles further adhere to the surface of the aggregated particles to form third aggregated particles, heating the third aggregated particle dispersion in which the third aggregated particles are dispersed, The toner particles may be manufactured through a step of fusing and coalescing the third aggregated particles to form toner particles.

After completion of the coalescence / union process, the toner particles formed in the solution are subjected to a known washing process, solid-liquid separation process, and drying process to obtain dried toner particles.
In the washing step, it is preferable to sufficiently perform substitution washing with ion-exchanged water from the viewpoint of chargeability. The solid-liquid separation step is not particularly limited, but suction filtration, pressure filtration, or the like is preferably performed from the viewpoint of productivity. Also, the drying process is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of productivity, freeze drying, flash jet drying, fluidized drying, vibration fluidized drying, or the like is preferably performed.

  The toner according to the exemplary embodiment is manufactured, for example, by adding an external additive to the dry toner particles and mixing them. Mixing is preferably performed by, for example, a V blender, a Henschel mixer, a Ladyge mixer, or the like. Furthermore, if necessary, coarse toner particles may be removed using a vibration classifier, a wind classifier, or the like.

<Electrostatic image developer>
The electrostatic charge image developer according to the exemplary embodiment includes at least the toner according to the exemplary embodiment. The electrostatic charge image developer according to this embodiment may be a one-component developer including only the toner according to this embodiment, or may be a two-component developer in which the toner and a carrier are mixed.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a carrier, A well-known carrier is mentioned. Examples of carriers include a coated carrier in which the surface of a core made of magnetic powder is coated with a resin; a magnetic powder-dispersed carrier in which magnetic powder is dispersed in a matrix resin; and a porous magnetic powder impregnated with resin. Resin impregnated type carriers; and the like. The magnetic powder-dispersed carrier and the resin-impregnated carrier may be carriers in which the constituent particles of the carrier are used as a core and the surface is coated with a resin.

  Examples of the magnetic powder include magnetic metals such as iron, nickel, and cobalt; magnetic oxides such as ferrite and magnetite.

  Examples of the conductive particles include metals such as gold, silver, and copper; particles such as carbon black, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, barium sulfate, aluminum borate, and potassium titanate.

  Examples of the coating resin and matrix resin include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl ketone, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene-acrylic. Examples include an acid copolymer, a straight silicone resin containing an organosiloxane bond or a modified product thereof, a fluororesin, a polyester, a polycarbonate, a phenol resin, and an epoxy resin. The coating resin and the matrix resin may contain an additive such as a conductive material.

  In order to coat the surface of the core material with a resin, a method of coating with a coating layer forming solution in which a coating resin and various additives (used as necessary) are dissolved in an appropriate solvent may be mentioned. The solvent is not particularly limited, and may be selected in consideration of the type of resin used, application suitability, and the like. Specific resin coating methods include a dipping method in which a core material is immersed in a coating layer forming solution; a spray method in which the coating layer forming solution is sprayed on the surface of the core material; A fluidized bed method in which a coating layer forming solution is sprayed; a kneader coater method in which a carrier core material and a coating layer forming solution are mixed in a kneader coater, and then the solvent is removed;

  The mixing ratio (mass ratio) of the toner and the carrier in the two-component developer is preferably toner: carrier = 1: 100 to 30: 100, and more preferably 3: 100 to 20: 100.

<Image Forming Apparatus / Image Forming Method>
An image forming apparatus and an image forming method according to the present embodiment will be described.
The image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment includes an image carrier, a charging unit that charges the surface of the image carrier, an electrostatic image forming unit that forms an electrostatic image on the surface of the charged image carrier, and an electrostatic charge. Development means for containing an image developer and developing the electrostatic image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image with the electrostatic image developer, and the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a recording medium Transfer means for transferring to the surface of the recording medium, and fixing means for fixing the toner image transferred to the surface of the recording medium. The electrostatic charge image developer according to this embodiment is applied as the electrostatic charge image developer.

  In the image forming apparatus according to this embodiment, a charging process for charging the surface of the image carrier, an electrostatic charge image forming process for forming an electrostatic image on the surface of the charged image carrier, and an electrostatic charge according to this embodiment. A developing step of developing an electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image with an image developer; a transfer step of transferring the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of the recording medium; An image forming method (an image forming method according to the present embodiment) including a fixing step of fixing the toner image transferred onto the surface of the recording medium is performed.

The image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment is a direct transfer type apparatus that directly transfers a toner image formed on the surface of an image carrier to a recording medium; the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier is transferred to an intermediate transfer member An intermediate transfer type apparatus that primarily transfers the toner image transferred to the surface of the intermediate transfer body and then secondary transfer the toner image to the surface of the recording medium; after the toner image is transferred, the surface of the image carrier before charging is cleaned. A known image forming apparatus such as an apparatus provided with a cleaning unit; an apparatus provided with a charge removing unit that discharges the surface of the image holding member with a discharge light before charging after transferring the toner image;
In the case where the image forming apparatus according to this embodiment is an intermediate transfer type apparatus, for example, the transfer unit intermediately transfers an intermediate transfer body on which a toner image is transferred onto the surface and a toner image formed on the surface of the image holding body. A configuration having primary transfer means for primary transfer onto the surface of the body and secondary transfer means for secondary transfer of the toner image transferred onto the surface of the intermediate transfer body onto the surface of the recording medium is applied.

  In the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment, for example, the part including the developing unit may have a cartridge structure (process cartridge) that is detachable from the image forming apparatus. As the process cartridge, for example, a process cartridge including a developing unit containing the electrostatic charge image developer according to the present embodiment is preferably used.

  Hereinafter, an example of the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment will be described, but the present invention is not limited to this. In the following description, the main part shown in the figure will be described, and the description of other parts will be omitted.

FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment.
The image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 1 is a first electrophotographic system that outputs an image of each color of yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) based on color-separated image data. To fourth image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K (image forming means). These image forming units (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “units”) 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K are arranged in parallel at a predetermined distance from each other in the horizontal direction. These units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K may be process cartridges that can be attached to and detached from the image forming apparatus.

Above each unit 10Y, 10M, 10C, 10K, an intermediate transfer belt (an example of an intermediate transfer member) 20 is extended through each unit. The intermediate transfer belt 20 is provided around a drive roll 22 and a support roll 24 that are in contact with the inner surface of the intermediate transfer belt 20, and travels in a direction from the first unit 10Y to the fourth unit 10K. Yes. A force is applied to the support roll 24 in a direction away from the drive roll 22 by a spring or the like (not shown), and tension is applied to the intermediate transfer belt 20 wound around the support roll 24. An intermediate transfer body cleaning device 30 is provided on the image holding surface side of the intermediate transfer belt 20 so as to face the drive roll 22.
Each unit 10Y, 10M, 10C, 10K developing device (an example of developing means) 4Y, 4M, 4C, 4K has yellow, magenta, cyan, black in toner cartridges 8Y, 8M, 8C, 8K, respectively. Each toner is supplied.

  Since the first to fourth units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K have the same configuration, operation, and action, the yellow image disposed upstream in the intermediate transfer belt traveling direction is displayed here. The first unit 10Y to be formed will be described as a representative.

The first unit 10Y has a photoreceptor 1Y that functions as an image holding member. Around the photoreceptor 1Y, a charging roll (an example of a charging unit) 2Y that charges the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y to a predetermined potential, and the charged surface is exposed by a laser beam 3Y based on the color-separated image signal. Then, an exposure device (an example of an electrostatic image forming unit) 3 that forms an electrostatic image, and a developing device (an example of a developing unit) 4Y that develops the electrostatic image by supplying toner charged to the electrostatic image, developed A primary transfer roll (an example of a primary transfer unit) 5Y that transfers a toner image onto the intermediate transfer belt 20, and a photoconductor cleaning device (an example of a cleaning unit) 6Y that removes toner remaining on the surface of the photoconductor 1Y after the primary transfer. Are arranged in order.
The primary transfer roll 5Y is disposed inside the intermediate transfer belt 20, and is provided at a position facing the photoreceptor 1Y. A bias power source (not shown) for applying a primary transfer bias is connected to the primary transfer rolls 5Y, 5M, 5C, and 5K of each unit. Each bias power source changes the value of the transfer bias applied to each primary transfer roll under the control of a control unit (not shown).

Hereinafter, an operation of forming a yellow image in the first unit 10Y will be described.
First, prior to operation, the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y is charged to a potential of −600V to −800V by the charging roll 2Y.
The photoreceptor 1Y is formed by laminating a photosensitive layer on a conductive base (for example, a volume resistivity of 1 × 10 ⁻⁶ Ωcm or less at 20 ° C.). This photosensitive layer usually has a high resistance (general resin resistance), but has a property of changing the specific resistance of the portion irradiated with the laser beam when irradiated with the laser beam. Therefore, the laser beam 3Y is irradiated from the exposure device 3 on the surface of the charged photoreceptor 1Y in accordance with yellow image data sent from a control unit (not shown). Thereby, an electrostatic charge image of a yellow image pattern is formed on the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y.

The electrostatic charge image is an image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y by charging, and the specific resistance of the irradiated portion of the photosensitive layer is lowered by the laser beam 3Y, and the charged charge on the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y flows. On the other hand, this is a so-called negative latent image formed by the charge remaining in the portion not irradiated with the laser beam 3Y.
The electrostatic charge image formed on the photoreceptor 1Y rotates to a predetermined development position as the photoreceptor 1Y travels. At this development position, the electrostatic charge image on the photoreceptor 1Y is developed and visualized as a toner image by the developing device 4Y.

  In the developing device 4Y, for example, an electrostatic charge image developer containing at least yellow toner and a carrier is accommodated. The yellow toner is triboelectrically charged by being agitated inside the developing device 4Y, and has a charge of the same polarity (negative polarity) as the charged electric charge on the photoreceptor 1Y, and has a developer roll (a developer holding member). Example) is held on. Then, as the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y passes through the developing device 4Y, the yellow toner is electrostatically attached to the latent image portion on the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y, and the latent image is developed with the yellow toner. The The photoreceptor 1Y on which the yellow toner image is formed continues to run at a predetermined speed, and the toner image developed on the photoreceptor 1Y is conveyed to a predetermined primary transfer position.

When the yellow toner image on the photoreceptor 1Y is transported to the primary transfer position, a primary transfer bias is applied to the primary transfer roll 5Y, and electrostatic force from the photoreceptor 1Y toward the primary transfer roll 5Y acts on the toner image. The toner image on the photoreceptor 1Y is transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 20. The transfer bias applied at this time has a (+) polarity opposite to the polarity (−) of the toner, and is controlled to, for example, +10 μA by the control unit (not shown) in the first unit 10Y.
On the other hand, the toner remaining on the photoreceptor 1Y is removed and collected by the photoreceptor cleaning device 6Y.

The primary transfer bias applied to the primary transfer rolls 5M, 5C, and 5K after the second unit 10M is also controlled according to the first unit.
Thus, the intermediate transfer belt 20 onto which the yellow toner image has been transferred by the first unit 10Y is sequentially conveyed through the second to fourth units 10M, 10C, and 10K, and the toner images of the respective colors are superimposed and transferred in a multiple manner. The

  The intermediate transfer belt 20 onto which the four color toner images have been transferred in multiple ways through the first to fourth units includes the intermediate transfer belt 20, a support roll 24 in contact with the inner surface of the intermediate transfer belt, and an image holding surface of the intermediate transfer belt 20. To a secondary transfer portion composed of a secondary transfer roll (an example of secondary transfer means) 26 arranged on the side. On the other hand, recording paper (an example of a recording medium) P is fed at a predetermined timing into a gap where the secondary transfer roll 26 and the intermediate transfer belt 20 are in contact with each other via a supply mechanism, and the secondary transfer bias is supplied to the support roll. 24. The transfer bias applied at this time is a (−) polarity that is the same polarity as the polarity (−) of the toner, and an electrostatic force from the intermediate transfer belt 20 toward the recording paper P acts on the toner image, so The toner image is transferred onto the recording paper P. The secondary transfer bias at this time is determined according to the resistance detected by a resistance detecting means (not shown) for detecting the resistance of the secondary transfer portion, and is voltage-controlled.

  Thereafter, the recording paper P is sent to a pressure contact portion (nip portion) of a pair of fixing rolls in a fixing device (an example of a fixing unit) 28, and the toner image is fixed on the recording paper P to form a fixed image. .

Examples of the recording paper P to which the toner image is transferred include plain paper used in electrophotographic copying machines, printers, and the like. As the recording medium, in addition to the recording paper P, an OHP sheet and the like are also included.
In order to further improve the smoothness of the image surface after fixing, it is preferable that the surface of the recording paper P is also smooth. For example, coated paper in which the surface of plain paper is coated with resin, art paper for printing, etc. Preferably used.

  The recording paper P on which the color image has been fixed is carried out toward the discharge unit, and a series of color image forming operations is completed.

<Process cartridge / toner cartridge>
The process cartridge according to this embodiment will be described.
The process cartridge according to the present embodiment accommodates the electrostatic image developer according to the present embodiment, and develops the electrostatic image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image by the electrostatic image developer. And a process cartridge that can be attached to and detached from the image forming apparatus.

  The process cartridge according to the present embodiment is not limited to the above configuration, and is selected from a developing device and other means such as an image carrier, a charging unit, an electrostatic charge image forming unit, and a transfer unit, if necessary. And at least one of the above may be provided.

  Hereinafter, an example of the process cartridge according to the present embodiment will be shown, but the present invention is not limited to this. In the following description, the main part shown in the figure will be described, and the description of other parts will be omitted.

FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a process cartridge according to the present embodiment.
The process cartridge 200 shown in FIG. 2 is provided around the photoconductor 107 and the photoconductor 107 by, for example, a housing 117 provided with an attachment rail 116 and an opening 118 for exposure. A charging roller 108 (an example of a charging unit), a developing device 111 (an example of a developing unit), and a photoconductor cleaning device 113 (an example of a cleaning unit) are integrally combined and held to form a cartridge. Yes.
In FIG. 2, 109 is an exposure device (an example of an electrostatic charge image forming unit), 112 is a transfer device (an example of a transfer unit), 115 is a fixing device (an example of a fixing unit), and 300 is a recording paper (an example of a recording medium). Is shown.

Next, the toner cartridge according to this embodiment will be described.
The toner cartridge according to the present exemplary embodiment is a toner cartridge that accommodates the toner according to the present exemplary embodiment and is detachable from the image forming apparatus. The toner cartridge contains toner for replenishment to be supplied to the developing means provided in the image forming apparatus.

  The image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 1 is an image forming apparatus having a configuration in which toner cartridges 8Y, 8M, 8C, and 8K are attached and detached. The developing devices 4Y, 4M, 4C, and 4K are toner cartridges corresponding to respective colors. And a toner supply pipe (not shown). Further, when the amount of toner stored in the toner cartridge becomes low, the toner cartridge is replaced.

  Hereinafter, the present embodiment will be described more specifically by way of examples. However, the present embodiment is not limited to these examples. In the following description, “parts” and “%” indicating amounts are based on mass unless otherwise specified.

<Preparation of polyester resin particle dispersion>
[Preparation of polyester resin particle dispersion (1)]
-Bisphenol A ethylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct: 40 mol parts-Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct: 60 mol parts-Dimethyl terephthalate: 60 mol parts-Dimethyl fumarate: 15 mol parts-Dodecenyl succinic anhydride Material: 20 mol parts / trimellitic anhydride: 5 mol parts In a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, condenser and nitrogen gas introduction tube, among the above monomers other than dimethyl fumarate and trimellitic acid anhydride, 0.25 parts of tin dioctanoate was added with respect to 100 parts in total of the above monomers. After reacting at 235 ° C. for 6 hours under a nitrogen gas stream, the temperature was lowered to 200 ° C., and dimethyl fumarate and trimellitic anhydride were added and reacted for 1 hour. The temperature was raised to 220 ° C. over 5 hours, and polymerization was performed under a pressure of 10 kPa until a desired molecular weight was obtained, thereby obtaining a light yellow transparent amorphous polyester resin.
The amorphous polyester resin had a weight average molecular weight of 35,000, a number average molecular weight of 8,000, and a glass transition temperature of 59 ° C.

Next, the obtained amorphous polyester was dispersed using a disperser obtained by remodeling Cavitron CD1010 (manufactured by Eurotech Co., Ltd.) into a high temperature and high pressure type. The composition ratio of ion exchange water 80%, polyester resin concentration 20%, pH adjusted to 8.5 with ammonia, rotor rotation speed 60 Hz, pressure 5 Kg / cm ² , heating with heat exchanger 140 The Cavitron was operated under the condition of ° C. to obtain an amorphous polyester resin dispersion.
The volume average particle size of the resin particles in this dispersion was 130 nm. Ion exchange water was added to the dispersion to adjust the solid content to 20%, and this was designated as polyester resin particle dispersion (1).

[Preparation of polyester resin particle dispersion (2)]
-1,10-dodecanedioic acid: 50 mol part-1,9-nonanediol: 50 mol part The above monomer was put into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, condenser and nitrogen gas introduction tube, and the inside of the reaction vessel After substituting with dry nitrogen gas, 0.25 parts of titanium tetrabutoxide was added to 100 parts of the monomer. After stirring and reacting at 170 ° C. for 3 hours under a nitrogen gas stream, the temperature was further raised to 210 ° C. over 1 hour, the pressure in the reaction vessel was reduced to 3 kPa, and the reaction was stirred for 13 hours under reduced pressure. A crystalline polyester resin was obtained.
The crystalline polyester resin had a weight average molecular weight of 25,000, a number average molecular weight of 10,500, an acid value of 10.1 mgKOH / g, and a melting temperature by DSC of 73.6 ° C.

Next, the obtained crystalline polyester was dispersed using a disperser obtained by remodeling Cavitron CD1010 (manufactured by Eurotech Co., Ltd.) into a high temperature and high pressure type. The composition ratio of ion exchange water 80%, polyester resin concentration 20%, pH adjusted to 8.5 with ammonia, rotor rotation speed 60 Hz, pressure 5 Kg / cm ² , heating with heat exchanger 140 The Cavitron was operated under the condition of ° C. to obtain a crystalline polyester resin dispersion.
The volume average particle diameter of the resin particles in this dispersion was 180 nm. Ion exchange water was added to the dispersion to adjust the solid content to 20%, and this was designated as polyester resin particle dispersion (2).

<Preparation of styrene (meth) acrylic resin particle dispersion>
[Preparation of styrene acrylic resin particle dispersion (1)]
-Styrene: 77 parts-n-Butyl acrylate: 23 parts-1,10-decanediol diacrylate: 0.4 parts-Dodecanethiol: 0.7 parts An anionic surfactant in which the above materials are mixed and dissolved (Dow Fax manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd.) A solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 part in 60 parts of ion-exchanged water was added and dispersed and emulsified in a flask to prepare a monomer emulsion.
Subsequently, 2.0 parts of an anionic surfactant (Dowfax manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd.) was dissolved in 90 parts of ion-exchanged water, and 2.0 parts of the emulsion of the monomer was added thereto, and ammonium persulfate was further added. 10 parts of ion exchange water in which 1.0 part was dissolved was added.
Thereafter, the remaining emulsion of the monomer was added over 3 hours, and after replacing the nitrogen in the flask, the solution in the flask was heated to 65 ° C. in an oil bath while stirring and emulsified as it was for 5 hours. Polymerization was continued to obtain a styrene acrylic resin particle dispersion (1). In the styrene acrylic resin particle dispersion (1), ion exchange water was added to adjust the solid content to 32%.
The volume average particle diameter of the particles in the styrene acrylic resin particle dispersion (1) was 102 nm, and the weight average molecular weight was 55000.

<Preparation of colorant dispersion>
[Preparation of black pigment dispersion (1)]
Carbon black (Regal 330 manufactured by Cabot): 250 parts Anionic surfactant (Neogen SC manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku): 33 parts (active ingredient 60%, 8% based on colorant)
-Ion exchange water: 750 parts In a stainless steel container whose liquid level is about 1/3 of the height of the container when all the above materials are added, 280 parts of ion exchange water and anionic surface activity After 33 parts of the agent was added and the surfactant was sufficiently dissolved, all of the carbon black was added, and the mixture was stirred using a stirrer until there was no wet pigment, and was sufficiently degassed. After defoaming, the remaining ion-exchanged water was added, and the mixture was dispersed for 10 minutes at 5000 rpm using a homogenizer (Ultra Tarax T50, manufactured by IKA). After defoaming, the mixture was dispersed again at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes using a homogenizer, and then defoamed by stirring overnight with a stirrer. Subsequently, the dispersion was dispersed at a pressure of 240 MPa using a high-pressure impact disperser ultimateizer (HJP 30006 manufactured by Sugino Machine). The dispersion was equivalent to 25 passes in terms of the total charge and the processing capacity of the apparatus. The obtained dispersion was allowed to stand for 72 hours to remove precipitates, and ion exchanged water was added to adjust the solid content to 15% to obtain a black pigment dispersion (1). The volume average particle diameter of the particles in the black pigment dispersion (1) was 135 nm.

<Preparation of release agent particle dispersion>
[Preparation of Release Agent Particle Dispersion (1)]
Polyethylene wax (hydrocarbon wax, polywax 725 manufactured by Baker Petrolite, melting temperature 104 ° C.): 270 parts Anionic surfactant (Neogen RK manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku): 13.5 parts (active ingredient 60 %, 3% for mold release agent)
-Ion-exchanged water: 21.6 parts The above materials are mixed, and the release agent is dissolved with a pressure discharge homogenizer (Gorin homogenizer manufactured by Gorin Co., Ltd.) at an internal liquid temperature of 120 ° C, and then at a dispersion pressure of 5 MPa for 120 minutes. Subsequently, a dispersion treatment was performed at 40 MPa for 360 minutes, followed by cooling to obtain a dispersion. Ion exchange water was added to adjust the solid content to 20%, and this was used as a release agent particle dispersion (1). The volume average particle size of the particles in the release agent particle dispersion (1) was 225 nm.

[Preparation of release agent particle dispersion (2)]
]
Except for changing the polyethylene wax to paraffin wax (hydrocarbon wax, Nippon Seiwa Wax HNP9, melting temperature 75 ° C.), the release agent is the same as the method for preparing the release agent particle dispersion (1). A particle dispersion (3) was obtained.

[Preparation of release agent particle dispersion (3)]
Except for changing the polyethylene wax to a terminal carboxylic acid synthetic ester wax (ester wax, Nippon Kasei's Crobacs 300-6S, melting temperature 95 ° C.), the same as the method for preparing the release agent particle dispersion (1) Thus, a release agent particle dispersion (5) was obtained.

<Preparation of mixed particle dispersion>
[Preparation of mixed particle dispersion (1)]
After mixing 400 parts of the polyester resin particle dispersion (1), 60 parts of the release agent particle dispersion (1), and 2.9 parts of an anionic surfactant (Dowfax 2A1 manufactured by Dow Chemical Company), a temperature of 25 ° C. 1.0% nitric acid was added below to adjust the pH to 3.0 to obtain a mixed particle dispersion (1).

[Preparation of mixed particle dispersions (2) to (3)]
A mixed particle dispersion (1) was prepared in the same manner as the mixed particle dispersion (1) except that the release agent particle dispersion (1) was changed to the release agent particle dispersions (2) to (3). 2) to (3) were obtained.

<Preparation of toner particles>
[Production of Toner Particles (1)]
Polyester resin particle dispersion (1): 700 parts Polyester resin particle dispersion (2): 50 parts Styrene acrylic resin particle dispersion (1): 160 parts Black pigment dispersion (1): 133 parts Molding agent particle dispersion (1): 10 parts · ion-exchanged water: 600 parts · anionic surfactant (Dowfax 2A1 manufactured by Dow Chemical Co.): 2.9 parts 3 liters equipped with a thermometer, pH meter and stirrer The above-mentioned material for core formation is put in a reaction vessel, and 1.0% nitric acid is added at a temperature of 25 ° C. to adjust the pH to 3.0, followed by a homogenizer (Ultra Tlux T50 manufactured by IKA). While dispersing at 5,000 rpm, 100 parts of an aqueous 2.0% aluminum sulfate solution was added and dispersed for 6 minutes.

  Thereafter, a stirrer and a mantle heater are installed in the reaction vessel, and the temperature increase rate is 0.2 ° C./min up to a temperature of 40 ° C. while adjusting the rotation speed of the stirrer so that the slurry is sufficiently stirred. The temperature was raised from 53 ° C. to 53 ° C. at a heating rate of 0.05 ° C./min, and the particle size was measured every 10 minutes with Multisizer II (aperture diameter 50 μm, manufactured by Beckman-Coulter). When the volume average particle diameter reached 5.0 μm, the temperature was maintained, and 460 parts of the mixed particle dispersion (1) was added as a dispersion for forming a shell over 5 minutes.

  After maintaining at 50 ° C. for 30 minutes, 8 parts of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) 20% solution is added to the reaction vessel, 1 mol / L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is added, and the pH of the raw material dispersion is adjusted to 9.0. Controlled. Thereafter, while adjusting the pH to 9.0 every 5 ° C., the temperature was raised to 90 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 1 ° C./min and held at 90 ° C. When the particle shape and surface property were observed with an optical microscope and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), the coalescence of the particles was confirmed at 6 hours, so the container was cooled to 30 ° C. for 5 minutes with cooling water. And cooled.

The cooled slurry was passed through a nylon mesh having a mesh size of 15 μm to remove coarse powder, and the toner slurry that passed through the mesh was filtered under reduced pressure with an aspirator. The solid content remaining on the filter paper was crushed as finely as possible by hand, poured into ion-exchanged water having a solid content of 10 times at a temperature of 30 ° C., and stirred and mixed for 30 minutes. Next, it is filtered under reduced pressure with an aspirator, and the solid content remaining on the filter paper is crushed as finely as possible by hand, and is poured into ion-exchanged water having a solid content of 10 times at a temperature of 30 ° C., and stirred and mixed for 30 minutes. The filtrate was filtered under reduced pressure, and the electrical conductivity of the filtrate was measured. This operation was repeated until the electric conductivity of the filtrate was 10 μS / cm or less, and the solid content was washed.
The washed solid was finely pulverized with a wet dry granulator (Comil) and vacuum dried in an oven at 35 ° C. for 36 hours to obtain toner particles. The toner particles had a volume average particle size of 6.0 μm.

[Production of Toner Particles (1) to (7)]
According to Table 1, a dispersion for forming a core [polyester resin particle dispersion (denoted as “PE dispersion” in the table), styrene acrylic resin particle dispersion (denoted as “StAc dispersion” in the table)], release agent particles Toner particles in the same manner as toner particles (1), except that the type and number of dispersions (indicated as “WAX dispersion” in the table) and shell-forming dispersions (mixed particle dispersions) were changed. (1) to (7) were obtained.

<Example 1>
100 parts of toner particles, 0.3 parts of polymethyl methacrylate resin particles (PMMA) as resin particles, rutile titanium oxide particles (R-TO2 (1), number average particle size = 120 nm) 0.7 as abrasive particles 1 part of silica particles (number average particle diameter = 16 nm) as small-diameter inorganic particles were mixed for 15 minutes at a peripheral speed of 20 m / s using a Henschel mixer, and then coarse particles were sieved using a 45 μm mesh sieve. The toner was obtained by removing.

<Examples 2 to 9>
A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the types and the number of toner particles, resin particles, and abrasive particles were changed according to Tables 1 and 2. In addition, the column of “stirring time” in Tables 1 and 2 indicates the time required for charging the mixed particle dispersion. For example, “5 (Min)” is indicated in the column of “stirring time”. In this case, the mixed particle dispersion is introduced over 5 minutes.

<Comparative Examples 1-4>
A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type and number of toner particles, resin particles, abrasive particles, and small-diameter inorganic particles were changed according to Tables 1 and 2. In addition, the column of “stirring time” in Tables 1 and 2 indicates the time required for charging the mixed particle dispersion. For example, “5 (Min)” is indicated in the column of “stirring time”. In this case, the mixed particle dispersion is introduced over 5 minutes.

<Measurement>
With respect to the toner obtained in each example, the abundance ratio of the release agent, the domain diameter of the release agent (average diameter of the domain), and the exposure rate of the release agent were measured according to the method described above.

<Evaluation>
Using the toner obtained in each example, a developer was prepared as follows. Then, using the obtained developer, the occurrence of white streaks (striated image defects) in the image was evaluated (hereinafter referred to as “white streak evaluation”). The fixability was also evaluated.

(Creation of carrier)
Into a Henschel mixer, 500 parts of spherical magnetite particle powder having a volume average particle size of 0.18 μm was added and stirred sufficiently, then 5 parts of titanate coupling agent was added, the temperature was raised to 95 ° C., and mixed and stirred for 30 minutes. By doing so, spherical magnetite particles coated with a titanate coupling agent were obtained.
Subsequently, 6 parts of phenol, 10 parts of 30% formalin, 500 parts of magnetite particles, 7 parts of 25% aqueous ammonia, and 400 parts of water were placed in a 1 L four-necked flask and mixed and stirred. Next, the temperature is raised to 90 ° C. over 60 minutes with stirring and reacted at the same temperature for 180 minutes, then cooled to 30 ° C., 500 ml of water is added, the supernatant is removed, and the precipitate is washed with water. did. This was dried at 180 ° C. under reduced pressure, and coarse powder was removed with a sieve mesh having an aperture of 106 μm to obtain core particles having an average particle size of 38 μm.
Next, 200 parts of toluene and 35 parts of a styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (component molar ratio 10:90, weight average molecular weight 160,000) were stirred with a stirrer for 90 minutes to obtain a coated resin solution.
1000 parts of the core material particles and 70 parts of the coating resin solution are put into a vacuum degassing type kneader coater (rotor-wall clearance 35 mm) and stirred at 30 rpm for 30 minutes while maintaining 65 ° C., and then the temperature is 88 ° C. The toluene was distilled off, degassed and dried. Next, the mesh having an opening of 75 μm was passed. The shape factor SF2 of the carrier was 104.

(Development of developer)
8 parts of toner and 100 parts of carrier were mixed with a V blender to prepare a developer.

(White stripe evaluation)
The produced developer was filled in a developing device of an evaluation machine “D136 Light Publisher (manufactured by Fuji Xerox)”. Using this evaluation machine, 10,000 images of an image density (AC) of 1% were output on P paper (A4 paper, manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.) in a high humidity environment (30 ° C./70% environment). The paper was output after the image was formed and traveled via the conveyance path for double-sided printing. On the next day (after 24 hours), three halftone images with an image density of 50% are output on P paper, the images output on the three P papers are observed, and white stripes are observed based on the following evaluation criteria. Evaluation was performed.
-White stripe evaluation criteria-
A (◎): No image white streak B (○): There is a white streak depending on the angle, but there is no substantial problem level C (Δ): There is a slight white streak, and a problem occurs substantially.
D (x): Level at which there is a clear white streak and a problem is substantially caused.

(Fixability evaluation)
The produced developer was filled in a developing device of an evaluation machine “D136 Light Publisher (manufactured by Fuji Xerox)”. Using this evaluation machine, the fixability was evaluated as follows.
The electrostatic charge image developer obtained in each example is filled in a developing device of a color copying machine DocuCentreColor 400 (manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.) from which the fixing device has been taken out, and adjusted so that the applied toner amount becomes 0.45 mg / cm ^2. An unfixed image was output. An OHP paper was used as a recording medium, and an unfixed image having an image density of 100% and a size of 50 mm × 50 mm was formed on one side. As the fixing evaluation device, an Apeos PortIV C3370 fixing device manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. was removed and the fixing device was modified so that the fixing temperature could be changed. The nip width of the fixing device was 6 mm, the nip pressure was 1.6 kgf / cm ² , Dwell_time was 34.7 ms, and the process speed was 175 mm / sec. Fix the unfixed image at a fixing temperature of 100 ° C. to 5 ° C., and visually check for the presence or absence of cold offset (development where the fixed image is transferred to the fixing member caused by insufficient heating of the toner image). The temperature at which the cold offset disappeared was evaluated and evaluated as the cold offset disappearance temperature. This was used as an index of low-temperature fixability. Then, the fixing property was evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria.
-Fixability evaluation criteria-
A (◎): 145 ° C. or less B (◯): Over 145 ° C. and 150 ° C. or less C (Δ): Over 150 ° C. and under 160 ° C. D (x): Over 160 ° C.

  From the above results, it can be seen that in this example, the occurrence of white streaks is suppressed as compared with the comparative example. In addition, it can be seen that this example also has good fixability.

  The details of the abbreviations in Tables 1 and 2 are as follows.

-Resin particles-
PMMA: polymethyl methacrylate resin particles (number average particle size = 120 nm)
PMHA: poly (methacrylic acid) n-hexyl resin particle resin particle (number average particle diameter = 125 nm)
PMOA: poly (methacrylic acid) n-octyl resin particle resin particle (number average particle diameter = 120 nm)

-Abrasive particles-
R-TO2 (1): Rutile-type titanium oxide particles (number average particle size = 45 nm)
R-TO2 (2): Rutile-type titanium oxide particle particles (number average particle size = 200 nm)
R-TO2 (3): Rutile-type titanium oxide particle particles (number average particle size = 25 nm)
A-TO2 (1): anatase type titanium oxide particles (number average particle size = 45 nm)
SrTiO3 (1): Strontium titanate particles (number average particle size = 100 nm)
SiO2 (1): Silica particles (number average particle size = 240 nm)

1Y, 1M, 1C, 1K photoconductor (an example of an image carrier)
2Y, 2M, 2C, 2K charging roll (an example of charging means)
3. Exposure device (an example of electrostatic charge image forming means)
3Y, 3M, 3C, 3K Laser beams 4Y, 4M, 4C, 4K Developing device (an example of developing means)
5Y, 5M, 5C, 5K primary transfer roll (an example of primary transfer means)
6Y, 6M, 6C, 6K Photoconductor cleaning device (an example of cleaning means)
8Y, 8M, 8C, 8K Toner cartridge 10Y, 10M, 10C, 10K Image forming unit 20 Intermediate transfer belt (an example of an intermediate transfer member)
22 Drive roll 24 Support roll 26 Secondary transfer roll (an example of secondary transfer means)
28 Fixing device (an example of fixing means)
30 Intermediate transfer member cleaning device P Recording paper (an example of a recording medium)
107 photoconductor (an example of an image carrier)
108 Charging roll (an example of charging means)
109 Exposure apparatus (an example of electrostatic charge image forming means)
111 Developing device (an example of developing means)
112 Transfer device (an example of transfer means)
113 photoconductor cleaning device (an example of cleaning means)
115 Fixing device (an example of fixing means)
116 Mounting rail 117 Housing 118 Opening 200 for exposure Process cartridge 300 Recording paper (an example of a recording medium)

Claims (11)

Toner particles containing a binder resin containing a polyester resin, a release agent containing a hydrocarbon wax, and a styrene (meth) acrylic resin,
An external additive comprising poly (meth) acrylic ester resin particles and abrasive particles;
Have
70% or more of the release agent is present within 800 nm from the surface of the toner particles,
An electrostatic charge image developing toner in which the release agent forms a domain having an average diameter of 0.3 μm or more and 0.8 μm or less in the toner particles.   The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein an exposure rate of the release agent on the surface of the toner particles is 10 atom% or less.   3. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein an ester site of the resin in the poly (meth) acrylic ester resin particles has 1 to 6 carbon atoms. 4.   The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive particles are rutile type titanium oxide particles.   5. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive particles have a number average particle diameter of 25 nm to 200 nm.   The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the binder resin includes an amorphous polyester resin and a crystalline polyester resin as the polyester resin.   An electrostatic charge image developer comprising the electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1. Containing the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of claims 1 to 6,
A toner cartridge to be attached to and detached from the image forming apparatus. A developing means for containing the electrostatic charge image developer according to claim 7 and developing the electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image by the electrostatic charge image developer,
A process cartridge attached to and detached from the image forming apparatus. An image carrier,
Charging means for charging the surface of the image carrier;
An electrostatic charge image forming means for forming an electrostatic charge image on the surface of the charged image carrier;
Developing means for containing the electrostatic charge image developer according to claim 7 and developing the electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image by the electrostatic charge image developer;
Transfer means for transferring a toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of a recording medium;
Fixing means for fixing the toner image transferred to the surface of the recording medium;
An image forming apparatus comprising: A charging step for charging the surface of the image carrier;
An electrostatic charge image forming step of forming an electrostatic charge image on the surface of the charged image carrier;
A developing step of developing an electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image carrier as a toner image with the electrostatic charge image developer according to claim 7;
A transfer step of transferring a toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of a recording medium;
A fixing step of fixing the toner image transferred to the surface of the recording medium;
An image forming method comprising: