JP2016001589A - Carburation member and heat utilization apparatus using the same and solar cell efficiency enhancement system - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a heating device which enhances heat efficiency of thermal emissivity (heat absorptivity) of a heat exchange fin in a heat exchanger of a heating device using an electric heater, e.g., an electric furnace, or an electric refrigerator, an air conditioner, and enhances thermal efficiency in a heating device using fossil fuel, e.g., a boiler, and to provide an internal combustion engine and an external combustion engine for enhancing the thermal efficiency.SOLUTION: In a heating device using an electric heater, thermal efficiency can be enhanced by covering the heating surface with a heat absorption member having a high heat absorptivity. Thermal efficiency can be enhanced by covering the heating surface with a heat absorption member having a high heat absorptivity, even in a heating device using a fossil fuel. When covering the surface of a shell facing the air, in an internal combustion engine or an external combustion engine, with a heat radiation member having a high thermal emissivity, and lowering the temperature of the shell by radiation cooling, internal temperature of the internal combustion engine or an external combustion engine can be increased, and thereby the efficiency can be increased.

Description

The present invention relates to a heat absorption / heat radiation member, and relates to a heat utilization device in which the heat absorption / heat radiation member is applied to the entire surface or at least a part of the heat utilization device or is coated by electrostatic coating or thermal spraying to improve thermal efficiency. And a solar cell efficiency improvement system. In addition, by mixing the powder of the heat absorption / radiation member with a known molten salt such as sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, or a heat medium such as water or heat-resistant oil, the heat conduction of the heat medium. The rate can be improved. As a result, the thermal conductivity of the solar thermal power generation medium, the heat storage medium of various heat storage devices, and the potassium nitrate heat medium for glass chemical strengthening furnaces increases, so the thermal efficiency of solar power generation devices, various heat storage devices, and glass chemical strengthening furnaces improves. . It also relates to such heat utilization equipment.
With this new heat absorption / heat radiation member (referred to as a heat-increasing member), energy shortage is resolved, and even if nuclear power generation stops, there is a possibility that industrial slowdown can be avoided.
As a result of conducting tests using the heat increasing member of the present invention in many devices, the applicant has applied many of the following devices and solar cell efficiency improving systems to which this new heat increasing member (heat absorption / heat radiation member) is applied. If it is manufactured and exported by this company, it will bring great trade profits to Japan, tax revenues will increase dramatically, the national debt of 1000 trillion yen will decrease, and GDP may also increase. As a result, I am convinced that it can contribute to the rise of Japan.

The walls of current electric furnaces and gas furnaces are refractory bricks, refractory insulation bricks, ceramic fibers, graphite insulation, artificial mineral fiber insulation, inorganic porous insulation, permiculite insulation, foamed plastic insulation, heat-resistant steel, heat resistance Refractories such as alloys.
As for those having a core tube, ceramic tubes such as alumina and metal tubes such as Inconel tubes are mainly used.
In a furnace where the heater is exposed in the furnace, the furnace wall that houses the heater is made of heat-resistant ceramics.
On the other hand, in a boiler using fossil fuel, the outside of the refractory metal boiler tube is heated to heat the water inside the boiler tube, and the turbine is rotated by the generated steam.
Furthermore, internal combustion engines and external combustion engines use the heat of combustion of fossil fuels as an energy source.
Taking a crystalline silicon type as an example of a solar cell, the power generation efficiency is improved by 0.45% if the temperature of the panel is lowered by 1 ° C. At present, however, the summer heat temperature has reached 70 ° C, and the power generation efficiency has been reduced by about 20%.

Searched by the following keyword in the JPO electronic library. Patent & (public + registration) & furnace & (heat increase + energy + energy saving) & (radiation + radiation) The number of hits was 45, but the present invention does not conflict with any of the 45 cases. 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2011-208821 Koken Co., Ltd. 2 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2011-090801 MoSi2 Heating Element and Manufacturing Method of the Heating Element JX Nippon Mining & Metals Co., Ltd. 3 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2010-286153 Ultra-high temperature materials research institute, etc. 4 JP2010-255087 Metallurgical furnace generated exhaust gas reforming method, reformer, and reformed gas manufacturing method JFE Steel Corporation 5 JP2010-236779 Roller Hearth Kiln Method Nippon Shishi Co., Ltd. and others 6 JP 2010-202953 Metallurgical furnace exhaust gas reforming device JFE Steel Co., Ltd. 7 JP 2010-144188 Metallurgical furnace generated exhaust gas reforming method and apparatus JFE Steel Co., Ltd. 8 JP 2010-139229 Energy-saving medical waste by autonomous thermal energy, other waste spiral combustion furnace, and incinerator high temperature high heat shortening final disposal combustion furnace and its equipment small Shinichiro 9 Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-162421 All the waste oil, coal, and waste plastics are burned in a burner combustion cylinder by spiral rotary combustion, or combustion in the burner and hot air starting from the combustion cylinder, flame diffusion system combustion Shinichiro Kojima 10 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2009- 100666 Energy-saving leaf tobacco dryer and leaf tobacco drying control method Sanshu Sangyo Co., Ltd. 11 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2008-144123 Decomposition of combustible and incombustible materials, temperature rise, energy saving technology, oxidation calorific value amplifying agent (oxidation), water gasoline , Waste Safe Combustion, Melting, Combustion Heat Generation Adjustment, Combustor Shinichiro Kojima 12 JP2008-024905Decomposition of combustible and incombustible materials, temperature rise, energy technology, oxidation calorific value amplifying agent (oxidation), assistant Fuel Shinichiro Kojima 13 JP 2008-013740 Energy saving, continuous automatic, waste tire, waste rubber, waste synthetic rubber, processing equipment Shinichiro Kojima 14 JP 2007-332335 Waste rubber General, Waste Tire, Fully Automatic Oil Conversion, Oil Content, Extraction, Coke Making Equipment Shinichiro Kojima 15 JP 2007-120894 Continuous Heat Treatment Furnace and Heat Treatment Method for Substrates Using the Same Nippon Shoko Co., Ltd. 16 JP 2007-020511 Leaf Tobacco Dryer and leaf tobacco drying method Sanshu Sangyo Co., Ltd., etc. 17 JP 2006-185974 Baking Furnace, baking method of object to be processed using the same, and manufacturing method of solar cell element Kyocera Corporation 18 JP 2006-105568 Dense Carbon Oxidation Combustion Equipment Hiroshi Kamegawa 19 JP 2006-089333 Glass Bead Manufacturing Equipment Toyo System Plant 20 JP 2005-150611 Solder Reflow Equipment and Solder Reflow Method Sony Corporation 21 JP 2005-083689 Coating Drying System Trinity Industries Ltd. Company 22 JP 2003-314958 Swirl hot air drying furnace for solid fuel Yasunobu Yoshida 23 JP 2003-303666 Heating device Koyo Thermosystem 24 JP 2003-021462 Combustion Heating Furnace TDK Corporation 25 Other JP 2002-038167 Fuel composition of external combustion engine and combustion method using the composition Yuki Hara et al 26 JP 2001-289416 Disposal Waste treatment equipment Kawasaki Steel Corporation 27 JP 2000-199620 Waste incineration and heat treatment furnace Nippon Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. 28 JP 2000-199619 Waste incineration melting furnace Nippon Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. 29 JP Hei 11-270817 Dioxin and carbon dioxide suppression hot water supply Functional incinerator Amtex Corporation Ltd. 30 JP-A-11-156275 Paint drying oven Trinity Industry Co., Ltd. 31 JP-A-10-082509 Small incinerator Nanasei Science Laboratory Co., Ltd. 32 JP-A 09-042834 Drying oven Asahi Tec Corporation 33 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 09-033176 Thermal insulation structure of heating furnace 34 Tokai Koetsu Kogyo Co., Ltd. 34 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 08-073920 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. and others 35 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 08-03578 0 Non-oxidizing refractory non-oxidizing firing furnace, firing method and control method thereof Shinagawa White Brick Co., Ltd. 36 JP 07-103654 Coated Product Drying Furnace Operation Control Method Trinity Industry Co., Ltd. 37 JP 07-035301 Compact Type Energy Saving Boiler 38 Ebara Manufacturing Co., Ltd. 38 JP-A 06-122879 Carbonization method and apparatus for moisture-containing organic matter TD 39 Co., Ltd. JP-A 05-223224 Cremation furnace Miyamoto Industry Co., Ltd. 40 Special table 2009-537443 Large size Manufacturing method and applied products of hollow ceramic plate of Kao, Schleen 41 Special table 2005-531294 Manufacturing method and equipment for rice with short cooking time Lin Hai Term Gesellshaft Mit Beschlenktel Huffung and others 42 Special table 2001-525981 Induction heating system Internova International Innova Company Co., Ltd. 03092 Semiconductor single crystal manufacturing apparatus and semiconductor single crystal manufacturing method using the same Shin-Etsu Semiconductor Co., Ltd. 44 Patent 4325758 Energy-saving heating method and heating furnace of articles Special Inorganic Materials Research Laboratories and others 45 JP 03-075492

The problem to be solved is to prevent a decrease in power generation efficiency in summer in a solar cell. In addition, for a heating device using an electric heater as described above, for example, an electric furnace, since the heat emissivity of the heater of the furnace is small, when heating an object to be heated at a high temperature, the current passed to the heater is increased to increase the Therefore, the heating efficiency is deteriorated and the life of the heater is shortened.
Further, in heat exchangers such as electric refrigerators and air conditioners, when the heat emissivity (heat absorption rate) of the heat exchange fins is low, the heat radiation from the high temperature side is not sufficient and the heat exchange efficiency is deteriorated.
In addition, in a heating device that uses fossil fuel, such as a boiler, the heating surface outside the boiler is made of a refractory metal, so the heat absorption rate (thermal emissivity) is low and the heat ray reflectivity is high. Reflected by the refractory metal surface, the heat rays are not easily absorbed by the refractory metal, so the temperature of the refractory metal does not rise and the heating efficiency has to be low.

The object of the present invention made in view of the above problems is to make a sheet in which the heat dissipating ceramic of the present invention is dispersed in an acrylic sheet in the case of a solar cell, stretch it on the back surface of the solar cell, and dissipate heat from the back surface. It is to improve the power generation efficiency by lowering the temperature of the battery panel. Further, in a heating device using an electric heater, the heat emissivity around the heater is increased to increase the heating efficiency.
In the heat exchanger, the heat absorption rate (heat emissivity) of the heat exchange fin is increased so that the heat of the high heat source is efficiently transmitted to the low heat source.
Furthermore, in the heating apparatus using fossil fuel, the heat absorption rate of the container surface that receives the heat rays is increased so that the heat rays due to the combustion of the fossil fuel are not reflected by the vessel containing the heating medium but are sufficiently absorbed.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a heat increasing member (heat absorbing / heat radiating member) that enables the above and a heat utilization device using the same.
The heat increasing member is an abbreviation for the heat absorbing / heat radiating member when the energy efficiency of the heat utilization device is increased as a result of coating the heat absorbing / heat radiating member.

Means for achieving the above object are as follows.
First, in a heating device using an electric heater, heat radiation ceramics are arranged around the electric heater, the heat radiation of the electric heater is absorbed by the heat radiation ceramics, and the heat rays are emitted from the surface of the heated ceramic to improve the efficiency of the heating device. It is to let you. This is a means for improving the heating efficiency of the electric heater itself. The same applies to various heaters and electric heaters of dryers.

As another means for improving the heating efficiency, a case where an object to be heated in a heating apparatus is heated using a heat ray from a heat source will be described. At this time, the heat rays radiated from the heater are absorbed by the object to be heated in the heating device and the object to be heated is heated, but most of the heat transfer mechanism is based on heat ray radiation (radiation) and absorption.
Since it is heated by thermal radiation, the amount of radiant heat follows (Equation 1) below.
The amount of heat Q emitted from a high-temperature object (heater wall) with absolute temperature T _H , surface area A ₂ and emissivity ε ₂ toward the low-temperature object (object to be heated) is expressed by the following (formula 1). .
Q = σA ₂ (T _H ⁴ − _TL ⁴ ) / {1 / ε ₂ + (A ₂ / A ₁ ) · (1 / ε ₁ −1)} (Formula 1)
Where Q = radiant heat (W)
ε ₂ = thermal emissivity (heat absorption rate), high temperature side, ε ₁ = thermal emissivity (heat absorption rate), low temperature side σ = 5.67 × 10 ^-8 W m ^-2 K ^-4 (Stephan Boltzmann constant)
T _H = High temperature side (heater wall) temperature (K), T _L = Low temperature side (object to be heated) temperature (K)
A ₂ = High temperature side, surface area (m ² ), A ₁ = Low temperature side, surface area (m ² )

This (Equation 1) applies to radiant heat transfer between two parallel surfaces. The heat transfer between two surfaces that are not parallel to each other uses an equation similar to (Equation 1), but is similar in principle and is represented here by (Equation 1).
As a result, the amount of radiant heat Q increases as the thermal emissivity ε ₂ of the heater wall including the heat source increases.
Further, when considering convection, (Equation 2) described in FIG. 1 is used.

Further, the following (Equation 3) is used as the amount of radiant heat Q sent from the gas of temperature Tg to the heat receiving wall (solid surface) of Ts (K).
Q = αAs (Tg ⁴ −Ts ⁴ ) / {1 / ε _g + 1 / ε _s +1} (Formula 3)
Where Tg: temperature of the gas flame (K) Ts: temperature of the heat receiving wall (K)
ε _g : emissivity of gas flame ε _s : emissivity of heat receiving wall α: heat absorption rate of gas As: area of heat receiving wall (m ² )
Q = Radiant heat from gas to heat receiving wall (W)

Also, if the heat radiating member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention is coated on the surface of the motor, generator rotor, stator, or housing, or coated by electrostatic coating or thermal spraying, the heat of the rotor is transferred to the stator by heat radiation. Since the transmitted heat of the stator is transmitted to the housing, the temperature of the rotor and the stator decreases. As a result, a current exceeding the rating of the electric motor and generator can be passed, so that the output is improved.
Hereinafter, surface coating using the heat radiation member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention by coating, electrostatic coating, or thermal spraying is collectively referred to as “coating”.
Further, even when the electric radiating member of the present invention is coated on the electric motor (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) motor, generator rotor, stator and housing, the efficiency is improved.

In heat exchangers, the heat of the high-temperature side fluid is efficiently absorbed by the fins by covering the fins of the heat exchanger with heat radiation / heat absorbing members with high heat absorption rate (heat emissivity), and the heat is absorbed on the low temperature side. It is to tell the fluid.

In the case of a heating device using an electric heater, there is a characteristic that heat rays in the infrared region are emitted from a carbon heater or a nichrome wire heater. This spectrum is distributed from 0.5μ to 8μ in the far-infrared region and has a peak near 3μ, which overlaps with the peak of water absorption spectrum (near 3μm), so it is particularly efficient for objects with high water content. Heated.
Therefore, in the case of a heating device using an electric heater, it is desirable that the heat absorption spectrum of the heat radiation / heat absorption member covering the surface that receives the heat ray has a peak in the vicinity of 3 μm.

In the heating device using fossil fuel, the heat absorption rate (overall or at least a part of the outer surface of the container that receives the heat ray is absorbed so that the heat ray due to the combustion of the fossil fuel is sufficiently reflected without being reflected by the container containing the medium to be heated. The heat radiation / heat absorbing member having a high thermal emissivity) is coated and heat is efficiently transmitted to the container containing the heating medium to increase the heating efficiency. The heat increase of the heating device using fossil fuel follows (Equation 3).

For example, if the heat absorbing member (heat increasing member) is coated on all or at least a part of the outer surface of the portion in contact with the heat source of the steam turbine boiler or gas turbine heating section, the temperature of the boiler or gas turbine can be increased. So the output is improved.
The boilers of recent thermal power plants are required to have high temperature, high pressure and large capacity. At that time, when the temperature of the combustion chamber rises, the amount of heat transfer increases in proportion to the fourth power of the temperature. As a result, radiant heat is superior to contact heat transfer. For this reason, the furnace wall becomes hot and easily burns out. In order to prevent this and at the same time smoothly evaporate and overheat water, the mainstream is a boiler in which water tubes with a diameter of 20 to 100 mm are arranged vertically on all the walls around the combustion chamber to form a furnace wall with water tubes. Yes. This furnace wall is called a water cooled wall. If the outer surface of the water pipe is covered with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention having a high heat absorption rate (heat emissivity), heat can be efficiently transmitted to the water pipe and the heating efficiency can be increased.
The spectrum of the oil cooking combustion flame and the gas cooking combustion flame is distributed between 1 μm and 5 μm. Therefore, in the heating apparatus using fossil fuel, it is desirable that the heat absorption spectrum of the heat radiation / heat absorption member covering the flame receiving surface is distributed between 1 μm and 5 μm.
Further, when the heat increasing member is coated on the boiler of the steam turbine or the fin of the heat exchanger of the gas turbine, the efficiency of the heat exchanger is improved and the output is increased.
The efficiency improvement of the heat exchanger follows (Equation 2).

The same applies to external combustion engines and Stirling engines. The heat absorption rate (heat radiation) is applied to the heating surface that receives the heat rays so that the heat rays from the combustion of the fuel and the solar heat rays are not reflected by the heating surface that receives the heat rays but are sufficiently absorbed. The heat radiation / heat absorption member having a high rate) is coated to efficiently transfer heat to the heating surface and increase the heat efficiency.
In the case of a Stirling engine operated by solar heat, it is desirable that the peak wavelength of the heat absorption spectrum of the heat radiation / heat absorption member is in the vicinity of 0.5 μm, which is the peak wavelength of the sunlight spectrum.
In addition, when the surface to be heated of a Stirling engine heated by solar heat reaches about 500 ° C, the surface to be heated emits heat rays having a peak near 4μ, but the heat radiation and heat absorption near 4μ are low. If it is covered with a member, it is possible to prevent heat from being lost due to reverse radiation, thus increasing the heating efficiency. A heat radiation / heat absorption member having such a spectrum is desirable. The heat increase of the external combustion engine and Stirling engine follows (Equation 3).

Further, when at least a part of the heat radiation portion of the internal combustion engine (gasoline engine, diesel engine) is covered with this heat radiation member (heat absorption member), the heat radiation of the internal combustion engine is promoted, so that the efficiency of the internal combustion engine is improved.
Since the outer surface of an internal combustion engine (gasoline engine, diesel engine) is about 150 ° C., the peak of the heat radiation spectrum of the heat radiation member covering all or at least a part of the outer surface may be around 7 μm. desirable.
The heat increase of the internal combustion engine follows (Equation 2).

As the above-mentioned heat radiation / heat absorption member, a member that can be used in a high temperature region of 500 ° C. or higher is a paint composed of heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic particles and an inorganic binder.
As the above-mentioned heat radiation / heat absorption member, the paint used at 500 ° C. or less is a paint comprising heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic particles and an organic binder.

In addition to thermal coatings (heat absorption / radiation coatings), we can produce thermal sheets, thermal adhesives, thermal gels, thermal plates, thermal blocks, and thermal furnace materials. Is called a heat increasing member (thermal radiation / heat absorbing member).

Thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramics have a structure approximated by a vibrator model in which atomic groups in the ceramics are connected to each other by a spring. When the peak wavelength of the natural vibration spectrum of the vibrator is 0.5μ to 8μ, It is desirable to be an atomic group of thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramics that has a large natural vibration amplitude in the hot-wire region and a large electric dipole efficiency. This is shown in FIG.

When the heat increasing member of the present invention is used, the thermal efficiency of each of the above devices increases and the output increases, which greatly contributes to energy saving.
With this new heat increasing member, energy shortage is solved, and even if nuclear power generation stops, there is a possibility that industrial slowdown can be avoided.
The applicant obtained the following conclusion as a result of conducting tests using the heat increasing member of the present invention in many devices.
In other words, if each of the above devices using this new heat-increasing member is manufactured and exported by many companies, the country's debt is said to bring huge trade profits to Japan, and tax revenue will increase dramatically to 1,000 trillion yen. It may decrease and GDP may improve. As a result, I am convinced that it can contribute to the rise of Japan.

Fig.1 (a) is sectional drawing of the furnace wall containing a heater. FIG. 1B shows (Equation 2) describing the heat flow in the region 12 of FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram in which the thermal radiation of FIG. 1 is compared to a water flow in a water pipe. FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used in the heat increasing member of the present invention as a model in which atomic groups in the particles are connected to each other by a spring. FIG. 3 (b) is a diagram and a formula showing a mechanism in which the vibration of the electric dipole due to the polarized atoms in the thermal radiation ceramic radiates a radio wave called a heat ray. FIG. 4 (a) shows a sketch of the heater exposure type / heating device. A heater 402 is housed in the housing plate recess 403 in the heater housing plate 401 and energized. The convex portion of the heater storage plate 401 is covered with a heat increasing member (heat radiation member) 404 of the present invention. The amount of heat radiated increases according to (Equation 2). Fig. 4 (b) shows a cross-sectional view of the heater exposure type / heater storage plate. Fig. 5 (a) shows a sketch of the heater embedded type. The heater 502 is disposed between the heat insulating material 501 on the back surface of the heater 502 and the heat radiation layer 503 on the front surface of the heater 502. In this way, the heat rays from the heater 502 are transmitted to the heat radiation layer 503, and the heat radiation layer 503 is heated, so that heat rays are radiated from the surface of the heat radiation layer 503. At this time, if the thermal emissivity ε of the surface of the heat radiation layer 503 is high, the amount of heat radiated increases according to (Equation 2). This is the same as shown in FIG. FIG. 5B shows a sectional view of the heater embedded plate. It is sectional drawing which coat | covered the heat radiation member (heat absorption member) of this invention to the rotor of the electric motor, the generator, the stator, and the housing. The surface of the rotor 601 is covered with a heat radiation layer 602. The surface of the stator 603 is covered with a heat absorption layer 605. In addition, the air facing surface 604 of the housing is also coated with a thermal radiation layer. In this way, the heat of the rotor 601 is transferred to the heat absorption layer 605 on the surface of the stator 603 by heat radiation, and the heat is transported to the stator. Heat of the stator 603 is transmitted to the housing, and heat is radiated from the heat radiation layer 604 on the housing surface toward the air. As a result, the temperatures of the rotor and the stator are reduced according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 2) by radiation cooling, so that a current exceeding the rating can flow. By covering the fin of the heat exchanger with a heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) with high heat absorption rate (heat radiation rate), the heat of the high temperature side fluid is efficiently absorbed into the fin, and the heat is absorbed on the low temperature side. It is a sketch transmitted to the fluid. The surface of the pipe 701 is covered with a heat increasing member (thermal radiation / heat absorbing member). The high temperature side or low temperature side fluid 702 flows through the pipe 701 and exchanges heat with the surface of the pipe 701. As a result, heat is transmitted to the heat increasing member coated on the surface of the pipe 701, and heat is exchanged with the low temperature side or high temperature side fluid 703. At this time, if the heat emissivity (heat absorption rate) of the heat increasing member is high, the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchanger is improved according to (Equation 2). FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view showing a water tube boiler, and FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view showing a reflux boiler. It is the sketch which coat | covered this heat absorption member (heat increase member) in the part which contact | connected the heat source of the boiler of a steam turbine, or the gas heating part of a gas turbine. Reference numeral 801 denotes a heat increasing member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention that covers the surface of the water tube of the boiler. It is sectional drawing which coat | covered the heating member of this invention in the heating part of the Stirling engine. The heat absorption member 901 is covered on the heating surface of the heat pipe 902. When the heat absorbing member 901 is heated, the heat is transmitted to the Stirling engine by the heat pipe 902, and the power piston 904 is driven. Therefore, a magnet (not shown) connected to the power piston 904 is also driven to drive the linear generator 905 type. Electric power is generated. This efficiency can be increased by (Equation 3). This is a free piston type Stirling engine, but the same applies to other types of Stirling engines even if the heating surface is covered with the heat absorbing member of the present invention. Further, when the heat radiation member of the present invention is coated on the cooling surface (not shown) of the Stirling engine, the radiation cooling effect is increased and the efficiency is improved according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 2). It is a block diagram which shows a solar thermal Stirling engine. The heating section of the solar Stirling engine covers the heat increasing member of the present invention as shown in FIG. A parabolic mirror 1001, a Stirling engine 1002, and an arm 1003 are fastened. It is sectional drawing which coat | covered this heat radiation member (heat absorption member) in the thermal radiation part of an internal combustion engine (a gasoline engine, a diesel engine). Fig. 11 (a) shows a diesel engine. The heat radiation layer 1103 covers the piston 1101, the cylinder 1104, the fins 1102 that dissipate the heat of the cylinder, and the air facing surface of the diesel engine. The crank is numbered 1105. Fig. 11 (b) shows a gasoline engine. The piston 1109, the cylinder 1110, the fin 1107 for dissipating the heat of the cylinder, and all or part of the air facing surface of the diesel engine are covered with the heat radiation layer 1108 of the present invention. As a result, the heat on the engine surface is radiated from the surfaces of the heat radiation layers 1103 and 1108 according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 2), and the temperature of the engine surface decreases. Therefore, the efficiency of the engine is improved because the gas temperature inside the engine can be increased by increasing the compression ratio. It is sectional drawing which shows the heat-increasing member which consists of a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic particle and an inorganic binder. The heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder 1201 of the present invention is dispersed in the organic or inorganic binder 1202 described in Examples 47 and 48 of the present invention. In electroplating or electroless plating, so-called dispersion plating can be performed by dispersing the powder of the heat radiation / heat absorption member (heat increase member) of the present invention in a metal matrix. At this time, the metal matrix becomes the inorganic binder 1202. It is a schematic diagram which performs radiation cooling of a metal mold | die using the heat radiation member of this invention for an injection mold. The surface of the mold 1301 is covered with the heat radiation member 1302 of the present invention. As a result, the mold 1301 is quickly cooled by radiation cooling according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 2) and can be quickly removed, so that the same number of products can be molded even if the operation time is shortened. As a result, it can contribute to energy saving. It is sectional drawing which shows the conventional heat sink (heat sink). Adjacent surfaces of the radiation fins are parallel. This heat radiation fin is used both for heat radiation of electronic equipment and for heat radiation of an internal combustion engine. FIG. 14A shows a sectional view 1401 of a conventional heat sink. Since the heat radiation 1402 is radiated from the apex of the heat sink toward the air, the effect of the heat radiation is high. The thermal radiation 1403 shows a state in which heat radiation and heat absorption are exchanged on parallel surfaces of the heat sink. As a result, the thermal radiation effect is reduced for the thermal radiation 1403. Thermal radiation 1404 indicates thermal radiation radiated toward the back of the heat radiation fin. Therefore, the effect of heat radiation is also reduced for the heat radiation 1404. Since the heat radiation 1405 is radiated toward the outside of the heat radiation fin, there is an effect of heat radiation. FIG. 14 (b) shows forced convection winds. Since the forced convection wind 1406 is embedded in the heat radiation fin, the effect of forced convection is reduced to some extent. It is sectional drawing which shows the heat sink of a new structure. The adjacent surfaces of the heat dissipating fins in FIG. 15 are not parallel and the cross section is a mountain shape. The peaks are rounded, but this curvature is not shown. This heat radiation fin is used both for heat radiation of the electronic equipment and for heat radiation of the internal combustion engine. FIG. 15A shows the direction of thermal radiation. Since the heat radiation 1501 radiates heat toward the outside of the heat radiation fin, the effect of heat radiation is high. Since the heat radiation 1502 and the heat radiation 1503 are also finally emitted toward the outside of the heat radiation fin, the effect of the heat radiation is high. Thus, the heat radiation effect is higher in the mountain-shaped heat radiation fin than in the conventional heat radiation fin shown in FIG. FIG. 15 (b) shows the direction of forced convection. The forced convection wind 1505 creates a vortex between the radiating fins, deprives the heat of the radiating fins and goes out of the radiating fins, and therefore has a larger convection than the conventional radiating fin shown in FIG. There is a heat transfer effect. It is sectional drawing which shows the thermal radiation from the upper surface of a flat plate. Since the heat radiation 1601 is radiated almost vertically from the flat plate, the heat radiation effect is high. The thermal radiation 1602 is thermal radiation radiated within 50 degrees oblique with the vertical direction of the flat plate being 0 degrees, and this also has a certain degree of thermal radiation effect. It is known that the thermal radiation 1603 is a thermal radiation radiated at an angle larger than 50 degrees in an oblique direction, and this thermal radiation is extremely small compared to other thermal radiations. This phenomenon is applied to the mountain-shaped heat radiation fin of FIG. Since the opposing surfaces of the mountain-shaped heat radiation fins are not parallel but oblique to each other, there is no doubt that the heat radiation effect is higher in terms of heat radiation and forced convection than conventional parallel heat radiation fins. The mountain-shaped heat radiation fin of FIG. 15 can be used as a heat radiation fin for an internal combustion engine or an external combustion engine, or can be used as a heat radiation fin for an electronic device in general. It is sectional drawing which shows an electrostatic coating machine. The negatively charged particles 1702 are driven along the electric lines of force 1701 and electrostatically coated on the surface of the coating object 1706 charged positively. Electrostatic painting gun 1703, grounding 1704, DC high voltage 1705 are shown. It is sectional drawing which shows a thermal spraying apparatus. The thermal spray material 1801 is the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder or organic / inorganic binder powder of the present invention. The thermal spray material 1801 is melted using gas or thermal spray energy and sprayed onto the surface of the thermal spray target 1806. The thermal radiation member 1805 of the present invention may be coated on the surface of the spray gun. The particles are shown at 1807. FIG. 19A is a cross-sectional view showing a turbojet engine. Gas turbines have a similar cross section. The gas 1901 is compressed by the turbine 1902 and mixed with the fuel in the combustion chamber 1905 and burned. In the ramjet, the gas 1901 is discharged as it is from the discharge port 1906. In the turbojet, the turbine of the high temperature part 1904 is rotated and then discharged. At this time, if the surface of the high temperature portion 1904 facing the outside air is covered with the heat radiation member 1907 of the present invention, the high temperature portion 1904 is radiatively cooled according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 2). The temperature can be raised. As a result, the engine efficiency can be increased. FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional view showing a steam turbine. When the surface of the outer plate of the steam turbine 1909 is coated with the heat radiating member 1908 of the present invention, the temperature of the outer plate of the steam turbine 1909 decreases due to radiative cooling. Therefore, it becomes possible to raise the temperature of the steam, and the efficiency of the steam turbine increases. It is sectional drawing which shows a cooking appliance. In FIG. 20 (a), if the bottom surface of the pan 2001 that receives the flame 2003 is covered with the heat absorbing member 2002 of the present invention, the internal temperature of the pan can be increased according to (Equation 3), so that the heating efficiency is improved. FIG. 20 (b) shows a yakiniku plate. If the surface directly under the center of the plate 2005 receives a flame, but the surface receiving the flame is covered with the heat absorbing member 2004 of the present invention, the heating efficiency is improved according to (Equation 3). FIG. 20 (c) is a sketch of the gas stove. If the surface of the gas stove is covered with the heat radiation member 2007 of the present invention, the heating efficiency is improved according to (Equation 3). It is a sketch which shows a solar water heater. In FIG. 21 (a), a heat absorbing member 2101 on the solar heat receiving surface is a heat receiving surface covered with the heat absorbing member of the present invention. FIG. 21B is a cross-sectional view, and water is heated according to (Equation 1) by the water circulation 2102. The water circulation is shown at 2102. It is sectional drawing which shows an asphalt roller. The inner surface of the roller is covered with the heat radiation member 2201 of the present invention. When the roller inner surface is heated by a heat source, the roller outer surface temperature rises according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 2), so that the heating efficiency is improved. In the type of asphalt roller that does not have a heat source on the inner surface of the roller, the heat of the asphalt surface is well taken into the roller and the roller is heated, so the efficiency is also improved. FIG. 23 (a) shows a sketch in which the heated surface reflects the heat rays. When the container 2302 to be heated is a metal or ceramic crucible and the heat absorption rate is low, the heat of the heat source 2301 is reflected, so the heating efficiency is not improved. FIG. 23 (b) shows a sketch in which the heated surface absorbs heat rays. If the heat ray from the heat source 2303 covers at least the bottom surface of the heated container 2304 with the heat absorbing member 2305, the heat ray from the heat source 2303 is absorbed by the heat absorbing member 2305 of the present invention. When heated, the temperature of the heated container 2304 is further increased by the heat conduction 2306. As a result, the heating efficiency is improved. In particular, when the heat absorbing member of the present invention is coated on the outer surface of a quartz crucible, alumina, or mullite crucible, not only heating efficiency is improved, but also cracking can be prevented by expansion and contraction of the crucible. Sectional drawing which radiates | emits a heat ray from the surface of a general heat utilization apparatus is shown. The air-facing surfaces of all heat utilization devices 2401 are covered with the heat radiation material of the present invention. The heat radiation material to be coated on the surface is indicated by reference numeral 2402. As a result, according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 2), the surface temperature of the heat utilization device 2401 is lowered by radiation cooling, so that the internal temperature is also lowered. Therefore, the thermal efficiency of the heat utilization device can be improved. It is a block diagram which shows a solar thermal power generation device. FIG. 25 (a) shows a beam-up solar thermal power generation device. The heat absorbing member 2501 of the present invention covers the outer surface of the tank. Heliostat is 2502. FIG. 25 (b) shows a beam-down solar power generation device. The heat absorbing member 2505 of the present invention covers the outer surface of the tank. Heliostat 2504, reflector 2503. Sectional drawing which apply | coated the heat radiation member of this invention to the heat radiation fin of a refrigerator and an air conditioner is shown. FIG. 26 (a) is a refrigerator, and the heat radiating portion thereof is covered with the heat radiation member 2601 of the present invention. FIG. 26 (b) shows an air conditioner, and the outer surface of the heat dissipating fin facing the air is covered with the heat radiation member 2602 of the present invention. At this time, the efficiency of the refrigerator and the air conditioner is improved according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 2). The heat absorption member of this invention is apply | coated to the surface of the high temperature part of a heat pipe and a peat pump, and sectional drawing which improved the heat absorption is shown. Moreover, the heat radiating member of this invention is apply | coated to the surface of the low-temperature part of a heat pipe and a peat pump, and sectional drawing which improved the thermal radiation property is shown. Fig.27 (a) shows sectional drawing of a heat pipe. The heat on the high temperature heating side 2701 is absorbed by the heat absorbing member / coating 2704 of the present invention, and the liquid layer 2706 in the heat pipe is evaporated as indicated by reference numeral 2705. The evaporated gas is cooled on the cooling side 2704 and returned to the liquid layer, and the liquid falls along the inner wall of the tube and returns to the liquid layer 2706. At this time, the surface of the cooling-side fin 2702 is covered with the heat radiation member of the present invention. If it does in this way, the heat transport efficiency of a heat pipe will increase according to (Formula 1) (Formula 2). The cooling side fin 2702 of the heat pike can have the same shape as the mountain fin shown in FIG. 15 to improve the cooling efficiency. FIG. 27B shows a heat pump. The compressor 2704 sends the fluid to the hot side pipe 2707, and the fluid is sent to the cold side pipe 2706. Here, the surface of the high temperature side pipe 2707 is covered with the heat increasing member 2708 of the present invention. Further, the pipe surface on the low temperature side is covered with the heat increasing member 2709 of the present invention. As a result, the efficiency of the heat pump is improved by (Equation 1) and (Equation 2). The flow of the fluid in the heat pump can be reversed by a three-way valve (not shown). Graph comparing the heat-dissipating ceramic powder 5.5μ of the present invention with acrylic resin at 30 wt%, clad with aluminum foil 50μ and pasting it on the back of a fluorine back sheet of solar cell single cell 125 × 125 mm It is. The temperature of the solar cell decreased by 5 ° C., and the power generation efficiency was improved by 3%. A xenon pseudo solar light source of 1 kW / square meter was used as the light source.

In order to solve the above problems, the configuration described in claim 1 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic used in the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing member of the present invention has a structure approximated by a vibrator model in which its constituent atoms are connected to each other by a spring, and the peak wavelength of the natural vibration spectrum of the vibrator. Is 0.5 to 8μ, the heat radiation / heat absorption member using the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramics containing the atomic group having a large natural vibration amplitude in the heat ray region and a large electric dipole efficiency The heat increasing member characterized by having comprised can be comprised.
FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing a mechanism of thermal radiation approximated by a vibrator model in which the constituent atoms are connected to each other by a spring. Fig. 3 (b) shows the equation and figure of the radiation intensity at which the thermal oscillation of the electric dipole emits electromagnetic waves called heat rays when the atoms constituting the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic have an electric dipole. Show.
In the following Example 2 (Claim 2) to Example 27 (Claim 27), the numerical values such as x, y, z, m, n, a, b, and c showing the elemental structure of each substance are examples. 28 (Claim 28) based on the stoichiometric ratio of each substance shown in Table 1 to Table 4, but the numerical values such as x, y, z, m, n, a, b, c are the stoichiometric ratio. It can be increased or decreased above and below.
The method of increase / decrease is increased / decreased so that the thermal emissivity (heat absorption rate) is maximized.
In the formula of FIG. 3 (b) for the radiation intensity for radiating electromagnetic waves, the cohesive force between atoms determines the elastic modulus (hardness, spring strength). Therefore, there is a correlation between the melting point and the elastic modulus (hardness, spring strength) between materials of the same type of stress and deformation mechanism.
On the other hand, all the substances shown in Tables 1 to 4 of Claim 28 (Example 28) are substances having a high melting point. The melting point and hardness are determined by the strength of the atomic bonds. For example, the tetrahedral structure of diamond crystals has a strong connection and therefore has a high melting point, hardness, thermal conductivity (2000 W / mK), and high thermal emissivity (0.9 or more).
In general, a substance having a high melting point has high thermal conductivity and thermal emissivity.
Therefore, a substance having a high melting point is suitable as a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention. In the present invention, all of the substances shown in Tables 1 to 4 of claims 2 (Example 2) to 28 (Example 28), which are substances having a high melting point, are used for the heat radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention. It is reasonable to define as thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramics, and all the substances of claims 2 (Example 2) to 28 (Example 28) are used for the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing member of the present invention. Application patent application for heat-absorbing ceramics.
The content of the patent application is a chemical substance characterized in that the chemical substance of Claim 2 (Example 2) to Claim 28 (Example 28) is exclusively used for thermal radiation, heat absorption and heat conduction. It is a use invention. However, the patent application of the chemical substance of claim 2 (Example 2) to claim 28 (Example 28) is not applied to applications other than thermal radiation, heat absorption and heat conduction.

The configuration described in claim 2 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal having a molecular formula represented by (MO) m · (Fe2O3) n where M is a metal, O is oxygen and Fe is iron. (M) A thermal radiation / heat absorption member characterized by being a filler using metal ferrite particles characterized by being ferrite and metal ferrite having a value of m close to zero. There may be.

The configuration described in claim 3 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal having a molecular formula represented by (MO) m · (Fe2O3) n where M is a metal, O is oxygen, and Fe is iron. (M) Ferrite and a metal (M) ferrite characterized by taking any value between m = 0.5 to 1.5 and n = 1.5 to 0.5. M) is a heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized by being a metal (M) ferrite that is one metal (M) among Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, and Ni. May be.
The optimum values of m and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost / performance.
The values of m and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.

The configuration described in claim 4 is as follows.
In other words, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is (XO) x. (YO) y (Fe2O3) n, where X and Y are metals, O is oxygen and Fe is iron. It is a composite ferrite of metal (X, Y) having the molecular formula shown, and takes any value between x, y = 0.1 to 1.9 and n = 1.9 to 0.1 A featured ferrite, where X and Y of metal (X, Y) are metals (X, Y) containing at least one of Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, and Ni. It is characterized by being a composite ferrite. The optimum values of x, y, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. The values of x, y, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost / performance. What value of x, y, and n is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 5 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used for the thermal radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention is a metal oxide having a molecular formula of AxOy, where A is a metal and O is oxygen, and the metal A is Li, Na, K , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 6 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal boride having a molecular formula of AxBy where A is a metal and B is boron, and the metal A is Li, Na, K Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least Including any one,
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 7 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal carbide having a molecular formula of AxCy where A is a metal and C is carbon, and the metal A is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, Including at least one of the following:
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 8 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal nitride having a molecular formula of AxNy where A is a metal and N is nitrogen, and the metal A is Li, Na, K , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 9 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal fluoride having a molecular formula of AxFy, where A is a metal and F is a fluorine, and the metal A is Li, Na, K , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 10 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal silicide having a molecular formula of AxSiy where A is a metal and Si is silicon, and the metal A is Li, Na, K Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least Including any one,
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 11 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is
A is a metal phosphide having a molecular formula of AxPy, where P is phosphorus, and metal A is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, It includes at least one of Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se,
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 12 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal sulfide having a molecular formula of AxSy where A is a metal and S is sulfur, and the metal A is Li, Na, K. , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 13 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal chloride having a molecular formula of AxCly, where A is a metal and Cl is chlorine, and the metal A is Li, Na, K , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
It is a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic that takes one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 14 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a garnet type having a molecular formula of 3 (M2O3) / 5 (Fe2O3) where M is metal, Fe is iron, and O is oxygen. It is a ferrite, and the metal M can constitute a heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized by containing trivalent ions and at least one of Al, Cr, Fe, and Y.

The configuration described in claim 15 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic used for the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing member of the present invention is a garnet-type ferrite having a molecular formula of M _x · Fe _y O _z where M is a metal, Fe is iron, and O is oxygen. Hexagonal ferrite, and the metal M is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic characterized by containing at least one of Al, Cr, Fe, Y, Ba, St, Sb. A radiation / heat absorbing member can be constructed.
The optimum values of x, y, and z can be freely selected in consideration of cost / performance. What kind of values of x, y, and z are selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 16 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention has a molecular formula of (MO) x ((Si) mOn) y where M is a metal, Si is silicon, and O is oxygen. Silicate, metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W , Including Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least one of
It is characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 1 to 10, and n = 1 to 10. The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x, y, m, and n is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 17 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a phosphate having a molecular formula of Mx · (PnOm) y where M is a metal, P is phosphorus, and O is oxygen. , Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, Including at least one of V, Sb, Bi, Se,
It is characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, n = 1 to 10, and m = 1 to 10. The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x, y, m, and n is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 18 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a borate having a molecular formula of Mx · (BmOn) y where M is a metal, B is boron, and O is oxygen. Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V , Including at least one of Sb, Bi, Se,
Thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramics having one value among x = 0-4, y = 0.1-10, m = 1-10, and n = 1-10. Heat absorbing member. The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
What value of x, y, m, and n is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 19 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a carbonate having a molecular formula of Mx · (CO3) y, where M is a metal, C is carbon, and O is oxygen. Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V , Including at least one of Sb, Bi, Se,
It is characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one of x = 0 to 4 and y = 0.1 to 10. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.
The carbonate of Example 19 (Claim 19) includes the following carbonate minerals.

The structure described in claim 20 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used for the thermal radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention is:
When M is metal, Ti is titanium, and O is oxygen, the titanate has a molecular formula of Mx · (TiO3) y, and the metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu. Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, and Se, including at least one,
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one of x = 0 to 4 and y = 0.1 to 10. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 21 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is an aluminate having a molecular formula of Mx · (AlmOn) y, where M is metal, Al is aluminum, and O is oxygen. , Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, It includes at least one of Sb, Bi, and Se,
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 0.1 to 24, and n = 0.1 to 24. To do. The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x, y, m, and n is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 22 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a vanadate having a molecular formula of Mx · (VmOn) y, where M is a metal, V is vanadium, and O is oxygen. , Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, Including at least one of V, Sb, Bi, Se,
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 0.1 to 24, and n = 0.1 to 24. To do.
The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x, y, m, and n is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 23 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used for the thermal radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention has a molecular formula of Mx · (Mn) a · O _b ) y where M is a metal, Mn is manganese and O is oxygen. Manganate, metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo , Including W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least one of
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, a = 1 to 10, and b = 1 to 10. The values of x, y, a, and b are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, a, and b can be freely selected in consideration of cost / performance. What value of x, y, a, b is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 24 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a tungstate having a molecular formula of Mx · (WmOn) y, where M is a metal, W is tungsten, and O is oxygen. , Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, Including at least one of V, Sb, Bi, Se,
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 0.1 to 24, and n = 0.1 to 24. To do. The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x, y, m, and n is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 25 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is stannic acid having a molecular formula of Mx · ((Sn) mOn) y where M is a metal, Sn is tin, and O is oxygen. It is a salt and the metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W , Including Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least one of
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 0.1 to 24, and n = 0.1 to 24. To do.
The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x, y, m, and n is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The structure described in claim 26 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is Mx (Zr _y , Ti _{1 − y} ) when M is a metal, Zr is zirconium, Ti is titanium and O is oxygen. Zirco-titanate with O ₃ molecular formula, metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti , Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, including at least one of Se,
It is characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one of x = 0 to 4 and y = 0 to 0.9. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.
SiZrO4 is also added as a variant.

The structure described in claim 27 is as follows.
Or heat radiation and heat absorption ceramic used for the thermal radiation and the heat absorbing member of the present invention, metal M, molybdenum Mo, when the O and oxygen, with _{Mx · ((Mo) m O} n) y molecular formula of Molybdate, metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo , Including W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least one of
It is characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 1 to 10, and n = 1 to 10. The values of x, y, n, and m are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, n, and m can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. What value of x and y is selected belongs to the inventor's know-how.

The configuration described in claim 28 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention should be a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic containing at least one of the substances shown in Tables 1 to 4 of Example 28. It is characterized by.

A heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized by using a ceramic shown in Tables 1 to 4 as a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic can be configured.

Table 1;
A heat increasing member (thermal radiation / heat) characterized in that the powder of the compound shown in Table 1 below is dispersed in an organic or inorganic binder shown in claim 47 (Example 47) and claim 48 (Example 48). Absorbent member).
The following compounds all have a melting point of about 500 ° C. (773 K) or higher.
Compound name (CAS.NO)
Alumina (1344-28-1), Barium chloride (10361-37-2), Lithium orthosilicate (13453-84-4)
Graphite (7782-42-5), potassium chromate (7789-00-6), barium chromate (10294-40-3),
Calcium silicide (12013-56-8), calcium silicate (1344-95-2), sodium silicate (1344-09-8),
Potassium silicofluoride (16871-90-2), yttrium oxide (1314-36-9), calcium oxide (1305-78-8),
Chromium (III) oxide (1308-38-9), zirconium (IV) oxide (1314-23-4), tin oxide (IV) (18282-10-5),
Cerium (IV) oxide (1306-38-3), Tungsten oxide (VI) (1314-35-8),
Tungsten strontium oxide (13451-05-3), tantalum oxide (V) (1314-61-0),
Titanium (III) oxide (1344-54-3), titanium (IV) oxide, anatase type (1317-70-0),
Titanium (IV) oxide, rutile type (1317-80-2), Ti ₃ O ₅ (12065-65-5), iron (III) oxide (1309-37-1),
Copper (I) oxide (1317-39-1), copper (II) oxide (1317-38-0), niobium oxide (V) (1313-96-8),
Nickel oxide (II) (1313-99-1), barium zirconium oxide (12009-21-1),
Magnesium oxide (1309-48-4), manganese oxide (IV) (1313-13-9),
Molybdenum oxide (VI) (1313-27-5), Molybdenum barium oxide (7787-37-3),
Diboron trioxide (1303-86-2),
Calcium carbide (75-20-7), silicon carbide (409-21-2), zirconium carbide (12070-14-3),
Tungsten carbide (12070-13-2), titanium carbide (12070-08-5), niobium carbide (12069-94-2),
Vanadium carbide (12070-10-9), boron carbide (12069-32-8),
Potassium tungstate (7790-60-5), calcium tungstate (7790-75-2),
Magnesium thiosulfate (10124-53-5),
Strontium titanate (12060-59-2), lead (II) titanate (12060-00-3),
Barium titanate (12047-27-7),
Aluminum nitride (24304-00-5), calcium nitride (12013-82-0), silicon nitride (12033-89-5),
Zirconium nitride (25658-42-8), titanium nitride (25583-20-4), niobium nitride (24621-21-4),
Vanadium nitride (24646-85-3), boron nitride (10043-11-5), CaSO ₄ (7778-18-9),
Zirconium disilicide (12039-90-6), molybdenum disilicide (12136-78-6),
Lithium nickelate (12031-65-1), titanium diboride (12045-63-5),
Niobium diboride (12007-29-3), calcium diphosphate (7790-76-3),
Calcium fluoride (7789-75-5), strontium fluoride (7783-48-4),
Cerium (III) fluoride (7758-88-5), sodium fluoride (7681-49-4), barium fluoride (7787-32-8),
Magnesium fluoride (7783-40-6), manganese (III) fluoride (7783-53-1),
Calcium boride (12007-99-7), vanadium boride (12007-37-3),
Hafnium boride (12007-23-7),
Calcium metasilicate (10101-39-0), aluminum metaphosphate (32823-06-6),
Calcium molybdate (7789-82-4), cobalt molybdate (13062-14-6),
Lithium molybdate (13568-40-6), lithium aluminum oxide (12003-67-7),
Zinc sulfide (1314-98-3), gallium sulfide (III) (12024-22-5), silicon sulfide (IV) (13759-10-9),
Tin sulfide (1315-01-1), cerium (III) sulfide (12014-93-6), iron (II) sulfide (1317-37-9),
Copper sulfide (II) (1317-40-4), molybdenum sulfide (IV) (1317-33-5), barium sulfate (7727-43-7),
Magnesium sulfate (7487-88-9), cobalt phosphide (12134-02-0),
Tungsten phosphide (12037-70-6),
Aluminum phosphate (7784-30-7), boron phosphate (13308-51-5), lithium phosphate (10377-52-3),
Barium hexaboride (12046-08-1)

Table 2 Minerals;
A heat radiation member characterized in that mineral powders listed in Table 2 below are dispersed in an organic or inorganic binder shown in claim 47 (Example 47) and claim 48 (Example 48) can be constituted.
The following minerals have melting points of about 500 ° C. (773 K) or more.
(1) Sulfide mineral
A sulfide mineral is a mineral in which a metal element and sulfur (S) are mainly combined. Minerals that combine metal elements with arsenic, selenium, tellurium, etc. instead of sulfur are said to be arsenic minerals, selenite minerals, and telluride minerals, respectively. There are many. Here too, arsenic minerals, selenite minerals, telluride minerals are also listed accordingly.
 Sphalerite group
 
  Sphalerite-ZnS, equiaxed
  Tellurium mercury ore (coloradoite)-HgTe
  Calcium cadmium ore (hawleyite)-CdS
  Black sand (metacinnabar)-HgS
  Stilleite-ZnSe
  Selenium mercury ore (tiemannite)-HgSe
 
 Galena group
 
  Galena-PbS, equiaxed
  Selenium lead ore (clausthalite)-PbSe
  Tellurite (altaite)-PbTe
  Cuborargyrite-AgPbS₂
  Sphalerite (alabandite)-MnS, equiaxed
 
 Pentland Ore Group
 
  Iron pyrite ore (pentlandite)-(Fe, Ni)₉S₈, Equiaxed
  Silver pentlandite-Ag (Fe, Ni)₈S₈
  Cobaltpentlandite-Co₉S₈
  geffroyite-(Ag, Cu, Fe)₉(Se, S)₈
  manganese-shadlunite-(Mn, Pb, Cd) (Cu, Fe)₈S₈
  shadlunite-(Pb, Cd) (Fe, Cu)₈S₈
 
 Thiospinel Group
 
  Bornhardtite-Co²⁺Co³⁺ ₂Se_Four
  Cadmoindite-CdIn₂S_Four
  Carrollite-Cu (Co, Ni)₂S_Four
  Copper Iridium Ore (cuproiridsite)-(Cu, Fe) Ir₂S_Four
  Cuprous rhodium ore (cuprorhodsite)-(Cu, Fe) Rh₂S_Four
  daubr é elite-Fe²⁺Cr³⁺ ₂S_Four
  ferrorhodsite-(Fe, Cu) (Rh, Ir, Pt)₂S_Four
  fletcherite-Cu (Ni, Co)₂S_Four
  florensovite-(Cu, Zn) Cr_1.5Sb_0.5S_Four
  greigite-Fe²⁺Fe³⁺ ₂S_Four
  Indite-FeIn₂S_Four
  kalininite-ZnCr₂S_Four
  Linnaeite-Co²⁺Co³⁺ ₂S_Four
  malanite-Cu (Pt³⁺, Ir³⁺)₂S_Four
  polydymite-Ni²⁺Ni³⁺ ₂S_Four
  tyrrellite-Cu (Co³⁺, Ni³⁺)₂Se_Four
  violarite-Fe²⁺Ni³⁺ ₂S_Four
 
 Pyrite group
 
  Pyrite-FeS₂, Equiaxed
  Hauerite-MnS₂
  Bethite (vaesite)-NiS₂
  Cattierite-CoS₂
  Lauraite-RuS₂
  Erlichmanite-OsS₂
  Villamaninite-(Cu, Ni, Co, Fe) S₂
  Fukuchilite-Cu_ThreeFeS₈
  Arsenite (sperrylite)-PtAs₂
  Anustibite-AuSb₂
  Zakknite-FeSe₂
  Kurtaite-CuSe₂
  Trogtalite-CoSe₂
  Penroseite-(Ni, Co, Cu) Se₂
  Michenerite-PdBiTe
  Testibiopalladite-Pd (Sb, Te) Te
  Geversite-Pt (Sb, Bi)₂
  Insizwaite-Pt (Bi, Sb)₂
  Maslovite-(Pt, Pd) (Bi, Te)₂
 
 White iron ore group
 
  Marcasite-FeS₂, Oblique
  Selenium iron ore-FeSe₂
  Hastite-CoSe₂
  Kullerudite-NiSe₂
  Flohbergite-FeTe₂
  Matagamite-CoTe₂
 
 Arsenite Group
 
  Arsenite (loellingite)-FeAs₂
  Ammonium cobaltite (costibite)-CoSbS
  An nickel ore (nisbite)-NiSb₂
  Rammelsbergite-NiAs₂
  Safflorite-(Co, Fe) As₂
  Seinejokite-FeSb₂
 
 Terui Group
 
  Stibnite-Sb₂S_Three, Oblique
  Selenium antimonselite-Sb₂Se_Three, Oblique
  Bismuthinite-Bi₂S_Three, Oblique
 
 Chalcopyrite group
 
  Chalcopyrite-CuFeS₂,square
  Eskebornite-CuFeSe2
  Indium copper ore (roquesite)-CuInS2
  Gallium copper ore (gallite)-CuGaS2
 
 Red Arsenite Group
 
  Red arsenite ore (nickeline)-NiAs, hexagonal
  breithauptite-NiSb
  freboldite-CoSe
  langisite-(Co, Ni) As
  Niggliite-PtSn
  sederholmite-β-NiSe
  sobolevskite-PdBi
  stumpflite-Pt (Sb, Bi)
  sudburyite-(Pd, Ni) Sb
 
 Bright cobalt ore group
 
  Cobaltite-CoAsS, oblique
  Gersdorffite-NiAsS
  hollingworthite-(Rh, Pt, Pd) AsS
  irarsite-(Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt) AsS
  jolliffeite-NiAsSe
  padmaite-PdBiSe
  platarsite-(Pt, Rh, Ru) AsS
  tolovkite-IrSbS
  ullmannite-NiSbS
  willyamite-(Co, Ni) SbS
 
 Arsenite Group
 
  Arsenopyrite-FeAsS, monoclinic
  Glocodot ore (glaucodot)-(Co, Fe) AsS
  Anthrite (gudmundite)-FeSbS
  Osares Ore (osarsite)-(Os, Ru) AsS
  Ruarsite-RuAsS
 
 Four-sided copper ore group
 
  Anhterite-(Cu, Fe, Zn)₁₂Sb_FourS₁₃, Equiaxed
  Tennantite-(Cu, Fe, Zn)₁₂As_FourS₁₃, Equiaxed
  Argentotennantite-(Ag, Cu)_Ten(Zn, Fe)₂(As, Sb)_FourS₁₃
  Gin'an Tetradecite (freibergite)-(Ag, Cu, Fe)₁₂(Sb, As)_FourS₁₃
  Giraudite-(Cu, Zn, Ag)₁₂(As, Sb)_Four(Se, S)₁₃
  Goldfieldite-Cu₁₂(Te, Sb, As)_FourS₁₃
  Hakite-(Cu, Hg)₁₂Sb_Four(Se, S)₁₃
 
 Chalcopyrite Group
 
  Stannite-Cu₂FeSnS_Four,square
  Luzonite (luzonite)-Cu_ThreeAsS_Four,square
  briartite-Cu₂(Zn, Fe) GeS_Four
  famatinite-Cu_ThreeSbS_Four
  hocartite-Ag₂FeSnS_Four
  kuramite-Cu_ThreeSnS_Four
  permingeatite-Cu_ThreeSbSe_Four
  pirquitasite-Ag₂ZnSnS_Four
  velikite-Cu₂HgSnS_Four
 
 Pyrrhotite, pyrotite-Fe_1-xS, monoclinic, hexagonal
 Covellite-CuS, Rokukata
 Klockmannite-CuSe, hexagonal
 Chalcocite-Cu₂S, monoclinic
 Spionkopite-Cu₃₉S₂₈
 Bornite-Cu_FiveFeS_Four, Oblique
 Wurtzite (fiber zinc ore)-ZnS, hexagonal
 Cadmium Ore (greenockite)-CdS, Hexagon
 Cinnabar-HgS, Mikata
 Needle nickel ore (millerite)-NiS, Mikata
 Acanthite-Ag₂S, monoclinic
 
  Argentite-Ag₂S, equiaxed, transition to needle silver ore at room temperature
 
 Molybdenite-MoS₂Rokukata
 Jordisite-MoS₂, Amorphous
 Chicken crown (realgar)-As_FourS_Four, Monoclinic
 Orpiment-As₂S_Three, Monoclinic
 Arsenite (domeykite)-Cu_ThreeAs, cubic
 Skutterudite-CoAs_Three
 Algodonite-Cu₆As, Rokukata
 Dark Argyrite (pyrargyrite)-Ag_ThreeSbS_Three, Three-way
 Pale red ore (proustite)-Ag_ThreeAsS_Three
 Pyrostilpnite-Ag_ThreeSbS_Three, Monoclinic
 Maemite (jamesonite)-Pb_FourFeSb₆S₁₄, Monoclinic
 Boulangerite -Pb_FiveSb_FourS₁₁, Monoclinic
 Bournonite-CuPbSbS_Three, Oblique
 Arsenite (Cu)-Cu_ThreeAsS_Four, Oblique
 Miscellaneous silver ores (polybasite)-(Ag, Cu)₁₆Sb₂S₁₁, Monoclinic
 Berthierite-FeSb₂S_Four, Oblique
 Red mine (kermesite)-Sb₂S₂O, triclinic
(2) Oxide mineral
Oxide minerals are minerals in which mainly metal elements and oxygen (O) are combined.
 SiO₂Minerals-These are sometimes classified as tectosilicate minerals.
 
  Quartz-SiO₂, Three-way
  
   Rock crystal-self-crystal quartz
   Chalcedony-aggregate of fine-grained quartz
  
  Tridymite-SiO₂, Monoclinic / triclinic
  Cristobalite (cristobalite, calcite)-SiO₂,square
  Stishovite-SiO₂,square
  Course stone (coesite)-SiO₂, Monoclinic
  Protein stone (opal)-SiO₂・ NH₂O, amorphous
 
 Rutile group
 
  Rutile (Rutile)-TiO₂,square
  Argutite-GeO₂
  Cassiterite-SnO₂,square
  Pyromanganese (pyrolusite)-MnO₂,square
  Paratelluride-TeO₂
  Plattnerite-PbO₂
  Stishovite-SiO₂,square
 
 Cryptomerane Ore Group
 
  Cryptolane-K (Mn⁴⁺, Mn²⁺)₈O₁₆, Monoclinic
  Ankangite-Ba (Ti, V³⁺, Cr³⁺)₈O₁₆
  Coronadite-Pb (Mn⁴⁺, Mn²⁺)₈O₁₆
  Hollandite-Ba (Mn⁴⁺, Mn²⁺)₈O₁₆
  Manjiroite-(Na, K) (Mn⁴⁺, Mn²⁺)₈O₁₆・ NH₂O
  Mannardite-Ba (Ti₆V³⁺ ₂) O₁₆
  Priderite-(K, Ba) (Ti, Fe³⁺)₈O₁₆
  Redledgeite-BaTi₆Cr³⁺ ₂O₁₆・ H₂O
  Strontiomelane-SrMn⁴⁺ ₆Mn³⁺ ₂O₁₆
  Todorokite-(Mn, Ca, Mg) Mn⁴⁺ _ThreeO₇・ H₂O
 
 Hematite Group
 
  Hematite-Fe₂O_Three, Three-way
  Corundum-Al₂O_Three, Three-way
  Eskolaite-Cr₂O_Three
  Karelianite-V₂O_Three
 
 Ash Titanium Stone Group
 
  Perovskite (Perovskite)-CaTiO_Three, Monoclinic
  Latrappite-(Ca, Na) (Nb, Ti, Fe) O_Three
  Loparite- (Ce)-(Ce, Na, Ca) (Ti, Nb) O_Three
  Lueshite-NaNbO_Three
  Tausonite-SrTiO_Three
 
 Titanite Group
 
  Titanite (ilmenite)-FeTiO_Three, Three-way
  Ecandrewsite-(Zn, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺) TiO_Three
  Geikielite-MgTiO_Three
  Pyrophanite-Mn²⁺TiO_Three
 
 Spinel group
 
  Spinel (spinel)-MgAl₂O_Four, Equiaxed
  Zinc spinel (gahnite)
  Hercynite
  Magnetite-FeFe³⁺ ₂O_Four, Equiaxed
  Franklinite-ZnFe₂O_Four
  Jacobsite-MnFe₂o_Four
  Chromite-FeCr₂O_Four, Equiaxed
  Magnesiochromite-MgCr₂O_Four
 
 Periclace Group
 
  Periclase-MgO
  bunsenite-NiO
  Mangansite (manganosite)-MnO, equiaxed
  monteponite-CdO
 
 Chrysoberyl-BeAl₂O_Four, Oblique
 Anatase-TiO₂,square
 Brookite-TiO₂, Oblique
 Tellurite-TeO₂, Oblique
 Cuprite-Cu₂O, equiaxed
 Black ore (tenorite, melaconite)-CuO, monoclinic
 Zincite-ZnO, Hexagon
 Hausmannite-MnMn³⁺ ₂O_Four,square
 Senarmontite-Sb₂O_Three
 Stibiconite-Sb³⁺Sb⁵⁺ ₂O₆(OH)
 Iron uhuangite-Fe²⁺Sb⁵⁺ ₂O₆
 Columbite
 
  Ferrocolumbite-FeNb₂O₆, Oblique
  Manganocolumbite-(Mn, Fe) (Nb, Ta)₂O₆, Oblique
 
 Uraninite-UO₂, Equiaxed
(3) Hydroxide mineral
Hydroxide minerals are minerals made of hydroxide. Sometimes included in oxide minerals.
 Diaspore-AlO (OH), diagonal
 Goethite-FeO (OH), oblique
 Lepidocrocite-FeO (OH), oblique
 Manganite-Mn³⁺O (OH), monoclinic
 Water talc (brucite, blues stone)-Mg (OH)₂, Three-way
 Gibbsite-Al (OH)_Three, Monoclinic
 Boehmite-AlO (OH), orthorhombic
(4) Halogenated mineral
A halogenated mineral is a mineral in which a metal element and a halogen element are combined.
 Rock salt (halite)-NaCl, equiaxed
 Potassium chloride (sylvite)-KCl, equiaxed
 Chlorargyrite-AgCl, equiaxed
 Ammonite chloride (sal ammoniac)-NH_FourCl, equiaxed
 Fluorite-CaF₂, Equiaxed
 Atacamaite (atacamite)-Cu₂(OH)_ThreeCl, oblique
 Cryolite-Na_ThreeAlF₆, Monoclinic
 Creedite-Ca_ThreeAl₂F_Four(OH, F)₆(SO_Four) ・ 2H₂O, monoclinic
(5) Carbonate mineral
Carbonate mineral is a mineral made of carbonate.
 Calcite Group
 
  Calcite-CaCO_Three, Three-way
  Hishi Dohite (magnesite)-MgCO_Three, Three-way
  Siderite-FeCO_Three, Three-way
  Rhyomanganese (Rhodochrosite)-MnCO_Three, Three-way
  Smithsonite-ZnCO_Three, Three-way
  Sphaerocobaltite-CoCO_Three
  Hishi nickel ore (gaspeite)-NiCO_Three
  Ryo cadmium ore (otavite)-CdCO_Three
 
 Dolomite group
 
  Dolomite-CaMg (CO_Three)₂, Three-way
  Ankerite-Ca (Fe, Mg, Mn) (CO_Three)₂, Three-way
  Kutnohorite-Ca (Mn²⁺, Mg, Fe²⁺(CO3)₂
  Minrecordite-CaZn (CO_Three)₂
  Norsethite-BaMg (CO_Three)₂
 
 Soseki Group
 
  Aragonite-CaCO_Three, Oblique
  Strontianite-SrCO_Three, Oblique
  Poison heavy stone (witherite)-BaCO_Three, Oblique
  White lead ore (cerussite)-PbCO_Three, Oblique
 
 Azurite-Cu_Three(CO_Three)₂(OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Peacock stone (malachite)-Cu₂(CO_Three) (OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Auricalcite-(Zn, Cu)_Five(CO_Three)₂(OH)₆, Monoclinic
 Carbonate-cyanotrichite-Cu²⁺ _FourAl₂(CO_Three, SO_Four) (OH)₁₂・ 2H₂O, oblique
 Artinite-Mg₂(CO_Three) (OH)₂・ 3H₂O, monoclinic
 Hydromagnesite-Mg_Five(CO_Three)_Four(OH)₂・ 4H₂O, monoclinic
 Kimuraite-CaY₂(CO₂46H₂O, oblique
(6) Nitrate mineral
Nitrate mineral is a mineral made of nitrate.
 Chile nitrate-NaNO_Three, Three-way
 Niterite-KNO_Three, Oblique
(7) Borate mineral
A borate mineral is a mineral made of borate.
 Kotoite-Mg_Three(BO_Three)₂, Oblique
 Ludwigite-(Mg, Fe)₂Fe⁺³O₂(BO_Three), Diagonal
 Borax-Na₂B_FourO_Five(OH)_Four・ 8H₂O, monoclinic
 Sodium borohydrite (ulexite, urexite, urexite, “TV stone”)-NaCaB_FiveO₆(OH)₆・ 5H₂O, triclinic
 Wiserite-(Mn, Mg)₁₄B₈(Si, Mg) O_{twenty two}(OH)_TenCl, square
(8) Sulfate mineral
Sulfate mineral is a mineral made of sulfate.
 Barite group
 
  Barite-BaSO_Four, Oblique
  Celestine-SrSO_Four, Oblique
  Sulfurite (anglesite)-PbSO_Four, Oblique
  Hashemite-Ba (Cr, S) O_Four
 
 Green fox group
 
  Melanterite-FeSO_Four・ 7H₂O, monoclinic
  Mallardite-MnSO_Four・ 7H₂O, monoclinic
  Bieberite-CoSO_Four・ 7H₂O, monoclinic
  Zinc-melanterite-(Zn, Mn, Mg, Fe) SO_Four・ 7H₂O, monoclinic
 
 Gallbladder group
 
  Chalcanthite-CuSO_Four・ 5H₂O, triclinic
  Jokokuite-Mn²⁺SO_Four・ 5H₂O
  pentahydrite-MgSO_Four・ 5H₂O
  Siderotil-Fe²⁺SO_Four・ 5H₂O
 
 Meteorite group
 
  Alunite-KAl_Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Soda alumite (Natroalunite)-NaAl_Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Ammonioalunite-(NH_Four) Al_Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Minamiite-(Na, Ca, K, □) Al_Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Huangite-Ca □ Al₆(SO_Four)_Four(OH)₁₂, Three-way
  Walthierite-BaAl₆(SO_Four)_Four(OH)₁₂, Three-way
  Iron mesonite (jarosite)-KFe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Soda iron meteorite (natrojarosite)-NaFe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Doralchartite-(Tl, K) Fe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Ammoniojarosite-(NH_Four) Fe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Silver iron argentojarosite-AgFe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Plum iron jadestone (plumbojarosite)-PbFe³⁺ ₆(SO_Four)_Four(OH)₁₂, Three-way
  Hydronium jarosite-(H_ThreeO) Fe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Osarizawaite-PbCuAl₂(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Beaverite-PbCuFe³⁺ ₂(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
 
 Gypsum-CaSO_Four・ 2H₂O, monoclinic
 Anhydrite-CaSO_Four, Oblique
 Brochantite-Cu_Four(SO_Four) (OH)₆, Monoclinic
 Langite-Cu_Four(SO_Four) (OH)₆・ 2H₂O, monoclinic
 Linarite-PbCu (SO_Four) (OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Cyanobrichite-Cu²⁺ _FourAl₂(SO_Four, CO_Three) (OH)₁₂・ 2H₂O, oblique
 Mikasaite-(Fe³⁺, Al)₂(SO_Four)_Three, Three-way
 Osakaite-Zn_FourSO_Four(OH)₆・ 5H₂O, triclinic
 Tenardite-Na₂SO_Four, Oblique
(9) Chromate mineral
A chromate mineral is a mineral composed of chromate.
 Hematite (crocoite)-PbCrO_Four, Monoclinic
(10) Phosphate mineral
A phosphate mineral is a mineral made of phosphate. Many have similar crystal structures to arsenate minerals.
 Monazite group
 
  Monazite- (Ce)-CePO_Four, Monoclinic
  Lanthanum monazite (monazite- (La))-(La, Ce, Nd) PO_Four
  Neodymium monazite (monazite- (Nd))-(Nd, La, Ce) PO_Four
  brabantite-Ca_0.5Th_0.5(PO_Four)
  cheralite- (Ce)-(Ce, Ca, Th) (P, Si) O_Four
  huttonite-ThSiO_Four
  rooseveltite-BiAsO_Four
  gasparite- (Ce)-(Ce, La, Nd) AsO_Four
 
 Apatite Group
 
  Apatite group
  
   Fluorapatite-Ca_Five(PO_Four)_ThreeF, Rokukata
   Chlorapatite-Ca_Five(PO_Four)_ThreeCl
   Hydroxyapatite (Ca)-Ca_Five(PO_Four)_Three(OH)
   Carbonate-fluorapatite-Ca_Five(PO_Four, CO_Three)_ThreeF
   Carbonate-hydroxylapatite-Ca_Five(PO_Four, CO_Three)_Three(OH)
  
  Pyromorphite-Pb_Five(PO_Four)_ThreeCl, hexagon
 
 Kyanite Group
 
  Vivianite-Fe_Three(PO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O, monoclinic
  arupite-Ni_Three(PO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O
 
 Turquoise group
 
  Turquoise-CuAl₆(PO_Four)_Four(OH)₈・ 4H₂O, triclinic
 
 Ambulgo stone group
 
  Amblygonite-(Li, Na) Al (PO_Four) (F, OH), triclinic
 
 Barrier Stone Group
 
  Variscite-Al (PO_Four) ・ 2H₂O, oblique
 
 Loved Fern Group
 
  Rhabdophane- (Ce)-(Ce, La) PO_Four・ H₂O, Rokukata
  Ningyoite-(U, Ca, Ce)₂(PO_Four)₂・ 1-2H₂O, oblique
 
 Phosphate uranium group
 
  Phosphate Uranite (autunite)-Ca (UO₂)₂(PO_Four)₂・ 10-12H₂O, square
  sodium autunite-Na2 (UO2) 2 (PO4) 2 ・ 8H2O
  Phosphor Copper Uranite (torbernite)-Cu (UO₂)₂(PO_Four)₂・ 10-12H₂O, square
  Phosphorus uranium (uranocircite)-Ba (UO₂)₂(PO_Four)₂・ 10-12H₂O, square
  sal é eite-Mg (UO2) 2 (PO4) 2 ・ 10H2O
  Phosphoraluminium sabugalite-HAl (UO2) 4 (PO4) 4 · 16H2O
  fritzscheite-Mn (UO2) 2 (PO4, VO4) 2 ・ 10H2O (?)
  uranospinite-Ca (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 ・ 10H2O
  heinrichite-Ba (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 ・ 10-12H2O
  Arsenite zeunerite-Cu (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 · 10-16H2O
  kahlerite-Fe (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 ・ 12H2O
  nov á č ekite-Mg (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 ・ 12H2O
  tr ö gerite-(UO2) 3 (AsO4) 2 ・ 12H2O (?)
 
 Bezeryite-(Cu, Zn)_Three(PO_Four) (OH)_Three・ 2H₂O, monoclinic
 Xenotime- (Y)-YPO_Four,square
 Wavellite-Al_Three(PO_Four)₂(OH, F)_Three・ 5H₂O oblique
 Cacoxenite-AlFe³⁺ _{twenty four}O₆(OH)₁₂(PO_Four)₁₇・ ~ 75H₂O, Rokukata
(11) Arsenate mineral
Arsenate mineral is a mineral made of arsenate. Since there are many similarities to phosphate minerals and many minerals change continuously between the two, the same group name is used.
 Monazite group
 
  gasparite- (Ce)-(Ce, La, Nd) AsO_Four
 
 Apatite Group
 
  Mimetite-Pb_Five(AsO_Four)_ThreeCl, hexagon
 
 Kyanite Group
 
  Nickel flower (annabergite)-Ni_Three(AsO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O, monoclinic
  Cobalt flower (erythrite)-Co_Three(AsO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O, monoclinic
  Arsenite ore (parasymplesite)-Fe⁺³ ₂(AsO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O
 
 Barrier Stone Group
 
  Scorodite-Fe³⁺AsO_Four・ 2H₂O, oblique
 
 Olivenite-Cu₂AsO_Four(OH), monoclinic
 Adamite (adamite, adamite, adamite, hydroarsenite)-Zn₂AsO_Four(OH), diagonal
(12) Vanadate mineral
A vanadate mineral is a mineral composed of vanadate.
 Limonite (vanadinite)-Pb_Five(VO_Four)_ThreeCl, hexagon
 Carnotite-K₂(UO₂)₂V₂O₈・ 3H₂O, monoclinic
(13) Tungstate mineral
A tungstate mineral is a mineral composed of tungstate.
 Ferberite-FeWO_Four, Monoclinic
 Manganite (h ü bnerite)-MnWO_Four, Monoclinic
 Lead stone (stolzite)-PbWO_Four,square
 Scheelite-CaWO_Four,square
(14) Molybdate mineral
Molybdate mineral is a mineral made of molybdate.
 Lead lead ore (wulfenite)-PbMoO_Four,square
 Asphaltite (Powellite)-CaMoO_Four,square
 Ferrimolybdite-Fe³⁺ ₂(MoO_Four)_Three・ 7-8H₂O, oblique
(15) Silicate mineral
A silicate mineral is a mineral made of silicate.
15.1 Nesosilicate mineral
SiO_FourInsular tetrahedral silicate mineral with independent tetrahedra.
 Olivine group
 
  Forsterite-Mg₂SiO_Four, Oblique
  Fayalite-Fe₂SiO_Four, Oblique
  Tephroite (manganese meteorite)-Mn₂SiO_Four, Oblique
  Monticellite-CaMgSiO_Four, Oblique
 
 Meteorite (stone meteorite, garnet, garnet)
 
  Pyrene-Mg_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Almandine-Fe_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Spesssartine-Mn_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Andradite-Ca_ThreeFe³⁺ ₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Grossular-Ca_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Ash chromite (uvarovite)-Ca_ThreeCr₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Ashes vanadine goldmanite-Ca_ThreeV₂(SiO_Four)_Three
  kimzeyite-Ca_Three(Zr, Ti)₂(Si, Al, Fe³⁺)_ThreeO₁₂
  Morimotoite-Ca_ThreeTiFeSi_ThreeO₁₂
  Hibschite-Ca_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_1.5-3(OH)_6-0
  Katoite-Ca_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_3-x(OH)_4x
 
 Zircon (Zircon)-ZrSiO_Four,square
 Sillimanite-Al₂SiO_Five, Oblique
 Hyalopite (andalusite)-Al₂SiO_Five, Oblique
 Kyanite-Al₂SiO_FiveSansha
 Titanite (titanite, wedge stone, sphene, sphene)-CaTiSiO_Five, Monoclinic
 Topaz (Yellow Topaz)-Al₂SiO_Four(F, OH)₂, Oblique
 Staurolite-(Fe, Mg)_FourAl₁₇O₁₃(Si, Al)₈O₃₂(OH)_Three, Monoclinic
 Datolite-Ca₂B₂Si₂O₈(OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Brown ore (braunite)-MnMn³⁺ ₆(SiO_Four) O₈,square
 Chloritoid-(Fe, Mg, Mn)₂Al_FourSi₂O_Ten(OH)_Four, Monoclinic / triclinic
 Monoclinic fume stone (clinohumite)-Mg₉(SiO_Four)_Four(OH, F)₂, Monoclinic
 Alleghanyite-Mn_Five(SiO_Four)₂(OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Spurrite-Ca_Five(SiO_Four)₂(CO_Three), Monoclinic
 Dumortierite-Al₇(BO_Three) (SiO_Four)_ThreeO_Three, Oblique
 Malayaite-CaSnSiO_Five, Monoclinic
 Dioptase-CuSiO_Three· H₂O, Mikata
15.2 Solosilicate mineral
SiO_FourGroup structure type silicate mineral in which two tetrahedrons are combined.
 Gehlenite-Ca₂Al (AlSi) O₇,square
 Lawsonite-CaAl₂Si₂O₇(OH) ・ H₂O, oblique
 Wollastonite (zoisite)-Ca₂AlAl₂(Si₂O₇) (SiO_Four) O (OH), oblique
 Monoclinite (clinozoisite)-Ca₂AlAl₂(Si₂O₇) (SiO_Four) O (OH), monoclinic
 Epidote-Ca₂Fe³⁺Al₂(Si₂O₇) (SiO_Four) O (OH), monoclinic
 Piemontite-Ca₂Mn³⁺Al₂(Si₂O₇) (SiO_Four) O (OH), monoclinic
 Oranite- (Ce)-CaCeAl₂Fe²⁺(SiO_Four) (Si₂O₇) (OH), monoclinic
 Vesuvite (vesuvianite, idocrase)-Ca₁₉(Fe, Mn) (Al, Mg, Fe)₈Al_Four(F, OH)₂(OH, F, O)₈(SiO_Four)_Ten(Si₂O₇)_Four,square
 Hemimorphite-Zn_FourSi₂O₇(OH)₂・ H₂O, oblique
 Wollastonite (ilvaite, lievrite)-CaFe₂Fe³⁺O (Si₂O₇) (OH), oblique / monoclinic
 Zunyite-Al₁₃Si_FiveO₂₀(OH, F)₁₈Cl, equiaxed
15.3 Cyclosilicate mineral
SiO_FourAn annular silicate mineral in which six tetrahedrons are cyclically linked.
 Axinite group
 
  Ferro-axinite-Ca₂(Fe, Mn) Al₂BSi_FourO₁₅(OH), triclinic
  Manganaxite-Ca₂MnAl₂BSi_FourO₁₅(OH), triclinic
 
 Beryl-Be_ThreeAl₂Si₆O₁₈Rokukata
 Cordierite-Mg₂Al_FourSi_FiveO₁₈・ NH₂O, oblique
 Osumilite-(K, Na, Ca) (Fe, Mg)₂(Al, Fe³⁺)_ThreeSi_TenAl₂O₃₀・ H₂O, Rokukata
 Sugilite-(K, Na) (Na, H₂O)₂(Fe³⁺, Ca, Na, Ti, Fe, Mn)₂(Al, Fe³⁺) Li₂Si₁₂O₃₀Rokukata
 Tourmaline (tourmaline)
 
  Iron tourmaline (schorl)-NaFe_ThreeAl₆(BO_Three)_ThreeSi₆O₁₈(OH)_Four, Three-way
  Lithia tourmaline (elbaite)-Na (Li, Al)_ThreeAl₆(BO_Three)_ThreeSi₆O₁₈(OH)_Four, Three-way
 
15.4 Inosilicate mineral
SiO_FourA fibrous silicate mineral in which tetrahedrons are linearly bonded.
 Pyroxene group
 
  Rhombic pyroxenes
  
   Enstatite-(Mg, Fe)₂Si₂O₆, Oblique
   Ferrosilite-(Fe, Mg)₂Si₂O₆, Oblique
  
  Monoclinic pyroxenes
  
   Pigeonite-(Mg, Fe, Ca)₂Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Diopside-CaMgSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Hedenbergite-CaFeSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Augite-(Ca, Mg, Fe)₂Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Johannsenite-CaMnSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Omphacite-(Ca, Na) (Mg, Fe²⁺, Al, Fe³⁺) Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Jadeite, jadeite-NaAlSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Egiline pyroxene (aegirine)-NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Cosmochlor pyroxene (kosmochlor)-NaCr³⁺Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Spodumene-LiAlSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
  
 
 Quasipyrite group
 
  Wollastonite-Ca_ThreeSi_ThreeO₉Sansha
  Bustamite-(Mn, Ca)_ThreeSi_ThreeO₉Sansha
  Rhodonite Rhodonite-(Mn, Ca)_FiveSi_FiveO₁₅Sansha
  Pyroxmangite-(Mn, Fe)₇Si₇O_{twenty one}Sansha
 
 Pectolite-Ca₂NaSi_ThreeO₈(OH), triclinic
 Babingtonite-Ca₂FeFe³⁺Si_FiveO₁₄(OH), triclinic
 Amphibole group
 
  Orthopyroxene
  
   Anthophyllite-(Mg, Fe)₇Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Oblique
  
  Monoclinic olivine
  
   Cummingtonite-(Mg, Fe)₇Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   Grunerite-Fe₇Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   Tremolite-Ca₂(Mg, Fe)_FiveSi₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂
       (Mg / (Mg + Fe) = 1.0-0.9), monoclinic
   Chlorite (actorite, actinolite, erogenite)-Ca₂(Mg, Fe)_FiveSi₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂
       (Mg / (Mg + Fe) = 0.5-0.9), monoclinic
   Magnesiohornblende-Ca₂Mg_FourAlSi₇AlO_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   Ferrohornblende-Ca₂Fe_Four(Al, Fe³⁺) Si₇AlO_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   
    Hornblende (hornblende, hornblende)-bitumen ordinary amphibole or iron ordinary amphibole
   
   Glaucophane-Na₂Mg_ThreeAl₂Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   Riebeckite-Na₂Fe_Three(Fe³⁺, Al)₂Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
  
 
15.5 Philosilicate mineral
SiO_FourA layered silicate mineral in which tetrahedrons are bonded in a plane.
 Kaolinite-Al_FourSi_FourO_Ten(OH)₈, Triclinic / monoclinic
 Hallosite (halloysite)-Al_FourSi_FourO_Ten(OH)₈・ 4H₂O, monoclinic
 Serpentine
 
  Antigorite-(Mg, Fe)₆Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₈, Monoclinic
  Monoclinic chrysotile stone (clinochrysotile)-Mg₆Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₈, Monoclinic
  Orthochrysotile-Mg₆Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₈, Oblique
  Lizardite-Mg₆Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₈Rokukata
 
 Silicate ore (garnierite)-hydrous silicate mineral mixture
 Smectite group
 
  Montmorillonite (montmorillonite)-(Na, Ca)_0.33(Al, Mg)₂Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₂・ NH₂O, monoclinic
  Hectorite
 
 Pyrophyllite-Al₂Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic / triclinic
 Talc-Mg_ThreeSi_FourO_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic / triclinic
 Mica group
 
  (True mica)
  
   Muscovite-KAl₂(AlSi_Three) O_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   
    Sericite (sericite)-fine muscovite
   
   Phlogopite-KMg_ThreeAlSi_ThreeO_Ten(OH, F)₂, Monoclinic
   Iron mica (annite)-KFe_ThreeAlSi_ThreeO_Ten(OH, F)₂, Monoclinic
   
    Biotite-intermediate between phlogopite and iron mica
   
   Trilithionite-KLi_1.5Al_1.5AlSi_ThreeO_TenF₂, Monoclinic
   Polylithionite-KLi₂AlSi_FourO_TenF₂, Monoclinic
   
    Lithia mica (lepidolite, scale mica, crimson mica)-a series of triricio and polyricio mica
    Zinwaldite-A series of siderophyllite and polyricio mica
   
  
  Brittle mica group
  
   Pearl mica (margarite)-CaAl₂Al₂Si₂O_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic
  
  (Interlayer-deficient mica)
  
   Illite
   Glauconite-(K, Na, Ca) (Fe³⁺, Al, Mg, Fe)₂(Si, Al)_FourO_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic
  
 
 Chlorite group
 
  Clinochlore-(Mg, Fe)_FiveAl (Si_ThreeAl) O_Ten(OH)₈, Monoclinic
  
   K ä mmererite-Scarlet clinochlorite containing chromium
  
  Stilpnomelane
 
 Vermiculite-Mg_1-x(Mg, Fe, Fe³⁺, Al)_Three(S, Al)_FourO_Ten(OH)₂・ 4H₂O, monoclinic
 Gyrolite-NaCa₁₆(Si_{twenty three}Al) O₆₀(OH)₈・ 14H₂Sansha
 Okenite-Ca_TenSi₁₈O₄₆・ 18H₂O
 Prehnite-Ca₂AlAlSi_ThreeO_Ten(OH)₂, Oblique and monoclinic
 Apophyllite group
 
  Fluorapophyllite-KCa_FourSi₈O₂₀F ・ 8H₂,square
  Hydroxyophophyllite-KCa_FourSi₈O₂₀(OH, F) ・ 8H₂,square
 
 Chrysocolla-(Cu, Al)₂H₂Si₂O_Five(OH, O)_Four・ NH₂O, monoclinic
15.6 Tectosilicate mineral
SiO_FourA network-structured silicate mineral in which tetrahedrons are connected in a network.
 SiO₂Mineral → #Oxide mineral
 Feldsper group
 
  Alkali feldspar
  
   Orthoclase-KAlSi_ThreeO₈, Monoclinic
   Sanidine-(K, Na) AlSi_ThreeO₈, Monoclinic
   Microcline-KAlSi_ThreeO₈Sansha
   Anorthoclase-(Na, K) AlSi_ThreeO₈, Monoclinic / triclinic
  
  Plagioclase
  
   Albite-NaAlSi_ThreeO₈Sansha
   Anorthite-CaAl₂Si₂O₈Sansha
  
  Petalite-LiAlSi_FourO_Ten, Monoclinic
 
 Feldspathoid group
 
  Nepheline-(Na, K) AlSiO_FourRokukata
  
   Potassium meteorite (kalsilite)-KAlSiO_Four
       Rokukata
   Cancrinite-(Na, Ca)_7-8Al₆Si₆O_{twenty four}(CO_Three, SO_Four, Cl)_1.5-2・ 1-5H₂O six sides
  
  Leucite-KAlSi₂O₆,square
  Sodalite-Na_FourAl_ThreeSi_ThreeO₁₂Cl
      Equiaxed
  Indigo stone (ha ü yne, Auin)-(Na, Ca)_4-8Al₆Si₆O_{twenty four}(SO_Four, S)_1-2
      Equiaxed
  Blue gold stone (lazurite)
  Nosean
  Hamelite (melilite)
 
 Pillarstone (scapolite)
 
  Marialite-(Na, Ca)_Four[Al (Al, Si) Si₂O₈]_Three(Cl, CO_Three, SO_Four),square
  Ash pillar stone-Ca_FourAl₆Si₆O_{twenty four}CO_Three
 
 Zeolite group (zeolite group, zeolite)
 
  Amicite-K_FourNa_Four[Al₈Si₈O₃₂] ・ 10H₂O, monoclinic
  Anorcime-Na [AlSi₂O₆] ・ H₂O, equiaxed, square, diagonal, monoclinic, triclinic
  Barrerite-Na₂[Al₂Si₇O₁₈] ・ 6H₂O, oblique
  Bellbergite-(K, Ba, Sr)₂Sr₂Ca₂(Ca, Na)_Four[Al₁₈Si₁₈O₇₂] ・ 30H₂O, Rokukata
  Bikitaite-Li [AlSi₂O₆] ・ H₂O, monoclinic, triclinic
  Boggsite-Ca₈Na_Three[Al₁₉Si₇₇O₁₉₂] ・ 70H₂O, oblique
  Brewsterite (※ series name)-(Sr, Ba)₂[Al_FourSi₁₂O₃₂] ・ 10H₂O, monoclinic, triclinic
  
   Strontium Brewster Zeolite (brewsterite-Sr)
   Heavy earth brewsterite (brewsterite-Ba)
  
  Chabazite (* series name)-(Ca_0.5, Na, K)_Four[Al_FourSi₈O_{twenty four}] ・ 12H₂O, Mikata, Sansya
  
   Chabazite-Ca
   Soda rhodolite (chabazite-Na)
   Potassium chabazite-K
  
  Chiavennite-CaMn [Be₂Si_FiveO₁₃(OH)₂] 2H2O, diagonal
  Clinoptilolite (※ series name)-(Na, K, Ca_0.5, Sr_0.5, Ba_0.5, Mg_0.5)₆[Al₆Si₃₀O₇₂] ・ ~ 20H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Potassium clinoptilolite (clinoptilolite-K)
   Soda clinoptilolite (clinoptilolite-Na)
   Clinoptilolite-Ca
  
  Cowlesite-Ca [Al₂Si_ThreeO_Ten] 5.3H₂O, oblique
  Dachiardite (* series name)-(Ca_0.5, Na, K)_4-5[Al_4-5Si_20-19O₄₈] ・ 13H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Ash dachiardite (dachiardite-Ca)
   Soda-Dakiardite (dachiardite-Na)
  
  Edingtonite-Ba [Al₂Si_ThreeO_Ten] · 4H₂O, diagonal / square
  Epistilbite-(Ca, Na₂) [Al₂Si_FourO₁₂] · 4H₂O, monoclinic, triclinic
  Erionite (* series name)-K₂(Na, Ca_0.5)₈[Al_TenSi₂₆O₇₂] ・ 30H₂O, Rokukata
  
   Soda erionite (erionite-Na)
   Cary Elionite (erionite-K)
   Erionite-Ca
  
  Faujasite (* series name)-(Na, Ca_0.5, Mg_0.5, K)_x[Al_xSi_12-xO_{twenty four}] ・ 16H₂O, equiaxed
  
   Soda Faujasite-Na
   Ash faujasite-Ca
   Mafia forgesite (faujasite-Mg)
  
  Ferrierite (* series name)-(K, Na, Mg_0.5, Ca_0.5)₆[Al₆Si₃₀O₇₂] ・ 18H₂O, oblique / monoclinic
  
   Ferrierite-Mg
   Califerierite (ferrierite-K)
   Soda ferrierite (ferrierite-Na)
  
  Garronite-NaCa_2.5[Al₆Si_TenO₃₂] ・ 14H₂O, square and diagonal
  Gaultite-Na_Four[Zn₂Si₇O₁₈] ・ 5H₂O, oblique
  Gismondine-Ca [Al₂Si₂O₈] ・ 4.5H₂O, monoclinic
  Gmelinite (* series name)-(Na₂, Ca, K₂)_Four[Al₈Si₁₆O₄₈] · 22H₂O, Rokukata
  
   Soda gmelinite (gmelinite-Na)
   Ash gmelinite-Ca
   Caligmelinite (gmelinite-K)
  
  Gobbinsite-Na_Five[Al_FiveSi₁₁O₃₂] ・ 12H₂O, oblique
  Gonnardite-(Na, Ca)_6-8[(Al, Si)₂₀O₄₀] ・ 12H₂O, square
  Goosecrekite-Ca [Al₂Si₆O₁₆] ・ 5H₂O, monoclinic
  Gotardiite-Na_ThreeMg_ThreeCa_Five[Al₁₉Si₁₁₇O₂₇₂] 93H₂O, oblique
  Heavy earth crucite (harmotome)-(Ba_0.5, Ca_0.5, K, Na)_Five[Al_FiveSi₁₁O₃₂] ・ 12H₂O, monoclinic
  Heulandite (* series name)-(Ca_0.5, Sr_0.5, Ba_0.5, Mg_0.5, Na, K)₉[Al₉Si₂₇O₇₂] ・ ~ 24H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Heulandite-Ca
   Strontium pyroxenite (heulandite-Sr)
   Soda pyrolite (heulandite-Na)
   Potassium pyroxenite (heulandite-K)
  
  Hsianghualite-Li₂Ca_Three[Be_ThreeSi_ThreeO₁₂] F₂, Equiaxed
  Kalborsite-K₆[Al_FourSi₆O₂₀] B (OH)_FourCl, square
  Laumontite-Ca_Four[Al₈Si₁₆O₄₈] ・ 18H₂O, monoclinic
  Levyne (※ series name)-(Ca_0.5, Na, K)₆[Al₆Si₁₂O₃₆] ・ ~ 17H₂O, Mikata
  
   Asylite (levyne-Ca)
   Sodalevite (levyne-Na)
  
  Lovdarite-K_FourNa₁₂[Be₈Si₂₈O₇₂] ・ 18H₂O, oblique
  Maricopaite-(Pb₇Ca₂) [Al₁₂Si₃₆(O, OH)₁₀₀] ・ N (H₂O, OH), n to 32, diagonal
  Massiite-(Mg_2.5K₂Ca_1.5) [Al_TenSi₂₆O₇₂] ・ 30H₂O, Rokukata
  Merlinoite-K_FiveCa₂[Al₉Si_{twenty three}O₆₄] · 22H₂O, oblique
  Mesolite-Na₁₆Ca₁₆[Al₄₈Si₇₂O₂₄₀] · 64H₂O, oblique
  Montesommaite-K₉[Al₉Si_{twenty three}O₆₄] ・ 10H₂O, oblique
  Mordenite-(Na₂, Ca, K₂)_Four[Al₈Si₄₀O₉₆] ・ 28H₂O, oblique
  Mutinaite-Na_ThreeCa_Four[Al₁₁Si₈₅O₁₉₂] ・ 60H₂O, oblique
  Sodaite (Natrolite)-Na₂[Al₂Si_ThreeO_Ten] ・ 2H₂O, oblique
  Offrite (offr é tite)-CaKMg [Al_FiveSi₁₃O₃₆] ・ 16H₂O, Rokukata
  Pahasapaite-(Ca_5.5Li_3.6K_1.2Na_0.2□_13.5) Li₈[Be_{twenty four}P_{twenty four}O₉₆] 38H₂O, equiaxed
  Parth é ite-Ca₂[Al_FourSi_FourO₁₅(OH)₂] · 4H₂O, monoclinic
  Paulingite (* series name)-(K, Ca_0.5, Na, Ba_0.5)_Ten[Al_TenSi₃₂O₈₄] ・ 27-44H₂O, equiaxed
  
   Soda Pollingite (paulingite-Na)
   Caripoleite (paulingite-K)
   Calcium polingite (paulingite-Ca)
  
  Perlialite-K₉Na (Ca, Sr) [Al₁₂Si_{twenty four}O₇₂] ・ 15H₂O, Rokukata
  Phillipsite (* series name)-(K, Na, Ca_0.5, Ba_0.5)_x[Al_xSi_16-xO₃₂] ・ 12H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Soda zeolitic (phillipsite-Na)
   Potash cross-stone (phillipsite-K)
   Ashesite (phillipsite-Ca)
  
  Pollucite-(Cs, Na) [AlSi₂O₆] ・ NH₂O, where (Cs + n) = 1, equiaxed
  Roggianite-Ca₂[Be (OH)₂Al₂Si_FourO₁₃] ・ <2.5H₂O, square
  Scolecite-Ca [Al₂Si_ThreeO_Ten] 3H₂O, monoclinic
  Stellarite-Ca [Al₂Si₇O₁₈] ・ 7H₂O, oblique
  Stilbite (* series name)-(Ca_0.5, Na, K)₉[Al₉Si₂₇O₇₂] ・ 28H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Stilbite-Ca
   Soda bite (stilbite-Na)
  
  Terranovaite-NaCa [Al_ThreeSi₁₇O₄₀] ・> 7H₂O, oblique
  Thomsonite-Ca₂Na [Al_FiveSi_FiveO₂₀] ・ 6H₂O, oblique
  Tsarnicite-Ca [Al₂Si₆O₁₆] ・ ~ 8H₂O, square
  Thurtnerite (tsch &ouml; rtnerite)-Ca_Four(K₂, Ca, Sr, Ba)_ThreeCu_Three(OH)₈[Al₁₂Si₁₂O₄₈] ・ NH₂O, n ~ 20, equiaxed
  Wairakite-Ca [Al₂Si_FourO₁₂] ・ 2H₂O, monoclinic / square
  Weinebeneite-Ca [Be_Three(PO_Four)₂(OH)₂] · 4H₂O, monoclinic
  Willhendersonite-K_xCa_(1.5-0.5x)[Al_ThreeSi_ThreeO₁₂] ・ 5H₂O, where 0 <x <1, triclinic
  Yugawaralite-Ca [Al₂Si₆O₁₆] · 4H₂O, monoclinic, triclinic
 
 Leucite-K [AlSi₂O₆],square
 Ammonioleucite-(NH_Four) [AlSi₂O₆],square
 Inesite (inesite, manganese zeolite)-Ca₂Mn₇Si_TenO₂₈(OH)₂・ 5H₂O, triclinic
 Danburite (Danburite)-CaB₂(SiO_Four)₂, Oblique
 Hervite (helvite, helvine, herbin)-Mn_FourBe_Three(SiO_Four)_ThreeS, equiaxed
 Danalite-Fe_FourBe_Three(SiO_Four)_ThreeS, equiaxed
(16) Organic minerals
Organic minerals are minerals made of organic matter.
 Carpathian stone (Karpatite)
 Belite (Mellite)
 Kladnoite
(17) References in Table 2
 Toyotomi Aki and Masahiro Aoki
     “Introduction to Search Minerals and Rocks” Nursery, 1996. ISBN
     4-586-31040-5.
 Matsubara
     “Japanese Minerals” Gakken <Field Best Encyclopedia>, 2003. ISBN
     4-05-402013-5.
 Satoshi Matsubara and Richiro Miyawaki
     “Nippon Mineral Type Records”, Tokai University Press <National Museum of Science Museums>, 2006. ISBN 978-4-486-03157-4.
 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Geological Museum
     "Earth-Illustrated Earth Science" Seibundo Shinkosha, 2006. ISBN 4-416-20622-4.
 National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
     “Science Chronology 2008” Maruzen, 2007, 636-647. ISBN 978-4-621-07902-7.
 Masahiro Aoki
     “Mineral classification picture book: Knowing the points to distinguish” Seibundo Shinkosha, 2011. ISBN 978-4-416-21104-5.
Table 3 High melting point compounds;
The high-melting-point compound powder described in Table 3 below is dispersed in an organic or inorganic binder as shown in claim 47 (Example 47) and claim 48 (Example 48). Heat absorbing member).
High melting point compound name (melting point (K))
TiC (3530), ZrC (3803), VC (2921), Cr₂C₂(2168), W₂C (3068)
WC (3058), TiN (3223), ZrN (3253), VN (2323), TiB₂(3063)
ZrB₂(3473), VB₂(2673), CrB (2373), CrB₂(2473), WB (3073)
W₂B_Five(2643), TiSi₂(1773), ZrSi₂(1793), CrSi₂(1748), WSi₂(2433)
 
Table 4 Plating material
(1) plating metal matrix;
Copper plating, nickel plating, chrome plating, zinc plating, tin plating,
Lead plating, solder plating, tin-cobalt alloy plating, tin-nickel alloy plating
Copper-tin-zinc alloy plating, tin-nickel-copper alloy plating, brass plating,
Nickel-iron alloy plating, tin-zinc alloy plating, nickel-zinc alloy plating,
Zinc-iron alloy plating.
(2) Dispersion plating metal matrix and dispersed particles
In electroplating and / or electroless plating, the following dispersed particles can be dispersed in the plated metal matrix. In this case, since the dispersed particles have a high thermal emissivity, the dispersed plating layer also becomes a thermal radiation layer. As a result, a heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorption member) characterized in that the dispersion plating layer is used for heat radiation can be configured.
(a) Types of metal matrix; Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Cr, Au, Ag, Zn, Cd, Pb, Sn, Ni-Co, Ni-Fe,
Ni-MnPb-Sn, Ni-P, Ni-B, Co-B
(b) Types of dispersed particles: Al2O3, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, ThO2, SiO2, CeO2, BeO2, MgO,
CdO, C, SiC, TiC, WC, VC, ZrC, TaC, Cr3C2, B4C, BN, ZrB2, TiN, Si3N4, WSi2, PTFE,
Graphite fluoride, graphite, MoS2, WS2, CaF2, BaSO4, SrSO4, ZnS, CdS, TiH2,
All of the dispersed particles have a melting point of 1427 ° C. (1700 K) or more.
(3) On the metal plate obtained by applying the metal plating of (1) or the dispersion plating of (2) above to a metal plate of Fe, Cu, Al, Mg, etc., further according to claim 28 (Example 28) The heat radiation member powder of the present invention,
A metal plate coated with a heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) dispersed in an organic or inorganic binder as shown in claim 47 (Example 47) and claim 48 (Example 48). Can be configured.

The structure described in claim 29 is as follows.
In a heating device using an electric heater, heat radiation (heat absorption) ceramics is arranged around the electric heater, and heat from the electric heater is absorbed into the heat radiation (heat absorption) ceramics. Heating devices such as an electric heater, an electric furnace, various heaters, and a dryer, which are characterized by radiating heat rays and improving the efficiency of the heating device, can be configured. It is desirable that the spectrum of the thermal radiation (heat absorption) ceramic is distributed from 0.5 μ to 8 μ in the far infrared region and has a peak in the vicinity of 3 μ.

The means for disposing the heat radiation (heat absorption) ceramic around the electric heater may be covered with a member made of heat radiation (heat absorption) ceramic powder dispersed in an inorganic binder, or constitute the member. The inorganic powder can be applied to the object by electrostatic coating or thermal spraying.

When the heater is covered with a thick layer of thermal radiation (heat absorption) ceramics, a thick thermal radiation layer can be formed by casting or casting the thermal radiation ceramic powder dispersed in an inorganic binder to cover the heater. it can.

  Further, when the thick heat radiation (heat absorption) layer is formed of a heat radiation material having high transparency to heat rays, it is possible to obtain a heating efficiency close to that of the heater exposure type although the heater is embedded. This is because most of the heat rays from the heater pass through the thick heat radiation (heat absorption) layer and enter the object to be heated in the furnace. A heat radiation (heat absorption) material having high transparency with respect to the heat rays can be appropriately selected from the heat radiation (heat absorption) materials shown in Examples 1 to 28.

Heater radiation is radiated from the surface of the ceramic heated by the heater to improve the efficiency of the heating device, and it is possible to configure a heater exposure type or a heater embedded type electric heater, an electric furnace, various heating devices, and a dryer. .
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view thereof. Fig.1 (a) is sectional drawing of the furnace wall containing a heater.
FIG. 1B shows (Equation 2) describing the heat flow in the region 12 of FIG.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram in which the thermal radiation of FIG. 1 is compared to a water flow in a water pipe.
FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used in the heat increasing member of the present invention as a model in which atomic groups in the particles are connected to each other by a spring.
FIG. 3 (b) is a diagram and a formula showing a mechanism in which the vibration of the electric dipole due to the polarized atoms in the thermal radiation ceramic radiates a radio wave called a heat ray.
FIG. 4 shows a sectional view of the heater exposure type / heating device.
FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the heater embedded type / heating device.

Further, in a quartz crucible or the like for melting metal silicon, the quartz crucible can be efficiently heated by coating the outer surface of the crucible facing the heater with a heat radiation / heat absorption member.
Conventionally, the heating efficiency was not improved because the heat rays of the heater were transmitted through the quartz crucible and reflected by the molten metal silicon in the quartz crucible. Therefore, although the molten metal was heated, the temperature of the quartz crucible was low, a difference in thermal expansion occurred, and the quartz crucible was cracked after several uses. For this reason, the cost of silicon such as silicon solar cells has not been reduced.
However, when the outer surface of the crucible is coated or sprayed with the heat absorbent of the present invention, the heat rays from the heater no longer permeate the quartz crucible and are absorbed by the heat absorbent to efficiently heat the quartz crucible and raise the temperature of the crucible. The temperature difference between the silicon contents and the quartz crucible is reduced, and the probability that the quartz crucible will break due to the difference in thermal expansion is reduced. As a result, the life of the quartz crucible is extended and the cost of refining silicon is reduced, so that the cost of solar cells and other equipment using silicon can be reduced. As described above, a quartz crucible or a ceramic crucible characterized in that all or at least a part of the outer surface of the quartz crucible is covered with the heat absorbing member of the present invention can be constituted. FIG. 23B shows this cross-sectional view. FIG. 23B shows an embodiment in which a part of the outer surface of the crucible to be heated is coated with the heat-increasing member of the present invention, but the entire outer surface of the crucible to be heated can also be covered.

The types of heaters and dryers are also described.
In the agricultural field, greenhouse boilers, fir, cereals and legume dryers. In the coating industry, hot air dryers and infrared dryers are used for painting. In the printing industry, it is a dryer for printed matter. Baking and vulcanizing plastics and rubber in the plastics industry. In the ceramic and glass industries, it is a ceramic dryer and a glass print dryer. In the chemical industry, a chemical powder dryer. In the textile industry, moisture dryers, textile dyeing dryers, etc. In the field of food, it also includes seaweed, fish, meat bakers, and coffee roasters. In the semiconductor industry, hot air blowers, dryers, heating devices, liquid crystal panel dryers, semiconductor wafer heating devices, and the like are examples. A heater or dryer characterized in that all or at least a part of the surface to be heated in the heater or dryer is covered with the heat increasing member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention.

The configuration described in claim 30 is as follows.
If the rotor, stator and housing of the motor, generator are covered with the heat radiation member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention, the heat of the rotor is transferred to the stator by heat radiation and the heat of the stator is transferred to the housing. The temperature of the rotor and stator decreases. As a result, a current exceeding the rating of the electric motor and generator can be passed, so that the output is improved. An electric motor and a generator characterized by covering the heat radiation member (heat absorbing member) can be configured. FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view in which the heat radiating member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention is covered on the motor, the rotor of the generator, the stator, and the housing.

The configuration described in claim 31 is as follows. The efficiency can be improved in the same manner even when the electric radiating member of the present invention is coated on the electric motor (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) motor, generator rotor, stator and housing.
An electric motor or generator for an electric vehicle (EV) or a hybrid vehicle (PHEV) characterized by covering the heat radiation member (heat absorbing member) can be obtained.
A cross-sectional view covering the heat radiation member is the same as FIG.

The configuration described in claim 32 is as follows.
In all heat exchangers such as heat exchangers for air conditioners and electric refrigerators, geothermal power generation and thermal power generation, and heat exchangers for gas turbines, heat radiation with high heat absorption rate (heat emissivity) in the fins of heat exchangers -By covering the heat absorbing member, the heat of the high temperature side fluid can be efficiently radiated from the fin, and the heat can be transmitted to the low temperature side fluid. FIG. 7 shows a sketch of the heat exchanger fin.

The structure described in claim 33 is as follows. In a heating device using fossil fuel, a book with a high heat absorption rate (heat emissivity) is applied to the surface of the container that receives the heat ray so that the heat ray due to the combustion of the fossil fuel is sufficiently reflected without being reflected by the container containing the medium to be heated. A heating apparatus characterized in that heat can be efficiently transferred to a container that covers the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the invention and accommodates a heating medium to increase the heating efficiency. It is desirable that the heat absorption spectrum of the heat radiation / heat absorption member coated on the surface receiving the fossil fuel flame is distributed between 1 μm and 5 μm. FIG. 23B shows this cross-sectional view.
The heat sources 2301 and 2303 may be electric heaters or fossil fuel heaters.

The configuration described in claim 34 is as follows.
If all or at least a portion of the steam turbine boiler or gas turbine heating part in contact with the heat source is covered with the heat absorbing member (heat increasing member) of the present invention, the efficiency of the boiler or gas turbine can be increased. The output is improved. Further, even if the heat increasing member is coated on the boiler of the steam turbine or the heat exchanger of the gas turbine, the efficiency of the heat exchanger is improved and the output is increased. The boiler of a steam turbine or the gas turbine characterized by coat | covering the part which contact | connected the heat source with the heat absorption member (heat increase member) of this invention can be comprised.
For example, in a boiler for thermal power generation, a boiler characterized by covering the outer surface of a water pipe with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention having a high heat absorption rate (heat emissivity) can be configured.
FIG. 8 (a) shows a sketch of the water tube boiler, and FIG. 8 (b) shows a sketch of the reflux boiler.

The structure described in claim 35 is as follows.
In a gas turbine or a steam turbine, when the outer plate facing the air outside the turbine is covered with the heat radiating member of the present invention, the heat radiation of the turbine is increased, and the temperature of the outer plate is lowered by radiative cooling, so the internal temperature of the turbine is increased. I can do it.
As a result, the efficiency of the gas turbine and the steam turbine can be improved.
This schematic diagram is shown in FIG. FIG. 19A is a diagram of a turbojet engine, but FIG. 19A is used because the turbojet engine is also a kind of gas turbine. As for the steam turbine, as shown in FIG. 19B, when the outer plate facing the air outside the steam turbine is coated with the heat radiating member of the present invention, the temperature of the outer plate of the steam turbine is lowered by radiative cooling. The internal temperature of can be raised. As a result, the efficiency of the steam turbine is increased.

The structure described in claim 36 is as follows.
The same applies to external combustion engines and Stirling engines, so that all or at least a part of the heating surface that receives the heat rays is heated so that the heat rays from the combustion of the fuel and the solar heat rays are not reflected and sufficiently absorbed by the heating surface that receives the heat rays. Constructs an external combustion engine or Stirling engine that is coated with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention having a high absorption rate (heat emissivity), efficiently transferring heat to the heating surface and increasing the heating efficiency it can.
In the case of a Stirling engine operated by solar heat, it is desirable that the peak wavelength of the heat absorption spectrum of the heat radiation / heat absorption member is in the vicinity of 0.5 μm, which is the peak wavelength of the sunlight spectrum.
When the heated surface of a Stirling engine heated by solar heat reaches about 500 ° C, it emits heat rays having a peak near 4μ, but it is covered with a heat radiation / heat absorbing member with a low heat ray emissivity near 4μ. If this is done, it is possible to prevent heat from being lost due to reverse radiation, so heating efficiency increases. A heat radiation / heat absorption member having such a spectrum is desirable. FIG. 9 shows a sectional view of the Stirling engine. FIG. 10 shows a sketch of a solar Stirling engine that uses solar heat.

The structure described in claim 37 is as follows.
The outside of the internal combustion engine (gasoline engine, diesel engine) is made of aluminum die-casting, and since this heat emissivity is low, there is little heat radiation. When all or at least a part of the outer surface of the internal combustion engine (gasoline engine, diesel engine) is covered with the heat radiating member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention, the temperature of the outer surface of the internal combustion engine decreases due to radiative cooling. As a result, the internal combustion engine temperature can be increased by increasing the compression ratio of the internal combustion engine, thereby increasing the efficiency.
As a result, an internal combustion engine characterized in that the efficiency is improved by using the heat radiation member (heat absorption member) of the present invention for the internal combustion engine can be configured. Since the outer surface of an internal combustion engine (gasoline engine, diesel engine) is about 150 ° C., the peak of the heat radiation spectrum of the heat radiation member covering all or at least a part of the outer surface may be around 7 μm. desirable.
FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional view of the internal combustion engine.

Further, when the internal combustion engine has heat radiation fins, the heat radiation fins can be reduced in height and the number of fins can be reduced by covering the heat radiation members with the heat radiation member (heat absorption member) of the present invention.

The current heat dissipation fins are heat dissipation fins having surfaces parallel to each other. However, if limited to heat radiation, heat radiation from one surface of the fins parallel to each other to the adjacent fins is absorbed by the adjacent surface. It was found that these only exchange heat rays with each other and contribute little to heat radiation.
FIG. 14 shows a cross-sectional view of the current heat dissipation fin.
When this fin shape is changed to form a mountain-shaped heat radiation fin group, the heat radiation from the fin surface is less absorbed by the adjacent fins, and the heat radiation increases.
FIG. 15 shows a cross-sectional view of the chevron radiating fin.

In general, it is known that thermal radiation in a plane is extremely small in an oblique direction of 50 degrees or more, assuming that the normal line perpendicular to the plane is 0 degrees. FIG. 16 shows a cross-sectional view of heat radiation from a plane.
Therefore, when a 50 degree oblique line is drawn on a normal line perpendicular to one surface of the chevron radiating fin as shown in FIG. 15, the heat ray radiated in the oblique direction of 50 degrees is adjacent to the chevron fin as shown in FIG. Part of the light is incident and absorbed, but the rest is recursively reflected and emitted out of the fin group. For this reason, the efficiency of heat ray radiation is also improved.

  Also, when convection is caused by forced air cooling, the conventional parallel fins generate air eddy currents in the gaps between the parallel fins, making it difficult for the air to go out from the gaps in the parallel fins, thus reducing the effect of forced convection. FIG. 14 shows the vortex. However, with Yamagata fins, it is difficult to create vortex flow during forced air cooling, so the efficiency of forced convection is improved. The state of the vortex of FIG. 15 is shown.

For this reason, the heat radiation fin characterized by having covered the heat radiation member of this invention and having reduced the number of heat radiation fins can be comprised. In addition, a heat radiation fin characterized in that the heat radiation member of the present invention is covered and the height of the fin is lower than that of the conventional fin can be configured.

Further, the heat dissipating fin covered with the heat radiation member of the present invention may be a fin having a mountain-shaped fin shown in FIG. 15 instead of a parallel fin.
The fins of the internal combustion engine may be normal parallel fins, mountain-shaped fins as shown in Example 37, or may have no fins. However, the heat radiation member (heat absorption member) of the present invention can be used to completely Alternatively, if at least a portion is covered, the surface temperature of the internal combustion engine is reduced by radiative cooling, so that an internal combustion engine characterized in that the thermal efficiency is improved by further increasing the internal temperature.

An embodiment of claim 38 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a cooling fin will be described. Up to now, the fins of the internal combustion engine have been described. However, the present invention applies not only to the internal combustion engine but also to fins for cooling electronic devices and for other devices.
For this reason, the heat radiation fins generally coated with the heat radiation member of the present invention are referred to as the mountain fins of Example 37. In general, the heat dissipating fins can be configured to have a configuration similar to that of the mountain heat dissipating fins of the thirty-seventh embodiment. This is shown in FIG.
The shape of the heat dissipation fin may be a conventional parallel fin as shown in FIG. 14, a mountain-shaped fin as shown in FIG. 15, or a flat fin as shown in FIG. The material of the three heat dissipation fins may be aluminum, copper, or a metal-plated metal plate (for example, galvanized steel plate) in Table 28 of Example 28 (Claim 28). The rate (heat absorption rate) is low. However, the heat radiation rate (heat absorption rate) can be increased by coating the metal plating surface or the metal surface with the heat radiation member of the present invention.

An embodiment of claim 39 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a railway will be described.
In the case of an electric railway, it is possible to constitute an electric railway having an electric motor and a generator characterized by having the same configuration as that of the embodiment 30 in terms of heat dissipation of an electric motor and a generator.
FIG. 6 shows a sectional view of the electric motor and generator.
In the case of a railway having an internal combustion engine motor, the railway having the internal combustion engine motor is characterized in that all or at least a part of the heat generation surface of the internal combustion engine is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention. it can. FIG. 11 shows this internal combustion engine.

An embodiment of claim 40 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a ship will be described.
A ship having an engine characterized in that all or at least a part of a heat generating surface of a marine engine is covered with a heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention can be configured.
When the engine is an internal combustion engine, a sectional view thereof is shown in FIG.
When the engine is an external combustion engine, the boiler is shown in FIG.

An embodiment of claim 41 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to an aircraft will be described.
An aircraft having an engine characterized in that all or at least a part of the heat generation surface of the aircraft engine is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention. FIG. 19 (a) shows a cross-sectional view of an aircraft turbojet engine.

An embodiment of claim 42 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to an injection mold will be described.
An injection mold having a feature that the whole or at least part of the surface of the injection mold is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention can be configured.
Further, it is possible to constitute an injection mold characterized in that all or at least a part of the inner surface of the cooling water passage of the water-cooled mold is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention.
If it does in this way, the cooling rate of the thermoplastic resin in a metal mold | die will become quick, and a molding resin can be taken out quickly. As a result, even if the injection molding time is shortened, the same number of molded products can be taken out, which can contribute to energy saving and cost reduction.
FIG. 13 shows a sectional view of the injection molding machine.

An embodiment of claim 43 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a cooking appliance will be described.
A cooking utensil characterized by covering all or at least a part of the heated surface of the cooking utensil with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention can be configured.
When the cooking utensil is a pan, a pan characterized in that all or at least part of the heated surface of the pan is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention can be configured.
When the cooking utensil is a gas stove, a gas stove characterized by covering all or at least a part of the heated surface of the gas stove with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention can be configured. FIG. 20 shows a cross-sectional view of the cooking utensil.

An embodiment of claim 44 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a water heater will be described.
When the water heater is a gas water heater, the outer surface of the water pipe in the gas water heater, that is, all or at least part of the portion exposed to the gas flame is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention. The gas water heater can be configured.
When the water heater is an electric water heater, the outer surface of the water pipe in the electric water heater, that is, all or at least a part of the portion of the electric heater where the heat ray hits is coated with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention. An electric heater characterized by the above can be constructed.
When the water heater is a gas bath, the outer surface of the water pipe of the gas bath / burner part, that is, all or at least part of the portion exposed to the gas flame is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention. A gas bath characterized by the above can be configured.
The cross-sectional view of the heat exchange fin in FIG. 7 also shows a cross-sectional view of the heat exchange fin of the gas, electric water heater or gas bath.

An embodiment of claim 45 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a solar water heater will be described.
A solar water heater can be configured by covering a portion of the solar water heater that receives solar heat with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention.
Fig. 21 shows a sketch of the solar water heater.

An embodiment of claim 46 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to an asphalt roller will be described.
An asphalt roller characterized in that the surface receiving the flame in the asphalt roller is coated with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention.
FIG. 22 shows a cross-sectional view of the asphalt roller.

The structure described in claim 47 is as follows.
The structure of the heat radiation / heat absorption member (heat increase member) of the present invention is a heat radiation / heat absorption paint (increase) characterized in that the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in an organic binder to form a paint. Thermal paint) can be manufactured.
Resin used for the organic binder is silicone resin, epoxy resin, epoxy-modified silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyolefin resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, phenol resin, fluorine resin, bismaleimide resin, bismaleimide / triazine resin, silsesquioxane resin Thermal radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint), characterized in that the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in a binder containing at least one of elastomers such as latex resin and liquid rubber Can be manufactured.
FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram in which the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder is dispersed in an organic binder.

The configuration described in claim 48 is as follows.
The structure of the heat radiation / heat absorption member (heat increase member) of the present invention is characterized in that heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder is dispersed in an inorganic binder to form a heat radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint). Heat radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint) can be manufactured.
Components of the inorganic binder include colloidal silica, colloidal alumina, colloidal titania, silica powder, alumina powder, titanium oxide powder, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, aluminum phosphate, iron phosphate, zinc phosphate, phosphorus A heat radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint) characterized in that the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in an inorganic binder solution characterized by containing at least one of manganese acid and the like. Can be manufactured.
When 3-10 wt% of silicone resin is added to the inorganic binder and the target is coated, the silicone resin will be openly polymerized by heating at 450 ° C or higher, and the silicone resin will finally become silica. It is possible to produce an inorganic binder characterized in that it becomes a completely inorganic binder.
FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram in which the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder is dispersed in an inorganic binder.
In electroplating or electroless plating, so-called dispersion plating can be performed by dispersing the powder of the heat radiation / heat absorption member (heat increase member) of the present invention in a metal matrix. At this time, the metal matrix becomes an inorganic binder.

The configuration described in claim 49 is as follows.
When the heat radiation / heat absorption member (heat increase member) of the present invention is coated on the surface of an object, a paint in which the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in the organic / inorganic binder is dipped or sprayed, Or it may be coated by a method such as brushing,
Moreover, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention and the organic binder powder described in Example 47 may be mixed and the surface of the object may be coated by electrostatic coating.
FIG. 17 shows a schematic diagram of an electrostatic coating machine.
In addition, the thermal radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention alone or the powder of the inorganic binder component described in Example 48 and the mixture of the thermal radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention are mixed and the object is sprayed. The surface may be coated.
The flame spraying method may be flame spraying (melt wire flame spraying, powder flame spraying, rod flame spraying, high-speed flame spraying), explosive spraying (D gun), electric spraying (arc spraying, plasma spraying), or wire. Explosive spraying or cold spraying may be used.
In addition, other methods for coating the surface of the object with the heat radiation / heat absorbing member (heat increasing member) of the present invention may use known CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) or PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition).
FIG. 18 shows a schematic diagram of a thermal spraying apparatus.

The structure described in claim 50 is as follows. The heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention, which is highly filled with an organic / inorganic binder, is made into a sheet so as to form a so-called green sheet, which is attached to the surface of the object to be coated with an adhesive to form a heat radiation / heat absorption layer. You can also.

The structure described in claim 51 is as follows. The devices described in Examples 29 to 46 are collectively defined as heat utilization devices.
In these heat utilization devices, all or at least a part of a heat receiving surface that receives heat from a heat source such as an electric heater, a gas heater, or a fossil fuel heat source is covered with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention. It is possible to configure a heat utilization device. At this time, the heat from the heat source is absorbed by the heat radiation / heat absorbing member and transmitted to the heat receiving surface, so that the heat from the heat source is efficiently used for heating. On the other hand, since the heat receiving surface not covered with the heat radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention reflects heat when the heat absorption rate of the heat receiving surface is low, the heat from the heat source is not efficiently transmitted to the heat receiving surface. Even when the heat receiving surface is non-metallic (ceramic crucible such as a quartz crucible or an alumina crucible) and the heat absorption rate (thermal emissivity) of the heat receiving surface is low, the heat from the heat source is not efficiently transmitted to the heat receiving surface. However, when the heat absorption rate (heat emissivity) of the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention covering the nonmetal / heat receiving surface is higher than the heat absorption rate of the non-metal / heat receiving surface, the heat from the heat source Is efficiently transferred to the coated non-metallic heat receiving surface. This is shown in FIG.
If at least the bottom surface of the heated container 2304 is covered with the heat absorbing member 2305, the heat rays from the heat source 2303 are absorbed by the heat absorbing member 2305 of the present invention, and the wall surface of the heated container 2304 is heated according to (Equation 1) and (Equation 3). Accordingly, the temperature of the heated container 2304 is further increased by the heat conduction 2306. As a result, the heating efficiency is improved.
In particular, when the heat absorbing member of the present invention is coated on the outer surface of a quartz crucible, alumina, or mullite crucible, not only heating efficiency is improved, but also cracking due to expansion and contraction of the crucible can be prevented. Since the quartz crucible is used for refining silicon metal, the cost for refining silicon used in solar cells and semiconductor devices can be reduced.
FIG. 23A shows a schematic diagram in which the heat receiving surface reflects the heat rays.
FIG. 23B is a schematic diagram showing a state in which the layer of the heat increasing member having a high heat absorption rate (heat emissivity) coated on the heat receiving surface absorbs the heat rays and transmits the heat rays well.

The structure described in claim 52 is as follows. The devices described in Examples 29 to 46 are collectively defined as heat utilization devices.
It is possible to configure a heat utilization device characterized in that all or at least a part of the heat radiation surface from which these heat utilization devices radiate heat toward the outside air is covered with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention.
At this time, since the heat is emitted from the heat utilization device toward the outside air, the temperature of the heat radiation surface from which the heat utilization device radiates heat toward the outside air is lowered by the radiation cooling. Change the operating state of the heat utilization equipment to increase the combustion temperature or heating temperature inside the heat utilization equipment, and the temperature of the heat radiation surface where the heat utilization equipment radiates heat toward the outside air is the same as before coating If it becomes so, the heat utilization efficiency of a heat utilization apparatus will improve rather than before coating | covering. As described above, it is possible to configure a heat utilization device characterized in that the heat radiation surface of the heat utilization device is entirely or at least partially covered with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention to improve the heat efficiency.
FIG. 24 shows a schematic diagram in which heat exits from the surface of the heat utilization device toward the outside air.

The configuration described in claim 53 is as follows. The heat absorption / heat radiation member (heat increase member) described in Examples 1 to 28 is defined as the heat absorption / heat radiation member (heat increase member) of the present invention.
The heat utilization apparatus described in Examples 29 to 46, which is characterized by using the heat absorption / heat radiation member (heat increase member) described in Examples 1 to 28, can be configured.
In addition, for the heat utilization equipment not described in Examples 29 to 46, the characteristics are improved by using the heat absorption / heat radiation member (heat increase member) described in Examples 1 to 28. Therefore, it is obvious that a heat utilization device characterized by the above can be configured, and this is also included in the heat utilization device of the present invention.

In addition, the powder of the heat absorption / radiation member / high heat conduction member (heat increase member) described in Example 1 to Example 28 is a molten salt such as sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, water, heat resistance By mixing with a heat medium such as oil, it is possible to configure a heat utilization device that improves the heat conductivity of the heat medium. As a result, the thermal conductivity of the solar thermal power generation medium, the heat storage medium of various heat storage devices, and the potassium nitrate heat medium for glass chemical strengthening furnaces increases, so the thermal efficiency of solar power generation devices, various heat storage devices, and glass chemical strengthening furnaces improves. .

Further, a heat radiation ceramic powder having a thermal emissivity of 0.8 or more, for example, silicon carbide, carbon or the like, which is a heat increasing member of the present invention, can be dispersed in an acrylic sheet at a weight percentage between 30 wt% and 60 wt% to produce a sheet.
This sheet alone or a sheet clad with aluminum foil can be attached to the back surface of the solar cell via an adhesive.
The adhesive was preferably an acrylic adhesive. When this sheet is attached to the back of a fluorine back sheet of a 125 × 125 mm single cell solar cell and illuminated with a 1 kW / m2 xenon pseudo solar light source, the temperature of the solar cell decreases by 5 ° C. from 70 ° C. to 65 ° C. The power generation efficiency improved by 3%. When the temperature of the solar cell is illuminated by a xenon pseudo solar light source of 1 kW / square meter and an optimum load is loaded, the sum of self-heating inside the solar cell due to the load current is the temperature rise.
The structure is listed from the back sheet side of the solar cell.
(a) Adhesive layer 10 to 30 μm for attaching to the back sheet
(b) Aluminum foil 10μ to 70μ (in the case of the above experiment, an aluminum foil of 50μ was used)
(c) Acrylic sheet in which 30 to 60 wt% of the thermal radiation ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed (in the case of the above experiment, the thermal radiation ceramic is dispersed in an amount of 50 wt%)
(d) The order of outside air.
FIG. 28 shows a graph of this experimental data. The heat dissipation sheet in FIG. 28 is described as a trade name Tera-5 sheet.
If the construction price of a 10 MW mega solar is 3.2 billion yen, 3% of the panel mount can be saved, so the construction price saving is about 100 million yen.

The present invention is not limited to the above embodiment. It goes without saying that similar embodiments not mentioned here also fall within the scope of the invention on the basis of equivalent principles within the scope of the invention.

When the heat increasing member of the present invention is used, the thermal efficiency of each of the above devices increases and the output increases, which greatly contributes to energy saving.
With this new heat increasing member and heat utilization equipment using it, energy shortage is resolved, and even if nuclear power generation stops, there is a possibility that industrial slowdown can be avoided. Moreover, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell was improved.
The applicant obtained the following conclusion as a result of conducting tests using the heat increasing member of the present invention in many devices.
In other words, if each of the above devices using this new heat-increasing member is manufactured and exported by many companies, the country's debt is said to bring huge trade profits to Japan, and tax revenue will increase dramatically to 1,000 trillion yen. It may decrease and GDP may improve. As a result, I am convinced that it can contribute to the rise of Japan.

Reference numerals are described in the brief description of the drawings.

Claims (55)

The configuration described in claim 1 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic used in the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing member of the present invention has a structure approximated by a vibrator model in which its constituent atoms are connected to each other by a spring, and the peak wavelength of the natural vibration spectrum of the vibrator. Is 0.5 to 8μ, the heat radiation / heat absorption member using the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramics containing the atomic group having a large natural vibration amplitude in the heat ray region and a large electric dipole efficiency The heat increasing member characterized by having comprised can be comprised.
In the following Claims 2 to 27, the numerical values such as x, y, z, m, n, a, b, and c indicating the elemental structure of each substance are shown in Tables 1 to 4 of Claim 28. Based on the stoichiometric ratio of the substance, values such as x, y, z, m, n, a, b, and c can be increased or decreased above and below the stoichiometric ratio.
The method of increase / decrease is increased / decreased so that the thermal emissivity (heat absorption rate) is maximized.
In the equation of radiation intensity for radiating electromagnetic waves, the cohesive force between atoms determines the elastic modulus (hardness, spring strength). Therefore, there is a correlation between the melting point and the elastic modulus (hardness, spring strength) between materials of the same type of stress and deformation mechanism.
On the other hand, all the substances shown in Tables 1 to 4 of Claim 28 (Example 28) are substances having a high melting point. The melting point and hardness are determined by the strength of the atomic bonds. For example, the tetrahedral structure of diamond crystals has a strong connection and therefore has a high melting point, hardness, thermal conductivity (2000 W / mK), and high thermal emissivity (0.9 or more).
In general, a substance having a high melting point has high thermal conductivity and thermal emissivity.
Therefore, a substance having a high melting point is suitable as a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention. In the present invention, it is reasonable to define all the substances shown in Tables 1 to 4 of Claim 28, which are substances having a high melting point, as heat radiation / heat absorption ceramics used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention. A patent application is filed as a thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic using all the substances shown in Tables 1 to 4 of claims 2 to 28 for the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing member of the present invention.
The contents of the application patent application are inventions for use of chemical substances characterized in that the chemical substances of claims 2 to 28 are used exclusively for thermal radiation and heat absorption applications. However, the application of the chemical substances of claims 2 to 28 to applications other than thermal radiation / heat absorption applications is not filed.
A heat-radiating member (heat radiation / heat-absorbing member) comprising a heat-radiating / heat-absorbing member using the heat radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic. The configuration described in claim 2 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal having a molecular formula represented by (MO) m · (Fe2O3) n where M is a metal, O is oxygen and Fe is iron. (M) A heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized by being a filler using metal ferrite particles characterized by being ferrite and metal ferrite having a value of m close to zero. The configuration described in claim 3 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal having a molecular formula represented by (MO) m · (Fe2O3) n where M is a metal, O is oxygen, and Fe is iron. (M) Ferrite and a metal (M) ferrite characterized by taking any value between m = 0.5 to 1.5 and n = 1.5 to 0.5. M) is a metal (M) ferrite that is one metal (M) among Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, and Ni.
The optimum values of m and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost / performance.
The values of m and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The configuration described in claim 4 is as follows.
In other words, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is (XO) x. (YO) y (Fe2O3) n, where X and Y are metals, O is oxygen and Fe is iron. It is a composite ferrite of metal (X, Y) having the molecular formula shown, and takes any value between x, y = 0.1 to 1.9 and n = 1.9 to 0.1 A featured ferrite, where X and Y of metal (X, Y) are metals (X, Y) containing at least one of Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, and Ni. A heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized by being a composite ferrite. The optimum values of x, y, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost / performance.
The values of x, y, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The configuration described in claim 5 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used for the thermal radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention is a metal oxide having a molecular formula of AxOy, where A is a metal and O is oxygen, and the metal A is Li, Na, K , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The configuration described in claim 6 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal boride having a molecular formula of AxBy where A is a metal and B is boron, and the metal A is Li, Na, K Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least Including any one,
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The configuration described in claim 7 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal carbide having a molecular formula of AxCy where A is a metal and C is carbon, and the metal A is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, Including at least one of the following:
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The configuration described in claim 8 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal nitride having a molecular formula of AxNy where A is a metal and N is nitrogen, and the metal A is Li, Na, K , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The configuration described in claim 9 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal fluoride having a molecular formula of AxFy, where A is a metal and F is a fluorine, and the metal A is Li, Na, K , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The configuration described in claim 10 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal silicide having a molecular formula of AxSiy where A is a metal and Si is silicon, and the metal A is Li, Na, K Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least Including any one,
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The structure described in claim 11 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is
A is a metal phosphide having a molecular formula of AxPy, where P is phosphorus, and metal A is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, It includes at least one of Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se,
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The structure described in claim 12 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal sulfide having a molecular formula of AxSy where A is a metal and S is sulfur, and the metal A is Li, Na, K. , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The structure described in claim 13 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a metal chloride having a molecular formula of AxCly, where A is a metal and Cl is chlorine, and the metal A is Li, Na, K , Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se Including at least one of the following:
A heat radiation / heat absorption member, which is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one of x = 1 to 10 and y = 1 to 20. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The configuration described in claim 14 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a garnet type having a molecular formula of 3 (M2O3) / 5 (Fe2O3) where M is metal, Fe is iron, and O is oxygen. A heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized in that it is a ferrite and the metal M is a trivalent ion and contains at least one of Al, B, Ga, and Y. The configuration described in claim 15 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic used for the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing member of the present invention is a garnet-type ferrite having a molecular formula of M _x · Fe _y O _z where M is a metal, Fe is iron, and O is oxygen. Hexagonal ferrite, and the metal M is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic characterized by containing at least one of Al, Cr, Fe, Y, Ba, St, Sb. Radiation / heat absorption member.
The optimum values of x, y, and z can be freely selected in consideration of cost / performance. The configuration described in claim 16 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention has a molecular formula of (MO) x ((Si) mOn) y where M is a metal, Si is silicon, and O is oxygen. Silicate, metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W , Including Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least one of
It is characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 1 to 10, and n = 1 to 10. The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. The configuration described in claim 17 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a phosphate having a molecular formula of Mx · (PnOm) y where M is a metal, P is phosphorus, and O is oxygen. , Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, Including at least one of V, Sb, Bi, Se,
Thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramics having one value among x = 0-4, y = 0.1-10, n = 1-10, m = 1-10 Heat absorbing member. The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. The configuration described in claim 18 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a borate having a molecular formula of Mx · (BmOn) y where M is a metal, B is boron, and O is oxygen. Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V , Including at least one of Sb, Bi, Se,
Thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramics having one value among x = 0-4, y = 0.1-10, m = 1-10, and n = 1-10. Heat absorbing member. The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. The structure described in claim 19 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a carbonate having a molecular formula of Mx · (CO3) y, where M is a metal, C is carbon, and O is oxygen. Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V , Including at least one of Sb, Bi, Se,
A heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one value of x = 0-4 and y = 0.1-10. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. In order to solve the above problem, the structure described in claim 20 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used for the thermal radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention is:
When M is metal, Ti is titanium, and O is oxygen, the titanate has a molecular formula of Mx · (TiO3) y, and the metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu. Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, and Se, including at least one,
A heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one value of x = 0-4 and y = 0.1-10. The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The structure described in claim 21 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is an aluminate having a molecular formula of Mx · (AlmOn) y, where M is metal, Al is aluminum, and O is oxygen. , Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, It includes at least one of Sb, Bi, and Se,
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 0.1 to 24, and n = 0.1 to 24. Heat radiation / heat absorption member. The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The structure described in claim 22 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a vanadate having a molecular formula of Mx · (VmOn) y, where M is a metal, V is vanadium, and O is oxygen. , Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, Including at least one of V, Sb, Bi, Se,
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 0.1 to 24, and n = 0.1 to 24. Heat radiation / heat absorption member. The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The structure described in claim 23 is as follows.
That is, the thermal radiation / heat absorbing ceramic used for the thermal radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention has a molecular formula of Mx · (Mn) a · O _b ) y where M is a metal, Mn is manganese and O is oxygen. Manganate, metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo , Including W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least one of
Thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramics having one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, a = 1 to 10, and b = 1 to 10 Heat absorbing member. The values of x, y, a, and b are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, a, and b can be freely selected in consideration of cost / performance. The configuration described in claim 24 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a tungstate having a molecular formula of Mx · (WmOn) y, where M is a metal, W is tungsten, and O is oxygen. , Metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, Including at least one of V, Sb, Bi, Se,
It is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic that takes one value among x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 0.1 to 24, and n = 0.1 to 24. Heat radiation / heat absorption member. The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance.
The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest. The structure described in claim 25 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used in the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is stannic acid having a molecular formula of Mx · ((Sn) mOn) y where M is a metal, Sn is tin, and O is oxygen. It is a salt and the metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W , Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, and at least any one of them.
The optimum values of x, y, m, and n are thermal radiation taking one value of x = 0 to 4, y = 0.1 to 10, m = 0.1 to 24, and n = 0.1 to 24. -It is a heat-absorbing ceramic.
The values of x, y, m, and n are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, m, and n can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. The structure described in claim 26 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is Mx (Zr _y , Ti _{1 &#8722; y} ) when M is a metal, Zr is zirconium, Ti is titanium and O is oxygen. Zirco-titanate with O ₃ molecular formula, metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti , Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo, W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, including at least one of Se,
A heat radiation / heat absorption member characterized by being a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic having one value of x = 0 to 4 and y = 0 to 0.9. The values of x and y are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x and y can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. The structure described in claim 27 is as follows.
Or heat radiation and heat absorption ceramic used for the thermal radiation and the heat absorbing member of the present invention, metal M, molybdenum Mo, when the O and oxygen, with _{Mx · ((Mo) m O} n) y molecular formula of Molybdate, metal M is Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, B, Al, Cr, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Mo , Including W, Mn, V, Sb, Bi, Se, at least one of
Thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramics having one value among x = 0-4, y = 0.1-10, m = 1-10, and n = 1-10. Heat absorbing member. The values of x, y, n, and m are desirably values in a range where the electric dipole efficiency of the ceramics is the largest and the amplitude of the natural vibration due to the heat of the electric dipole is the largest.
The optimum values of x, y, n, and m can be freely selected in consideration of cost performance. The configuration described in claim 28 is as follows.
That is, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic used for the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention is a heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic containing at least one of the materials shown in Tables 1 to 4 of Example 28. Characteristic heat radiation / heat absorption member.
The substances shown in Tables 1 to 4 of Claim 28 are shown below.
 
Table 1;
A heat increasing member (thermal radiation / heat) characterized in that the powder of the compound shown in Table 1 below is dispersed in an organic or inorganic binder shown in claim 47 (Example 47) and claim 48 (Example 48). Absorbent member).
The following compounds all have a melting point of about 500 ° C. (773 K) or higher.
Compound name (CAS.NO)
Alumina (1344-28-1), Barium chloride (10361-37-2), Lithium orthosilicate (13453-84-4)
Graphite (7782-42-5), potassium chromate (7789-00-6), barium chromate (10294-40-3),
Calcium silicide (12013-56-8), calcium silicate (1344-95-2), sodium silicate (1344-09-8),
Potassium silicofluoride (16871-90-2), yttrium oxide (1314-36-9), calcium oxide (1305-78-8),
Chromium (III) oxide (1308-38-9), zirconium (IV) oxide (1314-23-4), tin oxide (IV) (18282-10-5),
Cerium (IV) oxide (1306-38-3), Tungsten oxide (VI) (1314-35-8),
Tungsten strontium oxide (13451-05-3), tantalum oxide (V) (1314-61-0),
Titanium (III) oxide (1344-54-3), titanium (IV) oxide, anatase type (1317-70-0),
Titanium oxide (IV), rutile type (1317-80-2), Ti_ThreeO_Five(12065-65-5), iron (III) oxide (1309-37-1),
Copper (I) oxide (1317-39-1), copper (II) oxide (1317-38-0), niobium oxide (V) (1313-96-8),
Nickel oxide (II) (1313-99-1), barium zirconium oxide (12009-21-1),
Magnesium oxide (1309-48-4), manganese oxide (IV) (1313-13-9),
Molybdenum oxide (VI) (1313-27-5), Molybdenum barium oxide (7787-37-3),
Diboron trioxide (1303-86-2),
Calcium carbide (75-20-7), silicon carbide (409-21-2), zirconium carbide (12070-14-3),
Tungsten carbide (12070-13-2), titanium carbide (12070-08-5), niobium carbide (12069-94-2),
Vanadium carbide (12070-10-9), boron carbide (12069-32-8),
Potassium tungstate (7790-60-5), calcium tungstate (7790-75-2),
Magnesium thiosulfate (10124-53-5),
Strontium titanate (12060-59-2), lead (II) titanate (12060-00-3),
Barium titanate (12047-27-7),
Aluminum nitride (24304-00-5), calcium nitride (12013-82-0), silicon nitride (12033-89-5),
Zirconium nitride (25658-42-8), titanium nitride (25583-20-4), niobium nitride (24621-21-4),
Vanadium nitride (24646-85-3), boron nitride (10043-11-5), CaSO_Four(7778-18-9),
Zirconium disilicide (12039-90-6), molybdenum disilicide (12136-78-6),
Lithium nickelate (12031-65-1), titanium diboride (12045-63-5),
Niobium diboride (12007-29-3), calcium diphosphate (7790-76-3),
Calcium fluoride (7789-75-5), strontium fluoride (7783-48-4),
Cerium (III) fluoride (7758-88-5), sodium fluoride (7681-49-4), barium fluoride (7787-32-8),
Magnesium fluoride (7783-40-6), manganese (III) fluoride (7783-53-1),
Calcium boride (12007-99-7), vanadium boride (12007-37-3),
Hafnium boride (12007-23-7),
Calcium metasilicate (10101-39-0), aluminum metaphosphate (32823-06-6),
Calcium molybdate (7789-82-4), cobalt molybdate (13062-14-6),
Lithium molybdate (13568-40-6), lithium aluminum oxide (12003-67-7),
Zinc sulfide (1314-98-3), gallium sulfide (III) (12024-22-5), silicon sulfide (IV) (13759-10-9),
Tin sulfide (1315-01-1), cerium (III) sulfide (12014-93-6), iron (II) sulfide (1317-37-9),
Copper sulfide (II) (1317-40-4), molybdenum sulfide (IV) (1317-33-5), barium sulfate (7727-43-7),
Magnesium sulfate (7487-88-9), cobalt phosphide (12134-02-0),
Tungsten phosphide (12037-70-6),
Aluminum phosphate (7784-30-7), boron phosphate (13308-51-5), lithium phosphate (10377-52-3),
Barium hexaboride (12046-08-1)
 
Table 2 Minerals;
A heat radiation member characterized in that mineral powders listed in Table 2 below are dispersed in an organic or inorganic binder shown in claim 47 (Example 47) and claim 48 (Example 48) can be constituted.
The following minerals have melting points of about 500 ° C. (773 K) or more.
(1) Sulfide mineral
A sulfide mineral is a mineral in which a metal element and sulfur (S) are mainly combined. Minerals that combine metal elements with arsenic, selenium, tellurium, etc. instead of sulfur are said to be arsenic minerals, selenite minerals, and telluride minerals, respectively. There are many. Here too, arsenic minerals, selenite minerals, telluride minerals are also listed accordingly.
 Sphalerite group
 
  Sphalerite-ZnS, equiaxed
  Tellurium mercury ore (coloradoite)-HgTe
  Calcium cadmium ore (hawleyite)-CdS
  Black sand (metacinnabar)-HgS
  Stilleite-ZnSe
  Selenium mercury ore (tiemannite)-HgSe
 
 Galena group
 
  Galena-PbS, equiaxed
  Selenium lead ore (clausthalite)-PbSe
  Tellurite (altaite)-PbTe
  Cuborargyrite-AgPbS₂
  Sphalerite (alabandite)-MnS, equiaxed
 
 Pentland Ore Group
 
  Iron pyrite ore (pentlandite)-(Fe, Ni)₉S₈, Equiaxed
  Silver pentlandite-Ag (Fe, Ni)₈S₈
  Cobaltpentlandite-Co₉S₈
  geffroyite-(Ag, Cu, Fe)₉(Se, S)₈
  manganese-shadlunite-(Mn, Pb, Cd) (Cu, Fe)₈S₈
  shadlunite-(Pb, Cd) (Fe, Cu)₈S₈
 
 Thiospinel Group
 
  Bornhardtite-Co²⁺Co³⁺ ₂Se_Four
  Cadmoindite-CdIn₂S_Four
  Carrollite-Cu (Co, Ni)₂S_Four
  Copper Iridium Ore (cuproiridsite)-(Cu, Fe) Ir₂S_Four
  Cuprous rhodium ore (cuprorhodsite)-(Cu, Fe) Rh₂S_Four
  daubr &eacute; elite-Fe²⁺Cr³⁺ ₂S_Four
  ferrorhodsite-(Fe, Cu) (Rh, Ir, Pt)₂S_Four
  fletcherite-Cu (Ni, Co)₂S_Four
  florensovite-(Cu, Zn) Cr_1.5Sb_0.5S_Four
  greigite-Fe²⁺Fe³⁺ ₂S_Four
  Indite-FeIn₂S_Four
  kalininite-ZnCr₂S_Four
  Linnaeite-Co²⁺Co³⁺ ₂S_Four
  malanite-Cu (Pt³⁺, Ir³⁺)₂S_Four
  polydymite-Ni²⁺Ni³⁺ ₂S_Four
  tyrrellite-Cu (Co³⁺, Ni³⁺)₂Se_Four
  violarite-Fe²⁺Ni³⁺ ₂S_Four
 
 Pyrite group
 
  Pyrite-FeS₂, Equiaxed
  Hauerite-MnS₂
  Bethite (vaesite)-NiS₂
  Cattierite-CoS₂
  Lauraite-RuS₂
  Erlichmanite-OsS₂
  Villamaninite-(Cu, Ni, Co, Fe) S₂
  Fukuchilite-Cu_ThreeFeS₈
  Arsenite (sperrylite)-PtAs₂
  Anustibite-AuSb₂
  Zakknite-FeSe₂
  Kurtaite-CuSe₂
  Trogtalite-CoSe₂
  Penroseite-(Ni, Co, Cu) Se₂
  Michenerite-PdBiTe
  Testibiopalladite-Pd (Sb, Te) Te
  Geversite-Pt (Sb, Bi)₂
  Insizwaite-Pt (Bi, Sb)₂
  Maslovite-(Pt, Pd) (Bi, Te)₂
 
 White iron ore group
 
  Marcasite-FeS₂, Oblique
  Selenium iron ore-FeSe₂
  Hastite-CoSe₂
  Kullerudite-NiSe₂
  Flohbergite-FeTe₂
  Matagamite-CoTe₂
 
 Arsenite Group
 
  Arsenite (loellingite)-FeAs₂
  Ammonium cobaltite (costibite)-CoSbS
  An nickel ore (nisbite)-NiSb₂
  Rammelsbergite-NiAs₂
  Safflorite-(Co, Fe) As₂
  Seinejokite-FeSb₂
 
 Terui Group
 
  Stibnite-Sb₂S_Three, Oblique
  Selenium antimonselite-Sb₂Se_Three, Oblique
  Bismuthinite-Bi₂S_Three, Oblique
 
 Chalcopyrite group
 
  Chalcopyrite-CuFeS₂,square
  Eskebornite-CuFeSe2
  Indium copper ore (roquesite)-CuInS2
  Gallium copper ore (gallite)-CuGaS2
 
 Red Arsenite Group
 
  Red arsenite ore (nickeline)-NiAs, hexagonal
  breithauptite-NiSb
  freboldite-CoSe
  langisite-(Co, Ni) As
  Niggliite-PtSn
  sederholmite-β-NiSe
  sobolevskite-PdBi
  stumpflite-Pt (Sb, Bi)
  sudburyite-(Pd, Ni) Sb
 
 Bright cobalt ore group
 
  Cobaltite-CoAsS, oblique
  Gersdorffite-NiAsS
  hollingworthite-(Rh, Pt, Pd) AsS
  irarsite-(Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt) AsS
  jolliffeite-NiAsSe
  padmaite-PdBiSe
  platarsite-(Pt, Rh, Ru) AsS
  tolovkite-IrSbS
  ullmannite-NiSbS
  willyamite-(Co, Ni) SbS
 
 Arsenite Group
 
  Arsenopyrite-FeAsS, monoclinic
  Glocodot ore (glaucodot)-(Co, Fe) AsS
  Anthrite (gudmundite)-FeSbS
  Osares Ore (osarsite)-(Os, Ru) AsS
  Ruarsite-RuAsS
 
 Four-sided copper ore group
 
  Anhterite-(Cu, Fe, Zn)₁₂Sb_FourS₁₃, Equiaxed
  Tennantite-(Cu, Fe, Zn)₁₂As_FourS₁₃, Equiaxed
  Argentotennantite-(Ag, Cu)_Ten(Zn, Fe)₂(As, Sb)_FourS₁₃
  Gin'an Tetradecite (freibergite)-(Ag, Cu, Fe)₁₂(Sb, As)_FourS₁₃
  Giraudite-(Cu, Zn, Ag)₁₂(As, Sb)_Four(Se, S)₁₃
  Goldfieldite-Cu₁₂(Te, Sb, As)_FourS₁₃
  Hakite-(Cu, Hg)₁₂Sb_Four(Se, S)₁₃
 
 Chalcopyrite Group
 
  Stannite-Cu₂FeSnS_Four,square
  Luzonite (luzonite)-Cu_ThreeAsS_Four,square
  briartite-Cu₂(Zn, Fe) GeS_Four
  famatinite-Cu_ThreeSbS_Four
  hocartite-Ag₂FeSnS_Four
  kuramite-Cu_ThreeSnS_Four
  permingeatite-Cu_ThreeSbSe_Four
  pirquitasite-Ag₂ZnSnS_Four
  velikite-Cu₂HgSnS_Four
 
 Pyrrhotite, pyrotite-Fe_1-xS, monoclinic, hexagonal
 Covellite-CuS, Rokukata
 Klockmannite-CuSe, hexagonal
 Chalcocite-Cu₂S, monoclinic
 Spionkopite-Cu₃₉S₂₈
 Bornite-Cu_FiveFeS_Four, Oblique
 Wurtzite (fiber zinc ore)-ZnS, hexagonal
 Cadmium Ore (greenockite)-CdS, Hexagon
 Cinnabar-HgS, Mikata
 Needle nickel ore (millerite)-NiS, Mikata
 Acanthite-Ag₂S, monoclinic
 
  Argentite-Ag₂S, equiaxed, transition to needle silver ore at room temperature
 
 Molybdenite-MoS₂Rokukata
 Jordisite-MoS₂, Amorphous
 Chicken crown (realgar)-As_FourS_Four, Monoclinic
 Orpiment-As₂S_Three, Monoclinic
 Arsenite (domeykite)-Cu_ThreeAs, cubic
 Skutterudite-CoAs_Three
 Algodonite-Cu₆As, Rokukata
 Dark Argyrite (pyrargyrite)-Ag_ThreeSbS_Three, Three-way
 Pale red ore (proustite)-Ag_ThreeAsS_Three
 Pyrostilpnite-Ag_ThreeSbS_Three, Monoclinic
 Maemite (jamesonite)-Pb_FourFeSb₆S₁₄, Monoclinic
 Boulangerite -Pb_FiveSb_FourS₁₁, Monoclinic
 Bournonite-CuPbSbS_Three, Oblique
 Arsenite (Cu)-Cu_ThreeAsS_Four, Oblique
 Miscellaneous silver ores (polybasite)-(Ag, Cu)₁₆Sb₂S₁₁, Monoclinic
 Berthierite-FeSb₂S_Four, Oblique
 Red mine (kermesite)-Sb₂S₂O, triclinic
(2) Oxide mineral
Oxide minerals are minerals in which mainly metal elements and oxygen (O) are combined.
 SiO₂Minerals-These are sometimes classified as tectosilicate minerals.
 
  Quartz-SiO₂, Three-way
  
   Rock crystal-self-crystal quartz
   Chalcedony-aggregate of fine-grained quartz
  
  Tridymite-SiO₂, Monoclinic / triclinic
  Cristobalite (cristobalite, calcite)-SiO₂,square
  Stishovite-SiO₂,square
  Course stone (coesite)-SiO₂, Monoclinic
  Protein stone (opal)-SiO₂・ NH₂O, amorphous
 
 Rutile group
 
  Rutile (Rutile)-TiO₂,square
  Argutite-GeO₂
  Cassiterite-SnO₂,square
  Pyromanganese (pyrolusite)-MnO₂,square
  Paratelluride-TeO₂
  Plattnerite-PbO₂
  Stishovite-SiO₂,square
 
 Cryptomerane Ore Group
 
  Cryptolane-K (Mn⁴⁺, Mn²⁺)₈O₁₆, Monoclinic
  Ankangite-Ba (Ti, V³⁺, Cr³⁺)₈O₁₆
  Coronadite-Pb (Mn⁴⁺, Mn²⁺)₈O₁₆
  Hollandite-Ba (Mn⁴⁺, Mn²⁺)₈O₁₆
  Manjiroite-(Na, K) (Mn⁴⁺, Mn²⁺)₈O₁₆・ NH₂O
  Mannardite-Ba (Ti₆V³⁺ ₂) O₁₆
  Priderite-(K, Ba) (Ti, Fe³⁺)₈O₁₆
  Redledgeite-BaTi₆Cr³⁺ ₂O₁₆・ H₂O
  Strontiomelane-SrMn⁴⁺ ₆Mn³⁺ ₂O₁₆
  Todorokite-(Mn, Ca, Mg) Mn⁴⁺ _ThreeO₇・ H₂O
 
 Hematite Group
 
  Hematite-Fe₂O_Three, Three-way
  Corundum-Al₂O_Three, Three-way
  Eskolaite-Cr₂O_Three
  Karelianite-V₂O_Three
 
 Ash Titanium Stone Group
 
  Perovskite (Perovskite)-CaTiO_Three, Monoclinic
  Latrappite-(Ca, Na) (Nb, Ti, Fe) O_Three
  Loparite- (Ce)-(Ce, Na, Ca) (Ti, Nb) O_Three
  Lueshite-NaNbO_Three
  Tausonite-SrTiO_Three
 
 Titanite Group
 
  Titanite (ilmenite)-FeTiO_Three, Three-way
  Ecandrewsite-(Zn, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺) TiO_Three
  Geikielite-MgTiO_Three
  Pyrophanite-Mn²⁺TiO_Three
 
 Spinel group
 
  Spinel (spinel)-MgAl₂O_Four, Equiaxed
  Zinc spinel (gahnite)
  Hercynite
  Magnetite-FeFe³⁺ ₂O_Four, Equiaxed
  Franklinite-ZnFe₂O_Four
  Jacobsite-MnFe₂o_Four
  Chromite-FeCr₂O_Four, Equiaxed
  Magnesiochromite-MgCr₂O_Four
 
 Periclace Group
 
  Periclase-MgO
  bunsenite-NiO
  Mangansite (manganosite)-MnO, equiaxed
  monteponite-CdO
 
 Chrysoberyl-BeAl₂O_Four, Oblique
 Anatase-TiO₂,square
 Brookite-TiO₂, Oblique
 Tellurite-TeO₂, Oblique
 Cuprite-Cu₂O, equiaxed
 Black ore (tenorite, melaconite)-CuO, monoclinic
 Zincite-ZnO, Hexagon
 Hausmannite-MnMn³⁺ ₂O_Four,square
 Senarmontite-Sb₂O_Three
 Stibiconite-Sb³⁺Sb⁵⁺ ₂O₆(OH)
 Iron uhuangite-Fe²⁺Sb⁵⁺ ₂O₆
 Columbite
 
  Ferrocolumbite-FeNb₂O₆, Oblique
  Manganocolumbite-(Mn, Fe) (Nb, Ta)₂O₆, Oblique
 
 Uraninite-UO₂, Equiaxed
(3) Hydroxide mineral
Hydroxide minerals are minerals made of hydroxide. Sometimes included in oxide minerals.
 Diaspore-AlO (OH), diagonal
 Goethite-FeO (OH), oblique
 Lepidocrocite-FeO (OH), oblique
 Manganite-Mn³⁺O (OH), monoclinic
 Water talc (brucite, blues stone)-Mg (OH)₂, Three-way
 Gibbsite-Al (OH)_Three, Monoclinic
 Boehmite-AlO (OH), orthorhombic
(4) Halogenated mineral
A halogenated mineral is a mineral in which a metal element and a halogen element are combined.
 Rock salt (halite)-NaCl, equiaxed
 Potassium chloride (sylvite)-KCl, equiaxed
 Chlorargyrite-AgCl, equiaxed
 Ammonite chloride (sal ammoniac)-NH_FourCl, equiaxed
 Fluorite-CaF₂, Equiaxed
 Atacamaite (atacamite)-Cu₂(OH)_ThreeCl, oblique
 Cryolite-Na_ThreeAlF₆, Monoclinic
 Creedite-Ca_ThreeAl₂F_Four(OH, F)₆(SO_Four) ・ 2H₂O, monoclinic
(5) Carbonate mineral
Carbonate mineral is a mineral made of carbonate.
 Calcite Group
 
  Calcite-CaCO_Three, Three-way
  Hishi Dohite (magnesite)-MgCO_Three, Three-way
  Siderite-FeCO_Three, Three-way
  Rhyomanganese (Rhodochrosite)-MnCO_Three, Three-way
  Smithsonite-ZnCO_Three, Three-way
  Sphaerocobaltite-CoCO_Three
  Hishi nickel ore (gaspeite)-NiCO_Three
  Ryo cadmium ore (otavite)-CdCO_Three
 
 Dolomite group
 
  Dolomite-CaMg (CO_Three)₂, Three-way
  Ankerite-Ca (Fe, Mg, Mn) (CO_Three)₂, Three-way
  Kutnohorite-Ca (Mn²⁺, Mg, Fe²⁺(CO3)₂
  Minrecordite-CaZn (CO_Three)₂
  Norsethite-BaMg (CO_Three)₂
 
 Soseki Group
 
  Aragonite-CaCO_Three, Oblique
  Strontianite-SrCO_Three, Oblique
  Poison heavy stone (witherite)-BaCO_Three, Oblique
  White lead ore (cerussite)-PbCO_Three, Oblique
 
 Azurite-Cu_Three(CO_Three)₂(OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Peacock stone (malachite)-Cu₂(CO_Three) (OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Auricalcite-(Zn, Cu)_Five(CO_Three)₂(OH)₆, Monoclinic
 Carbonate-cyanotrichite-Cu²⁺ _FourAl₂(CO_Three, SO_Four) (OH)₁₂・ 2H₂O, oblique
 Artinite-Mg₂(CO_Three) (OH)₂・ 3H₂O, monoclinic
 Hydromagnesite-Mg_Five(CO_Three)_Four(OH)₂・ 4H₂O, monoclinic
 Kimuraite-CaY₂(CO₂46H₂O, oblique
(6) Nitrate mineral
Nitrate mineral is a mineral made of nitrate.
 Chile nitrate-NaNO_Three, Three-way
 Niterite-KNO_Three, Oblique
(7) Borate mineral
A borate mineral is a mineral made of borate.
 Kotoite-Mg_Three(BO_Three)₂, Oblique
 Ludwigite-(Mg, Fe)₂Fe⁺³O₂(BO_Three), Diagonal
 Borax-Na₂B_FourO_Five(OH)_Four・ 8H₂O, monoclinic
 Sodium borohydrite (ulexite, urexite, urexite, “TV stone”)-NaCaB_FiveO₆(OH)₆・ 5H₂O, triclinic
 Wiserite-(Mn, Mg)₁₄B₈(Si, Mg) O_{twenty two}(OH)_TenCl, square
(8) Sulfate mineral
Sulfate mineral is a mineral made of sulfate.
 Barite group
 
  Barite-BaSO_Four, Oblique
  Celestine-SrSO_Four, Oblique
  Sulfurite (anglesite)-PbSO_Four, Oblique
  Hashemite-Ba (Cr, S) O_Four
 
 Green fox group
 
  Melanterite-FeSO_Four・ 7H₂O, monoclinic
  Mallardite-MnSO_Four・ 7H₂O, monoclinic
  Bieberite-CoSO_Four・ 7H₂O, monoclinic
  Zinc-melanterite-(Zn, Mn, Mg, Fe) SO_Four・ 7H₂O, monoclinic
 
 Gallbladder group
 
  Chalcanthite-CuSO_Four・ 5H₂O, triclinic
  Jokokuite-Mn²⁺SO_Four・ 5H₂O
  pentahydrite-MgSO_Four・ 5H₂O
  Siderotil-Fe²⁺SO_Four・ 5H₂O
 
 Meteorite group
 
  Alunite-KAl_Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Soda alumite (Natroalunite)-NaAl_Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Ammonioalunite-(NH_Four) Al_Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Minamiite-(Na, Ca, K, □) Al_Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Huangite-Ca □ Al₆(SO_Four)_Four(OH)₁₂, Three-way
  Walthierite-BaAl₆(SO_Four)_Four(OH)₁₂, Three-way
  Iron mesonite (jarosite)-KFe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Soda iron meteorite (natrojarosite)-NaFe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Doralchartite-(Tl, K) Fe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Ammoniojarosite-(NH_Four) Fe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Silver iron argentojarosite-AgFe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Plum iron jadestone (plumbojarosite)-PbFe³⁺ ₆(SO_Four)_Four(OH)₁₂, Three-way
  Hydronium jarosite-(H_ThreeO) Fe³⁺ _Three(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Osarizawaite-PbCuAl₂(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
  Beaverite-PbCuFe³⁺ ₂(SO_Four)₂(OH)₆, Three-way
 
 Gypsum-CaSO_Four・ 2H₂O, monoclinic
 Anhydrite-CaSO_Four, Oblique
 Brochantite-Cu_Four(SO_Four) (OH)₆, Monoclinic
 Langite-Cu_Four(SO_Four) (OH)₆・ 2H₂O, monoclinic
 Linarite-PbCu (SO_Four) (OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Cyanobrichite-Cu²⁺ _FourAl₂(SO_Four, CO_Three) (OH)₁₂・ 2H₂O, oblique
 Mikasaite-(Fe³⁺, Al)₂(SO_Four)_Three, Three-way
 Osakaite-Zn_FourSO_Four(OH)₆・ 5H₂O, triclinic
 Tenardite-Na₂SO_Four, Oblique
(9) Chromate mineral
A chromate mineral is a mineral composed of chromate.
 Hematite (crocoite)-PbCrO_Four, Monoclinic
(10) Phosphate mineral
A phosphate mineral is a mineral made of phosphate. Many have similar crystal structures to arsenate minerals.
 Monazite group
 
  Monazite- (Ce)-CePO_Four, Monoclinic
  Lanthanum monazite (monazite- (La))-(La, Ce, Nd) PO_Four
  Neodymium monazite (monazite- (Nd))-(Nd, La, Ce) PO_Four
  brabantite-Ca_0.5Th_0.5(PO_Four)
  cheralite- (Ce)-(Ce, Ca, Th) (P, Si) O_Four
  huttonite-ThSiO_Four
  rooseveltite-BiAsO_Four
  gasparite- (Ce)-(Ce, La, Nd) AsO_Four
 
 Apatite Group
 
  Apatite group
  
   Fluorapatite-Ca_Five(PO_Four)_ThreeF, Rokukata
   Chlorapatite-Ca_Five(PO_Four)_ThreeCl
   Hydroxyapatite (Ca)-Ca_Five(PO_Four)_Three(OH)
   Carbonate-fluorapatite-Ca_Five(PO_Four, CO_Three)_ThreeF
   Carbonate-hydroxylapatite-Ca_Five(PO_Four, CO_Three)_Three(OH)
  
  Pyromorphite-Pb_Five(PO_Four)_ThreeCl, hexagon
 
 Kyanite Group
 
  Vivianite-Fe_Three(PO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O, monoclinic
  arupite-Ni_Three(PO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O
 
 Turquoise group
 
  Turquoise-CuAl₆(PO_Four)_Four(OH)₈・ 4H₂O, triclinic
 
 Ambulgo stone group
 
  Amblygonite-(Li, Na) Al (PO_Four) (F, OH), triclinic
 
 Barrier Stone Group
 
  Variscite-Al (PO_Four) ・ 2H₂O, oblique
 
 Loved Fern Group
 
  Rhabdophane- (Ce)-(Ce, La) PO_Four・ H₂O, Rokukata
  Ningyoite-(U, Ca, Ce)₂(PO_Four)₂・ 1-2H₂O, oblique
 
 Phosphate uranium group
 
  Phosphate Uranite (autunite)-Ca (UO₂)₂(PO_Four)₂・ 10-12H₂O, square
  sodium autunite-Na2 (UO2) 2 (PO4) 2 ・ 8H2O
  Phosphor Copper Uranite (torbernite)-Cu (UO₂)₂(PO_Four)₂・ 10-12H₂O, square
  Phosphorus uranium (uranocircite)-Ba (UO₂)₂(PO_Four)₂・ 10-12H₂O, square
  sal &eacute; eite-Mg (UO2) 2 (PO4) 2 ・ 10H2O
  Phosphoraluminium sabugalite-HAl (UO2) 4 (PO4) 4 · 16H2O
  fritzscheite-Mn (UO2) 2 (PO4, VO4) 2 ・ 10H2O (?)
  uranospinite-Ca (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 ・ 10H2O
  heinrichite-Ba (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 ・ 10-12H2O
  Arsenite zeunerite-Cu (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 · 10-16H2O
  kahlerite-Fe (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 ・ 12H2O
  nov &aacute; &#269; ekite-Mg (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 ・ 12H2O
  tr &ouml; gerite-(UO2) 3 (AsO4) 2 ・ 12H2O (?)
 
 Bezeryite-(Cu, Zn)_Three(PO_Four) (OH)_Three・ 2H₂O, monoclinic
 Xenotime- (Y)-YPO_Four,square
 Wavellite-Al_Three(PO_Four)₂(OH, F)_Three・ 5H₂O oblique
 Cacoxenite-AlFe³⁺ _{twenty four}O₆(OH)₁₂(PO_Four)₁₇・ ~ 75H₂O, Rokukata
(11) Arsenate mineral
Arsenate mineral is a mineral made of arsenate. Since there are many similarities to phosphate minerals and many minerals change continuously between the two, the same group name is used.
 Monazite group
 
  gasparite- (Ce)-(Ce, La, Nd) AsO_Four
 
 Apatite Group
 
  Mimetite-Pb_Five(AsO_Four)_ThreeCl, hexagon
 
 Kyanite Group
 
  Nickel flower (annabergite)-Ni_Three(AsO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O, monoclinic
  Cobalt flower (erythrite)-Co_Three(AsO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O, monoclinic
  Arsenite ore (parasymplesite)-Fe⁺³ ₂(AsO_Four)₂・ 8H₂O
 
 Barrier Stone Group
 
  Scorodite-Fe³⁺AsO_Four・ 2H₂O, oblique
 
 Olivenite-Cu₂AsO_Four(OH), monoclinic
 Adamite (adamite, adamite, adamite, hydroarsenite)-Zn₂AsO_Four(OH), diagonal
(12) Vanadate mineral
A vanadate mineral is a mineral composed of vanadate.
 Limonite (vanadinite)-Pb_Five(VO_Four)_ThreeCl, hexagon
 Carnotite-K₂(UO₂)₂V₂O₈・ 3H₂O, monoclinic
(13) Tungstate mineral
A tungstate mineral is a mineral composed of tungstate.
 Ferberite-FeWO_Four, Monoclinic
 Manganite (h &uuml; bnerite)-MnWO_Four, Monoclinic
 Lead stone (stolzite)-PbWO_Four,square
 Scheelite-CaWO_Four,square
(14) Molybdate mineral
Molybdate mineral is a mineral made of molybdate.
 Lead lead ore (wulfenite)-PbMoO_Four,square
 Asphaltite (Powellite)-CaMoO_Four,square
 Ferrimolybdite-Fe³⁺ ₂(MoO_Four)_Three・ 7-8H₂O, oblique
(15) Silicate mineral
A silicate mineral is a mineral made of silicate.
15.1 Nesosilicate mineral
SiO_FourInsular tetrahedral silicate mineral with independent tetrahedra.
 Olivine group
 
  Forsterite-Mg₂SiO_Four, Oblique
  Fayalite-Fe₂SiO_Four, Oblique
  Tephroite (manganese meteorite)-Mn₂SiO_Four, Oblique
  Monticellite-CaMgSiO_Four, Oblique
 
 Meteorite (stone meteorite, garnet, garnet)
 
  Pyrene-Mg_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Almandine-Fe_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Spesssartine-Mn_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Andradite-Ca_ThreeFe³⁺ ₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Grossular-Ca_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Ash chromite (uvarovite)-Ca_ThreeCr₂(SiO_Four)_Three, Equiaxed
  Ashes vanadine goldmanite-Ca_ThreeV₂(SiO_Four)_Three
  kimzeyite-Ca_Three(Zr, Ti)₂(Si, Al, Fe³⁺)_ThreeO₁₂
  Morimotoite-Ca_ThreeTiFeSi_ThreeO₁₂
  Hibschite-Ca_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_1.5-3(OH)_6-0
  Katoite-Ca_ThreeAl₂(SiO_Four)_3-x(OH)_4x
 
 Zircon (Zircon)-ZrSiO_Four,square
 Sillimanite-Al₂SiO_Five, Oblique
 Hyalopite (andalusite)-Al₂SiO_Five, Oblique
 Kyanite-Al₂SiO_FiveSansha
 Titanite (titanite, wedge stone, sphene, sphene)-CaTiSiO_Five, Monoclinic
 Topaz (Yellow Topaz)-Al₂SiO_Four(F, OH)₂, Oblique
 Staurolite-(Fe, Mg)_FourAl₁₇O₁₃(Si, Al)₈O₃₂(OH)_Three, Monoclinic
 Datolite-Ca₂B₂Si₂O₈(OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Brown ore (braunite)-MnMn³⁺ ₆(SiO_Four) O₈,square
 Chloritoid-(Fe, Mg, Mn)₂Al_FourSi₂O_Ten(OH)_Four, Monoclinic / triclinic
 Monoclinic fume stone (clinohumite)-Mg₉(SiO_Four)_Four(OH, F)₂, Monoclinic
 Alleghanyite-Mn_Five(SiO_Four)₂(OH)₂, Monoclinic
 Spurrite-Ca_Five(SiO_Four)₂(CO_Three), Monoclinic
 Dumortierite-Al₇(BO_Three) (SiO_Four)_ThreeO_Three, Oblique
 Malayaite-CaSnSiO_Five, Monoclinic
 Dioptase-CuSiO_Three&middot; H₂O, Mikata
15.2 Solosilicate mineral
SiO_FourGroup structure type silicate mineral in which two tetrahedrons are combined.
 Gehlenite-Ca₂Al (AlSi) O₇,square
 Lawsonite-CaAl₂Si₂O₇(OH) ・ H₂O, oblique
 Wollastonite (zoisite)-Ca₂AlAl₂(Si₂O₇) (SiO_Four) O (OH), oblique
 Monoclinite (clinozoisite)-Ca₂AlAl₂(Si₂O₇) (SiO_Four) O (OH), monoclinic
 Epidote-Ca₂Fe³⁺Al₂(Si₂O₇) (SiO_Four) O (OH), monoclinic
 Piemontite-Ca₂Mn³⁺Al₂(Si₂O₇) (SiO_Four) O (OH), monoclinic
 Oranite- (Ce)-CaCeAl₂Fe²⁺(SiO_Four) (Si₂O₇) (OH), monoclinic
 Vesuvite (vesuvianite, idocrase)-Ca₁₉(Fe, Mn) (Al, Mg, Fe)₈Al_Four(F, OH)₂(OH, F, O)₈(SiO_Four)_Ten(Si₂O₇)_Four,square
 Hemimorphite-Zn_FourSi₂O₇(OH)₂・ H₂O, oblique
 Wollastonite (ilvaite, lievrite)-CaFe₂Fe³⁺O (Si₂O₇) (OH), oblique / monoclinic
 Zunyite-Al₁₃Si_FiveO₂₀(OH, F)₁₈Cl, equiaxed
15.3 Cyclosilicate mineral
SiO_FourAn annular silicate mineral in which six tetrahedrons are cyclically linked.
 Axinite group
 
  Ferro-axinite-Ca₂(Fe, Mn) Al₂BSi_FourO₁₅(OH), triclinic
  Manganaxite-Ca₂MnAl₂BSi_FourO₁₅(OH), triclinic
 
 Beryl-Be_ThreeAl₂Si₆O₁₈Rokukata
 Cordierite-Mg₂Al_FourSi_FiveO₁₈・ NH₂O, oblique
 Osumilite-(K, Na, Ca) (Fe, Mg)₂(Al, Fe³⁺)_ThreeSi_TenAl₂O₃₀・ H₂O, Rokukata
 Sugilite-(K, Na) (Na, H₂O)₂(Fe³⁺, Ca, Na, Ti, Fe, Mn)₂(Al, Fe³⁺) Li₂Si₁₂O₃₀Rokukata
 Tourmaline (tourmaline)
 
  Iron tourmaline (schorl)-NaFe_ThreeAl₆(BO_Three)_ThreeSi₆O₁₈(OH)_Four, Three-way
  Lithia tourmaline (elbaite)-Na (Li, Al)_ThreeAl₆(BO_Three)_ThreeSi₆O₁₈(OH)_Four, Three-way
 
15.4 Inosilicate mineral
SiO_FourA fibrous silicate mineral in which tetrahedrons are linearly bonded.
 Pyroxene group
 
  Rhombic pyroxenes
  
   Enstatite-(Mg, Fe)₂Si₂O₆, Oblique
   Ferrosilite-(Fe, Mg)₂Si₂O₆, Oblique
  
  Monoclinic pyroxenes
  
   Pigeonite-(Mg, Fe, Ca)₂Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Diopside-CaMgSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Hedenbergite-CaFeSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Augite-(Ca, Mg, Fe)₂Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Johannsenite-CaMnSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Omphacite-(Ca, Na) (Mg, Fe²⁺, Al, Fe³⁺) Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Jadeite, jadeite-NaAlSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Egiline pyroxene (aegirine)-NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Cosmochlor pyroxene (kosmochlor)-NaCr³⁺Si₂O₆, Monoclinic
   Spodumene-LiAlSi₂O₆, Monoclinic
  
 
 Quasipyrite group
 
  Wollastonite-Ca_ThreeSi_ThreeO₉Sansha
  Bustamite-(Mn, Ca)_ThreeSi_ThreeO₉Sansha
  Rhodonite Rhodonite-(Mn, Ca)_FiveSi_FiveO₁₅Sansha
  Pyroxmangite-(Mn, Fe)₇Si₇O_{twenty one}Sansha
 
 Pectolite-Ca₂NaSi_ThreeO₈(OH), triclinic
 Babingtonite-Ca₂FeFe³⁺Si_FiveO₁₄(OH), triclinic
 Amphibole group
 
  Orthopyroxene
  
   Anthophyllite-(Mg, Fe)₇Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Oblique
  
  Monoclinic olivine
  
   Cummingtonite-(Mg, Fe)₇Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   Grunerite-Fe₇Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   Tremolite-Ca₂(Mg, Fe)_FiveSi₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂
       (Mg / (Mg + Fe) = 1.0-0.9), monoclinic
   Chlorite (actorite, actinolite, erogenite)-Ca₂(Mg, Fe)_FiveSi₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂
       (Mg / (Mg + Fe) = 0.5-0.9), monoclinic
   Magnesiohornblende-Ca₂Mg_FourAlSi₇AlO_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   Ferrohornblende-Ca₂Fe_Four(Al, Fe³⁺) Si₇AlO_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   
    Hornblende (hornblende, hornblende)-bitumen ordinary amphibole or iron ordinary amphibole
   
   Glaucophane-Na₂Mg_ThreeAl₂Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   Riebeckite-Na₂Fe_Three(Fe³⁺, Al)₂Si₈O_{twenty two}(OH)₂, Monoclinic
  
 
15.5 Philosilicate mineral
SiO_FourA layered silicate mineral in which tetrahedrons are bonded in a plane.
 Kaolinite-Al_FourSi_FourO_Ten(OH)₈, Triclinic / monoclinic
 Hallosite (halloysite)-Al_FourSi_FourO_Ten(OH)₈・ 4H₂O, monoclinic
 Serpentine
 
  Antigorite-(Mg, Fe)₆Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₈, Monoclinic
  Monoclinic chrysotile stone (clinochrysotile)-Mg₆Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₈, Monoclinic
  Orthochrysotile-Mg₆Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₈, Oblique
  Lizardite-Mg₆Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₈Rokukata
 
 Silicate ore (garnierite)-hydrous silicate mineral mixture
 Smectite group
 
  Montmorillonite (montmorillonite)-(Na, Ca)_0.33(Al, Mg)₂Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₂・ NH₂O, monoclinic
  Hectorite
 
 Pyrophyllite-Al₂Si_FourO_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic / triclinic
 Talc-Mg_ThreeSi_FourO_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic / triclinic
 Mica group
 
  (True mica)
  
   Muscovite-KAl₂(AlSi_Three) O_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic
   
    Sericite (sericite)-fine muscovite
   
   Phlogopite-KMg_ThreeAlSi_ThreeO_Ten(OH, F)₂, Monoclinic
   Iron mica (annite)-KFe_ThreeAlSi_ThreeO_Ten(OH, F)₂, Monoclinic
   
    Biotite-intermediate between phlogopite and iron mica
   
   Trilithionite-KLi_1.5Al_1.5AlSi_ThreeO_TenF₂, Monoclinic
   Polylithionite-KLi₂AlSi_FourO_TenF₂, Monoclinic
   
    Lithia mica (lepidolite, scale mica, crimson mica)-a series of triricio and polyricio mica
    Zinwaldite-A series of siderophyllite and polyricio mica
   
  
  Brittle mica group
  
   Pearl mica (margarite)-CaAl₂Al₂Si₂O_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic
  
  (Interlayer-deficient mica)
  
   Illite
   Glauconite-(K, Na, Ca) (Fe³⁺, Al, Mg, Fe)₂(Si, Al)_FourO_Ten(OH)₂, Monoclinic
  
 
 Chlorite group
 
  Clinochlore-(Mg, Fe)_FiveAl (Si_ThreeAl) O_Ten(OH)₈, Monoclinic
  
   K &auml; mmererite-Scarlet clinochlorite containing chromium
  
  Stilpnomelane
 
 Vermiculite-Mg_1-x(Mg, Fe, Fe³⁺, Al)_Three(S, Al)_FourO_Ten(OH)₂・ 4H₂O, monoclinic
 Gyrolite-NaCa₁₆(Si_{twenty three}Al) O₆₀(OH)₈・ 14H₂Sansha
 Okenite-Ca_TenSi₁₈O₄₆・ 18H₂O
 Prehnite-Ca₂AlAlSi_ThreeO_Ten(OH)₂, Oblique and monoclinic
 Apophyllite group
 
  Fluorapophyllite-KCa_FourSi₈O₂₀F ・ 8H₂,square
  Hydroxyophophyllite-KCa_FourSi₈O₂₀(OH, F) ・ 8H₂,square
 
 Chrysocolla-(Cu, Al)₂H₂Si₂O_Five(OH, O)_Four・ NH₂O, monoclinic
15.6 Tectosilicate mineral
SiO_FourA network-structured silicate mineral in which tetrahedrons are connected in a network.
 SiO₂Mineral → #Oxide mineral
 Feldsper group
 
  Alkali feldspar
  
   Orthoclase-KAlSi_ThreeO₈, Monoclinic
   Sanidine-(K, Na) AlSi_ThreeO₈, Monoclinic
   Microcline-KAlSi_ThreeO₈Sansha
   Anorthoclase-(Na, K) AlSi_ThreeO₈, Monoclinic / triclinic
  
  Plagioclase
  
   Albite-NaAlSi_ThreeO₈Sansha
   Anorthite-CaAl₂Si₂O₈Sansha
  
  Petalite-LiAlSi_FourO_Ten, Monoclinic
 
 Feldspathoid group
 
  Nepheline-(Na, K) AlSiO_FourRokukata
  
   Potassium meteorite (kalsilite)-KAlSiO_Four
       Rokukata
   Cancrinite-(Na, Ca)_7-8Al₆Si₆O_{twenty four}(CO_Three, SO_Four, Cl)_1.5-2・ 1-5H₂O six sides
  
  Leucite-KAlSi₂O₆,square
  Sodalite-Na_FourAl_ThreeSi_ThreeO₁₂Cl
      Equiaxed
  Indigo stone (ha &uuml; yne, Auin)-(Na, Ca)_4-8Al₆Si₆O_{twenty four}(SO_Four, S)_1-2
      Equiaxed
  Blue gold stone (lazurite)
  Nosean
  Hamelite (melilite)
 
 Pillarstone (scapolite)
 
  Marialite-(Na, Ca)_Four[Al (Al, Si) Si₂O₈]_Three(Cl, CO_Three, SO_Four),square
  Ash pillar stone-Ca_FourAl₆Si₆O_{twenty four}CO_Three
 
 Zeolite group (zeolite group, zeolite)
 
  Amicite-K_FourNa_Four[Al₈Si₈O₃₂] ・ 10H₂O, monoclinic
  Anorcime-Na [AlSi₂O₆] ・ H₂O, equiaxed, square, diagonal, monoclinic, triclinic
  Barrerite-Na₂[Al₂Si₇O₁₈] ・ 6H₂O, oblique
  Bellbergite-(K, Ba, Sr)₂Sr₂Ca₂(Ca, Na)_Four[Al₁₈Si₁₈O₇₂] ・ 30H₂O, Rokukata
  Bikitaite-Li [AlSi₂O₆] ・ H₂O, monoclinic, triclinic
  Boggsite-Ca₈Na_Three[Al₁₉Si₇₇O₁₉₂] ・ 70H₂O, oblique
  Brewsterite (※ series name)-(Sr, Ba)₂[Al_FourSi₁₂O₃₂] ・ 10H₂O, monoclinic, triclinic
  
   Strontium Brewster Zeolite (brewsterite-Sr)
   Heavy earth brewsterite (brewsterite-Ba)
  
  Chabazite (* series name)-(Ca_0.5, Na, K)_Four[Al_FourSi₈O_{twenty four}] ・ 12H₂O, Mikata, Sansya
  
   Chabazite-Ca
   Soda rhodolite (chabazite-Na)
   Potassium chabazite-K
  
  Chiavennite-CaMn [Be₂Si_FiveO₁₃(OH)₂] 2H2O, diagonal
  Clinoptilolite (※ series name)-(Na, K, Ca_0.5, Sr_0.5, Ba_0.5, Mg_0.5)₆[Al₆Si₃₀O₇₂] ・ ~ 20H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Potassium clinoptilolite (clinoptilolite-K)
   Soda clinoptilolite (clinoptilolite-Na)
   Clinoptilolite-Ca
  
  Cowlesite-Ca [Al₂Si_ThreeO_Ten] 5.3H₂O, oblique
  Dachiardite (* series name)-(Ca_0.5, Na, K)_4-5[Al_4-5Si_20-19O₄₈] ・ 13H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Ash dachiardite (dachiardite-Ca)
   Soda-Dakiardite (dachiardite-Na)
  
  Edingtonite-Ba [Al₂Si_ThreeO_Ten] · 4H₂O, diagonal / square
  Epistilbite-(Ca, Na₂) [Al₂Si_FourO₁₂] · 4H₂O, monoclinic, triclinic
  Erionite (* series name)-K₂(Na, Ca_0.5)₈[Al_TenSi₂₆O₇₂] ・ 30H₂O, Rokukata
  
   Soda erionite (erionite-Na)
   Cary Elionite (erionite-K)
   Erionite-Ca
  
  Faujasite (* series name)-(Na, Ca_0.5, Mg_0.5, K)_x[Al_xSi_12-xO_{twenty four}] ・ 16H₂O, equiaxed
  
   Soda Faujasite-Na
   Ash faujasite-Ca
   Mafia forgesite (faujasite-Mg)
  
  Ferrierite (* series name)-(K, Na, Mg_0.5, Ca_0.5)₆[Al₆Si₃₀O₇₂] ・ 18H₂O, oblique / monoclinic
  
   Ferrierite-Mg
   Califerierite (ferrierite-K)
   Soda ferrierite (ferrierite-Na)
  
  Garronite-NaCa_2.5[Al₆Si_TenO₃₂] ・ 14H₂O, square and diagonal
  Gaultite-Na_Four[Zn₂Si₇O₁₈] ・ 5H₂O, oblique
  Gismondine-Ca [Al₂Si₂O₈] ・ 4.5H₂O, monoclinic
  Gmelinite (* series name)-(Na₂, Ca, K₂)_Four[Al₈Si₁₆O₄₈] · 22H₂O, Rokukata
  
   Soda gmelinite (gmelinite-Na)
   Ash gmelinite-Ca
   Caligmelinite (gmelinite-K)
  
  Gobbinsite-Na_Five[Al_FiveSi₁₁O₃₂] ・ 12H₂O, oblique
  Gonnardite-(Na, Ca)_6-8[(Al, Si)₂₀O₄₀] ・ 12H₂O, square
  Goosecrekite-Ca [Al₂Si₆O₁₆] ・ 5H₂O, monoclinic
  Gotardiite-Na_ThreeMg_ThreeCa_Five[Al₁₉Si₁₁₇O₂₇₂] 93H₂O, oblique
  Heavy earth crucite (harmotome)-(Ba_0.5, Ca_0.5, K, Na)_Five[Al_FiveSi₁₁O₃₂] ・ 12H₂O, monoclinic
  Heulandite (* series name)-(Ca_0.5, Sr_0.5, Ba_0.5, Mg_0.5, Na, K)₉[Al₉Si₂₇O₇₂] ・ ~ 24H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Heulandite-Ca
   Strontium pyroxenite (heulandite-Sr)
   Soda pyrolite (heulandite-Na)
   Potassium pyroxenite (heulandite-K)
  
  Hsianghualite-Li₂Ca_Three[Be_ThreeSi_ThreeO₁₂] F₂, Equiaxed
  Kalborsite-K₆[Al_FourSi₆O₂₀] B (OH)_FourCl, square
  Laumontite-Ca_Four[Al₈Si₁₆O₄₈] ・ 18H₂O, monoclinic
  Levyne (※ series name)-(Ca_0.5, Na, K)₆[Al₆Si₁₂O₃₆] ・ ~ 17H₂O, Mikata
  
   Asylite (levyne-Ca)
   Sodalevite (levyne-Na)
  
  Lovdarite-K_FourNa₁₂[Be₈Si₂₈O₇₂] ・ 18H₂O, oblique
  Maricopaite-(Pb₇Ca₂) [Al₁₂Si₃₆(O, OH)₁₀₀] ・ N (H₂O, OH), n to 32, diagonal
  Massiite-(Mg_2.5K₂Ca_1.5) [Al_TenSi₂₆O₇₂] ・ 30H₂O, Rokukata
  Merlinoite-K_FiveCa₂[Al₉Si_{twenty three}O₆₄] · 22H₂O, oblique
  Mesolite-Na₁₆Ca₁₆[Al₄₈Si₇₂O₂₄₀] · 64H₂O, oblique
  Montesommaite-K₉[Al₉Si_{twenty three}O₆₄] ・ 10H₂O, oblique
  Mordenite-(Na₂, Ca, K₂)_Four[Al₈Si₄₀O₉₆] ・ 28H₂O, oblique
  Mutinaite-Na_ThreeCa_Four[Al₁₁Si₈₅O₁₉₂] ・ 60H₂O, oblique
  Sodaite (Natrolite)-Na₂[Al₂Si_ThreeO_Ten] ・ 2H₂O, oblique
  Offrite (offr &eacute; tite)-CaKMg [Al_FiveSi₁₃O₃₆] ・ 16H₂O, Rokukata
  Pahasapaite-(Ca_5.5Li_3.6K_1.2Na_0.2□_13.5) Li₈[Be_{twenty four}P_{twenty four}O₉₆] 38H₂O, equiaxed
  Parth &eacute; ite-Ca₂[Al_FourSi_FourO₁₅(OH)₂] · 4H₂O, monoclinic
  Paulingite (* series name)-(K, Ca_0.5, Na, Ba_0.5)_Ten[Al_TenSi₃₂O₈₄] ・ 27-44H₂O, equiaxed
  
   Soda Pollingite (paulingite-Na)
   Caripoleite (paulingite-K)
   Calcium polingite (paulingite-Ca)
  
  Perlialite-K₉Na (Ca, Sr) [Al₁₂Si_{twenty four}O₇₂] ・ 15H₂O, Rokukata
  Phillipsite (* series name)-(K, Na, Ca_0.5, Ba_0.5)_x[Al_xSi_16-xO₃₂] ・ 12H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Soda zeolitic (phillipsite-Na)
   Potash cross-stone (phillipsite-K)
   Ashesite (phillipsite-Ca)
  
  Pollucite-(Cs, Na) [AlSi₂O₆] ・ NH₂O, where (Cs + n) = 1, equiaxed
  Roggianite-Ca₂[Be (OH)₂Al₂Si_FourO₁₃] ・ <2.5H₂O, square
  Scolecite-Ca [Al₂Si_ThreeO_Ten] 3H₂O, monoclinic
  Stellarite-Ca [Al₂Si₇O₁₈] ・ 7H₂O, oblique
  Stilbite (* series name)-(Ca_0.5, Na, K)₉[Al₉Si₂₇O₇₂] ・ 28H₂O, monoclinic
  
   Stilbite-Ca
   Soda bite (stilbite-Na)
  
  Terranovaite-NaCa [Al_ThreeSi₁₇O₄₀] ・> 7H₂O, oblique
  Thomsonite-Ca₂Na [Al_FiveSi_FiveO₂₀] ・ 6H₂O, oblique
  Tsarnicite-Ca [Al₂Si₆O₁₆] ・ ~ 8H₂O, square
  Thurtnerite (tsch &ouml; rtnerite)-Ca_Four(K₂, Ca, Sr, Ba)_ThreeCu_Three(OH)₈[Al₁₂Si₁₂O₄₈] ・ NH₂O, n ~ 20, equiaxed
  Wairakite-Ca [Al₂Si_FourO₁₂] ・ 2H₂O, monoclinic / square
  Weinebeneite-Ca [Be_Three(PO_Four)₂(OH)₂] · 4H₂O, monoclinic
  Willhendersonite-K_xCa_(1.5-0.5x)[Al_ThreeSi_ThreeO₁₂] ・ 5H₂O, where 0 <x <1, triclinic
  Yugawaralite-Ca [Al₂Si₆O₁₆] · 4H₂O, monoclinic, triclinic
 
 Leucite-K [AlSi₂O₆],square
 Ammonioleucite-(NH_Four) [AlSi₂O₆],square
 Inesite (inesite, manganese zeolite)-Ca₂Mn₇Si_TenO₂₈(OH)₂・ 5H₂O, triclinic
 Danburite (Danburite)-CaB₂(SiO_Four)₂, Oblique
 Hervite (helvite, helvine, herbin)-Mn_FourBe_Three(SiO_Four)_ThreeS, equiaxed
 Danalite-Fe_FourBe_Three(SiO_Four)_ThreeS, equiaxed
(16) Organic minerals
Organic minerals are minerals made of organic matter.
 Carpathian stone (Karpatite)
 Belite (Mellite)
 Kladnoite
(17) References in Table 2
 Toyotomi Aki and Masahiro Aoki
     “Introduction to Search Minerals and Rocks” Nursery, 1996. ISBN
     4-586-31040-5.
 Matsubara
     “Japanese Minerals” Gakken <Field Best Encyclopedia>, 2003. ISBN
     4-05-402013-5.
 Satoshi Matsubara and Richiro Miyawaki
     “Nippon Mineral Type Records”, Tokai University Press <National Museum of Science Museums>, 2006. ISBN 978-4-486-03157-4.
 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Geological Museum
     "Earth-Illustrated Earth Science" Seibundo Shinkosha, 2006. ISBN 4-416-20622-4.
 National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
     “Science Chronology 2008” Maruzen, 2007, 636-647. ISBN 978-4-621-07902-7.
 Masahiro Aoki
     “Mineral classification picture book: Knowing the points to distinguish” Seibundo Shinkosha, 2011. ISBN 978-4-416-21104-5.
Table 3 High melting point compounds;
The high-melting-point compound powder described in Table 3 below is dispersed in an organic or inorganic binder as shown in claim 47 (Example 47) and claim 48 (Example 48). Heat absorbing member).
High melting point compound name (melting point (K))
TiC (3530), ZrC (3803), VC (2921), Cr₂C₂(2168), W₂C (3068)
WC (3058), TiN (3223), ZrN (3253), VN (2323), TiB₂(3063)
ZrB₂(3473), VB₂(2673), CrB (2373), CrB₂(2473), WB (3073)
W₂B_Five(2643), TiSi₂(1773), ZrSi₂(1793), CrSi₂(1748), WSi₂(2433)
 
Table 4 Plating material
(1) plating metal matrix;
Copper plating, nickel plating, chrome plating, zinc plating, tin plating,
Lead plating, solder plating, tin-cobalt alloy plating, tin-nickel alloy plating
Copper-tin-zinc alloy plating, tin-nickel-copper alloy plating, brass plating,
Nickel-iron alloy plating, tin-zinc alloy plating, nickel-zinc alloy plating,
Zinc-iron alloy plating.
(2) Dispersion plating metal matrix and dispersed particles
In electroplating and / or electroless plating, the following dispersed particles can be dispersed in the plated metal matrix. In this case, since the dispersed particles have a high thermal emissivity, the dispersed plating layer also becomes a thermal radiation layer. As a result, a heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorption member) characterized in that the dispersion plating layer is used for heat radiation can be configured.
(a) Types of metal matrix; Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Cr, Au, Ag, Zn, Cd, Pb, Sn, Ni-Co, Ni-Fe,
Ni-MnPb-Sn, Ni-P, Ni-B, Co-B
(b) Types of dispersed particles: Al2O3, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, ThO2, SiO2, CeO2, BeO2, MgO,
CdO, C, SiC, TiC, WC, VC, ZrC, TaC, Cr3C2, B4C, BN, ZrB2, TiN, Si3N4, WSi2, PTFE,
Graphite fluoride, graphite, MoS2, WS2, CaF2, BaSO4, SrSO4, ZnS, CdS, TiH2,
All of the dispersed particles have a melting point of 1427 ° C. (1700 K) or more.
(3) On the metal plate obtained by applying the metal plating of (1) or the dispersion plating of (2) above to a metal plate of Fe, Cu, Al, Mg, etc., further according to claim 28 (Example 28) The heat radiation member powder of the present invention,
A metal plate coated with a heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) dispersed in an organic or inorganic binder as shown in claim 47 (Example 47) and claim 48 (Example 48). Can be configured. The structure described in claim 29 is as follows.
In a heating apparatus using an electric heater, the heat radiation (heat absorption) ceramic of the present invention is arranged around the electric heater, and the heat radiation (heat absorption) ceramic absorbs the heat of the electric heater and is heated. A heating device, such as an electric heater, an electric furnace, various heaters, and a dryer, which radiates heat rays from the surface of the steel to improve the efficiency of the heating device. The configuration described in claim 30 is as follows.
If the rotor, stator and housing of the motor, generator are covered with the heat radiation member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention, the heat of the rotor is transferred to the stator by heat radiation and the heat of the stator is transferred to the housing. The temperature of the rotor and stator decreases. As a result, a current exceeding the rating of the electric motor and generator can be passed, so that the output is improved.
An electric motor and a generator, wherein a rotor, a stator, and a housing are covered with the heat radiation member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention. The configuration described in claim 31 is as follows. Even if the heat radiation member of the present invention is coated on the electric motor (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) motor, generator rotor, stator and housing, the efficiency is improved as in the case of the embodiment 30. To do.
An electric motor and a generator for an electric vehicle (EV) and a hybrid vehicle (PHEV), characterized by covering the heat radiation member (heat absorbing member) of the present invention. The configuration described in claim 32 is as follows.
In all heat exchangers such as heat exchangers for air conditioners and electric refrigerators, geothermal power generation and thermal power generation, and heat exchangers for gas turbines, heat exchanger fins are coated with the heat radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention. The heat exchanger is characterized in that the heat of the high-temperature side fluid is efficiently radiated from the fins and the heat is transferred to the low-temperature side fluid. The structure described in claim 33 is as follows. In a heating device using fossil fuel, a book with a high heat absorption rate (heat emissivity) is applied to the surface of the container that receives the heat ray so that the heat ray due to the combustion of the fossil fuel is sufficiently reflected without being reflected by the container containing the medium to be heated. A heating apparatus characterized in that heat is efficiently transmitted to a container that covers the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the invention and accommodates a heating medium, thereby increasing the heating efficiency. It is desirable that the heat absorption spectrum of the heat radiation / heat absorption member coated on the surface receiving the fossil fuel flame is distributed between 1 μm and 5 μm. The configuration described in claim 34 is as follows.
If all or at least a portion of the steam turbine boiler or gas turbine heating part in contact with the heat source is covered with the heat absorbing member (heat increasing member) of the present invention, the efficiency of the boiler or gas turbine can be increased. The output is improved. Further, even if the heat increasing member of the present invention is coated on the boiler of a steam turbine or the fin of a heat exchanger of a gas turbine, the efficiency of the heat exchanger is improved and the output is increased. A steam turbine boiler or gas turbine characterized in that a heat absorbing member (heat increasing member) of the present invention covers a portion in contact with a heat source or a fin of a heat exchanger.
Further, in the boiler for thermal power generation, the outer surface of the water pipe is covered with the heat radiation / heat absorption member having a high heat absorption rate (heat emissivity) of the present invention. The structure described in claim 35 is as follows.
In a gas turbine or a steam turbine, when the outer plate facing the air outside the turbine is covered with the heat radiating member of the present invention, the heat radiation of the turbine is increased, and the temperature of the outer plate is lowered by radiative cooling, so the internal temperature of the turbine is increased. I can do it.
As a result, the efficiency of the gas turbine and the steam turbine can be improved.
A gas turbine or a steam turbine, wherein an outer plate portion in contact with air is coated with the heat radiation member of the present invention. The structure described in claim 36 is as follows.
In external combustion engines and Stirling engines, the heat absorption rate of all or at least part of the heating surface that receives the heat rays is such that the heat rays from the combustion of the fuel and the solar heat rays are sufficiently reflected without being reflected by the heating surface that receives the heat rays. An external combustion engine or a Stirling engine, which is coated with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention having a high (thermal emissivity) and efficiently transmits heat to the heating surface to increase the heating efficiency. The structure described in claim 37 is as follows.
When all or at least a part of the outer surface of the internal combustion engine (gasoline engine, diesel engine) is coated with the heat radiation member (heat absorption member) of the present invention, the outer surface of the internal combustion engine is cooled by radiation cooling. The efficiency can be increased by raising the internal gas temperature by increasing the ratio. The fins of the internal combustion engine may be normal parallel fins, mountain-shaped fins as shown in Example 37, or may have no fins. However, the heat radiation member (heat absorption member) of the present invention can be used for the entire outer surface of the internal combustion engine. Alternatively, an internal combustion engine characterized in that at least a portion is coated to improve thermal efficiency. Claim 38 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a cooling fin will be described. Not only the internal combustion engine but also the fins for cooling electronic devices and the fins for cooling other devices are characterized by using the chevron fins similar to the chevron fins of Example 37 coated with the heat radiation member of the present invention. Heat dissipation fins. The shape of the heat dissipation fin may be a conventional parallel fin, a mountain-shaped fin, or a flat plate fin. The material of the three heat dissipation fins is aluminum, copper, or a metal-plated metal plate according to claim 28 (for example, galvanized). A cooling fin, wherein the metal plating surface or the metal surface is coated with the heat radiation member of the present invention to increase the heat radiation rate (heat absorption rate). Claim 39 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a railway will be described.
In the case of an electric railway, an electric railway / motor / generator having the same configuration as that of claim 30 in terms of heat dissipation of an electric motor or a generator.
In the case of a railway having an internal combustion engine motor, the internal combustion engine motor is characterized in that all or at least part of the heat generation surface of the internal combustion engine is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention. Claim 40 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a ship will be described.
A marine engine characterized by covering all or at least a part of a heat generating surface of a marine engine with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention. Claim 41 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to an aircraft will be described.
An aircraft engine, wherein all or at least a part of a heat generation surface of an aircraft engine is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention. Claim 42 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to an injection mold will be described.
An injection mold having the entire or at least part of the surface of the injection mold covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention.
Alternatively, an injection mold having all or at least a part of the inner surface of the coolant passage of the water-cooled mold covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation member) of the present invention. Claim 43 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a cooking appliance will be described.
A cooking utensil, wherein all or at least a part of the surface to be heated of the cooking utensil is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention.
When the cooking utensil is a pan, the pan is characterized in that all or at least a part of the heated surface of the pan is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention.
When the cooking utensil is a gas stove, a gas stove characterized by covering all or at least a part of the heated surface of the gas stove with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention. A forty-fourth aspect in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a water heater will be described.
When the water heater is a gas water heater, the outer surface of the water pipe in the gas water heater, that is, all or at least part of the portion exposed to the gas flame is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention. Gas water heater.
When the water heater is an electric water heater, the outer surface of the water pipe in the electric water heater, that is, all or at least a part of the portion of the electric heater where the heat ray hits is coated with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention. Electric heater that features.
When the water heater is a gas bath, the outer surface of the water pipe of the gas bath / burner part, that is, all or at least part of the portion exposed to the gas flame is covered with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention. Gas bath characterized by. Claim 45 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to a solar water heater will be described.
The solar water heater characterized by coat | covering the part which receives the solar heat of a solar water heater with the heat increase member (thermal radiation / heat absorption member) of this invention. Claim 46 in which the heat increasing member of the present invention is applied to an asphalt roller will be described.
An asphalt roller characterized in that the flame receiving surface in the asphalt roller is coated with the heat increasing member (heat radiation / heat absorbing member) of the present invention. The structure described in claim 47 is as follows.
A heat radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint), characterized in that the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in an organic binder to form a paint to form a heat radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint).
Resin used for the organic binder is silicone resin, epoxy resin, epoxy-modified silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyolefin resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, phenol resin, fluorine resin, bismaleimide resin, bismaleimide / triazine resin, silsesquioxane resin Thermal radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint), characterized in that the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in a binder containing at least one of elastomers such as latex resin and liquid rubber . The configuration described in claim 48 is as follows.
A heat radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint) characterized in that the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in an inorganic binder to form a heat radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint).
Components of the inorganic binder include colloidal silica, colloidal alumina, colloidal titania, silica powder, alumina powder, titanium oxide powder, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, aluminum phosphate, iron phosphate, zinc phosphate, phosphorus A heat radiation / heat absorption paint (heat increase paint) characterized in that the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in an inorganic binder solution containing at least one of manganese acid and the like.
In electroplating or electroless plating, so-called dispersion plating can be performed by dispersing the powder of the heat radiation / heat absorption member (heat increase member) of the present invention in a metal matrix. At this time, the metal matrix becomes an inorganic binder. In dispersion plating, a heat radiation / heat absorption member (heat increase member) in which the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed using a metal matrix as an inorganic binder. The configuration described in claim 49 is as follows.
When the heat radiation / heat absorption member (heat increase member) of the present invention is coated on the surface of an object, the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic of the present invention is added to the organic binder described in claim 47 or the inorganic binder described in claim 48. A coating method comprising coating a powder-dispersed paint by a method such as dipping, spraying or brushing.
Alternatively, a coating method comprising mixing the thermal radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention and the organic resin powder described in claim 47 and coating the surface of an object by electrostatic coating.
Alternatively, the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic powder of the present invention alone or a powder obtained by mixing the inorganic binder component described in claim 48 and the thermal radiation / heat-absorbing ceramic powder of the present invention may be sprayed to form an object. A coating method comprising coating a surface. The structure described in claim 50 is as follows. A green sheet obtained by forming a sheet obtained by highly filling an organic / inorganic binder with the heat radiation / heat absorption ceramic powder of the present invention into a green sheet. The configuration described in claim 51 is as follows. The devices described in claims 29 to 46 are collectively defined as heat utilization devices.
In these heat utilization devices, all or at least a part of a heat receiving surface that receives heat from a heat source such as an electric heater, a gas heater, or a fossil fuel heat source is covered with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention. Heat utilization equipment. In particular, when the heat absorbing member of the present invention is coated on the outer surface of a quartz crucible, alumina, or mullite crucible, not only heating efficiency is improved, but also cracking due to expansion and contraction of the crucible can be prevented. When the heat utilization device includes a quartz crucible, the quartz crucible is used for refining silicon metal, so that the cost for refining silicon used in solar cells and semiconductor devices can be reduced.
Therefore, a quartz crucible or a ceramic crucible characterized in that all or at least a part of a heat receiving surface of a ceramic crucible such as a quartz crucible, an alumina crucible, a mullite crucible or the like is coated with the heat radiation / heat absorbing member of the present invention is also claimed. Include in The structure described in claim 52 is as follows. The devices described in claims 29 to 46 are collectively defined as heat utilization devices.
A heat utilization device, wherein all or at least a part of a heat radiating surface from which these heat utilization devices radiate heat toward the outside air is covered with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention.
That is, since the heat is emitted from the heat utilization device toward the outside air, the temperature of the heat radiation surface from which the heat utilization device radiates heat toward the outside air is lowered by the radiation cooling. If the operation state of the heat utilization device is changed so that the combustion temperature or heating temperature inside the heat utilization device is increased, the heat utilization efficiency of the heat utilization device is improved as compared with that before coating. Thus, the heat utilization apparatus characterized by improving the thermal efficiency by covering all or at least a part of the heat radiation surface of the heat utilization apparatus with the heat radiation / heat absorption member of the present invention. The configuration described in claim 53 is as follows. The heat absorption / heat radiation member (heat increase member) described in claims 1 to 28 is defined as the heat absorption / heat radiation member (heat increase member) of the present invention.
47. The heat utilization apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the heat absorption / heat radiation member (heat increase member) of the present invention is used. The configuration described in claim 54 is as follows. 29. The powder of the heat absorption / heat radiation member / high heat conduction member (heat increase member) described in claims 1 to 28 is a molten salt such as sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, water, heat resistant oil. The heat utilization apparatus which improved the heat conductivity of the heat medium can be comprised by mixing with heat media, such as. As a result, the thermal conductivity of the solar thermal power generation medium, the heat storage medium of various heat storage devices, and the potassium nitrate heat medium for glass chemical strengthening furnaces increases, so the thermal efficiency of solar power generation devices, various heat storage devices, and glass chemical strengthening furnaces improves. .
Thus, the heat medium and the heat utilization apparatus characterized by improving the heat conductivity of the heat medium by mixing the heat absorption / heat radiation member / high heat conduction member (heat increase member) of the present invention. A sheet in which a heat radiation ceramic powder having a thermal emissivity of 0.8 or more, which is a heat increasing member of the present invention, is dispersed in an acrylic sheet at a weight percentage between 30 wt% and 60 wt% is manufactured. A solar cell efficiency improving sheet characterized in that the clad sheet is attached to the back surface of the solar cell via an adhesive,
The structure is listed from the back sheet side of the solar cell.
(a) Adhesive layer 10 to 30 μm for attaching to the back sheet
(b) Aluminum foil 10μ to 70μ
(c) A solar cell efficiency improving sheet, which is an acrylic sheet in which the thermal radiation ceramic powder of the present invention is dispersed in 30 to 60 wt%.