JP2015134961A - Production method of melting aluminum plating steel wire - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a production method capable of effectively producing a melting aluminum plating steel wire in which a wire diameter is uniform, and an aluminum lamp is hardly attached on a surface.SOLUTION: The aluminum plating steel wire is produced by continuously pulling up the steel wire 2 from a melting aluminum plating bath 1 after the steel wire 2 is immersed in the melting aluminum plating bath 1, in the production method. When the steel wire 2 is pulled up from the melting aluminum plating bath 1 after immersing it in the melting aluminum plating bath 1, a stabilization member 7 is made contact to a bath surface and the steel wire 2 at a boundary part of the steel wire 2 and the bath surface of the melting aluminum plating bath 1, and a nozzle 8 with an inner diameter of a tip 8a of 1 to 15 mm is disposed so that the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 is positioned at a point apart from the steel wire 2 by 1 to 50 mm, and inactive gas of temperature of 200 to 800°C is sprayed toward the boundary part of the steel wire 2 and the bath surface of the melting aluminum plating bath 1 from the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 with a volume flow of 2 to 200 L/min.

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for producing a hot-dip aluminized steel wire. In more detail, this invention relates to the manufacturing method of the hot dip aluminized steel wire which can be used conveniently for the wire harness etc. of a motor vehicle, for example.

  In this specification, the hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire is a steel wire that has been subjected to aluminum plating by continuously pulling the steel wire from the hot-dip aluminum plating bath after the steel wire is immersed in the hot-dip aluminum plating bath. Means.

  Conventionally, copper wires have been used for electric wires used in automobile wire harnesses and the like. However, in recent years, since weight reduction is required, development of an electric wire using a metal wire that is lighter than a copper wire is desired. As a metal wire that is lighter than a copper wire, a hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire in which a hot-dip aluminum plating is applied to a steel core wire has been proposed (for example, refer to claim 1 of Patent Document 1).

  The molten Al-plated steel wire is obtained by immersing a material steel wire made of a steel core wire or a material steel wire made of a plated steel wire having a zinc plating layer or a nickel plating layer on the surface of the steel core wire in a molten aluminum plating bath, It is manufactured by a method of continuously pulling it up to the gas phase space (see, for example, paragraph [0024] of Patent Document 1).

JP 2014-185355 A

  However, in the above-described method, after the raw steel wire is immersed in the molten aluminum plating bath, when the speed at which the raw steel wire is continuously pulled up is high (for example, the pulling speed of the raw steel wire is 200 m / min or more). ), A phenomenon that the bath surface of the plating bath vibrates small (pulsation phenomenon) and the size of the meniscus fluctuates, so that the plating bath before solidification adhering to the steel wire pulled up from the plating bath The sagging state may vary, and the diameter of the obtained Al-plated steel wire may be non-uniform.

  Moreover, in the said method, when performing hot-dip aluminum plating to a raw material steel wire, an aluminum lump may adhere to the surface of a steel wire. When the plated steel wire to which the aluminum lump is attached is subjected to wire drawing using a die in the next process, the plated steel wire may be broken when the plated steel wire is passed through the first-stage die.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above-described prior art, and is a hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire that can efficiently produce a hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire that has a uniform wire diameter and hardly adheres to an aluminum lump on the surface. An object is to provide a manufacturing method.

  The present invention is a method for producing a molten aluminum plated steel wire by immersing the steel wire in a molten aluminum plating bath and then continuously pulling the steel wire from the molten aluminum plating bath, wherein the steel wire is melted After being immersed in the aluminum plating bath, when pulling up from the molten aluminum plating bath, the stabilizing member is brought into contact with the bath surface and the steel wire at the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath. A nozzle having an inner diameter of 1 to 15 mm is disposed so that the tip of the nozzle is located at a distance of 1 to 50 mm from the nozzle, and an inert gas having a temperature of 200 to 800 ° C. is provided from the tip of the nozzle. Molten aluminum plating characterized by spraying toward the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath at a volume flow rate of 2 to 200 L / min. A method of manufacturing a steel wire.

  According to the method for producing a hot dip galvanized steel wire of the present invention, an excellent effect is achieved in that a hot dip aluminum galvanized steel wire having a uniform wire diameter and hardly sticking aluminum lump to the surface can be efficiently produced. The

It is a schematic sectional drawing which shows one embodiment of the manufacturing method of the hot dip galvanized steel wire of this invention. In the manufacturing method of the molten aluminum plating steel wire of this invention, it is a schematic sectional drawing of the boundary part of the steel wire at the time of pulling up a steel wire from a molten aluminum plating bath, and the bath surface of a molten aluminum plating bath.

  As described above, the method for producing a hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire of the present invention includes hot-dip aluminum-plated steel by continuously pulling the steel wire from the hot-dip aluminum plating bath after the steel wire is immersed in the hot-dip aluminum plating bath. A method of manufacturing a wire, wherein the steel wire is immersed in a molten aluminum plating bath, and then pulled up from the molten aluminum plating bath, and at the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath, A stabilizing member is brought into contact with the steel wire, and a nozzle having an inner diameter of 1 to 15 mm is arranged so that the tip of the nozzle is positioned at a distance of 1 to 50 mm from the steel wire. From 200 to 800 ° C. at a boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath at a volume flow rate of 2 to 200 L / min. Only and wherein the blowing in.

  According to the method for producing a hot dip galvanized steel wire of the present invention, since the above-described operation is adopted, a hot dip galvanized steel wire having a uniform wire diameter and almost no aluminum lump adhering to the surface is efficiently produced. Can do.

  Below, although the manufacturing method of the hot dip galvanized steel wire of this invention is demonstrated based on drawing, this invention is not limited only to the embodiment as described in the said drawing.

  FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a method for producing a hot-dip aluminized steel wire of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the boundary portion between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath when the steel wire is pulled up from the molten aluminum plating bath in the method for producing a molten aluminum plated steel wire of the present invention. .

  In the manufacturing method of the hot dip aluminum plating steel wire of the present invention, after the steel wire 2 is immersed in the hot dip aluminum plating bath 1, the steel wire 2 is continuously pulled up from the hot dip aluminum plating bath 1 to thereby obtain hot dip aluminum plating steel. Line 3 is manufactured.

  Examples of the steel material constituting the steel wire 2 include stainless steel and carbon steel, but the present invention is not limited to such examples.

  Stainless steel is an alloy steel containing 10% by mass or more of chromium (Cr). Examples of the stainless steel include austenitic steel materials, ferritic steel materials, martensitic steel materials and the like specified in JIS G4309, but the present invention is not limited only to such examples. Specific examples of the stainless steel include stainless steels such as SUS301 and SUS304, which are generally considered to be metastable; austenitic stainless steels such as SUS305, SUS310, and SUS316; SUS405, SUS410, SUS429, SUS430, SUS434, Ferritic stainless steels such as SUS436, SUS444, and SUS447; martensitic stainless steels such as SUS403, SUS410, SUS416, SUS420, SUS431, and SUS440, as well as chromium-nickel-manganese stainless steel classified in the SUS200 series However, the present invention is not limited to such examples.

  Carbon steel is a steel material containing 0.02% by mass or more of carbon (C). Examples of the carbon steel include, for example, a steel material specified in the standard of JIS G3560 hard steel wire and JIS G3505 mild steel wire, but the present invention is not limited to such examples. Specific examples of carbon steel include hard steel and mild steel, but the present invention is not limited to such illustrations.

  Among the steel materials, stainless steel and carbon steel are preferable from the viewpoint of increasing the tensile strength of the hot-dip aluminized steel wire 3.

  The diameter of the steel wire 2 is not specifically limited, It is preferable to adjust suitably according to the use of the hot-dip aluminum plating steel wire 3. FIG. For example, when the hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire 3 is used for an application such as an automobile wire harness, the diameter of the steel wire 2 is usually preferably about 0.05 to 0.5 mm.

  A film (not shown) made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy is formed on the surface of the hot-dip aluminized steel wire 3. In the present invention, since a coating made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy is formed on the surface of the hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire 3 in this way, the hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire 3 is excellent in adhesiveness with an aluminum wire, It is also excellent in tensile strength and electrical resistance over time.

  In FIG. 1, a steel wire 2 is sent out from a feeding device 4 for the steel wire 2, continuously conveyed in the direction of arrow A, and immersed in a molten aluminum plating bath 1 in a plating bath 5. By pulling the steel wire 2 immersed in the molten aluminum plating bath 1 vertically upward from the bath surface 6 of the molten aluminum plating bath 1, the molten aluminum plated steel wire 3 having the molten aluminum plating bath 1 attached to the surface of the steel wire 2. Is obtained.

  In the molten aluminum plating bath 1, only aluminum may be used, and if necessary, other elements may be contained within a range not impairing the object of the present invention.

  Examples of the other elements include nickel, chromium, zinc, silicon, copper, and iron, but the present invention is not limited to such examples. When these other elements are contained in aluminum, the mechanical strength of the coating can be increased, and as a result, the tensile strength of the hot dip galvanized steel wire 3 can be increased. Among the other elements, although it depends on the type of steel wire, it suppresses the formation of an iron-aluminum alloy layer having brittleness between iron contained in the steel wire and aluminum contained in the coating. From the viewpoint of efficiently plating the steel wire 2 by increasing the mechanical strength of the plating film and lowering the melting point of the molten aluminum plating bath 1, silicon is preferable.

  The lower limit of the content of the other element in the coating is 0% by mass, but preferably 0.3% by mass or more, more preferably 0.8% from the viewpoint of sufficiently expressing the properties of the other element. 5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less, and still more preferably 15% by mass from the viewpoint of suppressing potential difference corrosion due to contact with the aluminum wire. % Or less.

  In addition, elements such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu may be inevitably mixed into the molten aluminum plating bath 1.

  When the steel wire 2 is pulled up from the molten aluminum plating bath 1, as shown in FIG. 2, the stabilizing member 7 is attached to the steel wire 2 at the boundary between the steel wire 2 and the bath surface 6 of the molten aluminum plating bath 1. Contact.

  Examples of the stabilizing member 7 include a stainless steel square bar having a heat-resistant cloth wound around the surface. The heat-resistant cloth wound around the stabilizing member 7 has a new surface (new surface) of the stabilizing member 7 as the steel wire 2 from the viewpoint of suppressing the aluminum lump from adhering to the surface of the hot-dip aluminized steel wire 3. It is preferable to make it contact. The new surface (new surface) of the stabilizing member 7 is, for example, using the stabilizing member 7 on which a heat-resistant cloth is wound in advance, and pulling up the steel wire 2 while bringing the stabilizing member 7 into contact with the steel wire 2. Sometimes, the heat-resistant cloth can be formed by winding up sequentially.

  The stabilizing member 7 is preferably brought into contact with both the bath surface 6 of the molten aluminum plating bath 1 and the steel wire 2 simultaneously. When the stabilizing member 7 is simultaneously brought into contact with both the bath surface 6 of the molten aluminum plating bath 1 and the steel wire 2, pulsation of the bath surface 6 of the molten aluminum plating bath 1 is suppressed, and the steel wire When the steel wire 2 is pulled up while being in contact with the stabilizing member 7, it is possible to suppress the fine vibration of the steel wire 2. As a result, the coating of the molten aluminum plating bath 1 can be uniformly formed on the surface of the steel wire 2. . In addition, when making the stabilization member 7 contact the steel wire 2, from the viewpoint of suppressing the minute vibration of the steel wire 2, the stabilization member 7 is used in order to apply tension to the steel wire 2 as necessary. May be pressed lightly against the steel wire 2.

  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a nozzle 8 is provided for blowing an inert gas toward the boundary between the steel wire 2 and the bath surface 6 of the molten aluminum plating bath 1. For example, the inert gas can be supplied from the inert gas supply device 9 to the nozzle 8 via the pipe 10. In order to adjust the flow rate of the inert gas in the inert gas supply device 9 or in the pipe 10, for example, a flow rate control device (not shown) such as a valve may be provided.

  In the present invention, the distance from the steel wire 2 to the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 (shortest distance) and the temperature of the inert gas discharged from the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 are appropriately controlled, and the tip of the nozzle 8 is Since the inner diameter and the volume flow rate of the inert gas discharged from the nozzle 8 are appropriately controlled, the hot-dip galvanized steel wire 3 having a uniform wire diameter and almost no aluminum lump adhering to the surface is efficiently produced. can do.

  The inner diameter of the tip of the nozzle 8 is determined by spraying an inert gas discharged from the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 onto the boundary between the steel wire 2 and the bath surface 6 of the hot-dip aluminum plating bath 1 so that the hot-dip aluminum-plated steel is obtained. From the viewpoint of efficiently producing the wire 3, it is 1 mm or more, preferably 2 mm or more, and from the viewpoint of obtaining a molten aluminized steel wire 3 having a uniform wire diameter and almost no aluminum lump adhering to the surface, 15 mm or less, preferably Is 10 mm or less, more preferably 5 mm or less.

  The distance (shortest distance) from the steel wire 2 to the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 is 1 mm or more from the viewpoint of avoiding contact with the steel wire 2 and efficiently producing the hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire 3, and the wire diameter is From the viewpoint of obtaining a molten aluminum-plated steel wire 3 that is uniform and has almost no aluminum lump attached to the surface, it is 50 mm or less, preferably 40 mm or less, more preferably 30 mm or less, and even more preferably 10 mm or less.

  An inert gas means a gas that is inert to the molten aluminum. Examples of the inert gas include nitrogen gas, argon gas, helium gas, and the like, but the present invention is not limited to such examples. Of the inert gases, nitrogen gas is preferred. Note that the inert gas may contain, for example, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide gas, or the like within a range that does not impair the object of the present invention.

  The volume flow rate of the inert gas discharged from the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 is 2 L (liter) / min or more from the viewpoint of obtaining a molten aluminum-plated steel wire 3 having a uniform wire diameter and almost no aluminum lump attached to the surface. , Preferably 5 L / min or more, more preferably 10 L / min or more, and 200 L / min from the viewpoint of suppressing adhesion of aluminum lump to the surface of the molten aluminum plated steel wire 3 due to scattering of the molten aluminum plating bath 1. Hereinafter, it is preferably 150 L / min or less, more preferably 100 L / min or less.

  The temperature of the inert gas discharged from the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 is 200 ° C. or higher, preferably 300 ° C., from the viewpoint of obtaining a molten aluminum-plated steel wire 3 having a uniform wire diameter and almost no aluminum lump adhering to the surface. As described above, the temperature is more preferably 400 ° C. or more, and if it is too high, the thermal efficiency is lowered, so that it is 800 ° C. or less, preferably 780 ° C. or less, more preferably 750 ° C. or less. The temperature of the inert gas discharged from the tip 8a of the nozzle 8 is measured by inserting a thermocouple for temperature measurement into the inert gas at the tip 8a portion of the nozzle 8 discharged from the tip 8a of the nozzle 8. This is the value when

  The pulling speed at the time of pulling up the molten aluminum plated steel wire 3 from the bath surface 6 of the molten aluminum plating bath 1 is not particularly limited, and is present on the surface of the molten aluminum plated steel wire 3 by appropriately adjusting the pulling speed. Since it is possible to adjust the average thickness of the molten aluminum plating film, it is preferable to appropriately adjust according to the average thickness of the molten aluminum plating film.

  In addition, according to this invention, even if it is a case where the said pulling-up speed is made into the high speed of 200 m / min or more, the hot-dip aluminum plating steel wire 3 with a uniform wire diameter can be obtained. Therefore, since the manufacturing method of the hot dip galvanized steel wire of the present invention can efficiently manufacture the hot dip aluminum plated steel wire 3 by increasing the pulling speed, the industrial productivity of the hot dip aluminum plated steel wire 3 is improved. Are better.

  In addition, as shown in FIG. 1, a cooling device 11 is provided in order to cool the molten aluminum plated steel wire 3 in the process of being pulled up and to efficiently solidify the aluminum plating film formed on the surface. May be. In the cooling device 11, the molten aluminum plated steel wire 3 can be cooled by spraying, for example, gas, liquid mist or the like onto the molten aluminum plated steel wire 3.

  The hot dip galvanized steel wire 3 manufactured as described above can be collected by, for example, the winding device 12.

  The average thickness of the hot-dip aluminum plating film existing on the surface of the hot-dip aluminum plating steel wire 3 suppresses the exposure of the base steel wire 2 during stranded wire processing, caulking processing, etc., and the unit wire diameter From the viewpoint of increasing the mechanical strength, it is preferably about 5 to 10 μm.

  In addition, the plating layer may be formed as an intermediate | middle layer between the steel wire 2 of the hot-dip aluminum plating steel wire 3, and the hot-dip aluminum plating film. Examples of the metal constituting the plating layer include zinc, nickel, chromium, and alloys thereof, but the present invention is not limited to such examples. Moreover, the molten aluminum plating film may be formed of only one layer, or a plurality of plating films made of the same or different metals may be formed.

  The hot-dip aluminized steel wire 3 obtained above may be subjected to wire drawing using a die or the like, if necessary, so as to have a desired wire diameter.

  The hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire obtained by the method for manufacturing hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire of the present invention can be suitably used for, for example, an automobile wire harness.

  EXAMPLES Next, although this invention is demonstrated further in detail based on an Example, this invention is not limited only to this Example.

Examples 1-50 and Comparative Examples 1-8
The production of the hot-dip aluminized steel wire was performed based on the embodiment shown in FIG.

  As the steel wire, a steel wire made of hard steel having the wire diameters shown in Tables 1 to 3 and containing 0.37% by mass of carbon is used, and the surface of the steel wire is not plated (Table 1). To 3 having a galvanized coating with an average thickness of 5 μm or less (indicated as “Zn” in the “pre-plating” column in Tables 1 to 3) or Those having a nickel plating film having an average thickness of 5 μm or less (indicated as “Ni” in the column of “pre-plating” in Tables 1 to 3) were used. In Tables 1 to 3, “Yes” is indicated for the steel wire surface subjected to the reduction treatment, and “None” is indicated for the steel wire surface not subjected to the reduction treatment.

  As a molten aluminum plating bath, a molten aluminum plating bath (aluminum purity: 99.7% or more, indicated as “Al” in the column of “type” in Tables 1 to 3), molten aluminum plating containing 4% by mass of silicon Bath: “Al-1” in the “Type” column of Tables 1 to 3) or a molten aluminum plating bath containing 11% by mass of silicon: “Al-2” in the “Type” column of Tables 1 to 3 The steel wire is immersed in the molten aluminum plating bath at the line speeds shown in Tables 1 to 3 at the bath temperatures shown in Tables 1 to 3 and then pulled up from the plating bath. It was. At that time, when a stabilizing member (a stainless steel square bar with a heat-resistant cloth wrapped around the surface) is brought into contact with the bath surface and the steel wire at the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath, 1-3, “Yes” is written in the “Presence / absence of stabilizing material” column, and “None” is displayed in the “Presence / absence of stabilizing material” column of Tables 1-3 when the stabilizing member is not brought into contact. Indicated.

  In addition, a nozzle having an inner diameter of the tip shown in Tables 1 to 3 is disposed so that the tip of the nozzle is located at a position separated from the steel wire by a distance (shortest distance) shown in Tables 1 to 3, and the nozzle An inert gas (nitrogen gas) having a temperature shown in Tables 1 to 3 was sprayed from the tip of the steel plate toward the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath at a volume flow rate shown in Tables 1 to 3.

  By performing the above operation, a hot dip galvanized steel wire having a plating film having an average thickness shown in Tables 1 to 3 was obtained. In addition, the thickness of the plating film is 0.1 mm by using an optical outer diameter measuring instrument (manufactured by Keyence Corporation, product number: LS-7000) at any five locations of a 100 mm-long hot-dip aluminized steel wire. It measured by the space | interval and calculated | required by subtracting the wire diameter before forming an aluminum film from the average value of the measured wire diameter of the aluminum covering strand.

  Next, after continuously producing the molten aluminum plated steel wire 3000m, the operability when producing the molten aluminum plated steel wire, and the uniformity of the plating film and the aluminum lump as the performance of the molten aluminum plated steel wire The manufacturing method of the hot dip galvanized steel wire was evaluated by investigating the presence or absence of the above based on the following method. The results are also shown in Tables 1-3.

(1) Operability The operability when blowing an inert gas from the tip of the nozzle toward the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath was evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
○: When the inert gas is sprayed toward the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath, it is easy to spray the inert gas accurately from the tip of the nozzle.
X: When the inert gas is sprayed toward the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath, it is not easy to spray the inert gas accurately from the tip of the nozzle.

(2) Uniformity of plating film 0.1 mm interval using optical outer diameter measuring instrument [manufactured by Keyence Co., Ltd., product number: LS-7000] at any five points of a hot-dip aluminized steel wire having a length of 500 mm Then, the thickness of the plating film was measured and evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
○: The value of (average diameter−minimum diameter) / average diameter is 0.10 or less.
X: The value of (average diameter−minimum diameter) / average diameter exceeds 0.10.

(3) Presence / absence of aluminum lump The molten aluminum plated steel wire is run 3000 m at a linear speed of 100 m / min, the outer diameter of the molten aluminum plated steel wire is measured over the entire length of the molten aluminum plated steel wire, and the outer diameter is locally The presence or absence of a large portion of the was examined. It was visually observed whether or not an aluminum lump was attached to a portion having a large outer diameter locally, and evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria. The outer diameter of the hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire was measured using an optical outer diameter measuring instrument [manufactured by Keyence Corporation, product number: LS-7000].
〔Evaluation criteria〕
○: Aluminum lump is not recognized.
X: An aluminum lump is recognized.

  From the results shown in Tables 1 to 3, it can be seen that according to each example, a hot-dip aluminized steel wire having a uniform wire diameter and hardly having an aluminum lump attached to the surface can be produced efficiently.

  The hot-dip aluminized steel wire obtained by the production method of the present invention can be suitably used for, for example, an automobile wire harness.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Molten aluminum plating bath 2 Steel wire 3 Molten aluminum plating steel wire 4 Delivery apparatus 5 Plating bath 6 Bath surface of molten aluminum plating bath 7 Stabilizing member 8 Nozzle 8a Nozzle tip 9 Inert gas supply device 10 Piping 11 Cooling device 12 Winding device

Claims (1)

  A method for producing a molten aluminum plated steel wire by immersing a steel wire in a molten aluminum plating bath and then continuously pulling the steel wire from the molten aluminum plating bath, wherein the steel wire is used as a molten aluminum plating bath. After the immersion, when pulling up from the molten aluminum plating bath, the stabilizing member is brought into contact with the bath surface and the steel wire at the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the molten aluminum plating bath, and 1 to 50 mm from the steel wire. A nozzle having an inner diameter of 1 to 15 mm is disposed so that the tip of the nozzle is located at a location separated by a distance of 2 to 200 L / inert gas having a temperature of 200 to 800 ° C. from the tip of the nozzle. Production of hot-dip aluminum-plated steel wire characterized by spraying toward the boundary between the steel wire and the bath surface of the hot-dip aluminum plating bath at a volume flow rate of min Method.

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