JP2016033336A - air compressor - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce side pressure added to a piston in a case of having a low-pressure side compression part and a high-pressure side compression part, to thereby improve efficiency and reliability.SOLUTION: An air compressor includes a crank shaft 6, a low-pressure side compression part 20 and a high-pressure side compression part 30. The high-pressure side compression part 30 compresses compressed air supplied from the low-pressure side compression part 20 so as to be made into higher pressure. A connection part central position Q2 between a high-pressure side piston 32 and a second connecting rod 33 is positioned on the rotational direction side of the crank shaft 6 with respect to a straight line parallel to the central axis C of a high-pressure side cylinder 31 and passing the rotation center of the crank shaft 6.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

  The present invention relates to an air compressor suitable for generating compressed air for driving a pneumatic tool, and more particularly to a reciprocating multistage air compressor having a plurality of compression portions.

  In construction sites and the like, portable pneumatic tools for driving nails and screws into wood or the like with the pressure of compressed air are widely used. In general, an air compressor that drives a pneumatic tool or the like converts the rotational motion of the rotating shaft of a driving unit such as a motor into the reciprocating motion of a piston in a cylinder via the crank shaft of the compressing portion, and the reciprocating motion of the piston The air sucked from the intake valve of the cylinder is configured to be compressed. The compressed air compressed in the cylinder is discharged from the exhaust valve of the cylinder through the pipe to the air tank and stored in the air tank. When the gas is compressed to a high pressure, a reciprocating multistage air compressor that increases the pressure stepwise is generally used. The high-pressure compressed air stored in the air tank is adjusted to an appropriate pressure by a pressure reducing valve attached to the air tank, and supplied to an air tool or the like via an air hose. Such an air compressor is disclosed in Patent Document 1 below, for example.

JP2013-40586A

  By the way, in an air compressor, in order to improve efficiency and reliability, it is desirable to reduce the side pressure applied to the piston sliding in the cylinder (pressure component applied perpendicularly to the cylinder side wall). At that time, at the timing when the inclination angle of the connecting rod that connects the piston and the eccentric part of the crankshaft increases with respect to the cylinder central axis, the pressure in the compression chamber in the cylinder takes in the intake air at the low pressure side compression part (first stage compression part). On the contrary, the pressure in the compression stroke is higher than that in the compression stroke, whereas the pressure in the compression chamber is higher in the compression stroke than in the compression stroke. For this reason, in the high pressure side compression part, a measure different from the side pressure countermeasure in the low pressure side compression part is required.

  In view of the above points, the present invention provides an air compressor capable of improving efficiency and improving reliability by reducing the side pressure applied to the piston in the case of having a low pressure side compression portion and a high pressure side compression portion. The purpose is to provide.

One embodiment of the present invention is an air compressor. The air compressor includes a crankshaft that is rotationally driven by a drive source,
A low pressure side having a low pressure side cylinder, a low pressure side piston sliding in the low pressure side cylinder, a first eccentric portion provided on the crankshaft, and a first connecting rod connecting the low pressure side piston. A compression section;
A high-pressure side having a high-pressure side cylinder, a high-pressure side piston that slides in the high-pressure side cylinder, a second eccentric portion provided on the crankshaft, and a second connecting rod that connects the high-pressure side piston. A compression unit,
The high-pressure side compression unit compresses compressed air supplied from the low-pressure side compression unit to a higher pressure, and is parallel to the center axis of the high-pressure side cylinder and passes through a straight line passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft. The connecting portion center position between the high-pressure side piston and the second connecting rod is located on the rotation direction side of the crankshaft.

  In the above aspect, the central position of the connecting portion between the low-pressure side piston and the first connecting rod with respect to a straight line that is parallel to the central axis of the low-pressure side cylinder and passes through the rotation center of the crankshaft It is good to be located on the direction side.

  In the above aspect, the low pressure side compression portion and the high pressure side compression portion are coaxially arranged, and the connecting portion center position of the piston and the connecting rod is offset with respect to the central axis of the cylinder. Good. Alternatively, the center axis of the low pressure side cylinder and the center axis of the high pressure side cylinder are parallel, and each center axis is offset with respect to a straight line that is parallel to each center axis and passes through the rotation center of the crankshaft. But you can.

  In the above aspect, the offset may be set so that a side pressure applied to the low-pressure side piston is low at an intermediate position of a compression stroke in the low-pressure side compression section.

  In the above aspect, the offset may be set so that a side pressure applied to the high pressure side piston is lowered at an intermediate position of an intake stroke in the high pressure side compression portion.

  In the above aspect, the low pressure side piston and the first connecting rod may be integrally formed, and the high pressure side piston and the second connecting rod may be integrally formed.

  It should be noted that any combination of the above-described constituent elements, and those obtained by converting the expression of the present invention between methods, systems, and the like are also effective as an aspect of the present invention.

  According to the present invention, in an air compressor having a low-pressure side compression part and a high-pressure side compression part, it is possible to reduce the side pressure applied to the piston, thereby improving efficiency and reliability.

1 is a cross-sectional plan view showing a first embodiment of an air compressor according to the present invention. The sectional side view of the compression part in 1st Embodiment. The air circuit diagram in the case of 1st Embodiment. FIG. 3 is a relationship between a crankshaft rotation angle and a pressure in a compression chamber in the first embodiment, where (A) is a relationship diagram in the case of a low pressure side (first stage) compression section, and (B) is a high pressure side (second stage). The relationship figure in the case of a compression part. The sectional side view which shows the compression part in the 2nd Embodiment of this invention. The sectional side view which shows the compression part in the 3rd Embodiment of this invention.

  Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same or equivalent component, member, process, etc. which are shown by each drawing, and the overlapping description is abbreviate | omitted suitably. In addition, the embodiments do not limit the invention but are exemplifications, and all features and combinations thereof described in the embodiments are not necessarily essential to the invention.

  FIG. 1 is a plan cross-sectional view of an air compressor according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The air compressor 1 is arranged in parallel at a predetermined interval and stores a pair of compressed air. Air tanks 2a and 2b, a compression unit 3 that compresses air sucked from outside and supplies the compressed air to the air tanks 2a and 2b, and a motor 4 that is connected to the compression unit 3 and drives the compression unit 3 is provided. The motor 4 and the compression unit 3 are disposed above the pair of air tanks 2a and 2b so that the axial direction of the motor 4 is substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the air tanks 2a and 2b. The air tanks 2a and 2b communicate with each other through a connecting pipe.

  The crankshaft 6 connected and integrated with the motor rotating shaft 5 passes through the compression portion 3, a cooling fan 8 a is provided at the motor side end of the motor rotating shaft 5, and the non-motor side end of the crankshaft 6 is provided. A cooling fan 8b is provided. The cooling fans 8a and 8b rotate integrally with the motor 4.

  Adjacent to the compression section 3 in the longitudinal direction of the pair of air tanks 2a and 2b, pressure reducing valves 9a and 9b, pressure gauges 10a and 10b for displaying the pressure of the compressed air that has been reduced, and a coupler serving as a compressed air outlet 11a and 11b. By connecting the couplers 11a and 11b and a pneumatic tool such as a nailing machine (not shown) by a high-pressure air hose (not shown), an operator can operate the pneumatic tool using compressed air and perform appropriate work. Become.

  The air tanks 2a and 2b are provided with an exhaust valve 12 for discharging a part of the compressed air to the outside and a drain discharge device 13 when the pressure becomes higher than a predetermined value. The drain discharge device 13 has an operation unit 14, and by operating the operation unit 14, the compressed air and moisture in the air tanks 2 a and 2 b can be appropriately discharged to the outside.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the compression section 3 includes a low pressure side (first stage) compression section 20 and a high pressure side (second stage) compression section that are opposite to each other (horizontally opposed) across the crankshaft 6. 30. The high-pressure side compressor 30 compresses the compressed air supplied from the low-pressure side compressor 20 to a higher pressure.

  The low pressure side compression unit 20 includes a low pressure side cylinder 21, a low pressure side piston 22 that slides in the low pressure side cylinder, a first eccentric portion (crank arm) 6a provided on the crankshaft 6, and a low pressure side piston 22. It has the 1st connecting rod 23 connected. One end of the first connecting rod 23 is rotatably connected to the outer periphery of the first eccentric portion 6a via a bearing, and the other end is connected (pivoted) to the shaft portion of the low-pressure side piston 22 by a connecting pin 24. ing.

  The high pressure side compression unit 30 includes a high pressure side cylinder 31, a high pressure side piston 32 that slides in the high pressure side cylinder, a second eccentric portion (crank arm) 6 b provided on the crankshaft 6, and a high pressure side piston 32. And a second connecting rod 33 to be connected. One end of the second connecting rod 33 is rotatably connected to the outer periphery of the second eccentric portion 6b via a bearing, and the other end is pivotally connected to the high-pressure side piston 32 by a connecting pin 34.

  In these low-pressure side compression part 20 and high-pressure side compression part 30, the first and second eccentric parts 6a, 6b and the first and second connecting rods 23.33 that are rotatably connected to the first and second eccentric parts 6a, 6b serve as crank mechanisms. None, the rotational movement of the crankshaft 6 is converted into the reciprocating movement of the low-pressure side and high-pressure side pistons 22, 32, respectively.

  The basic operation of the compression unit 3 will be briefly described with reference to FIG. 3. The rotational motion of the motor 4 is transmitted to the crankshaft 6, and the rotation of the crankshaft 6 is controlled by the crank mechanism on the low pressure side and the high pressure side. It is converted into a reciprocating motion of the pistons 22 and 32 of the compression units 20 and 30.

  First, in each intake stroke in which the low pressure side piston 22 and the high pressure side piston 32 move downward from the top dead center to the bottom dead center in the low pressure side cylinder 21 and the high pressure side cylinder 31, the low pressure side compression unit 20 That is, the atmosphere is sucked into the low pressure side compression chamber 25 formed by the low pressure side cylinder 21 and the piston 22 via the low pressure side intake valve. Further, in the high-pressure side compression unit 30, the compressed air discharged from the low-pressure side compression unit 20 is formed by the high-pressure side cylinder 31 and the piston 32 via the low-pressure side exhaust valve and the high-pressure side intake valve. It is sucked in.

  On the other hand, in the compression stroke in which the low pressure side piston 22 and the high pressure side piston 32 move upward from the bottom dead center to the top dead center in the low pressure side cylinder 21 and the high pressure side cylinder 31, the low pressure side piston 22 and the high pressure side piston 32 are The air in the low pressure side compression chamber 25 and the high pressure side compression chamber 35 is compressed to generate compressed air.

  The compressed air generated in the discharge stroke of the low pressure side compression unit 20 where the low pressure side piston 22 reaches the top dead center of the low pressure side compression chamber 25 passes from the low pressure side compression unit 20 via the low pressure side exhaust valve and the high pressure side intake valve. It is sent to the high pressure side compression unit 30. The reciprocating motion of the low pressure side piston 22 and the high pressure side piston 32 is out of phase (180 degrees when expressed by the rotation angle of the crankshaft 6), and the compressed air discharged from the low pressure side compression chamber 25 has an intake stroke. The high pressure side compression chamber 66a to be started is sucked.

  Further, the compressed air generated in the discharge stroke of the high pressure side compression unit 30 in which the high pressure side piston 32 reaches the top dead center of the high pressure side compression chamber 35 is sent to the air tanks 2a and 2b via the high pressure side exhaust valves, The pressure reducing valves 9a and 9b and the pressure gauges 10a and 10b are passed through and supplied to the pneumatic tool.

  In the present embodiment, a structure is adopted that reduces the side pressure applied to the low pressure side and high pressure side pistons 22 and 32 (pressure component perpendicular to the side walls of the low pressure side and high pressure side cylinders 21 and 31). 2 is a cross section perpendicular to the crankshaft 6 of the low pressure side compression part 20 and the high pressure side compression part 30 constituting the compression part 3, and in the case of FIG. 2, the low pressure side and high pressure side compression parts 20 and 30 are coaxially arranged. The central axes C of the cylinders 21 and 31 are coincident with each other and pass through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6.

  That is, in the low-pressure side compression unit 20, the central position of the connecting portion between the low-pressure side piston 22 and the first connecting rod 23 with respect to the central axis C of the low-pressure side cylinder 21 (also a straight line passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6). Q1 (the center position of the connecting pin 24 that connects the low-pressure side piston 22 and the first connecting rod 23) is positioned on the counter-rotating direction side of the crankshaft 6 (offset).

  The reason for this will be described with reference to FIG. 4A. The side pressure increases when the rotation angle of the crankshaft 6 (the low pressure side piston 22 is at the bottom dead center and the high pressure side piston 32 is at the top dead center is 0 °. ) Is in the vicinity of 90 ° and 270 °, but in the low-pressure side compression section 20 as shown in FIG. 4A, the compression chamber pressure Pc1 at 90 ° during the compression stroke is greater. The pressure Pe1 tends to be higher than 270 ° during the intake stroke. For this reason, the side pressure can be reduced by reducing the angle θ1 formed by the first connecting rod 23 and the central axis C when the rotation angle is 90 °.

  Further, in the high pressure side compression section 30, the central position of the connecting portion between the high pressure side piston 32 and the second connecting rod 33 with respect to the central axis C of the high pressure side cylinder 31 (also a straight line passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6). Q2 (the center position of the connecting pin 34 that connects the high-pressure side piston 32 and the second connecting rod 33) is positioned (offset) on the rotation direction side of the crankshaft 6.

  The reason for this will be described with reference to FIG. 4B. The side pressure increases when the rotation angle of the crankshaft 6 (the low pressure side piston 22 is at the bottom dead center and the high pressure side piston 32 is at the top dead center is 0 °. ) Is in the vicinity of 90 ° and 270 °, in the high-pressure side compression unit 30 as shown in FIG. 4B, the compression chamber pressure Pe2 at 90 ° during the intake stroke is more The pressure tends to be higher than the pressure Pc2 of 270 ° during the compression stroke. For this reason, the side pressure can be reduced by reducing the angle θ2 formed by the second connecting rod 33 and the central axis C when the rotation angle is 90 °. For θ1 and θ2, suitable values should be selected based on the relationship between the crankshaft rotation angle determined by the configuration of each multistage compressor and the pressure in the compression chamber. As an example in this embodiment, θ1 is 10 degrees or less, θ2 is preferably an angle smaller than θ1 (θ1 ≧ θ2), such as 5 degrees or less.

  According to the present embodiment, the following effects can be achieved.

(1) In the high-pressure side compression unit 30, the center of the connecting portion between the high-pressure side piston 32 and the second connecting rod 33 with respect to the central axis C of the high-pressure side cylinder 31 (also a straight line passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6). Since the position Q2 is located on the rotation direction side of the crankshaft 6, it is possible to reduce the side pressure applied to the high-pressure side piston 32 in the vicinity of the rotation angle of 90 ° of the crankshaft 6 during the intake stroke where the pressure in the compression chamber is high.

(2) In the low pressure side compression section 20, the center of the connection section between the low pressure side piston 22 and the first connecting rod 23 with respect to the central axis C of the low pressure side cylinder 21 (also a straight line passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6). Since the position Q1 is located on the side opposite to the rotation direction of the crankshaft 6, it is possible to reduce the side pressure applied to the low-pressure side piston 22 in the vicinity of the rotation angle of 90 ° of the crankshaft 6 during the compression stroke where the pressure in the compression chamber is high.

(3) These effects can improve efficiency, reduce wear of cylinders and pistons, and improve reliability.

  FIG. 5 shows a main configuration of the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a cross section perpendicular to the crankshaft 6 of the low pressure side compression part 40 and the high pressure side compression part 50 constituting the compression part. In this case, the low pressure side compression unit 40 includes a low pressure side cylinder 41, a low pressure side piston 42 that slides in the low pressure side cylinder, a first eccentric portion (crank arm) 6a provided on the crankshaft 6, and a low pressure side piston. The first connecting rod 43 is connected to the first connecting rod 43. The first connecting rod 43 is formed integrally with the low-pressure side piston 42, and the tip thereof is rotatably connected to the outer periphery of the first eccentric portion 6a via a bearing. The low pressure side piston 42 is attached with a lip ring 42a that is in sliding contact with the inner wall of the cylinder to prevent air leakage.

  The high pressure side compression unit 50 includes a high pressure side cylinder 51, a high pressure side piston 52 that slides in the high pressure side cylinder, a second eccentric portion (crank arm) 6 b provided on the crankshaft 6, and a high pressure side piston 52. And a second connecting rod 53 to be connected. The second connecting rod 53 is formed integrally with the high-pressure side piston 52, and the tip thereof is rotatably connected to the outer periphery of the second eccentric portion 6b via a bearing. The high pressure side piston 52 is provided with a lip ring 52a that slides on the inner wall of the cylinder to prevent air leakage. The low-pressure side and high-pressure side compression parts 40 and 50 are coaxially arranged, and the central axes C of the cylinders 41 and 51 coincide with each other and pass through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6.

  Also in the second embodiment of FIG. 5, in order to reduce the side pressure applied to the low-pressure side and high-pressure side cylinders 41, 51 by the low-pressure side and high-pressure side pistons 42, 52, The connecting portion center position Q3 between the low-pressure side piston 42 and the first connecting rod 43 is located on the counter-rotating direction side of the crankshaft 6 with respect to the center axis C of the cylinder 41 (also a straight line passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6). (Offset).

  Further, in the high pressure side compression section 50, the central position of the connecting portion between the high pressure side piston 52 and the second connecting rod 53 with respect to the central axis C of the high pressure side cylinder 51 (also a straight line passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6). Q4 is positioned on the rotation direction side of the crankshaft 6 (offset).

  The setting of the offset for reducing the side pressure of the low pressure side compression unit 40 and the high pressure side compression unit 50 in the second embodiment is substantially the same as in the first embodiment.

  The configurations other than the low-pressure side and high-pressure side compression units 40 and 50 are the same as those in the first embodiment. Also according to the second embodiment, the same effect as that of the first embodiment described above can be obtained.

  FIG. 6 shows the main configuration of the third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross section perpendicular to the crankshaft 6 of the low pressure side compression portion 20 and the high pressure side compression portion 30 constituting the compression portion. In the first embodiment described above, the low pressure side and high pressure side compression parts 20 and 30 are coaxially arranged, and the cylinder center axis C passes through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6, and the pistons 22 and 32 and the connecting rod 23 are arranged. In this third embodiment, the center axes C1 and C2 of the cylinders 21 and 31 of the low-pressure side and high-pressure side compression parts 20 and 30 pass through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6. It is offset with respect to the straight line L (parallel to the central axes C1 and C2).

  That is, in the low pressure side compression portion 20, the connecting portion center position Q5 between the low pressure side piston 22 and the first connecting rod 23 is on the central axis C1 of the low pressure side cylinder 21, but the position of the low pressure side cylinder 21 is offset. In addition, since it is located on the side opposite to the rotation direction of the crankshaft 6 with respect to the straight line L parallel to the central axis C1 of the low pressure side cylinder 21 and passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft 6, the connecting portion center position Q5 is also set to the straight line L. In contrast, the crankshaft 6 is positioned (offset) on the counter-rotating direction side.

  As a result, it is possible to reduce the side pressure applied to the low-pressure side piston 22 during the compression stroke in which the pressure in the compression chamber is high, particularly in the vicinity of a rotation angle of 90 ° of the crankshaft 6.

  Further, in the high pressure side compression portion 30, the connecting portion center position Q6 between the high pressure side piston 32 and the second connecting rod 33 is on the center axis C2 of the high pressure side cylinder 31, but the position of the high pressure side cylinder 21 is offset. In addition, the connecting portion center position Q6 is also located with respect to the straight line L because the connecting portion center position Q6 is also located on the rotation direction side of the crankshaft 6 with respect to the straight line L parallel to the central axis C2 of the high-pressure side cylinder 31 Thus, the crankshaft 6 is positioned (offset) on the rotational direction side.

  As a result, it is possible to reduce the side pressure applied to the high-pressure side piston 32 during the intake stroke in which the pressure in the compression chamber is high, particularly in the vicinity of a rotation angle of 90 ° of the crankshaft 6.

  Also in the third embodiment, it is possible to obtain the same operational effects as those of the first embodiment described above.

  The present invention has been described above by taking the embodiment as an example. However, it is understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to each component and each processing process of the embodiment within the scope of the claims. By the way. Hereinafter, modifications will be described.

  Also in the third embodiment of the present invention, as in the second embodiment, the low pressure side piston and the first connecting rod are integrally formed, and the high pressure side piston and the second connecting rod are It is also possible to adopt an integrally formed configuration (modified example of the third embodiment). In addition, the configurations exemplified in the first to third embodiments are separately applied and combined in the low pressure side piston and the high pressure side piston (for example, the first embodiment with respect to the high pressure side piston). The second embodiment) may be performed on the low-pressure side piston, and the first and third embodiments, and the modification of the second and third embodiments are employed at the same time. May be.

  Furthermore, in each embodiment of the present invention, a two-stage reciprocating air compressor having a low pressure side (first stage) compression section and a high pressure side (second stage) compression section has been shown. The present invention can also be applied to the above-described reciprocating air compressor. In this case, among the cylinders communicating in the multistage compression, the high-pressure side compression cylinder may be regarded as the high-pressure side compression unit and applied.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Air compressor 2a, 2b Air tank 3 Compression part 4 Motor 5 Motor rotating shaft 6 Crankshaft 6a, 6b Eccentric part 9a, 9b Pressure-reducing valve 10a, 10b Pressure gauge 11a, 11b Coupler 12 Exhaust valve 13 Drain discharge device 14 Operation part 20, 40 Low pressure side compression parts 21, 41 Low pressure side cylinders 22, 42 Low pressure side pistons 23, 43 First connecting rods 24, 34 Connecting pins 25, 45 Low pressure side compression chambers 30, 50 High pressure side compression parts 31, 51 High pressure side Cylinders 32, 52 High pressure side pistons 33, 53 Second connecting rods 35, 55 High pressure side compression chambers C, C1, C2 Central axis L Straight lines Q1-Q6 Central position of connecting part

Claims (7)

A crankshaft that is rotationally driven by a drive source;
A low pressure side having a low pressure side cylinder, a low pressure side piston sliding in the low pressure side cylinder, a first eccentric portion provided on the crankshaft, and a first connecting rod connecting the low pressure side piston. A compression section;
A high-pressure side having a high-pressure side cylinder, a high-pressure side piston that slides in the high-pressure side cylinder, a second eccentric portion provided on the crankshaft, and a second connecting rod that connects the high-pressure side piston. A compression unit,
The high-pressure side compression unit compresses compressed air supplied from the low-pressure side compression unit to a higher pressure, and is parallel to the center axis of the high-pressure side cylinder and passes through a straight line passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft. An air compressor characterized in that the central position of the connecting portion between the high pressure side piston and the second connecting rod is located on the rotation direction side of the crankshaft.   The central position of the connecting portion between the low pressure side piston and the first connecting rod is located on the counter-rotating direction side of the crankshaft with respect to a straight line parallel to the central axis of the low pressure side cylinder and passing through the rotation center of the crankshaft. The air compressor according to claim 1.   2. The low pressure side compression portion and the high pressure side compression portion are coaxially arranged, and a center position of a connection portion between the piston and the connecting rod is offset with respect to a central axis of the cylinder. Or the air compressor of 2.   The central axis of the low pressure side cylinder and the central axis of the high pressure side cylinder are parallel to each other, and each central axis is offset with respect to a straight line that is parallel to each central axis and passes through the rotation center of the crankshaft. The air compressor according to claim 1 or 2.   5. The air compressor according to claim 3, wherein the offset is set so that a side pressure applied to the low pressure side piston is low at an intermediate position in a compression stroke in the low pressure side compression unit.   5. The air compressor according to claim 3, wherein the offset is set so that a side pressure applied to the high pressure side piston is low at an intermediate position of an intake stroke in the high pressure side compression unit.   7. The low pressure side piston and the first connecting rod are integrally formed, and the high pressure side piston and the second connecting rod are integrally formed. The air compressor according to any one of the above.

Images