JP2015530368A - シスタチオニン−γ−リアーゼ(CSE)阻害剤 - Google Patents
シスタチオニン−γ−リアーゼ(CSE)阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2015530368A JP2015530368A JP2015524401A JP2015524401A JP2015530368A JP 2015530368 A JP2015530368 A JP 2015530368A JP 2015524401 A JP2015524401 A JP 2015524401A JP 2015524401 A JP2015524401 A JP 2015524401A JP 2015530368 A JP2015530368 A JP 2015530368A
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D271/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2012年7月25日に出願の、米国特許第61/675,753号の利益を主張し、これは、その全体が引用によって本明細書に組み込まれる。
1つの態様では、以下の式(I)の構造を有する化合物:
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体(isostere)であり;
Xは、CR1、またはNであり;
R1は、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロシクロアルキル、置換または非置換のアリール、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアリールであり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素とともに、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
Xは、CR1、またはNであり;
R1は、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロシクロアルキル、置換または非置換のアリール、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアリールであり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素とともに、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素とともに、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素とともに、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
しかしながら、神経障害性疼痛、炎症性疼痛および痛覚過敏症の進行の予防において進歩はほとんどみられていない。したがって、新しい薬剤、および疼痛の疾病を処置する方法が深刻に必要とされている。
本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、神経障害性疼痛媒介性の個体を処置する方法が記載される。神経障害性疼痛は、活性組織傷害プロセスが付随かもしれないし、付随でないかもしれない複雑で、慣性的、病理上の疼痛状態である。神経障害性疼痛によって、神経繊維自体が損傷され得るか、機能障害となり得るか、または傷つけられ得る。これらの損傷を受けた神経繊維は、他の痛覚中枢に不正確なシグナルを送り、潜在的に、結果として、中枢神経系のレベルでの機能の変化につながる。神経繊維の損傷の影響は、損傷の部位および損傷のまわりの領域の両方での神経機能の変化を含む。
および胸腹部ニューロパシー、を含む。
本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において疾患または疾病に関係する疼痛を処置する方法が開示される。幾つかの実施形態では、疾患または疾病は、自己免疫性疾患である。幾つかの例では、自己免疫性疾患は、関節リウマチである。幾つかの実施形態では、自己免疫性疾患は、狼瘡である。幾つかの実施形態では、自己免疫性疾患は、全身性紅斑性狼瘡である。幾つかの実施形態では、疾患または疾病は、炎症性疾患である。幾つかの例では、炎症性疾患は、膵臓炎、急性膵炎、または慢性膵炎である。幾つかの実施形態では、炎症性疾患は、喘息である。幾つかの例では、炎症性疾患は、関節炎である。幾つかの例では、炎症性疾患は、骨関節炎である。幾つかの例では、炎症性疾患は、痛風である。幾つかの例では、炎症性疾患は、関節リウマチである。幾つかの例では、炎症性疾患は、強直性脊椎症である。幾つかの例では、炎症性疾患は、炎症性の腸疾患または過敏性腸症候群である。幾つかの実施形態では、疾患または疾病は、癌である。幾つかの実施形態では、癌は、癌腫、肉腫、黒色腫、リンパ腫、または白血病のである。幾つかの実施形態では、癌は、膵臓癌、肺癌、前立腺癌、脳癌、腸癌、咽喉癌、結腸癌、および乳癌である。幾つかの例では、疾患または疾病は、肺疾患である。幾つかの例では、肺疾患は、慢性閉塞性肺疾患である。幾つかの例では、肺疾患は、慢性気管支炎である。幾つかの実施形態では、肺疾患は、肺気腫である。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、CSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、第2処置レジメンと組み合わせてCSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、第2処置レジメンの前に、同時に、または後に、CSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。
本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において急性術後痛を予防または低減する方法が開示される。(手術の結果としての)術後痛は、通常、正常であると考えられる。しかしながら、十分に制御されないと、疼痛は、心拍数および呼吸数の増加、不安、悪心嘔吐、尿閉、およびアドレナリンおよびコルチゾールレベルの上昇、または免疫反応の減少および感染のリスクの増加を引き起こしかねない。
本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において、毒剤(例えば、シスプラチン、アミノグリコシド、および放射性造影剤)に続発する、急性腎臓損傷(AKI)の発病を予防する又は減少させる方法が開示される。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、CSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、第2処置レジメンと組み合わせてCSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、第2処置レジメンの前に、同時に、または後に、CSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、多臓器不全症候群(MODS)を予防する方法が開示される。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、CSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、第2処置レジメンと組み合わせてCSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、第2処置レジメンの前に、同時に、または後に、CSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。
本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において自己免疫性疾患を処置する方法が開示される。自己免疫性疾患は、しばしば、通常は身体に存在する物質および組織に対する身体の不適当な免疫反応から生じる。言いかえれば、免疫系は、身体のある部分を病原体として誤り、それ自身の細胞を攻撃する。これは、(例えば、自己免疫性甲状腺炎における)特定の器官に制限され得るか、または異なる位置(例えば、肺および腎臓の両方における基底膜に影響を与え得るグッドパスチャー病)における特定の組織に関係し得る。自己免疫性疾患の処置は、典型的に、免疫反応を減少させる免疫抑制薬剤によるものある。
本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において炎症性疾患を処置する方法が開示される。炎症は、病原体、損傷を受けた細胞、または刺激物などの有害な刺激に対する維管束組織の複雑な生体応答の部分である。炎症は、有害な刺激を除去する及び治癒過程を開始するための、有機体による保護の試みである。炎症は、感染によって引き起こされる場合であっても、感染の同義語ではない。感染は、微生物によって引き起こされるが、炎症は、病原体に対する有機体の反応の1つである。しかしながら、炎症は、ありきたりの反応であり、それ故、各病原体に特異的である適応免疫と比較して、先天免疫の機構として見られる。
本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において頭痛を処置する方法が開示される。本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において片頭痛を処置する方法が開示される。本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において単純な片頭痛を処置する方法が開示される。本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において複雑型片頭痛を処置する方法が開示される。本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において緊張性頭痛を処置する方法が開示される。本明細書には、特定の実施形態において、必要としている個体において群発性頭痛を処置する方法が開示される。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、CSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、第2処置レジメンと組み合わせてCSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、方法は、第2処置レジメンの前に、同時に、または後に、CSE阻害剤を投与する工程を含む。
脳卒中は、脳への血液供給の妨害による脳機能の急速な損失である。虚血性脳血管障害では、脳の部分への血液供給は減少され、その領域での脳組織の機能不全につながる。現在の証拠は、H2Sが、脳ニューロンに対する直接的な変性効果によって虚血性障害を促進することを示唆しているが、脳血流に対する効果は除外されないかもしれない。
本明細書で使用されるように、用語「処置する(treat)」、「処置すること(treating)」、および「処置(treatment)」は、疾患または疾病の少なくとも1つの症状を軽減、寛解、または改善すること、追加の症状を予防すること、疾病の進行を予防すること、疾患または疾病を阻害すること、例えば、疾患または疾病の発達を阻止すること、疾患または疾病を和らげること、疾患または疾病を退行させること、疾患または疾病によって引き起こされた状態を和らげること、または疾患または疾病の症状を止めることを含む。1つの実施形態では、処置は、予防処置である。別の実施形態では、処置は、治療上の処置を指す。
5員複素環基の例は、チアゾリルである。6員複素環基の例は、ピリジルであり、10員複素環基の例は、キノリニルである。非芳香族複素環基の例は、ピロリジニル、テトラヒドロフラニル、ジヒドロフラニル、テトラヒドロチエニル、テトラヒドロピラニル、ジヒドロピラニル、テトラヒドロチオピラニル、ピペリジノ、モルホリノ、チオモルノリノ、チオクサニル、ピペラジニル、アジリジニル、アゼチジニル、オキセタニル、チエタニル、ホモピペリジニル、オキセパニル、チエパニル、オキサゼピニル、ジアゼピニル、チアゼピニル、1,2,3,6−テトラヒドロピリジニル、2−ピロリニル、3−ピロリニル、インドリニル、2H−ピラニル、4H−ピラニル、ジオキサニル、1,3−ジオキソラニル、ピラゾリニル、ジチアニル、ジチオラニル、ジヒドロピラニル、ジヒドロチエニル、ジヒドロフラニル、ピラゾリジニル、イミダゾリニル、イミダゾリジニル、3−アザビシクロ[3.1.0]ヘキサニル、3−アザビシクロ[4.1.0]ヘプタニル、3H−インドリルおよびキノリジニルである。芳香族複素環基の例は、ピリジニル、イミダゾリル、ピリミジニル、ピラゾリル、トリアゾリル、ピラジニル、テトラゾリル、フリル、チエニル、イソキサゾリル、チアゾリル、オキサゾリル、イソチアゾリル、ピロリル、キノリニル、イソキノリニル、インドリル、ベンズイミダゾリル、ベンゾフラニル、シンノリニル、インダゾリル、インドリジニル、フタラジニル、ピリダジニル、トリアジニル、イソインドリル、プテリジニル、プリニル、オキサジアゾリル、チアジアゾリル、フラザニル、ベンゾフラザニル、ベンゾチオフェニル、ベンゾチアゾリル、ベンズオキサゾリル、キナゾリニル、キノキサリニル、ナフチリジニル、およびフロピリジニルである。
本明細書に記載される方法に使用するのに適したCSE阻害剤化合物の以下の記述において、標準化学条件に言及する定義は、(本明細書に他に定義がなければ)Carey and Sundberg "Advanced Organic Chemistry 4th Ed." Vols. A (2000)およびB (2001), Plenum Press, New Yorkを含む、参考資料において見られ得る。他に指示のない限り、当該技術分野の技術内の、質量分析、NMR、HPCL、タンパク質化学、生化学、組換え型DNA技術及び薬理学の従来の方法が用いられる。具体的な定義が提供されない限り、本明細書に記載される、分析化学、有機合成化学、および医薬品化学及び薬化学に関連して用いられる専門語、およびそれらの検査法並びに技術は、当該技術分野に公知のものである。標準的な技術は、化学合成、化学分析、医薬の調整、製剤、および送達、ならびに患者の処置に使用され得る。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
Xは、CR1、またはNであり;
R1は、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロシクロアルキル、置換または非置換のアリール、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアリールであり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素と一緒に、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
Xは、CR1、またはNであり;
R1は、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロシクロアルキル、置換または非置換のアリール、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアリールであり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素と一緒に、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
Xは、CR1、またはNであり;
R1は、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロシクロアルキル、置換または非置換のアリール、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアリールであり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素と一緒に、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素と一緒に、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素と一緒に、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素と一緒に、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成する。
適切な投与経路は、限定されないが、経口投与、静脈内投与、エアロゾル投与、非経口投与、経眼投与、経肺投与、経粘膜投与、経皮投与、経鼻投与、および局所投与を含む。さらに、ほんの一例として、非経口送達は、筋肉内、皮下、静脈内、髄内の注入の他に、くも膜下腔内、直接的な脳室内、腹腔内、リンパ内、及び/又は鼻腔内の注入も含む。
幾つかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物は、医薬組成物へと製剤される。医薬組成物は、薬学的に使用され得る製剤への活性化合物の処理を促進する、1つ以上の薬学的に許容可能な不活性成分を使用して、従来の様式で製剤される。適切な製剤は、選択される投与の経路に依存する。本明細書に記載される医薬組成物の要約は、例えば、Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995);Hoover, John E., Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pennsylvania 1975;Liberman, H.A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980;およびPharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed.(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins1999)において見ることができ、これらは、そのような開示のための引用によって本明細書に組み込まれる。
幾つかの実施形態では、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物は、経皮的剤型調製される。1つの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される経皮製剤は、少なくとも3つの成分:(1)式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物の製剤;(2)浸透促進剤;および(3)随意の水性のアジュバント、を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、経皮製剤は、限定されないが、ゲル化剤、クリーム、および軟膏基剤などの、追加の化合物を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、経皮製剤は、パッチまたは創傷被覆材として提供される。幾つかの実施形態では、経皮製剤は、吸収を促進するとともに皮膚から経皮製剤が取り除かれることを防ぐために、織り込まれた裏地または不織裏地をさらに含む。他の実施形態では、本明細書に記載される経皮製剤は、肌への拡散を促進するために飽和状態または過飽和状態を維持することができる。
1つの態様では、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物は、創傷被覆材の部分として提供される。被覆材は、治療を促進するために及び/又はさらなる傷害を防ぐために、創傷への適用に使用される補助剤である。被覆材は、創傷と直接的に接触するように設計されている。幾つかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載されるCSE阻害剤を含む創傷被覆材は、CSE阻害剤の制御放出を提供する。他の実施形態では、本明細書に記載されるCSE阻害剤を含む創傷被覆材は、CSE阻害剤の持続放出を提供する。他の実施形態では、本明細書に記載されるCSE阻害剤を含む創傷被覆材は、CSE阻害剤の中間放出を提供する。さらなる実施形態では、本明細書に記載されるCSE阻害剤を含む創傷被覆材は、CSE阻害剤の中間放出を提供する。他の実施形態では、本明細書に記載されるCSE阻害剤を含む創傷被覆材は、CSE阻害剤の、持続した、中間または即時の放出の組み合わせを提供する。
1つの態様では、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物は、筋肉内、皮下、静脈内の注射に適した医薬組成物へと製剤される。1つの態様では、筋肉内、皮下、または静脈内の注射に適切な製剤は、生理学的に許容可能な滅菌した水溶液または非水溶液、分散液、懸濁液、あるいはエマルション、および滅菌した注射剤または分散剤へと再構築される滅菌した粉末剤を含む。適切な水溶性及び非水溶性の担体、希釈剤、溶媒、またはビヒクルの例は、水、エタノール、ポリオール(プロピレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコール、グリセロール、クレモホールなど)、それらの適切な混合物、植物油(オリーブオイルなど)、およびオレイン酸エチルなどの注射可能な有機エステルを含む。好適な流動性は、例えば、レシチンなどのコーティング剤の使用、分散液の場合に必要とされる粒子サイズの維持、および界面活性剤の使用によって、維持可能である。幾つかの実施形態では、皮下注射に適切な製剤はまた、防腐剤、湿潤剤、乳化剤、および分散剤などの、添加剤を含有する。微生物の成長は、例えば、パラベン、クロロブタノール、フェノル、ソルビン酸などの、様々な抗菌剤及び抗真菌薬によって確実に予防可能である。幾つかの場合では、砂糖、塩化ナトリウムなどの等張剤を含むことが望ましい。注射可能な剤型の持続的な吸収は、モノステアリン酸アルミニウムおよびゼラチンなどの、吸収を遅らせる薬剤の使用によって可能となる。
幾つかの実施形態では、色素またはピグメントは、識別のために、または活性化合物の用量の異なる組み合わせを特徴付けるために、錠剤またはドラゼーのコーティング剤に加えられる。
幾つかの実施形態では、薬の剤形は、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物の制御放出を提供するために製剤される。制御放出は、剤形からの化合物の放出を指し、該制御放出は、長時間にわたって所望の特性に従い剤形中に組み込まれる。制御放出特性は、例えば、持続放出、持効性放出、パルス放出、および遅延放出の特性を含む。即時放出組成物とは対照的に、制御放出組成物によって、予め決められた特性に従って、長期間にわたって薬剤を被験体に送達することが可能となる。このような放出速度によって、長期間にわたって治療上有効なレベルの薬剤を提供することができ、それによって、従来の急速放出剤形と比較して、副作用を最小化しながら、より長い期間の薬理反応をもたらすことができる。このようなより長い期間の反応によって、対応する短期作用型の、急速放出製剤では達成されない多くの固有の利点がもたらされる。
EudragitシリーズEは胃で溶解する。Eudragitのシリーズ、L、L−30DおよびSは、胃の中で不溶性であり、腸内で溶解する。ポリ酢酸ビニルフタレート(PVAP) − PVAPは、pH>5で溶解し、水蒸気および胃液に対してそれほど透過性がない。
およびポロキサミン、を含む。他の実施形態では、分散剤は、以下の薬剤の1つを含まない群から選択される:親水性ポリマー;電解液;Tween(登録商標)60または80;PEG;ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP);ヒドロキシプロピルセルロースおよびヒドロキシプロピルセルロースエーテル;ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースおよびヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースエーテル;カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム;メチルセルロース;ヒドロキシエチルセルロース;ヒドロキシプロピルメチル−セルロースフタレート;ヒドロキシプロピルメチル−セルロースアセテートステアレート;非晶質のセルロース;ケイ酸アルミニウムマグネシウム;トリエタノールアミン;ポリビニルアルコール(PVA);酸化エチレンおよびホルムアルデヒドを有する4−(1,1,3,3−テトラメチルブチル)−フェノールポリマー;ポロクサマー;またはポロキサミン。
本明細書に記載される疾患または疾病を、そのような処置を必要としている被験体において処置するための方法は、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の少なくとも1つの化合物、またその薬学的に許容可能な塩、薬学的に許容可能なプロドラッグ、または薬学的に許容可能な溶媒和物を含む、医薬組成物を、前記被験体に対して治療上有効な量で投与する工程を含む。別の実施形態では、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物は、毒剤(例えば、シスプラチン、アミノグリコシド、および放射性造影剤)に続発する急性腎臓損傷(AKI)、侵害受容性疼痛、急性術後痛、神経障害性疼痛、三叉神経痛、糖尿病性末梢性ニューロパチー、疱疹性神経痛、疱疹症後神経痛、炎症性疼痛、神経障害性疼痛と炎症性疼痛の併発した状態、関節リウマチ、炎症性腸疾患、過敏性腸症候群、変形性関節症、急性膵炎、慢性膵炎、急性膵炎に関係する疼痛、慢性膵炎に関係する疼痛、片頭痛、痛風、強直性脊椎炎、全身性紅斑性狼瘡(SLE)、全身性炎症反応症候群(SIRS)、多臓器不全症候群(MODS)、喘息、慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)、敏感肌、座瘡、酒さ、接触皮膚炎、または癌に関係する疼痛、または本明細書に記載されるような疾病の処置のための薬剤の調製に使用される。別の実施形態では、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物は、急性術後痛、神経障害性疼痛、三叉神経痛、糖尿病性末梢性ニューロパチー、疱疹性神経痛、疱疹症後神経痛、炎症性疼痛、関節リウマチ、変形性関節症、または片頭痛の処置のための薬剤の調製に使用される。
1つの実施形態では、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)のCSE阻害剤は、抗炎症剤と組み合わせて、必要としている個体に投与される。そのような抗炎症剤の例は、限定されないが、鎮痛薬、非ステロイド性抗炎症薬(NSAID)、COX−2阻害薬などを含む。
本明細書にはまた、本明細書に記載される治療用のキットが提供される。幾つかの実施形態では、キットは、CSE阻害剤および第2処置レジメンを含む。このようなキットは、一般的に、本明細書中に開示されるような活性剤の1つ以上、およびキットを使用するための説明書を含む。
幾つかの実施形態では、CSE阻害剤は、インビトロでのアッセイの使用によって識別される。一例として、CSE酵素活性のためのインビトロでのアッセイは、Zhong et al. Chinese Medical Journal, 2009, 122, 326−330に記載されている。幾つかの実施形態では、インビトロでの酵素アッセイは、任意の適切な方法を使用して、ハイスループットスクリーニング(HTS)に適応される。
(a)試験化合物を投与された試験動物から器官または組織ホモジネートを調製すること;および
(b)吸収度に基づいてH2S濃度を計算すること、を含み、
ここでH2S濃度の減少は、試験化合物がCSE阻害剤であることを示す。前述のアッセイの幾つかの実施形態では、試験動物は、酸素正常状態、急性低酸素状態、慣性的な断続的低酸素状態、高炭酸ガス血症、またはそれらの組み合わせにさらされる。随意の中間工程は:
L−システインに対して酵素反応の効力を与える工程;
酢酸亜鉛およびトリクロロ酢酸との酵素反応をクエンチする工程;
硫化亜鉛を、酸性のN,N,N−ジメチルアニリン−p−フェニルエンジアミン硫酸塩および塩化第二鉄と反応させる工程;および
マイクロプレートリーダーによるアッセイ混合物の吸収度を測定する工程、を含む。
(a)試験化合物を投与された試験動物から器官または組織を分離すること;
(b)様々なレベルの酸素及び/又は二酸化炭素を用いて記録チャンバーをかん流させることによって、記録チャンバー内の器官または組織に挑戦すること(challenging);および
(c)活動電位を記録することを含み、
ここで活動電位の減少は、試験化合物がCSE阻害剤であることを示す。前述のアッセイの幾つかの実施形態では、試験動物は、酸素正常状態、急性低酸素状態、慣性的な断続的低酸素状態、高炭酸ガス血症、またはそれらの組み合わせにさらされる。随意の中間工程は、
暖かい生理食塩水により表面かん流された(superfused)記録チャンバーに器官または組織を入れる工程を含む。
無水のテトラヒドロフラン(73mL)中の、4−(ベンジルオキシ)−2−(tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ)−4−オキソブタン酸(1)(4.68g、14.46mmol)およびトリエチルアミン(2.42mL)の溶液に、0°Cでクロロギ酸エチル(1.66mL、17.36mmol)を加えた。0.5時間後、25%のアンモニア水(23.2mL)を加え、反応物を1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を、蒸発させ、残留物を、水(70mL)で粉末にして、白色結晶固形物として、3−tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ−スクシンアミド酸ベンジルエステル(2)(3.30g、10.26mmol、71%)を得た。ESMS m/z 345(M+Na)+。
1,4−ジオキサン(46mL)中の、3−tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ−スクシンアミド酸ベンジルエステル(2)(3.30g、10.26mmol)およびピリジン(4.30mL)の混合物に、0°Cでトリフルオロ酢酸無水物(2.98mL、21.42mmol)を加えた。結果として生じる反応混合物を、0°Cで10分間撹拌し、その後、15°Cに暖めて、30分間撹拌した。炭酸水素ナトリウム(50mL)の10%の溶液を、滴下で加え、混合物を、水(50mL)で希釈して、酢酸エチル(3×50mL)で抽出した。混合した有機質層を、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、ろ過して、蒸発させた。残留物を、n−ヘキサン(30mL)で粉末にして、浅黄色結晶固形物として、3−tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ−3−シアノプロピオン酸ベンジルエステル(3)(2.94g、9.66mmol、94%)を得た。ESMS m/z 327(M+Na)+。
N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド(20mL)中の、3−tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ−3−シアノプロピオン酸ベンジルエステル(3)(1.00g、3.28mmol)、塩化アンモニウム(0.25g、4.67mmol)およびアジ化ナトリウム(0.30g、4.61mmol)の混合物を、窒素下で3時間、110°Cで撹拌した。結果として生じる固形物を、ろ過によって取り除き、酢酸エチル(2×5mL)で洗浄した。濾液を蒸発させ、残留物を、酢酸エチル(20mL)、水(5mL)および10%の酢酸(5mL)の混合物で取り上げた。層を分離し、有機層を、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、ろ過して、蒸発させた。未精製の生成物を、ジイソプロピルエーテルで粉末にして、オフホワイト結晶固形物として、3−tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ−3−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)プロピオン酸ベンジルエステル(4)(0.55g、1.58mmol、48%)を得た。ESMS m/z 348(M+H)+。
メタノール(12mL)中の、3−tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ−3−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)プロピオン酸ベンジルエステル(4)(0.40g、1.15mmol)および40%のアンモニアの混合物を、7日間70°Cで撹拌した。反応混合物を蒸発させ、残留物を、2−プロパノールで粉末にして、オフホワイト結晶固形物として、[2−カルバモイル−1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)エチル]カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(5)(0.14g、0.54mmol、48%)を得た。ESMS m/z 257(M+H)+。
無水の1,4−ジオキサン(18mL)中の、[2−カルバモイル−1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)エチル]カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(85mg、0.33mmol)(5)およびピリジン(134μL、1.66mmol))の混合物に、10°Cで、無水の1,4−ジオキサン(3mL)中のトリフルオロ酢酸無水物(94μL、0.66mmol)の溶液を加えた。結果として生じる反応混合物を、30分間撹拌した。その後、10%の炭酸水素ナトリウム溶液を、滴下で加えて、pH7を達成した。混合物を、水(10mL)で希釈し、ジクロロメタン(3×20mL)で洗浄した。水層を蒸発させ、残留物を、エタノール中で懸濁した。沈澱物をろ過によって取り除き、濾液を蒸発させた。未精製の生成物を、酢酸エチル:メタノール(4:1)で溶出するカラムクロマトグラフイーよって精製し、結果として生じる残留物を、ジエチルエーテルで粉末にして、白色固形物として、[2−シアノ−1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)エチル]カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(6)(77mg、0.32mmol、97%)を得た。ESMS m/z 239(M+H)+。
1,4−ジオキサン(1mL)中の、[2−シアノ−1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)エチル]カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(6)(48mg、0.20mmol)および3.8Mの塩化水素の混合物を、1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を蒸発させ、残留物を、ジエチルエーテルで粉にして、白色吸湿性固形物として、3−アミノ−3−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)プロピオニトリル二塩化水素化物(7)(22mg、0.10mmol、51%)を得た。ESMS m/z 137(M−H)−;1H NMR(500MHz、DMSO−d6、塩)δ9.05(br.s、3H)、5.19(dd、J=7.8、5.4Hz、1H)、3.46−3.52(m、1H)、3.39−3.45(m、1H)。
窒素下での乾燥したテトラヒドロフラン(1100mL)中の、(S)−2−tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ−ペン−4−チン酸(8)(88.86g、0.417mol)の予め冷却した(0−5°C)溶液に、N−メチルモルホリン(49.0mL、44.59g、0.441mol)を加えた。クロロギ酸エチル(40.5mL、46.17g、0.425mol)を、30分にわたって滴下で加え、0−5°Cの間の温度を維持した。混合物を、0°Cで30分間撹拌し、その後、アンモニア水(360mL、25%)の予め冷め冷却した(0−5°C)溶液に30分にわたって滴下で加えて、10分間撹拌した。水層を、酢酸エチル(3×250mL)で抽出した。混合した有機層を、10%の水性の炭酸ナトリウム(200mL)およびブライン(100mL)で洗浄し、蒸発させて、未精製の生成物(80.50g)を得た。残留物を、水(80mL)で粉末にして、収集した固形物を、冷水(2×10mL)で洗浄し、白色結晶固形物として、(S)−(1−カルバモイル−ブタ−3−イニル)−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(9)(49.10g、0.231mol、55%)を得た。LCMS(205nm):100%、(M+Na)+ 235;クロロトルイジンで視覚化された、20:1のクロロホルム/酢酸中のTLC:RfSM=0.45、Rfprod=0.32。
(S)−(1−カルバモイル−ブタ−3−イニル)−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(9)(48.04g、0.226mol)を、窒素下での5°Cで、ピリジン(94mL、92.30g、1.167mol)および乾燥したジオキサン(940mL)の混合物中で溶解した。トリフルオロ酢酸無水物(66mL、98.14g、0.467mol)を、滴下で加え、混合物を、5°Cで30分間、その後、室温で1時間撹拌した。混合物を、真空内で約(Ca.)250mLに濃縮した。残留物を、飽和した水性の炭酸水素ナトリウム(200mL)に滴下で加えて、固体の炭酸水素ナトリウム(99.40g)を加えることによって6と7の間のpHを維持した。酢酸エチル(200mL)を加え、無機固体を、ろ過によって取り除き、固体を酢酸エチル(100mL)で抽出した。混合した濾液を、分離し、水層を、酢酸エチル(2×100mL)で抽出した。混合した有機層を、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、蒸発させた。残留物を、ヘキサンで粉末にして、収集した固形物を、ヘキサン(4×20mL)で洗浄し、黄褐色固形物として、(S)−(1−シアノ−ブタ−3−イニル)−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(10)(42.63g、0.219mol、97%)を得た。クロロトルイジンで視覚化された、20:1のクロロホルム/酢酸中のTLC:Rf=0.67。
乾燥したDMF(415mL)中の、(S)−(1−シアノ−ブタ−3−イニル)−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(10)(40.77g、0.212mol)、塩化アンモニウム(16.81g、0.314mol)およびアジ化ナトリウム(20.42g、0.314mol)の混合物を、20時間窒素下で、100°Cで加熱した。無機固体を、ろ過によって取り除き、濾液を蒸発させた。残留物を、酢酸エチル(500mL)と10%の水性の炭酸水素ナトリウム(250mL)との間で分割した。水層を、酢酸エチル(2×100mL)で洗浄し、酢酸でpH4まで酸性化して、酢酸エチル(2×100mL)で抽出した。混合した酸性の有機層を、ブラインで洗浄し、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥して、蒸発させた。未精製の生成物を、ヘキサンで粉末にして、収集した固形物を、ヘキサン(3×50mL)で洗浄し、オフホワイト結晶固形物として、(S)−[1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)−ブタ−3−イニル]−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(11)(48.05g、0.202mol、96%)を得た。クロロトルイジンで視覚化された、4:1の酢酸エチル/メタノール中のTLC:RfSM=0.95、Rfprod=0.70。
(S)−[1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)−ブタ−3−イニル]−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル(11)(43.26g、0.182mol)を、メタノール(405mL)中の3.87Mの塩化水素中に溶解し、3時間室温で撹拌した。混合物を、蒸発させ、残留物を、酢酸エチル(45mL)で粉末にした。沈澱物を、酢酸エチル(3×10mL)で洗浄して、黄褐色結晶固形物として、(S)−1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)−ブタ−3−イニルアミン塩酸塩(12)(27.20g、0.129mol、71%)を得た。ESMS m/z 138(M+H)+。1H NMR(400MHz、DMSO−d6)δ9.17(s、3H)、4.92(m、1H)、3.02−3.16(m、3H);elem.anal.:calc.;C 34.59;H 4.64;
N 40.34;Cl 20.42%,found:C 33.85、H 4.64、N 39.27、Cl 20.40%;m.p.166−167°C;ee:97%。
エタノール(10ml)中の、(S)−(1−シアノ−ブタ−3−イニル)−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル10(250mg、1.3mmol)の撹拌溶液に、50%(w/w)の水性のヒドロキシルアミン(0.36ml、5.15mmol)を加え、反応混合物を、室温で18時間撹拌した。反応の完了後、溶媒を濃縮し、結果として生じる残留物を、水中で懸濁して、酢酸エチルで抽出した。有機層を、ブラインで洗浄し、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、ろ過し、減圧下で濃縮して、96%の収率で、(S,Z)−tert−ブチル2−アミノ−1−ヒドロキシヘキサ−1−エン−5−イン−3−イルカルバマート13を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CDCl3)、δ1.4(s、9H)、2.5(brs、2H)、2.8(S、1H)、4.1(t、1H)、5.21(s、2H)、6.9(d、1H)、9.1(s、1H)。
テトラヒドロフラン(5ml)中の、(S,Z)−tert−ブチル2−アミノ−1−ヒドロキシヘキサ−1−エン−5−イン−3−イルカルバマート13(200mg、0.9mmol)の撹拌溶液に、1,1’−カルボニルジイミダゾール(214mg、1.32mmol)を加え、混合物を、窒素雰囲気下で5時間還流で加熱した。反応の完了後、反応混合物を冷却し、溶媒を減圧下で濃縮した。未精製の残留物を、酢酸エチル中に溶解し、1Mの水酸化ナトリウム溶液で抽出した。水層を、ジクロロメタンで希釈し、冷却下で1Mの塩化水素酸によって慎重に酸性化し(pH〜3−4)、ジクロロメタンで抽出した。有機層を、混合し、ブラインで洗浄し、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、ろ過し、蒸発させて、45%の収率で、(S)−(1−シアノ−ブタ−3−イニル)−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル14を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、DMSO)δ1.5(s、9H)、2.7(d、2H)、2.9(s、1H)、4.6(d、1H)、7.5(d、1H)、12.4(s、1H)。ESMS(陰性モード):252.15(M−1)。
MeOH−HCl(6ml)の撹拌溶液に、(S)−(1−シアノ−ブタ−3−イニル)−カルバミン酸tert−ブチルエステル14(90mg、0.35mmol)を加え、結果として生じる混合物を、室温で12時間撹拌した。反応の完了後、溶媒を、減圧下で取り除き、エーテルで2回洗浄し、減圧下で乾燥して、オフホワイト固形物として、59%の収率で所望の生成物6を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、DMSO)δ2.9(brs、2H)、3.22(s、1H)、4.61(t、1H)、9.0−10.1(br s、2H)。ELSD純度:97.050%;ESMS(陰性モード):152.33(M−1。
THF(40ml)中の、(S)−tert−ブチル1−アミノ−1−オキソペンタ−4−イン−2−イルカルバマート9(4.2g、19.7mmol)の撹拌溶液に、Lawessonの試薬(4g、9.8mmol)を加え、反応混合物を、1時間50°Cで加熱した。反応の完了後、溶媒を減圧下で取り除き、未精製の残留物を、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=1:2)によって精製して、71%の収率で、(S)−tert−ブチル1−アミノ−1−チオキソペンタ−4−イン−2−イルカルバマート(16)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CD3OD)、δ1.4(s、9H)、2.7(d、2H)、2.9(s、1H)、4.4(d、1H)、6.8(d、1H)、9.2(br s、1H)、9.8(br s、1H)。
アセトニトリル(25ml)中の、(S)−tert−ブチル1−アミノ−1−チオキソペンタ−4−イン−2−イルカルバマート(16)(3.1g、13.5mmol)の撹拌溶液に、ヨウ化メチル(9.6g、67.9mmol)を加え、反応混合物を、窒素雰囲気下で1時間50°Cで加熱した。反応の完了後、溶媒を蒸発させ、未精製の残留物を、ジエチルエーテルで洗浄し、乾燥して、白色固形物として、88%の収率で(S)−メチル2−(tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ)ペンタ−4−インイミドチオアート(17)を得た。ESMS(陽性モード):243.15(M+1)。
エタノール(15ml)中の(S)−メチル2−(tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ)ペンタ−4−インイミドチオアート(17)(1g、4.12mmol)およびホルミルヒドラジド(18)(297mg、4.95mmol)の撹拌溶液に、ジイソプロピルエチルアミン(1.6g、12.3mmol)を加え、反応混合物を、4時間還流するまで加熱した。反応の完了後、溶媒を減圧下で取り除き、未精製の残留物を、カラムクロマトグラフイー(酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=1:1)によって精製して、21%の収率で、(S)−tert−ブチル1−(1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−5−イル)ブタ−3−イニルカルバマート(19)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CDCl3)δ1.5(s、9H)、2.95(br d、2H)、5.1(t、1H)、5.6(br s、1H)、8.1(br s、1H)、11.8(br s、1H)。
MeOH・HCl(10ml)の撹拌溶液に、(S)−tert−ブチル1−(1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−5−イル)ブタ−3−イニルカルバマート(19)(200mg、0.847mmol)を加え、結果として生じる混合物を、12時間撹拌した。反応の完了後、溶媒を、減圧下で取り除き、エーテルで2回洗浄し、減圧下で乾燥して、オフホワイト固形物として、89%の収率で(S)−1−(1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−5−イル)ブタ−3−イン−1−アミン塩酸塩(20)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、DMSO)δ2.9(d、2H)、3(s、1H)、4.6(br s、1H)、8.6(s、1H)、8.7(br s、2H)。ELSD純度:98.95%;質量(Mass)(M+1):137.1。
エタノール(10ml)中の、(S)−メチル2−(tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ)ペンタ−4−インイミドチオアート(17)(1g、4.1mmol)およびトリフルオロメチルヒドラジド(21)(0.634g、4.1mmol)の撹拌溶液に、ジイソプロピルエチルアミン(1.6g、12.3mmol)を加え、反応混合物を、5時間、還流するまで加熱した。反応の完了後、溶媒を減圧下で取り除き、未精製の残留物を、カラムクロマトグラフイー(酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=1:1)によって精製して、14%の収率で、(S)−tert−ブチル1−(3−(トリフルオロメチル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−5−イル)ブタ−3−イニルカルバマート(22)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CD3OD)δ1.5(s、9H)、2.0(s、1H)、2.9(d、2H)、5.0(d、1H)、5.5(d、1H)。
MeOH・HCl(5ml)の撹拌溶液に、(S)−tert−ブチル1−(3−(トリフルオロメチル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−5−イル)ブタ−3−イニルカルバマート(22)(30mg、0.1mmol)を加え、結果として生じる混合物を、室温で12時間撹拌した。反応の完了後、溶媒を、減圧下で取り除き、エーテルで2回洗浄し、減圧下で乾燥して、オフホワイト固形物でとして、75%の収率で(S)−1−(3−(トリフルオロメチル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−5−イル)ブタ−3−イン−1−アミン塩酸塩(23)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CD3OD)δ:2.6(s、1H)、3.1(d、2H)、4.8(br s、1H)。ELSD純度:89.1%;ESMS:204.06(M+)。
ジクロロメタン(25ml)中の、(S)−2−(tert−ブトキシカルボニルアミノ)ペン−4−チン酸(8)(2.5g、11.7mmol)の撹拌溶液に、EDCI(2.72g、14.0mmol)、HOBT(1.24g、8.21mmol)、メチルカルバムイミドチオアートヒドロヨージド(24)(2.55g 11.7mmol)、およびDIPEA(6.13ml、35.2mmole)を加え、反応混合物を、窒素雰囲気下で12時間室温で撹拌した。反応の完了後、反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮した。未精製の残留物を、水中で懸濁して、酢酸エチルで抽出した。有機層を、混合し、ブラインで洗浄し、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、ろ過し、減圧下で濃縮し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(EtOAc:ヘキサン=2: 3)によって精製された未精製の生成物を得て、浅黄色油として、60%の収率で(S)−tert−ブチル1−(イミノ(メチルチオ)メチルアミノ)−1−オキソペンタ−4−イン−2−イルカルバマート(25)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、DMSO−d6)δ1.4(s、9H)、2.4(s、3H)、2.6−2.7(m、2H)、2.8(s、1H)、4.05(s、1H)、6.8(d、1H)、9.1(br s、2H)。LCMS:285(M++1)。
エタノール(25ml)中の、(S)−tert−ブチル1−(イミノ(メチルチオ)メチルアミノ)−1−オキソペンタ−4−イン−2−イルカルバマート(25)(1.2g、4.21mmole)の撹拌溶液に、ヒドラジン水和物(0.631g、12.6mmole)を加え、反応混合物を、窒素雰囲気下で16時間、還流するまで加熱した。反応の完了後、反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し、残留物を、水中で懸濁して、酢酸エチルで抽出した。有機層を、混合し、ブラインで洗浄し、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、ろ過し、濃縮して、未精製の生成物を得た。未精製の残留物を、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(MeOH:ジクロロメタン=1:9)によって精製して、白色固形物として、12%の収率で(S)−tert−ブチル1−(3−アミノ−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−5−イル)ブタ−3−イニルカルバマート(26)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、DMSO)δ1.4(s、9H)、2.6−2.8(m、3H)、4.5(s、1H)、5.8(br s、2H)、6.8(br s、1H)、11.8(br s、1H)。LCMS:252(M++1)。
MeOH・HCl(5ml)の撹拌溶液に、(S)−tert−ブチル1−(3−アミノ−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−5−イル)ブタ−3−イニルカルバマート(26)(30mg、0.119mmol)を加え、結果として生じる混合物を、室温で12時間撹拌した。反応の完了後、溶媒を、減圧下で取り除き、エーテルで2回洗浄し、減圧下で乾燥して、オフホワイト固形物として、72%の収率で(S)−5−(1−アミノブタ−3−イニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾル−3−アミン塩酸塩(27)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、DMSO)δ2.8(s、2H)、3.05(br s、1H)、4.35−4.40(m、1H)、7.1−7.4(br s、2H)、8.7−8.8(br s、3H)。HPLC純度:93.24%;LCMS:152(M++1)。
無水のTHF(5mL)中の8(500mg、2.3mmol)の溶液に、0°Cで、4−メチルモルホリン(0.27mL、2.8mmol)を、その後、イソブチルクロリド炭酸(0.23mL、2.8mmol)を、滴下で加えた。懸濁液を、2H−テトラゾル−5−アミン(200mg、2.3mmol)を加える前に、30分間同じ温度で撹拌した。混合物を、2時間室温で撹拌し、その後、酢酸エチル(10mL)で希釈して、水(15mL)を加えた。有機層を分離し、水層を、酢酸エチル(10mL)で2回以上抽出した。混合した有機層を、ブラインで洗浄し、MgSO4で乾燥し、ろ過し、減圧下で濃縮して、白色固形物(528mg)として28を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、DMSO−d6):δ1.38(s、9H)、2.55−2.60(m、2H)、2.91(s、1H)、4.34(d、J=6.8Hz、1H)、7.31(d、J=6.8Hz、1H)。
酢酸エチル(3mL)中の3(528mg、1.9mmol)の溶液に、酢酸エチル(3mL、4N)中のHClガスの溶液を0°Cで加えた。反応混合物を、16時間室温で撹拌した。結果として生じる沈澱物を、ろ過によって収集し、酢酸エチル(10mL)で洗浄し、乾燥して、白色固形物として、(S)−2−アミノ−N−(2H−テトラゾル−5−イル)ペンタ−4−イナミド(29)(100mg)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CD3OD):δ2.75(t、J=2.6Hz、1H),3.03(dd、J=5.6、2.4Hz、2H)、4.39(t、J=6.2Hz、1H)。LCMS(ESI):m/z 181.0[M+1]+。
乾燥したCH2Cl2(20mL)中の、9(2.0g、9.4mmol)およびベンゼンスルホン酸(1.48g、9.4mmol)の溶液に、DMAP(1.15g、9.4mmol)およびEDCI(1.8g、9.4mmol)を、0°Cで加えた。3時間室温で撹拌した後、混合物を、酢酸エチルで希釈し、水およびブラインで洗浄し、Na2SO4で乾燥し、ろ過し、減圧下で濃縮して、フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(PE/酢酸エチル=10:1)によって精製された残留物を得て、白色固形物として30(0.6g)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CDCl3):δ1.46(s、9H)、2.05(d、J=1.8Hz、1H)、2.55−2.62(m、1H)、2.68−2.74(m、1H)、4.25(br.s、1H)、5.21(br.s、1H)、7.55(t、J=7.8Hz、2H)、7.66(t、J=7.9Hz、1H)、8.08(d、J=3.8Hz、2H)、9.54(br.s、1H)。
酢酸エチル(10mL)中の、4MのHClを、0°Cで、酢酸エチル(10mL)中の30(600mg、1.7mmol)の溶液に滴下で加え、反応混合物を、3時間室温で撹拌した。沈澱物を、ろ過し、酢酸エチルで洗浄し、減圧下で乾燥して、白色固形物として、(S)−2−アミノ−N−(フェニルスルホニル)ペンタ−4−イナミド HCl塩(31)(393mg)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CD3OD):δ2.56(t、J=2.6Hz、1H)、2.81−2.85(m、2H)、4.05(t、J=5.9Hz、1H)、7.61(t、J=7.8Hz、2H)、7.72(t、J=7.4Hz、1H)、8.06(d、J=3.6Hz、2H)。
乾燥したCH2Cl2(20mL)中の、9(2.0g、9.4mmol)およびメタンスルホン酸(0.91g、9.4mmol)の溶液に、DMAP(1.15g、9.4mmol)およびEDCI(1.8g、9.4mmol)を加えた。3時間室温で撹拌した後に、混合物を、酢酸エチルで希釈し、水およびブラインで洗浄し、Na2SO4で乾燥し、ろ過して、濃縮した。残留物を、フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(PE/酢酸エチル=10:1)によって精製して、白色固形物として、32(1.2g)を得た。
1H NMR(400MHz、CDCl3):δ1.49(s、9H)、2.16(s、1H)、2.71−2.82(m、2H)、3.31(s、3H)、4.33(m、1H)、5.28(d、J=7.6Hz、1H)、9.35(br.s、1H)。
酢酸エチル(10mL)中の、4MのHClを、0°Cで、酢酸エチル(10mL)中の、32(765mg、2.63mmol)の溶液に滴下で加え、反応混合物を、3時間室温で撹拌した。沈澱物を、ろ過し、酢酸エチルで洗浄して、白色固形物として、(S)−2−アミノ−N−(メチルスルホニル)ペンタ−4−イナミド HCl塩(33)(450mg)を得た。1H NMR(400MHz、CD3OD):δ2.73(t、J=2.6Hz、1H)、2.89−2.92(m、2H)、3.28(s、3H)、4.12(t、J=5.9Hz、1H)。LCMS(ESI):m/z 191.0(M+H)+。
H2Sレベルの測定。肝臓中のH2Sレベルを、以下のようにアッセイした。簡潔に述べると、肝臓組織ホモジネートを、100mMのリン酸カリウム緩衝液、pH7.4+0.5%のTriton−X100中で調製した。酵素反応を、TFE/Silicone MicroMatのシールカバー(Sun−SRI Cat. #400 026)を用いて、700μlのGlass Insert(Waters Corporation Cat. #186000349)とともに、96ウェルの、ディープスクエア(deep square)のウェルプレートにおいて行った。200μlの全容積中の外部ウェルにおいて、アッセイ混合物は、L−システイン(5mM);ピリドキサル−5’−リン酸(50μM);リン酸カリウム緩衝液、pH7.4(100mM);および組織ホモジネート(500μgのタンパク質)、を含んだ(終末濃度で)。ガラス挿入物は、生成したH2Sを捕捉するために、100μlのアルカリ酢酸亜鉛溶液(0.1NのNaOH中に1%)を含んだ。反応混合物を、3時間および反応の終了時に、37°Cでインキュベートし、100μlのN,N,N−ジメチル−p−フェニレンジアミン硫酸塩(7NのHCl中に20μM)および100μlの塩化第二鉄(1.2NのHCl中に30μM)を、ガラス挿入物に加えた。吸収度を、マイクロプレートリーダーを使用して、671nmで測定した。Na2Sの濃度および吸収度に関連する標準曲線を、H2S濃度を計算するために使用し、1ミリグラムのタンパク質当たり1時間ごとに形成されたH2Sのナノモルとして表わした。
(DMSO貯蔵溶液からの)試験化合物を、190ulの全容積で、96ウェルのプレートにおいて、アッセイ緩衝液(100mのMリン酸カリウム pH7.6)中の20ug/mlの酵素溶液(ヒト、マウスまたはラットの組換え型CSE)+50uMのPLPに加えた(終末濃度)。プレートを、200mM(アッセイ緩衝液中に20×終末)のDL−ホモシステイン基質、10ulを、各ウェルに加える前に、室温で30分間インキュベートした。プレートを、3時間37°Cでインキュベートした。7.2NのHCl中の50ulの20mM DMPDAを、各ウェルに加え、その後、1.2NのHCl中の50ulの30mM FeCl3を加えた。プレートを、室温で振動させながら10分間インキュベートし、その後、671nmでの吸収度を、Promega GloMaxのマイクロプレートリーダーで読み取った。
術後痛を有するラットにおいて抗痛覚過敏の活性を検出する方法は、Brennan et al (Pain, 64, 493−501, 1996)によって記載される方法に従う。
熱刺激のために、装置(Ugo Basile, Reference: 7371)は、高いガラス床面上に置かれた個別のアクリル酸プラスチックボックス(18×11.5×14cm)から成った。ラットを、ボックスに入れ、10分間自由にさせて慣れさした。可動性の赤外線輻射源(96±10mW/cm2)を、切開されていない後足の下に集中させ、その後、切開した後足の下にも集中させ、足を引っ込めるまでの潜時(paw−withdrawal latency)を、自動的に記録した。組織損傷を防ぐために、熱源は、45秒後に自動的に止められた(図1)。
装置は、修正された電子ダイナモメーターに接続された2つの歪みゲージを備えた、1対の大きな鈍鉗子(長さ15cm;水平な接触面積:滑らかな縁を有して7mm×1.5mm)から成る。鉗子の先端は、試験される動物の後足のまわりに置かれ、応用された力は、足を引っ込める反応まで手動で増加される。傷害のある足に加えられた最大の力は、ダイナモメーターによって自動的に記録される且つ表示される。組織損傷を防ぐために、加えられる力は、最大1kgに限定される。本手順は、3回行なわれ、一足当たりの平均の力が計算される。
神経障害性疼痛を有するラットにおける抗痛覚過敏の活性を検出する方法は、Bennett and Xie (Pain, 33, 87−107, 1988)によって記載される方法に従う。
接触性刺激のために、動物を、グリッド床上の反転したアクリル酸プラスチックボックス(18×11.5×14cm)の下に置いた。その後、電子フォンフレイのプローブの先端に、傷害のある足(予備試験用の2本の後足)に対する増加する力が適用され、足の引っ込みを誘発するのに必要とされる力を、自動的に記録した。本手順を3回行ない、一足当たりの平均の力を計算した(図2)。
熱刺激のために、装置は、高いガラス床面上に置かれた個別のアクリル酸プラスチックボックス(18×11.5×14cm)から成る。ラットを、ボックスに入れ、10分間自由にさせて慣れさした。その後、可動性の赤外線輻射源を、傷害のある後足の下に集中させ、足を引っ込めるまでの潜時を、自動的に記録した。組織損傷を防ぐために、熱源は、45秒後に自動的に止められた(図3)。
装置は、修正された電子ダイナモメーターに接続された2つの歪みゲージを備えた、1対の大きな鈍鉗子(長さ15cm;水平な接触面積:滑らかな縁を有して7mm×1.5mm)から成る。鉗子の先端は、試験される動物の後足のまわりに置かれ、応用された力は、足を引っ込める反応まで手動で増加された。傷害のある足に加えられた最大の力を、ダイナモメーターによって自動的に記録且つ表示した。組織損傷を防ぐために、加えられる力は、最大1kgに限定される。本手順を3回行ない、一足当たりの平均の力を計算した(図4)。
ラットに麻酔をかけ(2.5%のイソフルラン)、中央の大腿のレベル(mid−thigh level)での切開を、大腿二頭筋を介して、一般的な左坐骨神経をさらすために行った。1mm間隔で置かれた4つのクロムガット(chromic gut)(3/0)の結紮糸を、坐骨神経のまわりに緩く結んだ。その後、創傷を閉じた。ラットに、アモキシシリン(4mg/kg)のS.C.注射をして、ラットを回復させた。
接触性刺激のために、動物を、グリッド床上の反転したアクリル酸プラスチックボックス(18×11.5×14cm)の下に置いた。その後、電子フォンフレイのプローブの先端に、傷害のない及び傷害のある足に対する増加する力が適用され、足の引っ込みを誘発するのに必要とされる力を、自動的に記録した。本手順を各足上で3回行い、引っ込みを引き出す力の平均差を計算した(図7)。
それは急性炎症に苦しむラットにおいて鎮痛薬/抗炎症作用を検出する方法は、Butler et al (Pain, 48, 73−81, 1992)によって記載される方法に従う。
接触性刺激のために、動物を、グリッド床上の反転したアクリル酸プラスチックボックス(18×11.5×14cm)の下に置いた。その後、電子フォンフレイのプローブの先端に、傷害のある足(予備試験用の2本の後足)に対する増加する力が適用され、足の引っ込みを誘発するのに必要とされる力を、自動的に記録した。本手順を3回行ない、一足当たりの平均の力を計算した(図5)。
熱刺激のために、装置は、高いガラス床面上に置かれた個別のアクリル酸プラスチックボックス(18×11.5×14cm)から成る。ラットを、ボックスに入れ、10分間自由にさせて慣れさした。その後、可動性の赤外線輻射源を、初めに炎症を起こしていない後足の下に集中させ、その後、炎症を起こした後足の下に集中させて、足を引っ込めるまでの潜時を、自動的に記録した。組織損傷を防ぐために、熱源は、45秒後に自動的に止められた(図6)。
0日目に、ラットを計量し、ラットに、牛酪菌(Freundのアジュバント)の懸濁液を、1本の後足(0.01mlのパラフィン油、18μl中の0.1mg)の足底表面へと注入した。
接触性刺激のために、動物を、グリッド床上の反転したアクリル酸プラスチックボックス(18×11.5×14cm)の下に置いた。その後、電子フォンフレイのプローブの先端に、傷害のない及び傷害のある足に対する増加する力が適用され、足の引っ込みを誘発するのに必要とされる力を、自動的に記録した。本手順を各足上で3回行い、引っ込みを引き出す力の平均差を計算した(図8)。
骨関節炎の誘発後にラットにおいて鎮痛薬/抗炎症作用を検出する方法は、Guingamp et al (Arthritis & Rheumatism, 40(9):1670−9, 1997)によって記載される方法に従う
接触性刺激のために、動物を、グリッド床上の反転したアクリル酸プラスチックボックス(18×11.5×14cm)の下に置いた。その後、電子フォンフレイのプローブの先端に、傷害のない及び傷害のある足に対する増加する力が適用され、足の引っ込みを誘発するのに必要とされる力を、自動的に記録した。本手順を各足上で3回行い、引っ込みを引き出す力の平均差を計算する(図9)。
標的捕捉
インビボでのCSE阻害を評価するために、雄のSprague Dawleyのラット(およそ300グラム)に、1、3、10、30mg/kgの化合物A((S)−1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)−ブタ−3−イニルアミン)またはビヒクル(水中に20%のHPβCD)を経口で投与した。投与の2時間後、動物に、イソフルランで麻酔をかけ、およそ1グラムの肝臓組織を、取り除き、氷冷の生理食塩水中ですぐに洗い流し、BioSpec Products Tissue−Tearorを使用して、氷冷のアッセイ緩衝液(100mMのリン酸カリウム、pH7.6)+0.5%のTriton X−100中で均質化した。サンプルを、20,000 X Gで4°Cで30分間、遠心分離にかけ、上清を収集した。タンパク質を、標準として、BSAを使用して、Pierce BCAのアッセイによって決定した。
CSE阻害の効果のインビボでの持続期間を評価するために、雄のSprague Dawleyのラット(およそ300グラム)に、30mg/kgの化合物A((S)−1−(1H−テトラゾル−5−イル)−ブタ−3−イニルアミン)またはビヒクル(水中に20%のHPβCD)を経口で投与した。投与の2、24、48、72、96、120または144時間後に、動物に、イソフルランで麻酔をかけ、およそ1グラムの肝臓組織を、取り除き、氷冷の生理食塩水中ですぐに洗い流し、BioSpec Products Tissue−Tearorを使用して、氷冷のアッセイ緩衝液(100mMのリン酸カリウム、pH7.6)+0.5%のTriton X−100中で均質化した。サンプルを、20,000 X Gで4°Cで30分間、遠心分離にかけ、上清を収集した。タンパク質を、標準として、BSAを使用して、Pierce BCAのアッセイによって決定した。
この研究の目的は、疱疹症後神経痛および外傷後神経痛の診断を受けた患者における、中程度から重度の神経障害性疼痛の処置において、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物の安全性および有効性を評価することである。
目的:糖尿病性の神経障害性疼痛を有する被験体において、プラセボに対する、式(I)、(II)、(IIa)、(III)、(IV)、または(IVa)の化合物の安全性および効果を評価すること。糖尿病を有する人々は、経時的に、手、腕、足および脚における疼痛、刺痛または麻痺(感覚の損失)などの症状を有する身体全体にわたる神経損傷を進行させかねない。
Claims (25)
- 以下の構造を有する式(I)の化合物:
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
Xは、CR1、またはNであり;
R1は、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロシクロアルキル、置換または非置換のアリール、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアリールであり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素とともに、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成することを特徴とする、化合物。 - 以下の構造を有する式(II)の化合物:
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
Xは、CR1、またはNであり;
R1は、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロアルキル、置換または非置換のヘテロシクロアルキル、置換または非置換のアリール、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアリールであり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素とともに、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成することを特徴とする、化合物。 - Aが、
- Aが、−SO3H、−SO2NHR4、−P(O)(OR4)2、−P(O)(R4)(OR4)、−CON(R4)2、−CONHNHSO2R4、−CONHSO2R4、−B(OR5)2、−C(R4)2B(OR5)2、および−CON(R4)C(R4)2B(OR5)2、から選択されるカルボン酸同配体であり;ここで各R4が、独立して、H、OH、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のアリールであり;およびR5が、HまたはC1−C6アルキルであることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載の化合物。
- Xが、Nであることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- Xが、CR1であることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- R1が、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであることを特徴とする、請求項6に記載の化合物。
- R1が、Hであることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の化合物。
- R1が、CH3であることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の化合物。
- 以下の構造を有する式(III)の化合物:
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素とともに、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成することを特徴とする、化合物。 - 以下の構造を有する式(IV)の化合物:
式中:
Aは、カルボン酸同配体であり;
R2およびR3は、各々独立して、H、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のヘテロアルキルであり;
あるいはR2およびR3は、それらが付けられる炭素とともに、シクロアルキルまたはヘテロシクロアルキルの環を形成することを特徴とする、化合物。 - Aが、
- Aが、−SO3H、−SO2NHR4、−P(O)(OR4)2、−P(O)(R4)(OR4)、−CON(R4)2、−CONHNHSO2R4、−CONHSO2R4、−B(OR5)2、−C(R4)2B(OR5)2、および−CON(R4)C(R4)2B(OR5)2、から選択されるカルボン酸同配体であり;ここで各R4が、独立して、H、OH、置換または非置換のアルキル、あるいは置換または非置換のアリールであり;R5が、HまたはC1−C6アルキルであることを特徴とする、請求項10または11に記載の化合物。
- R2およびR3が、各々、Hであることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至13のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- Aが、
- Aが、
- Aが、
- 以下の構造:
- 以下の構造:
- 以下の構造:
- 薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤および請求項1乃至20のいずれか1項の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩、薬学的に許容可能な溶媒和物、あるいは薬学的に許容可能なプロドラッグを含む、医薬組成物。
- 毒剤(例えば、シスプラチン、アミノグリコシド、および放射性造影剤)に続発する急性腎臓損傷(AKI)、侵害受容性疼痛、急性術後痛、神経障害性疼痛、三叉神経痛、糖尿病性末梢性ニューロパチー、疱疹性神経痛、疱疹症後神経痛、炎症性疼痛、神経障害性疼痛と炎症性疼痛の併発した状態、関節リウマチ、炎症性腸疾患、過敏性腸症候群、変形性関節症、急性膵炎、慢性膵炎、急性膵炎に関係する疼痛、慢性膵炎に関係する疼痛、片頭痛、痛風、強直性脊椎炎、全身性紅斑性狼瘡(SLE)、全身性炎症反応症候群(SIRS)、多臓器不全症候群(MODS)、喘息、慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)、敏感肌、座瘡、酒さ、接触皮膚炎、または癌に関係する疼痛、の発病を処置または予防する、または減少させる方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量の、請求項1乃至20のいずれか1項の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩、薬学的に許容可能な溶媒和物、あるいは薬学的に許容可能なプロドラッグを、それを必要としている個体に投与する工程を含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 治療上有効な量の、請求項1乃至20のいずれか1項の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩、薬学的に許容可能な溶媒和物、あるいは薬学的に許容可能なプロドラッグを、それを必要としている個体に投与する工程を含む、急性術後痛、神経障害性疼痛、三叉神経痛、糖尿病性末梢性ニューロパチー、疱疹性神経痛、疱疹症後神経痛、炎症性疼痛、関節リウマチ、変形性関節症、または片頭痛の発病を処置または予防する、または減少させるための、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 炭酸脱水酵素阻害剤、コリンエステラーゼ阻害剤、アデノシン阻害剤、プロゲステロン製剤、オピオイド拮抗薬、中枢神経興奮薬、選択的セロトニン再吸収阻害剤(SSRI)、二重5−HT−NE再取込み阻害剤(SNRI’s)、抗鬱薬、抗高血圧剤、カルシウムチャネル拮抗薬、ACE阻害薬、呼吸興奮薬、アルファ−2アドレナリン作動薬、ガンマアミノ酪酸作動薬、抗てんかん薬、NSAID、ステロイド、およびグルタミン酸拮抗薬から選択される、第2薬剤を投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項22または23に記載の方法。
- アセタゾラミド、テオフィリン、プロゲステロン、ドネペジル、ナロキソン、ニコチン、パロキセチン、プロトリプチリン、メトプロロール、シラザプリル、プロプラノロール、アテノロール、ヒドロクロロチアジド、イスラジピン、スピラプリル、ドキサプラム、クロニジン、バクロフェン、サベルゾール、ガバペンチン、プレガバリン、およびデュロキセチンから選択される、第2薬剤を投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項22または23に記載の方法。
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US10227314B2 (en) | 2019-03-12 |
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CN104684901A (zh) | 2015-06-03 |
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US20150175561A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
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CA2879986A1 (en) | 2014-01-30 |
US9771339B2 (en) | 2017-09-26 |
AU2018200635B2 (en) | 2019-07-04 |
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