JP2015219286A - Exposure control device and camera - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an exposure control device and camera that can implement an appropriate exposure control.SOLUTION: An exposure control device 200 according to the present invention comprises: an imaging unit 112; and an exposure computation unit 105 that divides a pixel area of the imaging unit 112 into a plurality of sub-divided areas each of which includes a plurality of pixels, computes a division output value serving as an output value for each sub-divided area, and uses a division maximum output value of the division output values for exposure computation.

Description

  The present invention relates to an exposure control device and a camera.

Conventionally, multi-pattern photometry has evolved in camera exposure control, and it has become possible to provide exposure with almost no failure except for special scenes such as spotlights.
However, the conventional automatic exposure has a problem that the background is black and the face is whitened in a strong light scene. In order to solve this problem, there is one that determines the exposure by referring to the brightness of the AF (autofocus) area adjusted by the user (Patent Document 1).
In addition, there is a method such as peak AGC (peak auto gain control) that adopts the place of the maximum luminance in the screen and determines the exposure regardless of the AF area.

JP 2000-75352 A

  However, in the invention that refers to the brightness of the AF area, overexposure can be prevented, but exposure control according to the size of the subject cannot be performed, and the brightness is always constant. Further, in the exposure control using the peak AGC, when there is light that is strongly reflected in the screen, the underexposure suddenly occurs.

  An object of the present invention is to provide an exposure control device and a camera capable of appropriate exposure control.

The present invention solves the above problems by the following means.
The invention according to claim 1 divides the imaging unit and the pixel region of the imaging unit into a plurality of divided regions each including a plurality of pixels, and calculates a divided output value that is an output value for each of the divided regions. And an exposure calculation unit that uses a divided maximum output value of the divided output values for exposure calculation.
Invention of Claim 2 is the exposure control apparatus of Claim 1, Comprising: The said image pick-up part is provided with the color filter of RGB pixel arrangement | sequence, The said exposure calculating part makes the said division | segmentation output value R pixel, An exposure control device characterized in that calculation is performed for each G pixel and B pixel.
A third aspect of the present invention is the exposure control apparatus according to the first aspect, wherein the pixels of the imaging unit are single color pixels, and the exposure calculation unit determines the divided output value by the single color pixels. It is the exposure control device characterized by calculating.
Invention of Claim 4 is an exposure control apparatus of any one of Claim 1 to 3, Comprising: The said exposure calculating part performs the offset which reduces the said division | segmentation maximum output value, and after the said offset An exposure control apparatus using the divided maximum output value for exposure calculation.
Invention of Claim 5 is an exposure control apparatus of any one of Claim 1 to 4, Comprising: The said exposure calculating part is a small area | region output value which is an output value of an area | region smaller than the said division area. The output after weight calculation is obtained by calculating the maximum output value of the small area, and calculating the weight of the small area maximum output value smaller as the difference between the maximum output value of the small area and the maximum divided output value increases. An exposure control device characterized in that a value is used for exposure calculation.
Invention of Claim 6 is the exposure control apparatus of Claim 5, Comprising: The said exposure calculating part is an average output value of the area | region larger than the said division area, and the output value after the said weight calculation. The exposure control device is characterized in that the largest output value is used for the exposure calculation.
According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided an output unit that outputs a first output value for a first area provided in a screen and outputs a second output value for a second area different from the first area; An exposure control device comprising: an exposure control unit that performs exposure control using the largest one of the first output value and the second output value.
Invention of Claim 8 is the exposure control apparatus of Claim 7, Comprising: The said output part outputs a 3rd output value about the 3rd area | region different from the said 1st area | region and the said 2nd area | region, The selection unit is an exposure control device that performs exposure control using the largest one of the first output value, the second output value, and the third output value.
A ninth aspect of the present invention is the exposure control apparatus according to the seventh or eighth aspect, wherein the selection unit selects at least one of the first exposure mode and the second exposure mode based on an operation of the photographer. The exposure control unit performs exposure control using the largest one of the first output value and the second output value when the first exposure mode is selected by the selection unit; An exposure control apparatus, wherein when the second exposure mode is selected by the selection unit, exposure control is not performed using the largest one of the first output value and the second output value. is there.
A tenth aspect of the present invention is the exposure control apparatus according to the ninth aspect, wherein the exposure control unit balances a bright region and a dark region when the second exposure mode is selected by the selection unit. Exposure control that takes correct exposure, exposure control that makes the brightness of the center of the screen appropriate exposure, exposure control that makes the area in focus correct exposure, and exposure control that makes the face of the person in focus correct exposure An exposure control device characterized by performing at least one of them.
The invention according to claim 11 is an area generation unit that generates a plurality of divided areas by dividing the entire photographing screen into a grid, an output unit that outputs a plurality of output values for each of the plurality of divided areas, An exposure control device comprising: an exposure control unit that performs exposure control using the largest one of a plurality of output values.
According to a twelfth aspect of the present invention, an output unit that outputs a first output value for a first area provided in a screen and outputs a second output value for a second area different from the first area; An exposure control device comprising: an exposure control unit that performs exposure control using the smallest one of the first output value and the second output value.
A thirteenth aspect of the present invention is a camera comprising the exposure control device according to any one of the first to twelfth aspects.
In addition, the said structure may be improved suitably, and at least one part may substitute for another structure.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the exposure control apparatus and camera which can perform appropriate exposure control can be provided.

It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the single-lens reflex type camera provided with the exposure control apparatus of this embodiment. It is a whole flowchart which shows operation | movement of a control part. It is a flowchart explaining highlight weighted metering. It is a figure explaining a division area. It is a figure explaining a weighting coefficient. It is the example which illustrated the area | region of the division | segmentation maximum luminance value when a to-be-photographed object is large. It is the example which illustrated the area | region of the maximum luminance value of each area | region when a to-be-photographed object is large. It is the example which illustrated the area | region of the division | segmentation maximum luminance value when a to-be-photographed object is small. It is the example which illustrated the area | region of the maximum luminance value of each area | region when a to-be-photographed object is small. It is a flowchart equivalent to FIG. 3 in 2nd Embodiment.

(First embodiment)
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a single-lens reflex camera 100 including an exposure control apparatus 200 according to the present embodiment. The camera 100 includes an operation unit 101, a lens 102, a display unit 103, a first imaging unit 104, a control unit 105, a memory card slot 106, a monitor 107, a prism 108, an eyepiece unit 109, A mirror 110, a shutter 111, a second imaging unit 112, and a photometric lens 113 are provided.

  The operation unit 101 includes input members operated by the user, such as a power switch, a release button, a zoom button, a cross key, an enter button, a play button, and a delete button. Here, it is possible to select whether or not to perform HDR and to select the adaptation amount. Further, by operating the operation unit 101, the user can select a photometry mode. Specifically, for example, at least one of highlight-weighted metering mode, multi-pattern metering mode, center-weighted metering mode, and spot metering mode, which will be described later, can be selected. For example, the multi-pattern metering mode is a mode that performs exposure control that balances the bright and dark parts, and the center-weighted metering mode performs exposure control that makes the brightness at the center of the screen an appropriate exposure. The spot metering mode is a mode in which exposure control is performed so that the face of the person in focus or the area in focus is properly exposed.

  The lens 102 is composed of a plurality of optical lenses, but is representatively represented by one lens in FIG. In the present embodiment, the lens 102 is detachable from the camera 100, but is not limited to this.

  The display unit 103 is, for example, a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal, and this display is superimposed on the light guided by the mirror 110 through the lens 102. The light on which the display is superimposed passes through the prism 108 and is guided to the eyepiece unit 109 and the second imaging unit 112.

  The second imaging unit 112 is a color image sensor that includes a plurality of pixels such as CMOS and CCD, and includes an RGB pixel array color filter (for example, a Bayer array color filter). The image captured by the second imaging unit 112 is sent to the control unit 105, and based on this image, the control unit 105 performs known scene recognition (for example, face detection), performs automatic exposure based on the recognition, and performs exposure. To decide. The second imaging unit 112 and the control unit 105 constitute the exposure control apparatus 200 of this embodiment.

  The first imaging unit 104 is an image sensor such as a CMOS or a CCD, for example. At the time of imaging, the mirror 110 is raised, the shutter 111 is opened, and the subject image formed by the lens 102 has an exposure determined by the control unit 105. Imaged. Then, an image signal obtained by imaging is output to the control unit 105.

The control unit 105 generates image data in a predetermined image format, for example, JPEG format (hereinafter, main image data) based on the image signal input from the first imaging unit 104.
Further, the control unit 105 creates display image data, for example, thumbnail image data, based on the generated image data.
The control unit 105 generates an image file that includes the generated main image data and thumbnail image data, and further includes header information, and outputs the image file to the memory card slot 106.

  In the present embodiment, it is assumed that both the main image data and the thumbnail image data are image data represented by, for example, an RGB color system.

The memory card slot 106 is a slot for inserting a memory card as a storage medium, and records and records the image file output from the control unit 105 on the memory card.
Further, the memory card slot 106 reads an image file stored in the memory card based on an instruction from the control unit 105.

  The monitor 107 is a liquid crystal monitor mounted on the back surface of the camera 100, and the monitor 107 displays an image stored in a memory card, a setting menu for setting the camera 100, and the like.

The control unit 105 includes a CPU, a memory, and other peripheral circuits, and controls the camera 100.
Note that the memory constituting the control unit 105 includes SDRAM and flash memory. The SDRAM is a volatile memory, and is used as a work memory for developing a program when the CPU executes a program, or as a buffer memory for temporarily recording data. The flash memory is a non-volatile memory in which data of a program executed by the control unit 105, various parameters read during program execution, and the like are recorded.

FIG. 2 is an overall flowchart showing the operation of the control unit 105.
In step S000, a menu is determined as to whether or not highlight weighted metering described later is performed.
When highlight-weighted metering mode is selected in the menu by operating the operation unit 101, highlight-weighted metering is turned on, and at least one of multi-pattern metering mode, center-weighted metering mode, and spot metering mode is selected. When selected, highlight weighted metering is turned off. If highlight-weighted metering is ON, the process proceeds to step S001, and if OFF, the process proceeds to step S002.

In step S001, highlight weighted photometry is performed.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart for explaining highlight weighted metering.

(Determine the maximum luminance value for each pixel)
First, in step S101, the maximum RGB brightness in each pixel is calculated based on the sensor output as a result of exposing the second imaging unit 112.
Here, R (red), G (green), and B (blue) outputs of the sensor are preferably RGB to which a known auto white balance gain has been applied. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and for example, a white balance fixed in fine weather may be added, or a gain may not be added.

The maximum output / brightness value is calculated using the following formula.

Here, R (i, j) is the R output of the second imaging unit at coordinates (i, j). Similarly, G (i, j) is the G output of the second imaging unit at coordinates (i, j), and B (i, j) is the B output of the second imaging unit at coordinates (i, j).
Max () is a function for finding the maximum, and scans for i and j to find the maximum outputs Max_R, Max_G, and Max_B.
BvOffset is a coefficient for converting an evaluation value into a BV value.

(Determine the maximum luminance value of the divided area)
In step S102, a divided luminance value is calculated. The divided luminance value is a luminance value of each 8 × 5 area written by a thick line in FIG. The calculation of the divided luminance value is performed as follows.

  Here, M is the total number of pixels in the thick frame line, and x is a subscript from 1 to 40. The divided luminance values of each area are RBV40 [x], GBV40 [x], and BBV40 [x].

この輝度値Max_RBV40,Max_GBV40,Max_BBV40を以後、分割最大輝度値と呼ぶ。 In step S103, the maximum value is calculated from the divided luminance values.

The luminance values Max_RBV40, Max_GBV40, and Max_BBV40 are hereinafter referred to as divided maximum luminance values.

(Calculation of weighting factor)
In step S104, the maximum luminance values Max_RBV, Max_GBV, and Max_BBV of individual regions are compared with the divided maximum luminance values Max_RBV40, Max_GBV40, and Max_BBV40, and the weighting factors kHilight_R, kHilight_G, and kHilight_B for calculating the highlight luminance value are obtained. calculate.

Ｇ，Ｂについても全く同様に演算を行う。 The weighting factor is determined based on FIG. That is,

The same calculation is performed for G and B.

For example, FIG. 5 shows a method for determining the R weight coefficient kHilight_R. A large difference (Max_RBV-Max_RBV40) between the maximum luminance value of one pixel unit and the divided maximum luminance value of each divided region unit indicates that the area of the highlight is small. Further, the small brightness difference indicates that the area of the highlight is large.
Here, when the luminance difference is smaller than the first threshold thkHilight1_R, the R weight coefficient kHilight_R is set to 1.

  When the luminance difference is larger than the second threshold thkHilight2_R, the R weight coefficient kHilight_R is set to 0, and when the luminance difference is between the first threshold thkHilight1_R and the second threshold thkHilight2_R, linear interpolation is performed.

Specific examples are shown in FIGS.
(Example 1) FIG. 6 shows a region of Max_RBV 40 when the subject is large.
Further, Max_RBV at the same magnification is detected as shown in FIG. At this time, since both areas to be detected are applied to the subject, the luminance difference is small.

(Example 2) FIG. 8 shows how Max_RBV 40 is detected, but shows a case where the magnification is smaller than in the previous example. FIG. 9 assumes that Max_RBV is detected at the same magnification. At this time, the Max_RBV40 detection area is affected by the background. For example, when the subject is brightest, Max_RBV40 becomes small.

  However, when the magnification is small, some whiteout is allowed, so the influence of this background is allowed. The coefficient for that is kHilight_R.

  In step S105, the maximum luminance value and the divided maximum luminance value are weighted and averaged using the coefficient obtained in S104, and the highlight luminance values HilightBV_R, HilightBV_G, and HilightBV_B are calculated.

  Further, if the highlight brightness is used as it is for the control value, an underphoto is obtained, so that an optimized offset amount is provided. The formula for calculating the offset amount is shown below.

  Thus, by setting an appropriate value using the offset, it is possible to allow color saturation of a small highlight and not cause color saturation at a large highlight.

これは、平均輝度値がハイライト輝度値よりも大きくならないようにするための演算である。Ｎは総画素数であり、例えば図４のような４０×２５画素を持つ第２撮像部であれば、１０００となる。ＬはＲＧＢから合成した輝度値である。なお、平均輝度値は画面全体が好ましいが、これに限定されるわけではなく、分割領域よりも大きければよい。 In step S106, the average luminance value of the entire screen is calculated.

This is an operation for preventing the average luminance value from becoming larger than the highlight luminance value. N is the total number of pixels. For example, if the second imaging unit has 40 × 25 pixels as shown in FIG. L is a luminance value synthesized from RGB. The average luminance value is preferable for the entire screen, but is not limited to this and may be larger than the divided area.

In S107, the RGB highlight luminance value obtained in S105 is compared with the average luminance value obtained in S106, and the one having a higher luminance value is selected.

  Returning to FIG. 2, in step S002, a known automatic exposure is performed, and an exposure control brightness value CtrlBV is calculated.

  In step S003, the presence / absence of a release operation is detected. If the operation is started, the process proceeds to S004.

In step S004, a normal shooting operation is performed, and an imaging operation is performed.
In step S005, ON / OFF of the power is detected. If the power is OFF, the photographing is finished.
If the power is on, the process returns to step S000 and the AE operation is repeated.

As described above, this embodiment has the following effects.
It is possible to always keep the high color output portion of RGB at a certain level in the image, and it is possible to eliminate the extra highlight of the subject in the screen, so there is no whiteout and color saturation Imaging becomes possible.
For example, the photometry of this embodiment is considered to be effective mainly on the stage. Although there are many flashy red and blue lights on the stage, in this embodiment, exposure that does not cause color saturation is possible.
It is possible to provide an exposure control device that allows slight overexposure when the subject is small and prevents overexposure when the subject is large, and can realize appropriate exposure control according to the size of the subject. .
By detecting the maximum value of colors in multiple size areas and comparing them, control is performed to prevent color saturation and whiteout macroscopically while allowing color saturation and whiteout in small areas. be able to.
By detecting the maximum color output in different areas and determining the exposure based on the maximum output, it is possible to obtain appropriate exposure while allowing color saturation in a small area.

(Second Embodiment)
Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. The second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the second imaging unit 112 in FIG. 1 may be a monochrome image sensor instead of a color image sensor. Also, the flowchart of FIG. 2 is the same as that of the first embodiment, but the flowchart of FIG. 3 is different, and a flowchart corresponding to FIG. 3 in the second embodiment is shown in FIG.

ここでL(i,j)は座標(i,j)の第２撮像部の出力である。
Max()は最大を見つける関数であり、i,jに関して走査していき、最大の出力Max_Lを見つける。
BvOffsetは評価値をＢＶ値に変換する際の係数である。 FIG. 10 is a flowchart for explaining highlight weighted metering according to the second embodiment.
(Determine the maximum luminance value for each pixel)
In step S201, the maximum luminance value is calculated based on the sensor output as a result of exposing the second imaging unit 112.
The maximum output / brightness value is calculated by the following general formula.

Here, L (i, j) is the output of the second imaging unit at coordinates (i, j).
Max () is a function for finding the maximum, and scans for i and j to find the maximum output Max_L.
BvOffset is a coefficient for converting an evaluation value into a BV value.

(Determine the maximum luminance value of the divided area)
In step S202, a divided luminance value is calculated. The divided luminance value is an 8 × 5 area written with a thick line in FIG. 4 as in the first embodiment. The calculation of the divided luminance value is performed as follows.

  Here, M is the total number of pixels in the thick frame line, and x is a subscript from 1 to 40. The divided luminance value of each area is BV [x].

この輝度値Max_BV40を以後、分割最大輝度値と呼ぶ。 In step S203, the maximum value is calculated from the divided luminance values.

This luminance value Max_BV40 is hereinafter referred to as a divided maximum luminance value.

(Calculation of weighting factor)
In step S204, the maximum luminance value Max_BV and the divided maximum luminance value Max_BV40 are compared, and a weighting factor kHilight for calculating a highlight luminance value is calculated.

The weighting coefficient is determined in the same manner as in FIG. 5 of the first embodiment. That is,

Also in this embodiment, it is the same as that of the specific example demonstrated in FIGS. 6-9 of 1st Embodiment.
(Example 1) FIG. 6 shows a region of Max_BV40 when the subject is large.
Further, Max_BV at the same magnification is detected as shown in FIG. At this time, since both areas to be detected are applied to the subject, the luminance difference is small.

(Example 2) FIG. 8 shows how Max_BV40 is detected, but shows a case where the magnification is smaller than in the previous example. FIG. 9 assumes that Max_BV is detected at the same magnification. At this time, the Max_BV40 detection area is affected by the background. For example, when the subject is brightest, Max_BV40 becomes smaller.

  However, when the magnification is small, a slight whiteout is allowed, so the influence of this background is good. The coefficient for that is kHilight.

  In step S205, using the coefficient obtained in S204, the maximum luminance value and the divided maximum luminance value are weighted and averaged to calculate the highlight luminance value HilightBV.

  Further, if the highlight brightness is used as it is for the control value, an underphoto is obtained, so that an optimized offset amount is provided. The formula for calculating the offset amount is shown below.

  By setting it to an appropriate value, it is possible to allow white highlights to be blown out and large highlights not to cause whiteout.

Ｎは総画素数であり、例えば図４のような４０×２５画素を持つ第２撮像部であれば、１０００となる。 In step S206, the average luminance value of the entire screen is calculated.

N is the total number of pixels. For example, if the second imaging unit has 40 × 25 pixels as shown in FIG.

In S207, the highlight luminance value obtained in S205 and the average luminance value obtained in S206 are compared with the average luminance value of the entire screen, and the one having a higher luminance value is selected.

Thereafter, the process returns to FIG. 2 as in the first embodiment.
As described above, in the present embodiment, it is possible to always make a bright part at a certain level of an image, and an object in the screen can exclude an extra highlight, so that an image can be captured without being overexposed. .

(Deformation)
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications and changes as described below are possible, and these are also within the scope of the present invention.

(1) Although the embodiment using highlight weighted metering has been described in the present embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this, and multi-pattern metering may be calculated and a darker image may be used as compared with highlight weighted metering.
(2) In the above-described embodiment, the maximum luminance is calculated from the divided luminance values (see step S103 in FIG. 3). However, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the minimum value may be calculated from the divided luminance values (divided minimum luminance value), and exposure control may be performed using the divided minimum luminance value. That is, an output unit that outputs a first output value for a first area provided in the screen and outputs a second output value for a second area different from the first area, the first output value, and the first It is good also as a structure provided with the exposure control part which performs exposure control using the smallest thing among 2 output values.

(2) In the present embodiment, the camera having the photometric sensor has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the camera may not have the photometric sensor. Further, the camera is not limited to a single-lens reflex lens interchangeable camera, and may be a so-called compact camera, a mobile phone, a smartphone, or the like in which a lens and a camera are integrated.

(3) In the first embodiment, RGB has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and sensors using filters of colors other than RGB, for example, filters such as RGBY (yellow), RGBW (white), and RGBC (cyan) A sensor using may be used.
In addition, although embodiment and a deformation | transformation form can also be used in combination as appropriate, detailed description is abbreviate | omitted. Further, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described above.

  100: Camera, 102: Lens, 104: First imaging unit, 105: Control unit, 112: Second imaging unit, 200: Exposure control device

Claims (13)

An imaging unit;
The pixel area of the imaging unit is divided into a plurality of divided areas each including a plurality of pixels, a divided output value that is an output value for each divided area is calculated, and a divided maximum output value among the divided output values An exposure calculation unit that uses the
An exposure control device comprising: The exposure control device according to claim 1,
The imaging unit includes an RGB pixel array color filter,
The exposure calculation unit calculates the divided output value for each of R pixel, G pixel, and B pixel;
An exposure control device characterized by. The exposure control device according to claim 1,
The pixels of the imaging unit are monochrome pixels,
The exposure calculation unit calculates the divided output value by the monochrome pixels;
An exposure control device characterized by. The exposure control apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
The exposure calculation unit performs an offset to decrease the divided maximum output value, and uses the divided maximum output value after the offset for exposure calculation,
An exposure control device characterized by. The exposure control apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
The exposure calculation unit obtains a small region maximum output value among small region output values that are output values of a region smaller than the divided region, and a difference between the small region maximum output value and the divided maximum output value is calculated. Using the output value after the weight calculation calculated by reducing the weight of the small region maximum output value as the larger the exposure calculation,
An exposure control device characterized by. The exposure control device according to claim 5,
The exposure calculation unit uses an average output value of an area larger than the divided area and an output value after the weight calculation for the exposure calculation;
An exposure control device characterized by. An output unit that outputs a first output value for a first area provided in the screen and outputs a second output value for a second area different from the first area;
An exposure control device comprising: an exposure control unit that performs exposure control using the largest one of the first output value and the second output value. The exposure control device according to claim 7,
The output unit outputs a third output value for a third region different from the first region and the second region;
The selection unit performs exposure control using a largest one of the first output value, the second output value, and the third output value;
An exposure control device characterized by. The exposure control apparatus according to claim 7 or 8,
A selection unit that selects at least one of the first exposure mode and the second exposure mode based on a photographer's operation,
The exposure control unit performs exposure control using the largest one of the first output value and the second output value when the first exposure mode is selected by the selection unit,
When the second exposure mode is selected by the selection unit, exposure control is not performed using the largest one of the first output value and the second output value.
An exposure control device characterized by. The exposure control device according to claim 9,
When the second exposure mode is selected by the selection unit, the exposure control unit is configured to perform exposure control that balances a bright region and a dark region, exposure control in which the brightness at the center of the screen is appropriate exposure, Performing at least one of exposure control in which the area combined with the proper exposure and exposure control in which the face of the person in focus is in proper exposure,
An exposure control device characterized by. An area generation unit that generates a plurality of divided areas by dividing the entire shooting screen into a grid pattern;
An output unit that outputs a plurality of output values for each of the plurality of divided regions;
An exposure control device comprising: an exposure control unit that performs exposure control using the largest one of the plurality of output values. An output unit that outputs a first output value for a first area provided in the screen and outputs a second output value for a second area different from the first area;
An exposure control apparatus comprising: an exposure control unit that performs exposure control using a smallest one of the first output value and the second output value.   A camera provided with the exposure control apparatus of any one of Claims 1-12.

Images