JP2015065183A - Catalyst-carrying substrate, method for producing the same, membrane electrode assembly, and fuel cell - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a catalyst-carrying substrate having high mass activity and high durability, a method for producing the same, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell.SOLUTION: In the catalyst-carrying substrate according to an embodiment, a catalyst layer including a plurality of pores is carried on a substrate. When the catalyst is cut in the thickness direction, an average diameter of cross sections of the pores is 5 to 400 nm, and a ratio of the long side to the short side of the cross sections of the pores is 1:1 to 10:1 on average.

Description

  Embodiments described herein relate generally to a catalyst-supporting substrate and a method for manufacturing the same, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell.

  The amount of platinum used in the electrode catalyst of a conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is about 1 gPt / kW for a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) and 5-8 gPt / kW for stationary use. This means that, considering the current market price of platinum, it costs several hundred thousand yen / unit as the platinum metal cost of the FCV electrode catalyst. By the early stage of FCV diffusion scheduled for 2015-2020, the goal is to reduce the platinum usage to about 1/10 of the current level, that is, 0.1 g / kW or less for automobiles and 1 g / kW for stationary use. Therefore, there is a demand for further improvement in mass activity (A / g), that is, the amount of current that can be extracted from platinum per unit mass.

  In addition, when a carbon-supported catalyst is used as a catalyst for FCV, the carbon support of the carbon-supported catalyst is severely corroded with start and stop, thereby promoting the deterioration of the catalyst layer and further the membrane electrode assembly. . For this reason, there is a demand for greatly improving durability, particularly cycle durability, by improving the catalyst layer.

  There is a method for forming a catalyst layer by sputtering or vapor deposition. In such an electrode, higher durability can be obtained as compared with an electrode using a carbon-supported catalyst. Specifically, a platinum catalyst material is sputtered onto a whisker substrate. According to this method, high durability can be obtained and the amount of platinum used can be suppressed. However, this method forms a lump of platinum catalyst of several tens of nm, which is insufficient in terms of utilization efficiency of the catalyst material.

  Further, there is a method of forming pores in a catalyst layer by forming a catalyst layer using a catalyst material mixed with a pore-forming material and then dissolving and removing the pore-forming material. Specifically, a catalyst agglomeration layer is formed by forming a mixed layer of a catalyst material and a pore-forming material and a pore-forming material layer by sputtering, and then dissolving and removing the pore-forming material and the pore-forming material layer in the mixed layer. In addition, a laminated structure including a void layer is formed to achieve high catalyst utilization efficiency. However, it is insufficient in terms of durability.

JP 2010-33759 A

  An object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst-supporting substrate having high mass activity and high durability, a method for producing the same, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell.

  The catalyst-carrying substrate according to the embodiment has a catalyst layer including a plurality of pores supported on the substrate. When the catalyst is cut in the thickness direction, the average diameter of the cross section of the holes is 5 nm to 400 nm, and the ratio of the long side to the short side of the cross section of the holes is 1: 1 to 10: 1 on average. is there.

The microscope picture of a part of section of the catalyst carrying base concerning an embodiment. The figure which shows an example of the measuring method of the diameter of a void | hole, and the ratio of a long side: short side. The figure which shows another example of the measuring method of the diameter of a void | hole, and the ratio of a long side: short side. The microscope picture of a part of section of the catalyst carrying base concerning an embodiment. Sectional drawing which shows the outline of the process of forming the deposit layer of the catalyst support base | substrate which concerns on embodiment. Sectional drawing which shows the outline of the process of heat-processing the deposit layer of the catalyst support base | substrate which concerns on embodiment. Sectional drawing which shows the outline of the process of removing 2nd material from the deposition layer of the catalyst support base | substrate which concerns on embodiment. Sectional drawing which shows the membrane electrode assembly which concerns on embodiment typically. The figure which shows the outline of a durability test. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an example of a fuel cell according to an embodiment. FIG.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

  FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an image obtained by observing a part of a cross section of a catalyst-supporting substrate according to an embodiment with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As shown in the figure, in the catalyst supporting substrate, the catalyst layer 1 is supported on the substrate 11.

  In this catalyst-carrying substrate, the catalyst layer 1 includes a catalyst 2 and a plurality of pores 3 having different sizes and shapes existing therebetween, and has a sponge shape. On the other hand, in the conventional catalyst-carrying substrate, the catalyst layer has a structure in which a plurality of flat holes are overlapped in the thickness direction.

  The structure of such a catalyst-carrying substrate can be easily confirmed by observing a cross section using an SEM. The SEM is a preferable means for confirming the structure of the catalyst layer 1 because the depth characteristics of the sample can be easily grasped as compared with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

  That the catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment has a sponge shape can be expressed based on the cross-sectional shape of the pores 3 when the catalyst layer 1 is cut in the thickness direction. That is, the average diameter of the cross section of the pores 3 when the catalyst layer 1 is cut in the thickness direction is 5 nm to 400 nm. The ratio of the long side to the short side of the cross section of the hole 3 when the catalyst layer 1 is cut in the thickness direction is 1: 1 to 10: 1 on average.

  The shape of the cross section of the hole 3 can be determined by creating a cross-sectional photograph, selecting the hole, and measuring the hole as follows.

  First, the catalyst layer is cut in the thickness direction to obtain a cross-sectional photograph. The cutting can be performed, for example, by a cross section polisher method (CP method) using an argon ion beam irradiated to broad. Thereby, the change of the structure resulting from the cutting operation can be suppressed as much as possible, and the cross-sectional structure close to the original state can be observed. The Ar ion used in the CP method has a low energy of 2 to 6 kV, and irradiates the sample in a state almost parallel to the cross section. Therefore, even if the sample is a composite material, selective etching hardly occurs and ion damage is small. A smooth cross section is obtained. The cross section is observed using an SEM at an enlargement ratio of 200,000 times, for example, and a cross-sectional photograph is acquired. The cutting is preferably performed at substantially the center in the planar direction of the catalyst layer.

  Next, the hole 3 for measuring is selected from the obtained cross-sectional photograph. Five holes 3 are arbitrarily selected for one catalyst layer 1. When there are less than five holes 3 that can be selected in one image, selection is made using cross-sectional photographs in which different fields of view are observed. The hole 3 to be measured is selected such that the boundary between the hole 3 and the catalyst 2 is closed on the cross section. For example, according to the cross-sectional photograph shown in FIG. 1, it is possible to see the structure of the vacancies located deeper than the cross-section, but in the measurement, such a structure is ignored and only the boundary formed on the cross-section is observed. Measured. In addition, according to the cross-sectional photograph of FIG. 1, there is a hole 3 in which the boundary between the hole 3 and the catalyst 2 continues outside the cross-sectional photograph. Such a hole 3 is also excluded from the measurement target. .

  Finally, the diameter and the long side: short side ratio are measured for each of the selected holes 3. FIG. 2 shows an example of a method for measuring the hole diameter and the long side: short side ratio. First, as shown in FIG. 2A, a minimum circle including the holes 3 is drawn in the cross-sectional photograph. Such a circle touches the outline of the hole 3 at two points A and B as shown in FIG. 2A, or touches the outline of the hole 3 at three or more points. Here, it is assumed that the previous circle is in contact with the outline of the hole 3 at two points A and B. Next, as shown in FIG. 2B, a straight line L passing through the contacts A and B is drawn. Next, as shown in FIG. 2C, a straight line that passes through the outline of the hole 3 and does not cross the region surrounded by the outline is drawn out of the straight lines parallel to the straight line L. In FIG. 2C, a straight line M in contact with the hole 3 at a point C and a straight line N in contact with the hole 3 at a point D are drawn. Here, the distance between the points A and B is defined as <AB>, and the distance between the straight lines M and N is defined as <MN>. If the previous circle touches the outline of the hole 3 at two points A and B, <AB> is defined as the diameter of the hole 3 and the long side of the hole 3, and <MN> is defined as the hole 3 is defined as the short side. Further, the ratio of long side: short side is calculated from the obtained long side and short side. And the average of average diameter and ratio is calculated | required about five measurement results obtained from one catalyst layer 1. FIG. Further, when oxides, nitrides, or alloys exist in the holes 3, they are ignored, and the diameter and ratio are obtained based only on the boundary between the catalyst 2 and the holes 3.

  As shown in FIG. 3, when there are three or more points of contact between the outline of the hole 3 and the circle, measure all the distances between the contacts, select a pair of contacts showing the longest distance, and set a straight line L passing through them. Pull. For example, the hole 3 shown in FIG. 3 has contacts A ′, B ′ and C ′. In this case, the distance between the points A ′ and B ′, the distance between the points B ′ and C ′, and the distance between the points C ′ and A ′ are calculated and compared with each other. As a result, since the distance between the point B ′ and the point C ′ is the longest, a straight line L passing through the points B ′ and C ′ is drawn. The subsequent procedure is performed in the same manner as in FIG. When <AB> and <MN> are equal, the ratio of long side: short side is assumed to be 1: 1.

  In the catalyst-carrying substrate according to the embodiment, the average thickness of the catalyst layer 1 can be set to, for example, 0.05 μm to 3 μm. This average thickness can be determined, for example, as follows. The catalyst layer is cut in the thickness direction using the CP method. The cross section is observed with a magnification of 50,000 times using an SEM, and a cross-sectional photograph is obtained. FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional photograph magnified 50,000 times. Based on such a cross-sectional photograph, the distance from the upper surface of the catalyst layer 1 to the interface between the catalyst layer 1 and the substrate 11 is measured at an arbitrary point. This measurement is measured at five points, and the average value is defined as the average thickness of the catalyst layer 1.

  In the catalyst supporting substrate according to the embodiment, a known material can be used as the material of the catalyst layer 1. In particular, it is desirable to use materials that can achieve excellent catalytic activity, electrical conductivity and stability. For example, the catalyst layer 1 can be a noble metal catalyst. The noble metal catalyst is a catalyst containing at least one noble metal element such as Pt, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, Pd and Au. In particular, the noble metal catalyst is preferably an alloy of these noble metal elements and other elements, or a composite oxide of these noble metal elements. Alternatively, the catalyst layer 1 may be an oxide catalyst, a nitride catalyst, a carbide catalyst, or the like.

  In the catalyst support substrate according to the embodiment, the catalyst layer 1 includes Pt, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, Pd, Au, Zr, Ti, Ta, Si, Al, Sn, Hf, Ge, Ga, In, Ce, At least one elemental metal selected from the group consisting of Nb, W, Mo, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, B and V, an alloy composed of a plurality of the elements, or at least one of the elements It may consist of an oxide containing.

  In the catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment, the catalyst layer 1 may be an aggregate of an amorphous catalyst or a crystalline catalyst. Further, a certain amount or less of a particulate catalyst may be present inside the catalyst layer 1. Although the catalyst layer 1 may be produced directly on the porous substrate, in this case, a particulate catalyst may be formed. However, when the amount of the particulate catalyst is too large, the effect of the catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment is reduced, so that the amount of the particulate catalyst is preferably less than 40% with respect to the catalyst layer 1. In particular, the amount of the particulate catalyst is preferably 35% or less, more preferably 30% or less with respect to the catalyst layer 1. The abundance of the particulate catalyst can be measured according to the method for determining the shape of the holes 3 described above. That is, a cross-sectional photograph can be obtained, and the amount of the particulate catalyst can be measured from the cross-sectional photograph.

  In the catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment, an oxide or nitride containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Mn, Sn, Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn exists in the pores 3. May be. These oxides or nitrides may be particulate. The ceramic particles such as oxide or nitride preferably have an average diameter of 50 nm or less. If it exceeds 50 nm, the resistance of the catalyst layer 1 increases, and sufficient cell characteristics may not be obtained. Further, a plurality of different oxides may be present inside the hole 3. In addition to the above-described oxides, oxides that easily introduce solid acidity into the pores 3, such as Zr, Ti, Ru, Si, Al, Sn, Hf, Ge, Ga, In, Ce, Particles such as oxides of at least one element selected from Nb, W, Mo, Cr, B and V may be present. In the catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment, when the ratio of the oxygen element to the metal element constituting the particle is 5% or more, the particle is defined as being made of an oxide.

  The presence of oxide inside the pores 3 can be confirmed as follows, for example. The catalyst layer 1 is foil-cut with an ultramicrotome or the like, and a thin film for TEM observation having a thickness of several tens of nanometers is produced. TEM observation is performed at a magnification of about 600,000 times to 1,000,000, the catalyst layer 1 and the holes 3 are confirmed, and further the presence or absence of particles present in the holes 3 is confirmed. When particles are present, the particles are identified by mapping using means such as energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX), and the spectra of metal elements and oxygen elements constituting the particles are obtained. obtain.

  The catalyst-carrying substrate according to the embodiment has a mass activity higher than that of a conventional catalyst due to the presence of a plurality of pores 3 in the catalyst layer 1 and a so-called sponge-like structure. In general, it is known that the catalyst utilization efficiency is proportional to the specific surface area of the catalyst. However, in the catalyst layer 1 of the catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment, a conventional particulate catalyst having the same composition (for example, the particle diameter is Compared to nanocatalyst particles of 2 nm to 5 nm), the specific surface area is small, but it has high mass activity. The reason for this is not clear, but is thought to be due to the difference in surface structure that strongly affects the catalyst activity. That is, it is considered that the catalyst layer 1 of the catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment has a surface structure different from the conventional one, and the ratio of active sites having high activity existing on the surface is larger than the conventional one. It is done.

  Further, the presence of the oxide or nitride as described above in the pores 3 of the catalyst supporting substrate according to the embodiment promotes proton conductivity, suppresses aggregation between the catalysts and catalyst growth, By doing so, the utilization efficiency and durability of the catalyst can be improved, and various effects such as maintaining the structure of the catalyst layer 1 and promoting mass transfer such as fuel diffusion can be obtained. Furthermore, when there are a plurality of different oxides inside the pores 3, there is a high possibility that a special interface structure is formed between the oxides and has solid acidity that promotes proton conductivity, forming a proton conduction path, The catalytic reaction can be promoted, and higher utilization efficiency and durability of the catalyst material can be obtained. Proton conductivity can be further improved by allowing an oxide that easily introduces solid acidity to exist inside the pore 3.

  5 to 6 show an outline of a method for manufacturing a catalyst-carrying substrate according to the embodiment.

  The method for producing a catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment causes sputtering or vapor deposition of the first material having catalytic activity, and dissolution by dissolution treatment using an acidic solution, an alkaline solution, or an electrolytic method as compared with the first material. The second material is easily sputtered or vapor-deposited on the substrate simultaneously or alternately to form a deposited layer containing the first material and the second material, and the deposited layer is heat-treated, A step of diffusing the second material in one material, and a step of removing at least a part of the second material from the deposited layer after the heat treatment by a dissolution treatment to obtain a catalyst layer including a plurality of pores.

  Each step will be described below.

  FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing an outline of a process for forming a deposited layer. In this step, a first material having catalytic activity and a second material that can be dissolved by an acidic solution, an alkaline solution, or an electrolytic method are alternately deposited on the substrate 11.

  As the substrate 11, a carrier having excellent conductivity and stability can be used. When the catalyst layer 1 is used as a diffusion layer, it is preferable to use a conductive substrate or a proton conductive substrate, and it is particularly preferable to use a conductive porous substrate. As the conductive porous substrate, one formed from a material having air permeability or liquid permeability can be used. For example, porous paper or porous cloth made of a carbon material such as carbon cloth or carbon paper can be used. In addition, a porous ceramic substrate having conductivity can be used as the substrate 11.

  The deposition of the first material 12 is, for example, Pt, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, Pd, Au, Zr, Ti, Ta, Si, Al, Sn, Hf, Ge, Ga, In, Ce, Nb, W, Sputtering using a material containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, B and V as a target, or vapor deposition of the metal. By membrane means.

  The second material 13 can be deposited by sputtering using a material containing the second material 13 as a target, or by vapor-depositing the second material. As the second material 13, any material having any composition can be used as long as it can be dissolved and removed by acid washing, alkali washing, or the like in the removal step described later. For example, a metal or a metal oxide can be used as the second material 13. In particular, the use of metal can be formed and removed in a short time, and is preferable from the viewpoints of process workability, cost, and the like. Preferably, as the second material 13, at least one metal selected from Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Sn, Al and Cu is used.

  The deposition of the first material 12 and the deposition of the second material 13 can be performed alternately. Thereby, as shown in FIG. 5, it is possible to form a deposition layer 14 in which the first material 12 and the second material 13 are alternately laminated on the base 11. In order to ensure a sufficient amount of catalyst for the catalyst layer 1, the number of layers of the first material 12 is preferably 3 to 500.

  FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing an outline of the step of heat-treating the deposited layer. By performing heat treatment on the deposited layer 14 formed in the step of forming the deposited layer, the second material 13 can be diffused into the first material 12 as shown in FIG. When the 1st material 12 and the 2nd material 13 each contain a metal, these alloys may be formed by heat processing.

  The temperature of heat processing can be 300 degreeC-600 degreeC, for example. By setting this temperature, the second material 13 can be sufficiently diffused in the first material 12 and diffused without unevenness. When the heat treatment is performed at a temperature lower than 300 ° C., the diffusion becomes insufficient, and when the heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than 600 ° C., the possibility that the deposited layer is peeled off from the substrate 11 increases. Further, the heat treatment time can be, for example, 30 minutes to 2 hours.

  The heat treatment can be performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as argon or an oxygen atmosphere. When heat treatment is performed in an oxygen atmosphere, more oxides can be formed in the holes 3. Alternatively, the heat treatment can be performed in a foam gas (hydrogen and nitrogen mixed gas) atmosphere to suppress oxide formation as much as possible.

  FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing an outline of the process of removing the second material from the deposited layer. By removing at least a part of the second material 13 from the deposited layer 14 subjected to the heat treatment, a sponge-like structure having a plurality of holes 3 as shown in FIG. 7 can be obtained.

  The removal of the second material 13 can be performed by washing using an acidic solution, washing using an alkaline solution, or an electrolytic method. When cleaning with an acidic solution is performed, for example, the heat-treated deposited layer 14 is immersed in nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or any mixed solution thereof for about 5 minutes to 50 hours, and the mixed layer 21 is subjected to the second treatment. The material 13 can be dissolved and poured out. At this time, you may heat to about 50-100 degreeC. A bias voltage may be applied to promote dissolution. Further, heat treatment or the like may be performed as post-processing.

  In order to suppress the outflow of the first material 12 in the removing step, a process of fixing the first material 12 to the substrate 11 may be performed. For example, prior to removal, the mixed layer 21 can be impregnated with a polymer solution such as Nafion (DuPont, registered trademark). Further, after the removal, in order to promote proton conduction or promote adhesion between the catalyst layer 1 and other members, a polymer solution such as Nafion (DuPont) may be sprayed or impregnated.

  In the manufacturing method according to the embodiment, a treatment for causing an oxide, a nitride, or an alloy to exist in the holes 3 may be performed. For example, as the first material 12 and the second material 13, materials that form oxides, nitrides, or alloys can be used. For example, by using a material containing a refractory metal such as W and Ta as the second material 13, an oxide of these metals can be present in a particle state. It is also possible to sputter simultaneously or sequentially so that different oxides and / or nitrides are formed. The structure and stability of the oxide can be adjusted by introducing oxygen into the atmosphere in the sputtering or vapor deposition method. In this case, the oxygen partial pressure in the atmosphere is preferably less than 20%.

  FIG. 8 is a sectional view schematically showing a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 20 according to the embodiment. The membrane electrode assembly according to the embodiment includes first and second electrodes each including at least one of the catalyst-supporting substrates according to the embodiment, and an electrolyte interposed between the first and second electrodes.

  As shown in FIG. 8, the membrane electrode assembly 20 has a structure in which a polymer electrolyte membrane 33 is sandwiched between a fuel electrode (anode) 31 and an air electrode (cathode) 32. The polymer electrolyte membrane 33 has hydrogen ion conductivity. The fuel electrode 31 includes a diffusion layer and an anode catalyst layer laminated thereon. Hydrogen is supplied to the fuel electrode 31. The air electrode 32 includes a diffusion layer and a cathode catalyst layer stacked thereon. Oxygen is supplied to the air electrode 32. The catalyst layer 1 of the catalyst-supporting substrate according to the embodiment is used as at least one of an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer. On the other hand, the substrate 11 is used as a diffusion layer.

  The substrate 11 preferably contains a water repellent. As a result, the water repellency is increased, so that it is possible to prevent a flooding phenomenon in which water generated by power generation is not discharged from the inside of the catalyst layer 1 and causes water clogging. As the water repellent, for example, a fluorine-based polymer material such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyhexafluoropropylene, or tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP) is used. it can. The water repellent is introduced into the substrate 11 after the formation of the catalyst layer 1.

  The polymer electrolyte membrane 33 contains a proton conductive material. As the proton conductive substance, a material capable of transmitting protons can be used. For example, fluororesins having a sulfonic acid group such as Nafion (manufactured by DuPont), Flemion (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.), and Ashiblek (manufactured by Asahi Glass), inorganic substances such as tungstic acid and phosphotungstic acid, and the like can be used.

  The thickness of the polymer electrolyte membrane 33 can be appropriately determined in consideration of the characteristics of the membrane electrode assembly 20. For example, it can be set to 5-300 micrometers, Preferably it can be set to 10 micrometers-150 micrometers. In particular, the thickness of the polymer electrolyte membrane 33 is preferably 5 μm or more from the viewpoint of strength at the time of film formation and durability at the time of operation of the membrane electrode assembly 20, and the output characteristics at the time of operation of the membrane electrode assembly 20 are preferred. From the viewpoint, it is preferably 300 μm or less.

The polymer electrolyte membrane 33, the fuel electrode 31, and the air electrode 33 are joined using a device that can be heated and pressurized. For example, it can be performed using a hot press machine. In that case, press temperature should just be more than the glass transition temperature of the polymer electrolyte used as a binder of an electrode and an electrolyte membrane, for example, can be 100 to 400 degreeC. Pressing pressure depends on the hardness of the electrode used may be, for example, ^{5kg / cm 2 ~200kg / cm 2} .

  FIG. 10 schematically shows an example of the fuel cell 40 according to the embodiment.

  The fuel cell 40 according to the embodiment includes the membrane electrode assembly 20 according to the embodiment and a housing 34 that houses the membrane electrode assembly 20. The housing 34 may include the MEA 20 and a first separator 43 and a second separator 44 that are installed so as to face each other with the MEA 20 interposed therebetween. The first separator 43 and the second separator 44 may each include a flow path for supplying air and fuel to the MEA 20. Further, a porous fuel diffusion layer may be included between the membrane electrode assembly 20 and the fuel cell flow path plate.

  The fuel cell 40 is generally manufactured by stacking unit cells 42 including the MEA 20 and two separators and connecting them in series. Thus, a higher electromotive force can be obtained by using a plurality of MEAs 20. The shape of the fuel cell 40 is not particularly limited, and is appropriately selected according to battery characteristics such as a desired voltage. Here, the fuel cell 40 has been described as having a stack structure as shown in FIG. 10, but may have a planar arrangement structure, for example.

  The shape of the fuel cell is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately determined so that desired battery characteristics such as voltage can be obtained.

  As the fuel to be used, a fuel selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, reformed gas, methanol, ethanol and formic acid, or an aqueous solution containing one or more fuels selected from these can be used.

(Production of catalyst-supporting substrates of Examples 1 to 21)
Catalyst-supporting substrates according to Examples 1 to 21 were prepared according to the conditions described in Table 1 below. Specifically, it was manufactured as follows.

Carbon paper (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., trade name: Toray060) was prepared as a substrate. This substrate has a carbon layer with a thickness of 5 to 50 μm on its surface. A first material having the composition shown in Table 1 was sputtered on this substrate for each example. Furthermore, the 2nd material which has a composition shown in Table 1 for every Example was sputtered | sputtered from it. The sputtering of the first material and the sputtering of the second material were repeated for each example until the loading amount and the thickness of the catalyst layer shown in Table 1 were obtained. A Pt loading amount of 0.2 mg / cm ² corresponds to an average Pt thickness of about 100 nm. In this way, a deposited layer was formed on the substrate.

  The formed deposited layer was heat-treated for 1 hour at the described temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere, an oxygen atmosphere or a foam gas (mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen) atmosphere in accordance with the conditions shown in Table 1 for each example. did. As a result, the second material was diffused into the first material to form a mixed layer.

  The formed mixed layer was subjected to an acid treatment that was immersed in a 10% by weight sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 80 ° C. for 2 hours. Thereafter, it was washed with pure water and dried to obtain a catalyst-supporting substrate according to each example of the present invention.

(Preparation of catalyst support substrate of Comparative Example 1)
A catalyst-carrying substrate according to Comparative Example 1 was produced according to the conditions described in Table 2 below. That is, a whisker substrate (organic pigment pigment red 149 having an average diameter of 50 nm) was prepared as a substrate. On top of this, platinum was sputtered. At this time, the loading amount of platinum was set to 0.20 mg / cm ² .

(Production of catalyst-supporting substrates of Comparative Examples 2 to 6)
The catalyst-supporting substrates according to Comparative Examples 2 to 6 were produced according to the conditions described in Table 2. The first material and the second material described in Table 2 were sputtered on carbon paper (trade name: Toray060 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.). This sputtering was repeated for each comparative example until the loading amount and catalyst layer thickness shown in Table 2 were obtained. Thereafter, in Comparative Example 2, acid treatment was performed by immersing in a 10 wt% sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 80 ° C. for 2 hours. On the other hand, in Comparative Examples 3 to 6, after heat treatment was performed in the atmosphere and temperature described in Table 2, acid treatment was performed by immersing in a 10 wt% sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 80 ° C for 2 hours.

(Preparation of catalyst-supporting substrate of Comparative Example 7)
As Comparative Example 7, a Pt standard electrode was produced. 2 g of Pt catalyst, 5 g of pure water, 5 g of 20% Nafion (manufactured by DuPont) solution and 20 g of 2-ethoxyethanol were thoroughly stirred and dispersed, and a slurry was prepared. The obtained slurry was applied to water-repellent carbon paper (350 μm, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) with a control coater and dried. Thus, a Pt standard electrode having a Pt catalyst loading density of 0.2 mg / cm ² was produced. In addition, although observation by SEM was performed about the Pt standard electrode, the catalyst layer which the catalyst support base | substrate which concerns on embodiment has could not be confirmed.

(Observation of catalyst layer)
The produced catalyst-supporting substrates of Examples 1 to 21 and Comparative Examples 2 to 6 were cut in the thickness direction, and the cross section was observed by SEM. As a result, in Examples 1-21 and Comparative Examples 3-6, the catalyst layer which has a void | hole inside was formed. Furthermore, the hole diameters and long side: short side ratios of Examples 1-21, Comparative Examples 2-3, and Comparative Examples 5-6 were determined. In Comparative Example 2, a catalyst layer having a layered structure of a sheet catalyst and a void layer was formed. Moreover, in the comparative example 4 which heat-processed at 700 degreeC, the void | hole inside a catalyst layer collapse | crumbled and the diameter could not be measured. The above results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

  Furthermore, the cut surface was observed with TEM, and element mapping was performed with EDX, thereby confirming the presence or absence of oxides present in the pores. For Examples 1 to 21 and Comparative Examples 2 to 6, element mapping was performed for any 20 of the vacancies obtained from the TEM images, and 2 of the 20 vacancies in which oxides were confirmed. Tables 1 and 2 show the following items as Δ, ◯ as 5 or less, and ◎ as confirmed as 6 or more.

(Production of MEA and fuel cell)
For each of Examples 1 to 21 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7, membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) and fuel cells were produced. Each catalyst-supporting substrate was cut into a 3 × 4 cm rectangle so that the electrode area was about 12 cm ² and used as a cathode. On the other hand, the Pt standard electrode of Comparative Example 7 was used as the anode. These electrodes sandwiched Nafion (made by DuPont, trade name) as a polymer electrolyte membrane, and thermocompression bonded at 125 ° C. for 5 minutes at a pressure of 30 kg / cm ² to prepare an MEA.

  A single-cell polymer electrolyte fuel cell was fabricated using the MEA and the flow path plate thus fabricated.

(Measurement of voltage and durability)
First, the voltage was measured about each produced fuel cell. In each fuel cell, hydrogen was supplied as fuel to the anode at a flow rate of 20 ml / min, and air was supplied to the cathode at a flow rate of 100 ml / min. The fuel cell was discharged at a current density of 0.2 A / cm ² while maintaining the temperature at 65 ° C., and the cell voltage (V) after 10 hours was measured. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Next, a durability test was performed. In each fuel cell, hydrogen was supplied as fuel to the anode at a flow rate of 40 ml / min, and nitrogen was supplied to the cathode at a flow rate of 40 ml / min. While maintaining the fuel cell at 70 ° C., a potential cycle consisting of (1) maintaining the voltage at 0.6 V for 20 seconds, and (2) maintaining the voltage at 1.0 V for 20 seconds was repeated 10,000 cycles. . An outline of this cycle is shown in FIG. The 0.6V section assumes a state where the fuel cell is stopped, and the 1.0V section assumes a state where the fuel cell is operated. The voltage measured after 10,000 cycles is compared with the voltage after 10 hours, and when the rate of decrease with respect to the voltage after 10 hours is 10% or less, the durability is ◎, and the case where it is more than 10% and less than 25% is ◯ In the case of 25% or more, it is shown in Tables 1 and 2 as Δ.

(Evaluation)
From Tables 1 and 2, when Examples 1 to 4 and 7 to 21 having the same loading amount are compared with Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and 7, Examples 1 to 4 and 7 to 21 show high voltage and durability. It can be seen that the performance as a fuel cell is high.

  From comparison between Examples 1, 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4, it can be seen that the optimum temperature for the heat treatment is 300 ° C. to 600 ° C., particularly 400 ° C. to 600 ° C. is more optimal.

  From the comparison between Examples 1 and 2 and the comparison between Examples 3 and 8 and 10, it can be seen that a large amount of oxide is present in the vacancies by heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere, and the voltage is correspondingly increased. It is suggested that it has improved.

  From a comparison between Example 8 and Examples 12, 13 or 19, it can be seen that the voltage is improved by using a multi-component alloy containing platinum and a metal other than platinum as the first material.

  From Examples 5 and 6, it can be seen that even when the loading amount is low, high voltage and durability are exhibited, and the performance as a fuel cell is high.

  In Comparative Example 5, a high voltage cannot be obtained.

  Although the comparative example 6 has a high voltage and durability at first glance, the loading amount is high and the thickness needs to be increased. From this it is clear that high catalytic activity has not been obtained. Further, since the gas is not sufficiently diffused due to the large thickness, the voltage is not improved even though the loading amount is high.

  From the above results, it was confirmed that the characteristics of the fuel cell were improved by performing a heat treatment step to form a plurality of pores in the catalyst layer, and further, the catalyst activity was improved by the presence of oxides in the pores. It has been confirmed that the cycle characteristics can be further improved.

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Catalyst layer, 2 ... Catalyst, 3 ... Hole, 11 ... Base | substrate, 12 ... 1st material, 13 ... 2nd material, 14 ... Deposition layer, 20 ... Membrane electrode assembly, 31 ... Fuel electrode (anode), 32 ... Air electrode (cathode), 33 ... Polymer electrolyte membrane, 40 ... Fuel cell, 41 ... Housing, 42 ... Single cell, 43 ... First separator, 44 ... Second separator.

Claims (4)

Sputtering or vapor deposition of the first material having catalytic activity, and sputtering or vapor deposition of the second material, which is more likely to be dissolved by dissolution treatment using an acidic solution, an alkaline solution, or an electrolytic method as compared with the first material. Performing simultaneously on the substrate to form a deposited layer containing the first material and the second material;
Performing a heat treatment on the deposited layer to diffuse the second material into the first material;
Removing at least a part of the second material from the deposited layer after the heat treatment by the dissolution treatment to obtain a catalyst layer including a plurality of pores.   The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the dissolution treatment is performed using an acidic solution.   The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the second material includes at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Mn, Sn, Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn.   The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein, in the heat treatment, the deposited layer is heated to a temperature of 300 ° C. or more and 600 ° C. or less.