JP2015503974A - Dental hygiene products - Google Patents

Abstract

A toothbrush (10) including a handle (11) to which a toothbrush head (12) is attached. The handle (11) includes a hollow body (15) and opposing longitudinal ends (17, 18). The attachment part (27) of the toothbrush head (12) will be engaged with and fixed to the attachment part (28) of the handle (11).

Description

  The present invention relates to dental hygiene products, and more particularly to dental hygiene products such as, but not limited to, brushes including toothbrushes, floss products, and interdental brushes.

  Most oral hygiene devices require the use of a handle that can be grasped by hand. Such handles can be further defined as being of the manual, non-motorized type, where the user applies muscular force to create a scrubbing action that is transmitted to the working end of the device. Become. Alternatively, the handle can be designed to be powered and produce subsonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations within the device, or within the device by means of a small electric motor, drive shaft, and appropriate gearing Can provide mechanized scrubbing. All handles that provide either macro-mechanical scrubbing or micro-mechanical scrubbing are subject to sonic-induced vibrations or simple machine-generated vibrations, even if the action is via the drive shaft and gearbox. Even if it is a movement, that is, a sonic vibration, an ultrasonic vibration or a subsonic vibration, or a motion induced by the eccentric weight of the rotating electric motor shaft, it is hereinafter referred to as an electric handle.

  In order to preserve the plastic and bring the user higher economics, several manufacturers have developed a replaceable head for manual toothbrushes so that if the brush head wears out, the entire handle is not disposable doing. For the same purpose, other manufacturers have developed a replaceable floss device similar to the replaceable brush head concept, in which a plastic fork is overmolded across the floss compartment and the plastic device. Is attached to the handle to facilitate flossing, and the handle may be manual or electric. Although it is relatively uncommon to see a manual brush with a replaceable head, almost all electric brush handles have a replaceable head. This is because it is more economical and it is not environmentally advisable to make the entire appliance disposable when the brush is worn.

  Many manufacturers have developed extension handles for interdental brushes. Such brushes are classified into the following three types. 1) The brush itself is equipped with a mini handle or small handle suitable for use, and these handles are usually overmolded or glued or welded to the stranded wire. 2) It is equipped with a small plastic holding device, which is attached to the corresponding receptacle of the larger handle. 3) Without a built-in mini handle or holding device and having only a simple strand brush, such a strand is a large toothbrush shaped specifically designed to receive a simple interdental brush strand head The cost of overmoulding or attaching the handle directly to the handle is thus saved, or the waste of making the plastic handle disposable each time an interdental brush is used.

  Many manufacturers make stain removal devices with their own handles that are permanently attached to the device head and are disposable with the device head even if only the device head is worn. This wastes plastic handles, wastes plastics, plastics are usually derived from petroleum, petroleum is limited in future availability, and resources that may substantially increase future costs It is a resource that should be preserved wherever possible and appropriate. Similarly, many manufacturers make denture brushes, which have their own (large) handle, are permanently attached to the device head, and are disposable with the device head. Similarly, many manufacturers make so-called single tuft brush heads, which are often actually composed of a series of small tufts that are focused to the tip. Higher detergency can be given to the integrated area, and this brush head also has a permanently attached handle. Similarly, many manufacturers make tongue scrapers with handles attached to them.

  The various devices used at the oral interface have a very wide range of requirements regarding their orientation, securing requirements, cross-sectional strength, force applied to the handle, and force applied through the connector. For example, most floss products and interdental brushes have low force requirements, so a simple mini handle stem will suffice, and because of this simple mini handle stem, these devices have no conventional toothbrush-sized extension handle alone. Can be used.

  This is in contrast to devices that must have a solid handle, such as a toothbrush, in which devices such as toothbrushes or single tuft brushes, denture brushes, and possibly even stain removal devices. It must be comfortable, durable and robust enough to convey the power required when using it.

  In addition to the above, some devices can be inserted inside any proposed toothbrush handle connector, resulting in a substantial rotational force in the connector, which can cause these products to It must be blocked so that it can be used successfully without a major axis or without rotating and sliding. An example of this is an overmolded floss device in which the floss extends parallel to the handle but is offset. Therefore, a torque action is generated on the handle by the force applied to the floss. This force is transmitted to the handle via the connecting device and must be blocked at the connecting point.

  The present invention prevents this force but still allows for 8 degrees of freedom of rotation and can therefore be set to whatever position the operator has found most desirable.

  Most electric brush handles have male protrusions as attachment devices and as drive shafts, thereby allowing a removable head to be placed over the protrusions, but these protrusions The parts and the surfaces formed when these protrusions enter the handle body are very unsuitable for use by the entire device in the mouth unless a brush is attached. The reason for this is that the brush heads are mounted in place so that these handles smooth the unevenness of the entire surface and form a continuous smooth contour between the handle and the brush head. This is because it is designed to be used only occasionally. The contour formed by the large ledge where the male protrusion enters the handle body is so great that it can be rubbed through the lips or on the cheek's inner surface when the brush head is not attached to the handle Not suitable, such large ledges usually have sharp edges rather than a smooth S transition between offset surfaces to facilitate close butt joints between offset surfaces when the head is placed on the handle. This makes the required mold more difficult and the edge of any head device is like a cutting edge to get a smooth transition between the head and handle Will be manufactured. These prior art handles are not designed for general purpose use with or without a brush head. This is because these handles have a smooth surface to facilitate use in the oral cavity without placing a brush head (or similar outer head device such as a flosser) over the drive shaft / mounting device. This is because the angle of the transition portion is not designed to be smoothly contoured. These handles also often have a large outer stimulating protrusion on the protruding shaft designed to form a notch or retention mechanism to engage and hold the brush head in a snap-on motion, These external stimulating protrusions can cause irritation or trauma to the inside surface of the lips or cheeks when used or rubbed in the mouth. These handles are not intended to be used without a brush head over the shaft and covering the shaft, and these retention mechanisms can be very irritating for use in the oral cavity.

  The object of the present invention is to overcome or significantly improve at least one of the above-mentioned drawbacks.

In this specification, first,
A handle having a longitudinal axis and opposing first and second longitudinal end portions;
The second end portion includes an engagement portion that removably engages the head to be secured to the second end portion, so that the user can manipulate the head via manipulation of the handle to Can engage with teeth, mouth surface, or tongue,
The second end portion includes a first longitudinal length and a second longitudinal length, and the second longitudinal length decreases toward the end tip, and the first length Has a longitudinally extending outer surface, the second length has a longitudinally extending outer surface, the surfaces are joined by a transition surface, and the transition surface is tangent to the first surface. And a dental hygiene product handle, wherein the handle is tangent to the second surface and, at the transition surface, the second surface is spaced outwardly by no more than 3 mm from the first surface relative to the axis. Yes.

  Preferably, the cross section of the two outer surfaces is circular.

  Preferably, the transition surface is joined to the first surface with a first radius, the transition surface is joined to the second surface with a second radius, and the first radius is greater than the second radius .

  Preferably, the first radius is between 9 mm and 10 mm.

  Preferably, the first radius is about 9.7 mm.

  Preferably, the second radius is between 5 mm and 6 mm.

  Preferably, the second radius is about 5.2 mm.

In this specification:
A handle having a longitudinal axis and opposing first and second longitudinal end portions;
A head that engages the user's teeth, mouth surface, or tongue and is secured to the second end portion;
Dental hygiene, wherein the handle includes a bulge portion adjacent to the first end portion, the bulge portion narrowing toward the first end portion and toward the second end portion. An article is further disclosed.

  Preferably, the handle is hollow and includes a removable end cap at the first end portion so as to allow an article to be placed therein and received within the handle.

  Preferably, the head is detachably attached to the handle.

  Preferably, the handle has an outer surface and the head has an outer surface, and the handle surface is aligned with the head surface so that a smooth transition between the two surfaces is achieved.

  Preferably, the handle has a longitudinal length that is greater than a longitudinal length of the head.

This specification includes:
A handle having a body with a longitudinal axis, a longitudinal end portion and gripped by a user's hand;
A head removably attached to the end portion and engaging a tooth, an oral surface, or a tongue;
An attachment portion for securing the handle to the head, including an annular flange surrounding the passage and a protrusion extending inwardly of the passage and engaging inwardly of the flange, and thus longitudinally extending between the handle and the head Further disclosed is a dental hygiene article that includes an attachment portion that, when moved relative to the direction, causes the protrusion to enter the passage and engage the flange.

  Preferably, the head includes the annular flange, and the handle includes the protrusion.

  In a preferred form, the mounting portion includes a shaft that projects inwardly of the passage, and the handle protrusion includes an inner protrusion passage in which the shaft is received when the mounting portion is engaged.

  Preferably, the shaft becomes narrower toward the end tip.

  Preferably, the head passage narrows inwardly from the end opening of the passage.

  Preferably, the attachment portion includes a plurality of recesses and a plurality of raised portions, with the raised portions engaging the recesses to secure the handle to the head.

  Preferably, a recess is in the protrusion and a raised portion is attached to the flange and protrudes inwardly relative to the passage to engage the recess.

  Preferably, the raised portion engages the recess by elastic deformation of the flange and / or protrusion.

  Preferably, the recess extends in an arc shape and in a longitudinal direction with respect to the axis.

  Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1 is a schematic isometric view of a toothbrush including a handle and an attachable brush head. FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic isometric view of the toothbrush of FIG. 1 with the handle and toothbrush head removed. FIG. 3 is a schematic isometric view of an end portion of the handle and the head shown in FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic partial cross-sectional isometric view of the toothbrush of FIG. FIG. 3 is a schematic isometric view of an end portion of the handle shown in FIG. FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of the end portion of FIG. FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional side view of the end portion shown in FIG. 6 cut along a line 7-7. FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of several variations of the toothbrush of FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of a modified form in which various heads are applied to the handle of the toothbrush of FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of various heads that can be applied to the handle of FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic isometric view of a modified version of the handle and head of FIG. FIG. 12 is a schematic isometric view of the handle and head of FIG. 11 partially cut away. 1 is a schematic isometric view of a floss head. FIG. FIG. 14 is a partial cross-sectional isometric view of the head of FIG. FIG. 14 is a schematic isometric view of the head of FIG. 13 with an end cap. FIG. 16 is a schematic isometric view in which the head and end cap of FIG. 15 are partially disassembled. FIG. 17 is a schematic isometric view of the end cap of FIGS. 15 and 16. FIG. 4 is a schematic side view of a tip end of the handle of FIGS. 1 to 3. FIG. 11 is a schematic isometric view showing additional mounting components of those shown in FIGS. FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of a modified form of a further end portion of the handle. FIG. 21 is a schematic isometric view of the end portion of FIG. FIG. 4 is a schematic partially exploded isometric view of a modified form of the brush head shown in FIG. FIG. 23 is a schematic sectional side view of the brush head portion of FIG. 22; FIG. 23 is a schematic isometric view of an insertion portion of the brush head portion of FIG.

  FIG. 1 schematically shows a dental hygiene product. In this particular embodiment, the article is a toothbrush 10. The toothbrush 10 includes a handle 11 to which a toothbrush head 12 is removably attached. In this particular embodiment, the toothbrush handle 11 is provided with an electric motor 13 that receives current (via a switch) from one or more batteries 14. When a switch (not shown) is turned on, the motor 13 is energized and the toothbrush 10 vibrates. However, it should be understood that the toothbrush 10 may also be manually operated and may not include a motor or power storage or drive system.

  Handle 11 includes a hollow body 15 having a longitudinal axis 16 and opposing longitudinal end portions 17 and 18. The main body 15 is swollen and designed to be grasped by the user's hand. The body 15 swells to have a bulge at the end portion 18 and is hollow in the manual version, thus improving the grip, and for oral care accessories such as floss picks and / or interdental brushes. It is an internal housing. Access to the inside of the main body 15 is performed by removing the end cap provided on the end portion 17. The handle 11 is also hollow to avoid the weight and cost of solid plastic and / or rubber / elastomer.

  The brush head 12 includes a generally flat base 19 to which a plurality of bristles 20 are fixed. The stem 21 is formed integrally with the base 19 or attached to the base 19.

  The stem 21 includes an attachment portion 27 that engages the attachment portion 28 of the handle 11 so that the head 12 is securely attached to the handle 11.

  In FIG. 2, the attachment portion 27 includes an annular flange 29 that surrounds a passage extending longitudinally inward from the end opening 23. In FIG. 3, the passage 22 is surrounded by the inner surface 24 of the flange 29.

  A shaft 25 extends longitudinally from the installation 26 into the passage 22. The shaft 25 extends in the longitudinal direction toward the end opening 23. The shaft 25 is spaced from the surface 24, so there is a space between the shaft 25 and the surface 24. The surface 24 is also provided with a plurality of protrusions 30.

  In FIG. 3, the attachment portion 28 includes an annular protrusion 31 that is fixed to the end portion 18 or formed integrally with the end portion 18. In FIG. 7, the protrusion 31 surrounds a passage 32 extending inward in the longitudinal direction from the end opening 33. The passage 32 narrows inward such that its smallest diameter is spaced inwardly from the opening 33. There is a small portion 34 at the entrance of the passage 32, which has a larger area than the cross-sectional surface area just inward from it, and thus the bending strength of the shaft 25 is higher in this region.

  The outer surface 36 of the protrusion 31 includes a plurality of recesses (dents) 37, into which the protrusions (protrusion portions) 30 of FIG. 3 engage. This engagement is due to the elastic deformation of the protrusion 30 and the flange 29, whereby the protrusion 30 advances into the recess 37.

  The shaft 25 can have a plurality of longitudinally extending ridges 38 separated by a longitudinally extending slot so as to prevent relative rotation between the handle 11 and the head 12. The passage 32 of FIG. 7 has ridges 35 that are also separated by slots and extend longitudinally. Ridge 38 and the associated slot will mate with ridge 35 and the associated slot so that shaft 25 will be securely engaged within passage 32. If necessary, in order to increase the frictional engagement between the ridge 35 and the ridge 38, the shaft 25 may also be thinned so that the diameter becomes the smallest at the end of the longitudinal end thereof.

  Engagement of the shaft 25 in the passage 32 and engagement of the outer surface 36 of the protrusion 31 and the inner surface 24 of the flange 29 provides a secure connection between the handle 11 and the head 12.

  FIG. 8 shows several variations of the handle 11. However, the handle 11 includes a bulging portion 39 located between the end portions 17 and 18.

  In FIG. 9, the handle 11 is again shown as having various shapes. In FIG. 9, the handle 11 is also engaged with various heads. For example, one of the heads is a toothbrush, the second head is an interdental brush, and the third head is a floss product.

  11 and 12 schematically show a modified form of the handle 11 and the head 12.

  In this embodiment, the shaft 25 is omitted and the mounting projections are reversed.

  In this embodiment, the attachment portion 27 includes an annular flange 39 having an inner surface 40 that surrounds the passage 41. The surface 40 is provided with a plurality of recesses 42 including a guide portion 43 and a base portion 44. The handle attachment portion 28 includes a protrusion 45 that tapers toward the end tip 46, and this taper matches a similar taper on the passage 41 side. The outer surface 47 of the protrusion 45 has a plurality of protrusions or raised portions 48 that are engaged by the guide portion 43 to engage the base portion 44. The attachment portion 27 and / or attachment portion 28 is elastically deformed to allow this engagement. Thus, the raised portion 48 “snaps” to the base portion 44 to secure the handle 11 to the head 12.

  It should be understood that the head 12 can be any of the heads of FIGS. 8, 9, or 10 and the head 49 of FIGS.

  FIGS. 13 and 17 schematically show a head 49 that is removably attached to the handle 11. The head 49 is a floss product and includes a base 50 from which a pair of arms 51 extend. One dental floss 52 is fixed to the end portion of the arm 51, and this floss can be stretched over. In this embodiment, the annular flange 39 has its inner surface 40 provided with a plurality of protrusions or raised portions 53. Accordingly, the portion 28 may need to have a recess corresponding to the location to receive the raised portion 53. In this regard, it should be understood that the raised portion 43 may be replaced with a recess to engage the raised portion 48 of the embodiment of FIG.

  In the above embodiment, a raised portion (projection) can be included in the handle or head and a recess can be included in the other of the handle or head. Again, the portions 27 and 28 are engaged by moving the head and handle longitudinally toward each other.

  The passage 41 can be closed with an end cap 54. The end cap 54 is slightly wider and includes a base 55 intended to be grasped by the user. The base 55 can include a ridge 56 that facilitates gripping so that the end cap 54 can be moved axially relative to the shaft 16.

  An attachment portion 28 having a smaller diameter than the base 55 extends from the base 55, and this attachment portion 28 is as described above.

  When the head 49 is used manually, the end cap 54 is inserted into the passage 41 and retained therein by friction. When the head 49 is attached to the handle 11, the end cap 54 is removed and the attachment portion 28 of the handle 11 is inserted into the head 49, thereby firmly engaging the head 49.

  The end portion 18 includes a first portion 57 that extends in the longitudinal direction, and this portion 57 is joined by a transition portion 59 to a second portion 58 that extends in the longitudinal direction. This portion 57 includes an outer surface 60 that is circular in cross section, preferably decreasing in diameter toward the transition portion 59. The second portion 58 extends from the transition portion 59 so as to become thinner as it moves away from the transition portion 59. Again, these portions 57 and 58 are generally circular in cross section. In the transition portion 59, the portion 57 is spaced from the shaft outward from the shaft 58 by no more than 3 mm, preferably no more than 2 mm, from the shaft 16. Therefore, when the cross section of the part 57 and the part 58 is circular and the cross section of the part 59 is circular, the part 57 is 3 mm or less than the part 58 at the position where the part 57 and the part 58 contact the transition part 59. Has a large radius. More preferably, this radius difference is 2 mm or less.

  Transition portion 59 has an outer surface 61 and portion 58 has an outer surface 62. Surface 61 and surface 62 are generally circular in cross section.

  Surface 61 is an “S” shaped surface and is joined to surface 60 so that it is tangent to surface 60, while surface 61 is joined to surface 62 so that it is also tangent to surface 62.

  Preferably, surface 61 has a radius 63 that extends to surface 60, while surface 62 has a radius 64 that leads to radius 63 and is also tangent. Surfaces 60, 61, and 62 provide a smooth transition from surface 60 to surface 62.

  Preferably, radius 63 is greater than radius 64.

  Preferably, the radius 63 is 9 mm to 10 mm, most preferably about 9.7 mm. Preferably, the radius 64 is between 5 mm and 6 mm, more preferably about 5.2 mm. Preferably, the center of radius 63 and the center of radius 64 are 5 mm to 6 mm apart along axis 16, and preferably 5.65 mm apart with respect to axis 16.

  In the embodiment of FIGS. 20 and 21, the attachment portion 28 includes a protrusion 31 having an end opening 33 similar to the previous embodiment. However, in this embodiment, the recess (indentation) 37 extends in an arc shape around the axis 16. Therefore, the protrusion 30 of the previous embodiment advances substantially in the axial direction along the channel 70 and enters the recess 37, and the protrusion 30 moves along the recess 37 around the axis 16 by moving the head 12 in the arc direction. Will move in the direction of the arc.

  In FIG. 19, a further head 71 is shown. In this embodiment, the head 71 is a “tongue scraper” and includes an end portion 72 that is provided with a plurality of ridges 73 that engage and move along the surface of the user's tongue.

  22, 23, and 24 schematically show a modified form of the stem 21 of the brush head 12. In this embodiment, the stem 21 includes a hollow outer shell 80 that surrounds the passage 22. The shell has at least two openings 81 extending through the shell 80 on opposite sides of the shell 80. An insertion portion 82 protrudes inward of the passage 22 and is disposed inside the shell 80. The insertion portion 82 is provided with the protrusion 30 described with reference to FIG. The insert 82 includes a generally circular base 83 with a pair of axially extending arms 84 that snap into the openings 81 so that the insert 82 is secured within the shell 80. Be placed. Next, the protrusion 30 protrudes inward with respect to the longitudinal axis 16. This configuration helps to manufacture the stem 21.

10 Toothbrush
11 Handle
12 Toothbrush head
13 Electric motor
14 battery
15 Hollow body
16 Long axis
17, 18 Longitudinal end
19 base
20 multiple hairs
21 stem
22 Passage
23 End opening
24 inner surface
25 shaft
26 Installation section
27, 28 Mounting part
29 Annular flange
30 Protrusion
31 Annular protrusion
32 passage
33 End opening
34 small parts
35 Ridge
36 outer surface
37 Recess (Dimple)
38 Ridge
39 Bulge / annular flange
40 inner surface
41 passage
42 Recess
43 Guide part
44 Base part
45 Protrusion
46 End tip
47 outer surface
48 Raised part
49 heads
50 base
51 arm
52 Dental Floss
53 Raised part
54 End cap
55 base
56 Ridge
57 First part
58 Second part
59 Transition part
60, 61, 62 outer surface
63, 64 radius
70 channels
71 heads
72 End
73 Ridge
80 outer shell
81 opening
82 Insertion
83 base
84 Arm

Claims (21)

A handle having a longitudinal axis and opposing first and second longitudinal end portions;
The second end portion includes an engagement portion that detachably engages with a head to be fixed to the second end portion, so that the user operates the head through operation of the handle. Can be engaged with the user's teeth, mouth surface, or tongue,
The second end portion includes a first longitudinal length and a second longitudinal length, and the second longitudinal length becomes narrower toward an end tip, and The first length has an outer surface extending in the longitudinal direction, the second length has an outer surface extending in the longitudinal direction, the surface is joined by a transition surface, and the transition surface is the first surface Tangent to the surface and tangent to the second surface, in the transition surface, the second surface is spaced outward from the first surface by 3 mm or less, Handle for dental hygiene products.   The handle of claim 1, wherein the cross section of the two outer surfaces is circular.   The transition surface is joined to the first surface with a first radius, the transition surface is joined to the second surface with a second radius, and the first radius is the second radius. The handle according to claim 1 or 2, which is larger than the handle.   4. A handle according to claim 3, wherein the first radius is between 9 mm and 10 mm.   The handle of claim 4, wherein the first radius is about 9.7 mm.   6. A handle according to claim 3, 4 or 5, wherein the second radius is between 5 mm and 6 mm.   The handle according to claim 6, wherein the second radius is about 5.2 mm. A handle having a longitudinal axis and opposing first and second longitudinal end portions;
A head that engages a user's teeth, mouth surface, or tongue and is secured to the second end portion;
Dental hygiene, wherein the handle includes a bulge portion adjacent to the first end portion, wherein the bulge portion narrows toward the first end portion and toward the second end portion. Supplies.   9. The handle of claim 8, wherein the handle is hollow and includes a removable end cap at the first end portion to allow an article to be placed therein and received within the handle. Handle.   10. A handle according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the head is removably attached to the handle.   9. The handle surface has an outer surface, the head has an outer surface, and the handle surface is aligned with the head surface such that a smooth transition between the two surfaces is achieved. A handle according to claim 9, 9 or 10.   12. A handle according to any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the handle has a longitudinal length that is greater than a longitudinal length of the head. A handle having a body with a longitudinal axis, a longitudinal end portion and gripped by a user's hand;
A head removably attached to the end portion and engaging a tooth, an oral surface, or a tongue;
An attachment portion for securing the handle to the head, including an annular flange surrounding the passage and a protrusion extending inwardly of the passage and engaging inward of the flange, and thus the handle and the head And a mounting portion that, when moved longitudinally relative to each other, causes the protrusion to enter the passage and engage the flange.   14. A handle according to claim 13, wherein the head includes the annular flange and the handle includes the protrusion.   14. The mounting portion includes a shaft projecting inwardly of the passage, and the handle protrusion includes an inner protrusion passage into which the shaft is received when the mounting portion is engaged. The handle according to 14.   16. A handle according to claim 15, wherein the shaft tapers towards the end tip.   17. A handle according to any one of claims 13 to 16, wherein the head passage narrows inwardly from an end opening of the passage.   18. The attachment portion according to any one of claims 13 to 17, wherein the attachment portion includes a plurality of recesses and a plurality of raised portions, the raised portions engaging the recesses, and the handle is secured to the head. The described handle.   19. A handle according to claim 18, wherein the recess is in the protrusion and the raised portion is attached to the flange and protrudes inwardly relative to the passage to engage the recess.   20. A handle according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the raised portion engages the recess by elastic deformation of the flange and / or the protrusion.   21. A handle according to claim 18, 19 or 20, wherein the recess extends in an arc and longitudinally relative to the axis.

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