JP2014199391A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor that has excellent wear resistance and electrical stability, suppresses the occurrence of image blur, and maintains suitable image quality for a long period such as the case of printing images on 200000 sheets or more.SOLUTION: There is provided an electrophotographic photoreceptor that has a conductive support, and at least a photosensitive layer and a surface layer in this order on the conductive support, where the surface layer contains at least a specific oxazole compound, and at least one compound selected from a specific diamine compound and a specific triazine compound.

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, and an image forming method.

  In an image forming method using an image forming apparatus, an image is charged on a photosensitive member (hereinafter also referred to as an electrophotographic photosensitive member, an electrostatic latent image carrier, or an image carrier), a charging step, an exposure step, and a developing step. It is formed by performing a process such as a transfer process. In recent years, organic photoreceptors using organic materials as photoreceptors are widely used from the viewpoints of flexibility, thermal stability, film formability, and the like.

With the rapid progress of full color and high speed in image forming apparatuses, further durability and high stability are demanded in organic photoreceptors. As a technique for improving the wear resistance and durability of organic photoreceptors, a resin film (filler surface layer) containing fine particles on the surface of the organic photoreceptor or a composition containing a polymerizable compound is subjected to crosslinking curing. There is a method of forming a cured film (crosslinked surface layer) formed by the above method.
However, when an organic photoreceptor having a surface layer is left for a long time after repeated use, the resistance value of the surface portion in the vicinity of the charger may decrease (that is, the electrical stability is low). In this case, when the apparatus is restarted, the charged potential and the post-exposure potential may be lowered, and image density unevenness may occur. For example, in the case of a crosslinked surface layer, the gas barrier property of the organic photoreceptor is low depending on the crosslinking density, which may cause image blur.

Therefore, a technique is disclosed in which a filler surface layer or a crosslinked surface layer is formed on the surface of the photoreceptor, and a diamine compound is contained in the surface layer (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
However, even with a photoreceptor containing a diamine compound, the above-described abnormal image cannot be sufficiently suppressed, and the electrical stability of the photoreceptor can be maintained over a long period of time. The current situation is that it is not possible.

  An object of the present invention is to solve various problems in the prior art and achieve the following objects. That is, the present invention is excellent in wear resistance and electrical stability over a long period of time, for example, when printing 200,000 sheets or more, and the occurrence of density unevenness and image blurring is suppressed, and suitable image quality is achieved. An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor capable of maintaining the above.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention as means for solving the above problems is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a conductive support and at least a photosensitive layer and a surface layer in this order on the conductive support. ,
The surface layer is at least one selected from a diamine compound represented by the following general formula (1), a diamine compound represented by the following general formula (A), and a triazine compound represented by the following general formula (B). Species of compounds,
At least an oxazole compound represented by any one of the following general formula (2) and the following general formula (3).
However, in the said General formula (1), X represents the arylene group which may have a substituent, or group represented by the following general formula.
However, in formula, R represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group, or a C1-C4 alkoxy group.
A ₁ , A ₂ , A ₃ and A ₄ may have (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, (ii) —CH ₂ (CH ₂ ) _m Z, and (iii) a substituent. Represents a group selected from aryl groups, which may be the same or different. However, both of A ₁ and A ₂ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent, and all of A ₃ and A ₄ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent. This is excluded. Here, Z represents an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and may further have a substituent. M represents an integer of 0 and 1.
B ₁ and _{B 2, -CH 2 -, - CH 2} CH 2 -, - CH 2 -Ar -, - Ar-CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 -Ar-, and _{-Ar-CH 2 CH} 2 Represents a group selected from-and may be the same or different. Ar represents an arylene group which may have a substituent.
However, in said general formula (A), R < ¹ >, R < ² > represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, and is the same or different It may be. Ar ¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ² and Ar ³ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ¹ and Ar ² , or Ar ² and Ar ³ may be bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.
However, in said general formula (B), R _<101> , R _<102> represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, It may be the same or different. R ₁₀₁ and R ₁₀₂ may form a ring together. A ₁₀₁ represents a halogen atom or the following general formula (B-1).
However, in said general formula (B-1), _R103 and _R104 represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, These may be the same or different, and R ₁₀₃ and R ₁₀₄ may form a ring together.
However, in said general formula (2), _R201 and _R202 respectively represent a hydrogen atom or a C1-C4 alkyl group, and may be same or different, respectively, X is a vinylene group, A divalent group of a C6-C14 aromatic hydrocarbon or a 2,5-thiophenediyl group is represented.
However, in said general formula (3), Ar ₂₀₁ and Ar ₂₀₂ each represent a monovalent group of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, which may be the same or different, and Y is A divalent group of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms is represented, and R ₂₀₃ and R ₂₀₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and may be the same or different.

  According to the present invention, the conventional problems can be solved. For example, when printing 200,000 sheets or more, it has excellent wear resistance and electrical stability over a long period of time, density unevenness, and image blurring. It is possible to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member that is suppressed in generation and maintains suitable image quality.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing an example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing an example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing an example of the process cartridge of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of titanyl phthalocyanine used in Examples of the present invention. FIG. 8 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the diamine compound of Synthesis Example A1 used in the present invention. FIG. 9 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the diamine compound of Synthesis Example A2 used in the present invention. FIG. 10 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the diamine compound of Synthesis Example A3 used in the present invention. FIG. 11 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the triazine compound of Synthesis Example B1 used in the present invention. FIG. 12 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the triazine compound of Synthesis Example B2 used in the present invention. FIG. 13 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the triazine compound of Synthesis Example B3 used in the present invention. FIG. 14 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the triazine compound of Synthesis Example B4 used in the present invention. FIG. 15 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the triazine compound of Synthesis Example B5 used in the present invention. FIG. 16 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the triazine compound of Synthesis Example B6 used in the present invention. FIG. 17 is an infrared absorption spectrum of the triazine compound of Synthesis Example B7 used in the present invention.

(Electrophotographic photoreceptor)
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has at least a photosensitive layer and a surface layer in this order on a conductive support and the conductive support, and further has other layers as necessary. .
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has the material defined in the present invention for the surface layer, and the conductive support, the photosensitive layer, and the other layers are the same as the conventional ones. can do.

<Surface layer>
The surface layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, a resin film containing fine particles (filler surface layer) or a composition containing a polymerizable compound may be subjected to crosslinking and curing. Examples thereof include a cured film (crosslinked surface layer) formed by application.
The surface layer includes at least one compound selected from a first diamine compound defined below, a second diamine compound defined below, and a triazine compound defined below; It contains at least an oxazole compound specified below, and further contains other additives as necessary.

  The surface of the photoreceptor is deteriorated by oxidizing gas. As the deterioration progresses, image flow and image blur occur due to the film having a lower resistance. Deterioration starts from the surface layer surface. Therefore, when using a surface layer with high mechanical durability, such as a filler surface layer or a cross-linked surface layer, the deterioration of the surface of the photoreceptor due to the oxidizing gas is And abnormal images such as image blur are likely to occur.

  In the present invention, in order to improve the gas resistance of the surface layer, the surface layer contains at least one compound selected from the first diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound. The at least one compound selected from the first diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound suppresses deterioration of the surface layer due to an oxidizing gas, and therefore improves gas resistance. Can do. Furthermore, in the present invention, the surface layer contains the oxazole compound. Thereby, the gas resistance and electrical stability of the surface layer can be maintained over a long period of time.

<< first diamine compound >>
The first diamine compound is a compound represented by the following general formula (1).

However, in the said General formula (1), X is the arylene group which may have a substituent, or
Represents. Here, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
A ₁ , A ₂ , A ₃ , and A ₄ may have (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, (ii) —CH ₂ (CH ₂ ) _m Z, and (iii) a substituent. Represents a group selected from good aryl groups, each of which may be the same or different. However, both of A ₁ and A ₂ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent, and all of A ₃ and A ₄ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent. This is excluded. Here, Z represents an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and may further have a substituent. M represents an integer of 0 and 1.
B _{1, B 2 is, -CH 2 -, - CH 2} CH 2 -, - CH 2 -Ar -, - Ar-CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 -Ar-, and _{-Ar-CH 2 CH} 2 -Represents a group selected from-, which may be the same or different. Ar represents an arylene group which may have a substituent.
These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The reason for the image blur suppression effect of the diamine compound is not clear at the present time, but the amino group of the diamine compound is strongly basic, and this can prevent the charge transport material from deteriorating with respect to the oxidizing gas. It is thought that. In addition, unlike an antioxidant, it does not have a polar group that easily traps charges, and itself has charge transporting properties, so even if it is added to some extent, it can reduce the effect of increasing the exposed area potential and residual potential. It is guessed.

With respect to the groups (i), (ii), and (iii), (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, (ii) —CH ₂ (CH ₂ ), in the order most effective for suppressing image blur. _m Z, (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent. In other words, it can be paraphrased that the influence of the increase in the potential of the exposed portion is in descending order.
Therefore, in the general formula (1), it is preferable to appropriately select A ₁ , A ₂ , A ₃ , and A ₄ from (i), (ii), and (iii).

Examples of the combination of A _{1 to} A ₄ include the following.
A _{1, A} 3: (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon _{atoms; A 2, A 4: (} i) an alkyl group _A 1 1 to 4 carbon _atoms, A 3: (i) from 1 to 4 carbon atoms An alkyl group; A ₂ , A ₄ : (ii) -CH ₂ (CH ₂ ) _m Z
A ₁ , A ₃ : (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; A ₂ , A ₄ : (iii) an aryl group that may have a substituent A ₁ , A ₃ : (ii) —CH ₂ (CH _{2) m Z; a 2,} a 4: (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms _{a 1, a 3: (ii} ) -CH 2 (CH 2) m Z; a 2, a 4: (ii) -CH _{2 (CH 2)} m Z
_{A 1, A 3: (ii} ) -CH 2 (CH 2) m Z; A 2, A 4: (iii) may have a substituent aryl group

The following are excluded from the combinations of A ₁ and A ₂ , A ₃ and A ₄ .
A ₁ , A ₂ : (iii) aryl group which may have a substituent A ₃ , A ₄ : (iii) aryl group which may have a substituent A ₁ and A ₂ , or A ₃ and A ₄ together (Iii) When an aryl group which may have a substituent is obtained, the charge transportability is greatly improved, but the effect of suppressing the image blur cannot be obtained, so that the effect of the present invention cannot be obtained.

  The molecular weight of the first diamine compound is preferably 300 to 900, more preferably 400 to 600. If the molecular weight is less than 300, the sublimation property is too high, and the effects of the present invention may not be obtained. On the other hand, if the molecular weight is greater than 900, the compatibility may be lowered, or if a cured film is used for the surface layer, curing inhibition may be caused.

  As the first diamine compound, a diamine compound represented by the following general formula (4) is very effective. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

However, the general formula _{(4), A 1, A} 2 is represented by the following (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon _atoms, a _{(ii) -CH 2 (CH 2} ) m Z, and (iii) substituent The aryl group which may have and the group selected from more are represented, and may be same or different, respectively. However, it is excluded that both A ₁ and A ₂ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent.
Z represents an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and may further have a substituent. M represents an integer of 0 and 1.
Ar represents an arylene group which may have a substituent.

  Specific examples of the first diamine compound represented by the general formula (1) include the compounds described below. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of a said 1st diamine compound, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 0.005 or more 0.05 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid of the said surface layer. Or less, more preferably 0.005 or more and 0.02 or less. When the content is less than 0.005 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid content, the effect of suppressing deterioration of the photosensitive layer due to the oxidizing gas may be reduced. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 0.05 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid content, the sensitivity characteristics of the photoconductor are adversely affected, which may cause problems such as an increase in residual potential.
Further, when the surface layer is a crosslinked surface layer, excessive addition of the first diamine compound also reduces the crosslinking density, so that the mechanical strength of the photoreceptor is lowered and the wear resistance is deteriorated. Sometimes.

<< second diamine compound >>
The second diamine compound is a compound represented by the following general formula (A).
However, in said general formula (A), R < ¹ >, R < ² > represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, and is the same or different It may be. Ar ¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ² and Ar ³ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ¹ and Ar ² , or Ar ² and Ar ³ may be bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.

  The diamine compound represented by the general formula (A) is effective for maintaining the image quality when the photoreceptor is used repeatedly. The reason for this is not clarified at this time, but the alkylamino group contained in the chemical structure is a strongly basic group. A sum effect is assumed. In addition, it is known that an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group-substituted amino group is a functional group having excellent charge transporting ability [Takahashi et al., Electrophotographic Society, Vol. 25, No. 3, p. 16, 1986]. Since the diamine compound contains this group, it can be seen that the compound has a high charge transporting ability. Furthermore, it has also been found that high sensitivity and repeat stability are further increased by using in combination with other charge transport materials.

  The diamine compound represented by the general formula (A) is described in the literature (AF Abdel-Magid et al., J. Org. Chem., Vol. 61, No. 11, 3849-3862 (1996)). It can be produced by the method described in the literature or the method described in the literature (ER Burkhardt et al., Tetrahedron. Lett., Vol. 49, No. 35, 5152-5155 (2008)). That is, an aldehyde represented by the following general formula (A-1) and an amine compound represented by the following general formula (A-2) in the presence of a reducing agent, a temperature of about −50 ° C. to 100 ° C., preferably Can be obtained by reacting at a temperature of room temperature to about 50 ° C.

However, in the formula (A-1), Ar ¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ² and Ar ³ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ¹ and Ar ² , or Ar ² and Ar ³ may be bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.

However, in the formula (A-2), R ¹ and R ² represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. May be different.

Examples of the reducing agent include lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, formic acid, and borane. -Tetrahydrofuran complex, borane-N, N-diethylaniline complex, methyl sulfide borane, 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane and the like. Among these, sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane are preferable.
Examples of the reaction solvent include methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dichloroethane, dichloromethane, 1,4-dioxane, toluene, xylene, anisole, and the like.
In order to increase the reaction rate, an acid catalyst such as acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid may be added.

Examples of the alkyl group in the general formulas (A), (A-1), and (A-2) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a hexyl group, and an undecanyl group. Moreover, as an aralkyl group, a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a cumyl group, a naphthylmethyl group etc. are mentioned, for example. Examples of the aryl group include monocyclic aromatic ring derivatives such as phenyl group, tolyl group, and xylyl group, and naphthyl group. Moreover, as an alkylene group, the bivalent group which remove | eliminated one hydrogen from the said alkyl group is mentioned. Examples of the arylene group include a divalent group obtained by removing one hydrogen from the aryl group. Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group include aromatic rings such as benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene, and pyrene, and aromatic heterocyclic rings such as pyridine, quinoline, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxadiazole, and carbazole. The group of is mentioned. These substituents include those exemplified in the specific examples of the alkyl group, alkoxy groups such as methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group and butoxy group, or halogen atoms of fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom and iodine atom. Atoms, the aromatic hydrocarbon groups, and heterocyclic groups such as pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine and the like can be mentioned. Further, when Ar ² and Ar ³ are bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom, the heterocyclic group includes an aromatic hydrocarbon group such as a pyrrolidino group, piperidino group, piperazino group, etc. And a condensed heterocyclic group in which is condensed.

  Below, the preferable example of the diamine compound represented by the said general formula (A) is given to following Table A1-1-Table A1-3. However, the present invention is not limited to these compounds. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The effect factor of the image blur suppression of the second diamine compound is not clear at present, but the amino group of the second diamine compound is strongly basic, which means charge transport to the oxidizing gas. This is considered to be the reason why the alteration of the substance can be prevented. In addition, unlike an antioxidant, it does not have a polar group that easily traps charges, and itself has charge transporting properties, so even if it is added to some extent, it can reduce the effect of increasing the exposed area potential and residual potential. It is guessed.

  The molecular weight of the second diamine compound is preferably 300 to 900, more preferably 400 to 600. If the molecular weight is less than 300, the sublimation property is too high, and the effects of the present invention may not be obtained. On the other hand, if the molecular weight is greater than 900, the compatibility may be lowered, or if a cured film is used for the surface layer, curing inhibition may be caused.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said 2nd diamine compound, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 0.005 or more 0.05 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid of the said surface layer. Or less, more preferably 0.005 or more and 0.02 or less. When the content is less than 0.005 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid content, the effect of suppressing deterioration of the photosensitive layer due to the oxidizing gas may be reduced. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 0.5 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid content, the sensitivity characteristics of the photosensitive member are adversely affected, which may cause problems such as an increase in residual potential.
Further, when the surface layer is a crosslinked surface layer, excessive addition of the second diamine compound also reduces the crosslinking density, so that the mechanical strength of the photoreceptor is lowered and the wear resistance is deteriorated. Sometimes.

<< Triazine Compound >>
The triazine compound is a compound represented by the following general formula (B).
However, in said general formula (B), R _<101> , R _<102> represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, It may be the same or different. R ₁₀₁ and R ₁₀₂ may form a ring together. A ₁₀₁ represents a halogen atom or the following general formula (B-1).
However, in said general formula (B-1), _R103 and _R104 represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, These may be the same or different, and R ₁₀₃ and R ₁₀₄ may form a ring together.

  The triazine compound represented by the general formula (B) is effective in maintaining the image quality when the photoreceptor is used repeatedly. The reason for this is not clarified at this time, but the alkylamino group contained in the chemical structure is a strongly basic group. A sum effect is assumed. In addition, it is known that an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group-substituted amino group is a functional group having excellent charge transporting ability [Takahashi et al., Electrophotographic Society, Vol. 25, No. 3, p. 16, 1986]. Since the triazine compound contains this group, it can be seen that the compound has a high charge transporting ability. Furthermore, it has also been found that high sensitivity and repeat stability are further increased by using in combination with other charge transport materials.

The triazine compound represented by the general formula (B) can be produced by the following method. A halogenated cyanuric acid represented by the following general formula (B-2) and an amine compound represented by the following general formula (B-4) in the presence of a basic compound, a temperature of about −50 ° C. to 150 ° C., Preferably, it can be obtained by reacting at room temperature to about 100 ° C.
However, in said general formula (B-2), X represents a halogen atom.
However, in the general formula (B-4), R ₁₀₃ and R ₁₀₄ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, These may be the same or different, and R ₁₀₃ and R ₁₀₄ may form a ring together.

  Examples of the reaction solvent include methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dichloroethane, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane, 1,4-dioxane, toluene, xylene, anisole and the like. Examples of the basic compound include inorganic basic compounds such as potassium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, and organic basic compounds such as triethylamine and diisopropylethylamine.

Specific examples of the alkyl group in the general formula (B), (B-1) or (B-2) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a hexyl group, and an undecanyl group. . Examples of the aralkyl group include benzyl group, phenethyl group, cumyl group, naphthylmethyl group and the like. In addition, examples of the aryl group include monocyclic aromatic ring derivatives such as phenyl, tolyl, and xylyl, and naphthyl groups. Moreover, as an alkylene group, the bivalent group which remove | eliminated one hydrogen from the above-mentioned alkyl group is mentioned. Moreover, as an arylene group, the bivalent group which remove | eliminated one hydrogen from the above-mentioned aryl group is mentioned. In addition, aromatic hydrocarbon groups include aromatic rings such as benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene, and pyrene, and aromatic heterocyclic groups such as pyridine, quinoline, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxadiazole, and carbazole. Is mentioned. Examples of these substituents include those listed in the specific examples of the alkyl group, alkoxy groups such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group, or a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom. Atoms, the aromatic hydrocarbon groups, and heterocyclic groups such as pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine and the like can be mentioned. Furthermore, when R ₁₀₁ and R ₁₀₂ are bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom, the heterocyclic group includes an aromatic hydrocarbon group such as a pyrrolidino group, piperidino group, piperazino group, and the like. And a condensed heterocyclic group in which is condensed.

  Below, the preferable example of the triazine compound represented by general formula (B) is given to following Table B1-1-Table B1-11. However, the present invention is not limited to these compounds. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  Although the effect factor of the image blur suppression of the triazine compound represented by the general formula (B) is not clear at present, the amino group of the triazine compound has a strong basicity, which is an oxidizing gas. It is thought that this is the reason why the charge transport material can be prevented from being altered. In addition, unlike an antioxidant, it does not have a polar group that easily traps charges, and itself has charge transporting properties, so even if it is added to some extent, it can reduce the effect of increasing the exposed area potential and residual potential. It is guessed.

  The molecular weight of the triazine compound represented by the general formula (B) is preferably 300 to 900, and more preferably 400 to 600. If the molecular weight is less than 300, the sublimation property is too high, and the effects of the present invention may not be obtained. On the other hand, if the molecular weight is greater than 900, the compatibility may be reduced, or if a cured film is used for the surface layer, curing inhibition may occur.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the triazine compound represented by the said general formula (B), Although it can select suitably according to the objective, It is 0 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid of the said surface layer. It is preferably 0.005 or more and 0.05 or less, and more preferably 0.005 or more and 0.02 or less. When the content is less than 0.005 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid content, the effect of suppressing deterioration of the photosensitive layer due to the oxidizing gas may be reduced. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 0.5 by mass ratio with respect to the total solid content, the sensitivity characteristics of the photosensitive member are adversely affected, which may cause problems such as an increase in residual potential.
In addition, when the surface layer is a crosslinked surface layer, excessive addition of the triazine compound also reduces the crosslinking density, which may decrease the mechanical strength of the photoreceptor and deteriorate the wear resistance. .

<< Oxazole compound >>
The oxazole compound is a compound represented by any one of the following general formula (2) and general formula (3).

However, in said general formula (2), _R201 and _R202 respectively represent a hydrogen atom or a C1-C4 alkyl group, and may be same or different, respectively, X is a vinylene group, A divalent group of a C6-C14 aromatic hydrocarbon or a 2,5-thiophenediyl group is represented.

The alkyl group for R ₂₀₁ and R ₂₀₂ is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, and an n-butyl group. , Iso-butyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group and the like.

  The divalent group of the aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms of X is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, o-phenylene group, p-phenylene group, 1, Examples include 4-naphthalenediyl group, 2,6-naphthalenediyl group, 9,10-anthracenediyl group, 1,4-anthracenediyl group, 4,4′-biphenyldiyl group, 4,4′-stilbenediyl group, and the like. It is done.

However, in said general formula (3), Ar ₂₀₁ and Ar ₂₀₂ each represent a monovalent group of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, which may be the same or different, and Y is A divalent group of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms is represented, and R ₂₀₃ and R ₂₀₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and may be the same or different.

The monovalent group of the aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms of Ar ₂₀₁ and Ar ₂₀₂ is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, a phenyl group, 4-methylphenyl Groups, aromatic hydrocarbon groups such as 4-tert-butylphenyl group, naphthyl group, biphenylyl group and the like.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a bivalent group of C6-C14 aromatic hydrocarbon of said Y, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, o-phenylene group, p-phenylene group, 1 , 4-naphthalenediyl group, 2,6-naphthalenediyl group, 9,10-anthracenediyl group, 1,4-anthracenediyl group, 4,4′-biphenyldiyl group, 4,4′-stilbenediyl group, etc. Can be mentioned.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by any one of the general formula (2) and the general formula (3) include the compounds described below. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The reason why the gas resistance and electrical stability can be maintained over a long period of time by adding the oxazole compound to the surface layer is not clear at present, but the first diamine compound and the second diamine are not clear. This is presumably because of the effect of suppressing deterioration of the compound and at least one compound selected from the triazine compounds. At least one compound selected from the first diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound deteriorates over time when the photoreceptor is used. As a result, it is not only possible to prevent the charge transport material from deteriorating with respect to the oxidizing gas, but also possessed by at least one compound selected from the first diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound itself. The charge transport function is lost and large trap sites are formed in the surface layer. As a result, the exposure portion potential fluctuation during continuous printing increases. An increase in the potential fluctuation of the exposed portion during continuous printing causes image density unevenness between pages, which adversely affects image quality reliability.
In contrast, by adding the oxazole compound to the surface layer, deterioration of at least one compound selected from the first diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound can be suppressed. It is presumed that the electrical stability characteristics and gas resistance can be maintained over a long period of time as in the case of printing 200,000 sheets, for example, while suppressing an increase in potential fluctuation of the exposed portion during continuous printing.

  The content of the oxazole compound is 0.5 to 5.0 by mass ratio with respect to at least one compound selected from the first diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound. Or less, more preferably 1.0 or more and 3.0 or less. When the content is less than 0.5 by mass ratio with respect to at least one compound selected from the first diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound, the first The effect of suppressing deterioration of at least one compound selected from the diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound by the acid gas may be reduced. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 5.0 by mass with respect to at least one compound selected from the first diamine compound, the second diamine compound, and the triazine compound, a photoconductor Sensitivity characteristics may deteriorate.

Since the oxazole compound does not have a charge transport function, when it is excessively added to the surface layer, the content of the charge transport material is relatively lowered. For this reason, the charge transport function in the surface layer is lowered, and the sensitivity of the photoreceptor may be lowered.
In the case of a cross-linked surface layer, excessive addition of an oxazole compound also reduces the cross-link density, so that the mechanical strength of the photoreceptor may be reduced and the wear resistance may be deteriorated.

<< Filler surface layer >>
The filler surface layer is a surface layer composed of at least fine particles and a binder resin. The filler surface layer includes the fine particles and the binder resin, and further includes other components as necessary.

-Binder resin-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said binder resin, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, crosslinked resins, such as thermoplastic resins, such as a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin, a urethane resin, a phenol resin, etc. are mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

-Fine particles-
The fine particles are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include organic fine particles and inorganic fine particles. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  Examples of the organic fine particles include fluorine-containing resin fine particles and diamond fine particles.

  Examples of the inorganic fine particles include metal fine particles such as copper, tin, aluminum, and indium; tin oxide doped with silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, indium oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, and antimony. And metal oxide fine particles such as tin-doped indium oxide; and inorganic material fine particles such as potassium titanate. Among these, metal oxide fine particles are preferable, and any one of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, and titanium oxide is more preferable.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said inorganic fine particle in a filler surface layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably.
The higher the content is, the better the abrasion resistance is. However, when the content is too high, the residual potential is increased and the write light transmittance of the protective layer is decreased, which may cause side effects. Therefore, as said content, 50 mass% or less is preferable with respect to the total solid of the said surface layer, and 30 mass% or less is more preferable.
Moreover, as a lower limit of the said content, 5 mass% is preferable.

  The inorganic fine particles may be surface-treated with at least one surface treatment agent. The surface treatment is preferable in terms of dispersibility of the inorganic fine particles. A decrease in the dispersibility of inorganic fine particles not only increases the residual potential, but also decreases the transparency of the coating film, the occurrence of coating film defects, and the wear resistance. It may develop into a problem.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said surface treating agent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, The surface treating agent which can maintain the insulation of an inorganic fine particle is preferable.

Examples of the surface treatment agent include titanate coupling agents, aluminum coupling agents, zircoaluminate coupling agents, higher fatty acids, silane coupling agents, Al ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , silicone, Examples thereof include aluminum stearate. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. These combined treatments are preferable from the viewpoints of dispersibility of inorganic fine particles and suppression of image blur.
The treatment with the silane coupling agent is strongly affected by image blur, but the influence may be suppressed by performing combined treatment of the silane coupling agent and the other surface treatment agent.

  The surface treatment amount of the inorganic fine particles by the surface treatment agent is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the average primary particle size of the inorganic fine particles to be used, but is preferably 3% by mass to 30% by mass, and preferably 5% by mass to 20 mass% is more preferable. When the surface treatment amount is less than 3% by mass, the dispersion effect of the inorganic fine particles may not be obtained. When the surface treatment amount is more than 30% by mass, the residual potential may be significantly increased.

The inorganic fine particles can be dispersed in the binder resin by using an appropriate disperser.
The average particle diameter of the inorganic fine particles is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, it is preferably 1 μm or less, and 0.5 μm or less from the viewpoint of the transmittance of the filler surface layer. More preferred.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as average thickness of the said filler surface layer, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 1.0 micrometer-8.0 micrometers are preferable.
In the actual machine, as long as a contact member such as a cleaning blade is used, the photosensitive layer is worn to some extent at an approximately constant speed. Therefore, considering long-term repeated use, the filler surface layer preferably has an average thickness of at least 1.0 μm. On the other hand, if the average thickness of the filler surface layer is greater than 8.0 μm, the residual potential rise and fine dot reproducibility may be reduced.

-Other ingredients-
Examples of the other components include a charge transport material added to reduce residual potential and improve responsiveness.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said charge transport material, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, what is described as a charge transport material of the following charge transport layer is mentioned.
When a low molecular charge transport material is used as the charge transport material, a concentration gradient may be formed in the filler surface layer.
In addition, a polymer charge transport material having a function as a charge transport material and a function of a binder resin is also preferably used for the filler surface layer.
The filler surface layer composed of these polymer charge transport materials is excellent in wear resistance.
The polymer charge transport material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably at least one polymer selected from polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyester, and polyether. Among these, a polycarbonate containing a triarylamine structure in at least one of the main chain and the side chain is more preferable.

-Method for forming filler surface layer-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a formation method of the said filler surface layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a dip coating method, a ring coat method, a spray coating method etc. are mentioned.
Among these, as a general method for forming a filler surface layer, a coating film is formed by adhering fine droplets generated by discharging a paint from a nozzle having a fine opening and atomizing it onto the photosensitive layer. A spray coating method is preferred. In these forming methods, a solvent may be used.

  The solvent used in the forming method is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, toluene, dichloromethane, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone, and acetone. .

<< Crosslinked surface layer >>
The cross-linked surface layer is a composition containing a polymerizable compound, for example, a composition containing a radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function and a radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function, cross-linking curing, etc. It consists of a cured film formed by applying, and further contains other components as necessary.
By the cross-linking and curing, the cross-linked surface layer has a three-dimensional network structure and has sufficient mechanical strength. In particular, in the case of a cured film formed of a composition containing a trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function, which will be described later, and a monofunctional radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function, which will be described later, A monofunctional radically polymerizable compound having a charge transport function forms a pendant-type structure in a three-dimensional network structure. Therefore, the degree of freedom of the compound after polymerization is greater than when a bifunctional or higher-functional radical polymerizable compound is used. Thereby, the steric strain of the compound is relaxed, and good electrostatic properties can be achieved.

-Radically polymerizable monomer without charge transport function-
“Having no charge transporting function” means having no hole transporting structure and no electron transporting structure. Examples of the hole transporting structure include structures possessed by triarylamine, hydrazone, pyrazoline, carbazole, and the like, and examples of the electron transporting structure include condensed polycyclic quinone, diphenoquinone, cyano group, and nitro group. And electron withdrawing aromatic rings.
The radical polymerizability means having a carbon-carbon double bond and capable of radical polymerization.

The radically polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, from the viewpoint of film formability of the crosslinked surface layer, abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor, and the like. It is preferably a trifunctional or higher radical polymerizable monomer. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
Examples of the trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transporting property include a hole transporting structure such as triarylamine, hydrazone, pyrazoline, and carbazole, or condensed polycyclic quinone, diphenoquinone, cyano group, and nitro group. Examples thereof include compounds that do not have an electron transporting structure, such as an aromatic ring substituted with an electron withdrawing group, and that have three or more radical polymerizable functional groups.

  Examples of the radical polymerizable functional group include 1-substituted ethylene functional groups and 1,1-substituted ethylene functional groups shown below.

--1-Substituted ethylene functional group--
Examples of the 1-substituted ethylene functional group include groups represented by the following formulas.
CH ₂ = _{CH-X 1} -
In the above formulae, X ₁ represents an arylene group which may be substituted with a substituent, an alkenylene group which may be substituted with a substituent, a —CO— group, a —COO— group, the following formula —CON (R ₁₂ ) -group (wherein R ₁₂ is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group in the above formula).
Or a thio group.
Examples of the arylene group in X ₁ include a phenylene group and a naphthylene group. As the alkenylene group of X _1, for example, such as vinylene group.

Examples of the alkyl group for R ₁₂ include a methyl group and an ethyl group. Examples of the aralkyl group in R ₁₂ include a benzyl group, a naphthylmethyl group, and a phenethyl group. Examples of the aryl group for R ₁₂ include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group.

  Specific examples of the 1-substituted ethylene functional group include vinyl group, styryl group, 2-methyl-1,3-butadienyl group, vinylcarbonyl group, acryloyloxy group, acryloylamide group, vinylthioether group and the like.

--1,1-substituted ethylene functional group--
Examples of the 1,1-substituted ethylene functional group include groups represented by the following formulas.
_{CH 2 = C (Y 1)} -X 2 -
However, in said formula, X < ₂ > is the group, single bond, or alkylene group described in said X < ₁ >, Y < ₁ > is substituted by the alkyl group and substituent which may be substituted by the substituent. An aralkyl group which may be substituted, an aryl group which may be substituted by a substituent, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkoxy group, the following formula —COOR ₁₃ group (wherein R ₁₃ is a hydrogen atom, An alkyl group which may be substituted by a substituent, an aralkyl group which may be substituted by a substituent, and an aryl group which may be substituted by a substituent)
Or a group represented by the following formula: —CONR ₁₄ R ₁₅
(In the above formulae, R ₁₄ and R ₁₅ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group optionally substituted with a substituent, an aralkyl group optionally substituted with a substituent, or a substituent. Aryl group which may be substituted)
It is group represented by these.
_One of Y ₁ and X ₂ is preferably an oxycarbonyl group, a cyano group, an alkenylene group, or an aromatic ring.

  Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. Examples of the alkoxy group include a methoxy group and an ethoxy group. Examples of the aralkyl group include benzyl, naphthylmethyl group, and phenethyl group. Examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group and an ethyl group.

  Specific examples of the 1,1-substituted ethylene functional group include, for example, an α-acryloyloxy group, a methacryloyloxy group, an α-cyanoethylene group, an α-cyanoacryloyloxy group, an α-cyanophenylene group, and a methacryloylamino group. Etc.

Examples of the substituent in X ₁ , X ₂ , Y ₁ , R ₁₃ , R ₁₄ and R ₁₅ include alkyl groups such as halogen atom, nitro group, cyano group, methyl group and ethyl group; methoxy group and ethoxy group An aryloxy group such as a phenoxy group; an aryl group such as a phenyl group or a naphthyl group; an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group or a phenethyl group;
These radical polymerizable groups preferably have an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group.

  Examples of the compound having three or more acryloyloxy groups include a compound having three or more hydroxyl groups in the molecule, acrylic acid (salt), acrylic acid halide, and acrylate ester, and ester reaction or transesterification reaction. Can be obtained. A compound having three or more methacryloyloxy groups can be obtained in the same manner.

  Specific examples of the trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transporting property include trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, HPA modified trimethylolpropane triacrylate, EO modified trimethylolpropanetri. Acrylate, PO-modified trimethylolpropane triacrylate, caprolactone-modified trimethylolpropane triacrylate, HPA-modified trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETTA), glycerol triacrylate, ECH-modified glycerol triacrylate, EO Modified glycerol triacrylate, PO modified glycerol triacrylate, tri (Acryloxyethyl) isocyanurate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (DPHA), caprolactone modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, dipentaerythritol hydroxypentaacrylate, alkyl modified dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, alkyl modified dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, alkyl modified Examples include dipentaerythritol triacrylate, dimethylolpropane tetraacrylate (DTMPTA), pentaerythritol ethoxytetraacrylate, EO-modified phosphoric acid triacrylate, 2,2,5,5, -hetrahydroxymethylcyclopentanone tetraacrylate, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transporting property preferably has a ratio of molecular weight to the number of functional groups (molecular weight / number of functional groups) of 250 or less. By setting the ratio of the molecular weight to the number of functional groups to 250 or less, a dense cross-linked bond can be formed in the cross-linked surface layer. On the other hand, when the ratio of the molecular weight to the number of functional groups exceeds 250, the crosslinked surface layer becomes soft and wear resistance may deteriorate. That is, in the compounds having a modifying group such as HPA, EO, or PO in the specific compounds described above, the modifying group is preferably selected so that the ratio of the molecular weight to the number of functional groups is 250 or less.

  Further, the mass ratio of the trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function used for the crosslinked surface layer to the radical polymerizable compound having the charge transport function is preferably from 0.25 to 4.0. . When the mass ratio is less than 0.25, the three-dimensional cross-linking density of the cross-linked surface layer is small, and the effect of improving the wear resistance may not be sufficiently achieved. Moreover, when the said mass ratio exceeds 4.0, since content of a charge transportable compound falls relatively, an electrical property may deteriorate. Although the required wear resistance and electrical properties differ depending on the process used, the mass ratio of the tri- or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function to the radical polymerizable compound having the charge transport function is 0. It is more preferable that it is 5 or more and 2.0 or less in terms of achieving both wear resistance and electrical characteristics.

-Radical polymerizable compound with charge transport function-
The radical polymerizable compound having a charge transporting function is, for example, a hole transporting structure such as triarylamine, hydrazone, pyrazoline, or carbazole, or an electron such as condensed polycyclic quinone, diphenoquinone, cyano group, or nitro group. It is a compound having an electron transport structure such as an attractive aromatic ring and having a radical polymerizable functional group.
The radical polymerizable functional group is the same as the radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function, but is preferably an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group.
The radically polymerizable compound having a charge transporting function is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, from the viewpoint of electrical stability of the photoconductor, the radically polymerizable compound having a charge transporting function is one. It is preferably a functional radical polymerizable compound. Among these, from the viewpoint of electrostatic properties and the like, a compound having a triarylamine structure and having one radical polymerizable functional group is more preferable.

As the radical polymerizable functional group, a compound represented by the following general formula (5) is preferable in that the electrical characteristics such as sensitivity and residual potential of the photoreceptor are good.
However, in said general formula (5), o, p, and q represent the integer of 0-2, respectively. s and t each represent an integer of 0 to 3. Ra represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. Rb and Rc represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. When s and t are 2 or 3, the alkyl groups may be different from each other. Za represents any one selected from a single bond, a methylene group, an ethylene group, and the following substituents.

  When the monofunctional radically polymerizable compound having a charge transporting function represented by the general formula (5) is polymerized with a trifunctional or more radically polymerizable compound, a carbon-carbon double bond is opened on both sides. Polymerize. Therefore, the carbon-carbon single bond after polymerization does not become a terminal structure but is incorporated into the chain polymer. The single bond is present in the main chain of the polymer in the polymer crosslinked by polymerization, and is present in the crosslinked chain between the main chain and the main chain.

  The cross-linked chain includes an intermolecular cross-linked chain between one polymer and another polymer, a portion where the main chain is folded in one polymer, and a position away from this in the main chain. And intramolecular cross-linked chains that are cross-linked with other sites derived from polymerized monomers.

In any case where the single bond is present in the main chain and in the crosslinked chain, the triarylamine structure suspended from the chain portion is at least arranged in a radial direction from the nitrogen atom. Three aryl groups are branched.
This is because the triarylamine structure is not directly bonded to the main chain portion but is suspended from the chain portion via a carbonyl group or the like. Therefore, the triarylamine structure is fixed in a state having flexibility in steric positioning, and structural distortion in the molecule is reduced. Therefore, when used as a crosslinked surface layer of a photoreceptor, it is presumed that an intramolecular structure that does not substantially disrupt the charge transport path can be adopted.

  Specific examples of the radical polymerizable compound having the charge transport function include those described in Patent Document 1. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

-Other ingredients-
The other components are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, functions such as viscosity adjustment during coating, stress relaxation of the cross-linked surface layer, low surface energy, friction coefficient reduction, etc. Binder resin, monofunctional and bifunctional radically polymerizable compounds, functional monomers, radically polymerizable oligomers added for the purpose of imparting water; a photopolymerization initiator added for the purpose of allowing the crosslinking reaction to proceed efficiently A fine particle added for the purpose of improving the abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor and for the purpose of facilitating the application of a lubricant to the surface of the photoreceptor by forming fine irregularities on the surface of the crosslinked surface layer. It is done. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

--Binder resin--
The binder resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include a polystyrene resin, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, and a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer. , Polyester resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polyarylate resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyvinyl Formal resins, polyvinyl toluene resins, poly-N-vinyl carbazole resins, acrylic resins, silicone resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, urethane resins, phenol resins, alkyd resins, and other thermoplastic or thermosetting resins It is. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

--1-functional and bifunctional radically polymerizable compounds--
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said monofunctional radically polymerizable compound, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate , 2-ethylhexyl carbitol acrylate, 3-methoxybutyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, isoamyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, methoxytriethylene glycol acrylate, phenoxytetraethylene glycol acrylate, cetyl acrylate, isostearyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, styrene monomer Etc. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The bifunctional radically polymerizable compound is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, 1,3-butanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1 , 4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, EO-modified bisphenol A diacrylate, EO-modified bisphenol F diacrylate, And neopentyl glycol diacrylate. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

-Functional monomer-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said functional monomer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, octafluoropentyl acrylate, 2-perfluoro octyl ethyl acrylate, 2-perfluoro octyl ethyl methacrylate, 2-perfluoro Monomers substituted with fluorine atoms such as isononyl ethyl acrylate; siloxane repeating units described in JP-B-5-60503, JP-B-6-45770, etc .; 20-70 acryloyl polydimethylsiloxane ethyl, methacryloyl polydimethyl Vinyl monomers having a polysiloxane group such as siloxane ethyl, acryloyl polydimethylsiloxane propyl, acryloyl polydimethylsiloxane butyl, diacryloyl polydimethylsiloxane diethyl; DOO; methacrylate and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

--Radically polymerizable oligomers--
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said radically polymerizable oligomer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, the epoxy acrylate type, urethane acrylate type, polyester acrylate type oligomer etc. which were mentioned above are mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  When the content of the monofunctional and bifunctional radically polymerizable compound and the radically polymerizable oligomer is high, the three-dimensional cross-linking density of the cross-linked surface layer may be lowered, and the wear resistance of the photoreceptor may be lowered. . Therefore, these contents are preferably 0.5 or less, more preferably 0.3 or less in terms of mass ratio with respect to a trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable compound.

-Photopolymerization initiator-
The photopolymerization initiator is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include diethoxyacetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethane-1-one, 1-hydroxy -Cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl- (2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone, 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1- (4-morpholinophenyl) butanone-1, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, 2-methyl-2-morpholino (4-methylthiophenyl) propan-1-one, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione-2- ( acetophenone-based or ketal-based photopolymerization initiators such as o-ethoxycarbonyl) oxime; benzoin, benzoin methyl ester Benzoin ether photopolymerization initiators such as tereline, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin isobutyl ether, benzoin isopropyl ether; benzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, methyl o-benzoylbenzoate, 2-benzoylnaphthalene, 4-benzoylbiphenyl, 4-benzoyl Benzophenone photopolymerization initiators such as phenyl ether, acrylated benzophenone, 1,4-benzoylbenzene; 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2,4-dimethylthioxanthone, 2,4-diethylthioxanthone, 2,4- Thioxanthone photopolymerization initiators such as dichlorothioxanthone; ethyl anthraquinone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, 2,4,6-to Methylbenzoylphenylethoxyphosphine oxide, bis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide, bis (2,4-dimethoxybenzoyl) -2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide, methylphenylglyoxyester, 9 , 10-phenanthrene, acridine compounds, triazine compounds, and other photopolymerization initiators such as imidazole compounds. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

Moreover, you may use the compound which has a photopolymerization acceleration effect in combination with the above-mentioned photoinitiator.
Examples of the compound having a photopolymerization promoting effect include triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, isoamyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, (2-dimethylamino) ethyl benzoate, 4,4 ′. -Dimethylaminobenzophenone etc. are mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The content of the photopolymerization initiator and the compound having the effect of promoting photopolymerization is preferably 0.005 or more and 0.4 or less in terms of mass ratio with respect to the total amount of the content having radical polymerizability, More preferably, it is 0.2 or less.

--Fine particles--
The fine particles are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include organic fine particles and inorganic fine particles. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said organic fine particle, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, fluororesins, such as polytetrafluoroethylene; Silicone resin; Amorphous carbon etc. are mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The inorganic fine particles are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include fine metal particles such as copper, tin, aluminum and indium; silicon oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide and titanium oxide. Metal oxide fine particles such as indium oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide; and inorganic material fine particles such as potassium titanate. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  From the viewpoint of the hardness of the crosslinked surface layer, the inorganic fine particles are preferably used, and among the inorganic fine particles, the metal oxide fine particles are more preferably used from the viewpoint of electrostatic characteristics. Among the metal oxide fine particles, silicon oxide (colloidal silica), aluminum oxide (colloidal alumina), and titanium oxide fine particles are more preferable.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as an average primary particle diameter of the said fine particle, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, It is preferable that it is 0.01 micrometer-0.5 micrometer. When the average primary particle size is less than 0.01 μm, the abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor and the dispersibility of the dispersion liquid may be lowered. On the other hand, when the average primary particle size exceeds 0.5 μm, fine particles may settle in the dispersion, or toner filming on the surface of the photoreceptor in the image forming apparatus may occur.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said microparticles | fine-particles in the said crosslinked surface layer, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 5 mass%-50 mass% are preferable with respect to the total solid of the said crosslinked surface layer. 5 mass%-30 mass% is more preferable. When the content is less than 5% by mass, the wear resistance of the photoreceptor may be lowered. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 50% by mass, the electrostatic characteristics of the photoreceptor and the light transmittance of the crosslinked surface layer may be lowered.

  The fine particles may be surface-treated with a surface treatment agent. Thereby, the dispersibility of the fine particles in the crosslinked surface layer can be improved.

  The surface treatment agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include titanate coupling agents, aluminum coupling agents, zircoaluminate coupling agents, higher fatty acids, and aluminum oxide. , Titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicone resin, aluminum stearate and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said surface treating agent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 3 mass%-30 mass% are preferable with respect to microparticles, and 5 mass%-20 mass%. More preferably. When the content is less than 3% by mass, the dispersibility of the fine particles in the crosslinked surface layer may deteriorate. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 30% by mass, the electrostatic characteristics of the photoreceptor may be deteriorated.

-Method for forming crosslinked surface layer-
Examples of the method for forming the crosslinked surface layer include a method in which the above-described compound is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent described in detail below to prepare a coating solution, and this is applied to a base layer and dried. It is done. Thereafter, a crosslinked surface layer is formed by initiating a curing (crosslinking) reaction by external energy such as heat or light irradiation.

  The coating solution may further contain a plasticizer (for the purpose of stress relaxation and adhesion improvement), a leveling agent, a low molecular charge transporting material having no radical reactivity, a solvent, and the like.

The plasticizer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate.
The amount of the plasticizer added is preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, based on the solid content of the coating solution.

The leveling agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil; polymers or oligomers having a perfluoroalkyl group in the side chain, and the like. Is mentioned.
The amount of the leveling agent added is preferably 3% by mass or less based on the solid content of the coating solution.

  The solvent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol; ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone. Ester solvents such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and propyl ether; halogen solvents such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane and chlorobenzene; aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene and xylene; methyl Examples include cellosolve solvents such as cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, cellosolve acetate and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When the radically polymerizable compound is a liquid, other components may be dissolved or dispersed in the liquid and applied, but if necessary, it is diluted with the solvent and applied. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as the dilution rate by the said solvent at this time, According to the solubility of the composition to melt | dissolve or disperse | distribute, the coating method, the target average thickness, etc., it can select suitably.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a method of apply | coating the said coating liquid, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a dip coating method, a spray coat method, a bead coat method, a ring coat method etc. are mentioned.

When the crosslinked surface layer is crosslinked, it is preferable to irradiate light. Examples of the light source include a light source that irradiates ultraviolet light, such as a high-pressure mercury lamp and a metal halide lamp, and a light source that irradiates visible light.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as the temperature of the surface of the coating film containing a radically polymerizable compound at the time of irradiating light, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 20 to 170 degreeC is preferable. In that case, it is preferable to control the surface temperature of the coating film using a heat medium.

  Hereinafter, although the example of a specific compound is given and the formation method of a bridge | crosslinking surface layer is demonstrated, this invention is not limited to this.

  For example, an acrylate monomer having three acryloyloxy groups as a trifunctional radical polymerizable compound having no charge transport structure, and one acryloyloxy group as a monofunctional radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport structure. A triarylamine compound having is used. These use ratios can be set to, for example, 3/7 to 7/3 in terms of the total mass. Moreover, a polymerization initiator is added by mass ratio with respect to the above-mentioned acrylate monomer whole quantity, for example, 0.03 or more and 0.2 or less, Furthermore, a solvent is added and a coating liquid is prepared.

  For example, when a triarylamine-based donor is used as a charge transport layer, polycarbonate is used as a binder resin, and the crosslinked surface layer is formed by spray coating, a tetrahydrofuran solution is used as a solvent for the coating solution. , 2-butanone, ethyl acetate and the like can be preferably used. As a usage-amount of the solvent of a coating liquid, it is preferable that it is 3 times-10 times amount with respect to the acrylate monomer whole quantity.

  On a support such as an aluminum cylinder, for example, the above-prepared coating solution is applied onto a photoreceptor in which an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer are sequentially laminated. Allow the curing reaction to proceed.

When performing ultraviolet irradiation as a curing method, for example, a metal halide lamp can be used. The illuminance of ultraviolet irradiation is preferably 50 mW / cm ² or more and 1,000 mW / cm ² or less. For example, when irradiating with 700 mW / cm ² of ultraviolet light, the drum is rotated to uniformly irradiate all surfaces for about 2 minutes. At this time, using a heat medium or the like, control is performed so that the surface temperature does not become too high.
After the curing is completed, in order to reduce the residual solvent, the photosensitive member can be obtained by heating at 100 to 150 ° C. for 10 to 30 minutes.

  In heating or light irradiation for the curing reaction, it is preferable to reduce the oxygen concentration in the ambient atmosphere in order to promote crosslinking. Since the inhibition of radical polymerization by oxygen can be reduced by lowering the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere, a crosslinked surface layer having a high crosslinking density can be formed. In addition, it is also preferable to reduce the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere by replacing with nitrogen when applying the coating solution by spray coating and when drying by touch.

  The average thickness of the crosslinked surface layer in the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 1 μm to 30 μm, and is 2 μm to 20 μm. Is more preferable, and it is still more preferable that it is 3 micrometers-10 micrometers. When the average thickness is less than 1 μm, the thickness of the crosslinked surface layer is small with respect to the amount of indentation on the surface of the photoconductor when the carrier adheres, and therefore the photoconductor may not have sufficient durability. is there. On the other hand, when the average thickness is greater than 30 μm, the residual potential may increase. When the thickness of the cross-linked surface layer is 1 μm to 30 μm, it has durability against abrasion and scratches, and the occurrence of residual potential is reduced.

<< Other additives >>
The other additive is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include a dispersant, a surfactant, a charge transporting compound, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, and an antioxidant. It is done.

-Dispersant-
In the case where the fine particles are favorably dispersed in the surface layer, a dispersant may be used. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said dispersing agent, According to the objective, it can select suitably.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said dispersing agent, Although it can select suitably according to the particle size etc. of microparticles | fine-particles, 0.5 mass%-30 mass% are preferable with respect to the whole quantity of microparticles | fine-particles. A mass% to 15 mass% is more preferable. When the content is less than 0.5% by mass, the effect of dispersing the fine particles may not be obtained. When the content exceeds 30% by mass, problems such as a significant increase in residual potential may occur. There is.

-Surfactant-
In the case where the fine particles are favorably dispersed in the surface layer, a surfactant may be used. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said surfactant, According to the objective, it can select suitably.
The content of the surfactant is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the particle size of the fine particles, but is preferably 0.5% by mass to 30% by mass with respect to the total amount of the fine particles, 1 mass%-15 mass% are more preferable. When the content is less than 0.5% by mass, the effect of dispersing the fine particles may not be obtained. When the content exceeds 30% by mass, problems such as a significant increase in residual potential may occur. .

-Charge transporting compounds-
The charge transporting compound is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, a known hole transporting material having a hole transporting structure such as triarylamine, hydrazone, pyrazoline, and carbazole. A known electron transport material having an electron transport structure such as an electron-withdrawing aromatic ring (condensed polycyclic quinone, diphenoquinone, cyano group, nitro group, etc.) and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
Further, when the cross-linked resin is used as the resin having no charge transport property, the charge having a functional group having reactivity with the cross-linked resin, for example, a hydroxyl group, an acryloyloxy group, a methacryloyloxy group, etc. A transport compound may be used.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said charge transportable compound, According to the objective, it can select suitably. When the surface layer is a cross-linked surface layer, the influence of the deterioration of the electrophotographic photoreceptor characteristics due to the deterioration of the charge transporting compound can be reduced, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin having no charge transporting property. 20 parts by mass or less is preferable.

  The method for measuring the content of the charge transporting compound in the surface layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic method (EDX), method of measuring by elemental analysis such as wavelength dispersive X-ray analyzer (WDX), method of measuring based on dyeing amount stained with reagent, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) The method of measuring is mentioned. Among these, quantification is simple and highly versatile, and it is possible to perform quantification based on a calibration curve created based on the ratio of peak intensities measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). preferable.

  As the calibration curve, for example, the surface layer is prepared by blending a known amount of the charge transporting compound, and the vibration peak intensity (peak height or peak area) characteristic of the charge transporting compound is expressed as the FT. -Measured by -IR and prepared based on the ratio of the obtained vibration peak intensities. In order to improve the accuracy of the calibration curve, a surface layer prepared with a blending amount of 2 to 5 levels is prepared, and a calibration curve is created based on the vibration peak intensity obtained by measurement by the FT-IR. May be. As the vibration peak intensity, it is preferable to use the vibration peak intensity (peak height or peak area) characteristic of the charge transporting compound, which has poor reactivity and has a known compounding ratio in the film. It is more preferable to use the vibration peak intensity.

-Plasticizer-
The plasticizer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said plasticizer, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, When the said surface layer is a bridge | crosslinking surface layer, it is with respect to 100 mass parts of resin which does not have the said charge transportability. And 0 to 30 parts by mass is preferable.

-Leveling agent-
The leveling agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil; polymers or oligomers having a perfluoroalkyl group in the side chain. Etc. The content of the leveling agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. However, when the surface layer is a crosslinked surface layer, the content of the leveling agent is 100 parts by mass of the resin having no charge transporting property. 0 parts by mass to 1 part by mass is preferable.

-Antioxidant-
The antioxidant is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include phenol compounds, paraphenylenediamines, hydroquinones, organic sulfur compounds, organic phosphorus compounds, hindered amines, and the like. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said antioxidant, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, When the said surface layer is a bridge | crosslinking surface layer, it is 100 mass parts of resin which does not have the said charge transportability. On the other hand, 0 mass part-5 mass parts are preferable.

<Photosensitive layer>
The photosensitive layer may be a laminated type photosensitive layer or a single layer type photosensitive layer.

<< Single-layer type photosensitive layer >>
The single-layer type photosensitive layer is a layer having a charge generation function and a charge transport function at the same time.
The single-layer type photosensitive layer contains a charge generating substance, a charge transporting substance, and a binder resin, and further contains other components as necessary.

-Charge generation material-
The charge generating material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include the same materials as those used in the laminated photosensitive layer described later. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said charge generation substance, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 5 mass parts-40 mass parts are preferable with respect to 100 mass parts of said binder resins.

-Charge transport material-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said charge transport substance, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, the substance similar to what is used by the laminated type photosensitive layer mentioned later etc. are mentioned. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said charge transport material, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 190 mass parts or less are preferable with respect to 100 mass parts of said binder resin, and 50 mass parts-150 masses. Part is more preferred.

-Binder resin-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said binder resin, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, the binder resin similar to what is used by the laminated type photosensitive layer mentioned later etc. are mentioned.

-Other ingredients-
The other components are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, the same low molecular charge transport material, the same solvent, and the same as those used in the laminated photosensitive layer described later A leveling agent, the above-mentioned antioxidant, etc. are mentioned.

-Method for forming a single-layer type photosensitive layer-
The method for forming the single-layer photosensitive layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, a charge generating material, a charge transporting material, a binder resin, other components, etc. Examples thereof include a method of forming a coating liquid obtained by dissolving or dispersing in a suitable solvent (for example, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dichloroethane, cyclohexane, etc.) by coating or drying.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a method to apply the said coating liquid, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a dip coating method, a spray coat, a bead coat, a ring coat etc. are mentioned. Moreover, you may add a plasticizer, a leveling agent, antioxidant, etc. as needed.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as thickness of the said single layer type photosensitive layer, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 5 micrometers-25 micrometers are preferable.

<< Laminated Photosensitive Layer >>
Since the layered photosensitive layer has independent charge generation functions and charge transport functions, it has at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order. In addition, a conventionally well-known thing can be used for the said charge generation layer and the said charge transport layer.

  In the stacked photosensitive layer, the stacking order of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Many charge generation materials are chemically stable. However, exposure to an acidic gas such as a discharge product around a charger in an electrophotographic imaging process causes a reduction in charge generation efficiency. For this reason, it is preferable to laminate the charge transport layer on the charge generation layer.

-Charge generation layer-
The charge generation layer includes a charge generation material, preferably includes a binder resin, and further includes other components such as the above-described antioxidant as necessary.

-Charge generation material-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said charge generation substance, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, an inorganic material, an organic material, etc. are mentioned.

---- Inorganic material ---
The inorganic material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, crystalline selenium, amorphous selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-tellurium-halogen, selenium-arsenic compound, amorphous silicon (For example, a dangling bond that is terminated with a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or the like; a boron atom, a phosphorus atom, or the like is preferred).

---- Organic materials ---
The organic material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include phthalocyanine pigments such as metal phthalocyanine and metal-free phthalocyanine; azulenium salt pigments, squaric acid methine pigments, and carbazole skeletons. Azo pigments having a triphenylamine skeleton, azo pigments having a diphenylamine skeleton, azo pigments having a dibenzothiophene skeleton, azo pigments having a fluorenone skeleton, azo pigments having an oxadiazole skeleton, azo having a bisstilbene skeleton Pigment, azo pigment having distyryl oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigment having distyryl carbazole skeleton, perylene pigment, anthraquinone or polycyclic quinone pigment, quinoneimine pigment, diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane face , Benzoquinone and naphthoquinone pigments, cyanine and azomethine pigments, indigoid pigments, and bis-benzimidazole-based pigments. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

--Binder resin--
The binder resin is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, polyamide resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, polyketone resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, Examples thereof include polyvinyl formal resin, polyvinyl ketone resin, polystyrene resin, poly-N-vinyl carbazole resin, polyacrylamide resin and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  As the binder resin, in addition to the above-mentioned binder resin, a charge transporting polymer material having a charge transport function may be included.For example, an arylamine skeleton, a benzidine skeleton, a hydrazone skeleton, a carbazole skeleton, a stilbene skeleton, A polymer material having a pyrazoline skeleton or the like, such as a polycarbonate, polyester, polyurethane, polyether, polysiloxane, or acrylic resin, or a polymer material having a polysilane skeleton can be used.

-Other ingredients-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said other component, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a low molecular charge transport material, a solvent, a leveling agent etc. are mentioned, You may contain the above-mentioned antioxidant.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said other component, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 0.01 mass%-10 mass% are preferable with respect to the total mass of the layer to add.

--- Low molecular charge transport material ---
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said low molecular charge transport material, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, an electron transport material, a hole transport material, etc. are mentioned.

  The electron transport material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, chloroanil, bromilyl, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitroxanthone, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, 2,6,8-trinitro-4H-indeno [1 , 2-b] thiophen-4-one, 1,3,7-trinitrodibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, diphenoquinone derivatives and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  The hole transport material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, monoarylamine derivatives, diarylamine derivatives, and triarylamine derivatives. , Stilbene derivatives, α-phenylstilbene derivatives, benzidine derivatives, diarylmethane derivatives, triarylmethane derivatives, 9-styrylanthracene derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, divinylbenzene derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, indene derivatives, butadiene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, etc. Derivatives, enamine derivatives and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

--- Solvent ---
The solvent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.For example, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dioxolane, toluene, dichloromethane, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, anisole, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, Acetone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and the like can be mentioned. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

--- Leveling agent ---
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said leveling agent, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, silicone oils, such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil, etc. are mentioned. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

--Method of forming charge generation layer--
The method for forming the charge generation layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, the charge generation material and the binder resin are dissolved or dispersed in the other components such as the solvent. For example, a method of forming the coating liquid obtained by applying the coating liquid on the conductive support and drying it may be used. In addition, the said coating liquid can be apply | coated by the casting method etc.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as thickness of the said charge generation layer, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 0.01 micrometer-5 micrometers are preferable, and 0.05 micrometer-2 micrometers are more preferable.

-Charge transport layer-
The charge transport layer is a layer intended to hold a charged charge and to couple the charge generated and separated in the charge generation layer by exposure to the charged charge held by movement. In order to achieve the purpose of holding the charged charge, it is required that the electric resistance is high. Further, in order to achieve the purpose of obtaining a high surface potential with the charged charge that has been held, it is required that the dielectric constant is small and the charge mobility is good.

  The charge transport layer preferably includes a charge transport material, preferably includes a binder resin, and further includes other components as necessary.

-Charge transport material-
The charge transport material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include an electron transport material, a hole transport material, and a polymer charge transport material.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content in the charge transport layer whole quantity of the said charge transport material, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 20 mass%-80 mass% are preferable, and 30 mass%-70 mass% are preferable. More preferred. If the content is less than 20% by mass, the charge transporting property of the charge transport layer may be reduced, so that desired light attenuation characteristics may not be obtained. The body may wear more than necessary due to various hazards. On the other hand, when the content of the charge transport material in the charge transport layer is within the more preferable range, a desired light attenuation can be obtained, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor with less wear can be obtained by use. This is advantageous.

---- Electron transport material ---
The electron transport material (electron-accepting material) is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, chloroanil, bromoanil, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2, 4, 7 -Trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitroxanthone, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, 2,6,8-trinitro -4H-indeno [1,2-b] thiophene-4-one, 1,3,7-trinitrodibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

--- Hole transport material ---
The hole transport material (electron donating material) is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, triphenylamine derivatives, 9- (P-diethylaminostyrylanthracene), 1,1-bis- (4-dibenzylaminophenyl) propane, styrylanthracene, styrylpyrazoline, phenylhydrazones, α-phenylstilbene derivatives, thiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, phenazine derivatives, Examples include acridine derivatives, benzofuran derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, thiophene derivatives, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

--- Polymer charge transport material ---
The polymer charge transport material is a material having both the functions of a binder resin and a charge transport material described later.

  The polymer charge transport material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.For example, a polymer having a carbazole ring, a polymer having a hydrazone structure, a polysilylene polymer, or a triarylamine structure may be used. For example, a polymer having a triarylamine structure described in Japanese Patent No. 3852812, Japanese Patent No. 3990499, and the like, a polymer having an electron donating group, and other polymers. These may be used individually by 1 type, may use 2 or more types together, and may use together with the binder resin mentioned later at the point of abrasion durability or film forming property.

  The content of the polymer charge transport material in the total mass of the charge transport layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. The polymer charge transport material and the binder resin are used in combination. In the case, 40 mass%-90 mass% is preferable, and 50 mass%-80 mass% is more preferable.

--Binder resin--
The binder resin is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, Polystyrene resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, alkyd resin, silicone resin, polyvinyl carbazole resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyvinyl formal resin, polyacrylate resin, polyacrylamide resin, phenoxy resin, and the like are used. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
The charge transport layer may also contain a copolymer of a crosslinkable binder resin and a crosslinkable charge transport material.

-Other ingredients-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said other component, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a solvent, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, etc. are mentioned, You may contain antioxidant mentioned above.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content of the said other component, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 0.01 mass%-10 mass% are preferable with respect to the total mass of the layer to add.

--- Solvent ---
The solvent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. The same solvent as the charge generation layer can be used, but a solvent that dissolves the charge transport material and the binder resin satisfactorily. preferable. These may be used singly or in combination of two or more.

---- Plasticizer ---
The plasticizer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include plasticizers for general resins such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate.

--- Leveling agent ---
The leveling agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methyl phenyl silicone oil; polymers or oligomers having a perfluoroalkyl group in the side chain. Etc.

--Method of forming charge transport layer--
The method for forming the charge transport layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, the charge transport material and the binder resin are dissolved or dispersed in the other components such as the solvent. And a method of forming the coating liquid obtained by applying the coating liquid on the charge generation layer and heating or drying.

  The method for applying the coating liquid used for forming the charge transport layer is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately selected according to the purpose such as the viscosity of the coating liquid and the desired thickness of the charge transport layer. Examples thereof include a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a bead coating method, and a ring coating method.

From the viewpoint of electrophotographic characteristics and film viscosity, the charge transport layer needs to be heated by some means to remove the solvent from the charge transport layer.
Examples of the heating method include a method of heating heat energy such as air, nitrogen and other gases, steam, various heat media, infrared rays, and electromagnetic waves from the coated surface side or the support side.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as temperature at the time of the said heating, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 100 to 170 degreeC is preferable. When the temperature is less than 100 ° C., the organic solvent in the film cannot be sufficiently removed, and electrophotographic characteristics and wear durability may be deteriorated. On the other hand, when the temperature exceeds 170 ° C., not only the surface of the surface is distorted and cracks are generated, peeling occurs at the interface with the adjacent layer, etc., but volatile components in the photosensitive layer are scattered to the outside. In this case, desired electrical characteristics may not be obtained.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as thickness of the said charge transport layer, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, From the point of resolution thru | or response, 50 micrometers or less are preferable and 45 micrometers or less are more preferable. The lower limit varies depending on the system to be used (particularly charging potential), but is preferably 5 μm or more.

<Other layers>
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said other layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, an undercoat layer, an intermediate | middle layer, etc. are mentioned.

-Undercoat layer-
The undercoat layer can be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer.
The undercoat layer contains a resin and, if necessary, further contains other components such as the above-mentioned antioxidant, fine powder pigment, and coupling agent.

The resin contained in the undercoat layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include water-soluble resins such as polyvinyl alcohol, casein and sodium polyacrylate, copolymer nylon, and methoxymethyl. Examples thereof include alcohol-soluble resins such as nylon fluoride, curable resins that form a three-dimensional network structure, such as polyurethane, melamine resin, phenol resin, alkyd-melamine resin, and epoxy resin.
Among these, a resin having a high solvent resistance with respect to a general organic solvent is preferable in that a photosensitive layer is coated on the resin with a solvent.

  The fine powder pigment contained in the undercoat layer is not particularly limited as long as it is a pigment that can prevent moire, reduce residual potential, etc., and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include metal oxides such as titanium, silica, alumina, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, and indium oxide.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a coupling agent contained in the said undercoat layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, a chromium coupling agent etc. are mentioned.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said undercoat layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a single layer may be sufficient and the lamination | stacking of two or more layers may be sufficient.

A method for forming the undercoat layer is not particularly limited, and can be formed by using an appropriate solvent and a coating method as in the above-described photosensitive layer. For example, a method of forming by anodizing Al ₂ O ₃ And an organic material such as polyparaxylylene (parylene); an inorganic material such as SiO ₂ , SnO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ITO, and CeO ₂ ; by a vacuum thin film manufacturing method.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as thickness of the said undercoat layer, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 1 micrometer-5 micrometers are preferable.

-Intermediate layer-
The intermediate layer can be provided between the charge transport layer and the surface layer for the purpose of suppressing mixing of charge transport layer components into the surface layer or improving adhesion between the two layers.

  The intermediate layer includes a binder resin, and further includes other components such as the above-described antioxidant as necessary. The intermediate layer coating solution is preferably insoluble or sparingly soluble in the surface layer coating solution.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as binder resin contained in the said intermediate | middle layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, polyamide, alcohol soluble nylon, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. are mentioned.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a formation method of the said intermediate | middle layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, the method etc. which form using the suitable solvent and coating method similar to the said photosensitive layer are mentioned.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as thickness of the said intermediate | middle layer, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 0.05 micrometer-2 micrometers are preferable.

<Conductive support>
The conductive support is not particularly limited as long as it has a volume resistivity of 1 × 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm or less, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. An endless belt (such as an endless nickel belt or an endless stainless steel belt) disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 52-36016 may be used.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a formation method of the said electroconductive support body, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a metal (aluminum, nickel, chromium, nichrome, copper, gold | metal | money, silver, platinum etc.) or a metal A method of forming an oxide (tin oxide, indium oxide, etc.) by depositing or sputtering and coating a support (film, cylindrical plastic, paper, etc.); metal (aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, For example, a method of extruding a plate of stainless steel, etc., performing drawing, etc., and performing surface treatment (cutting, superfinishing, polishing, etc. after forming a blank), and the like.

The conductive support may be provided with a conductive layer on the conductive support.
The method for forming the conductive layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, the conductive layer and the binder resin may be dispersed or dissolved in a solvent as necessary. A method of forming the applied coating liquid on the conductive support, such as polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyester, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, chlorinated rubber, and Teflon (registered trademark) Examples include a method of forming using a heat-shrinkable tube containing conductive powder.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said electroconductive powder, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, carbon fine particles, such as carbon black and acetylene black; Aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc, silver, etc. And metal oxide powders such as conductive tin oxide and ITO.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as binder resin used for the said electroconductive layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a thermoplastic resin, a thermosetting resin, a photocurable resin etc. are mentioned, Specifically, Are polystyrene resin, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate resin, Polyvinylidene chloride resin, polyarylate resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyvinyl formal resin, polyvinyl toluene resin, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, Melamine resin, Ureta Resins, phenol resins, and alkyd resins.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a solvent used for the said electroconductive layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, tetrahydrofuran, a dichloromethane, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene etc. are mentioned.

[Embodiment of electrophotographic photosensitive member]
Hereinafter, embodiments of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention will be described.

<First Embodiment>
The layer structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the first embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a layer structure of an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a single-layer type photosensitive layer, in which a single-layer type photosensitive layer 26 and a surface layer 25 are sequentially laminated on a conductive support 21. .

<Second Embodiment>
The layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
FIG. 2 shows a configuration having a laminated photosensitive layer, and shows a layer configuration of an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a charge generation layer 23, a charge transport layer 24, and a surface layer 25 are sequentially laminated on a conductive support 21. FIG. The charge generation layer 23 and the charge transport layer 24 correspond to the photosensitive layer.

<Third Embodiment>
The layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the third embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
3 has a configuration in which an intermediate layer is further provided on the electrophotographic photosensitive member having the configuration of FIG.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a layer structure of an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which an undercoat layer 22, a charge generation layer 23, a charge transport layer 24, and a surface layer 25 are sequentially laminated on a conductive support 21. The charge generation layer 23 and the charge transport layer 24 correspond to the photosensitive layer.

<Fourth Embodiment>
The layer configuration of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the fourth embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
FIG. 4 shows a configuration having a laminated photosensitive layer, and shows a layer configuration of an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a charge transport layer 24, a charge generation layer 23, and a surface layer 25 are sequentially laminated on a conductive support 21. FIG. The charge generation layer 23 and the charge transport layer 24 correspond to the photosensitive layer.

(Image forming apparatus and image forming method)
The image forming apparatus of the present invention includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit that charges the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an exposure unit that exposes the charged surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image, It comprises at least developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a visible image, and transfer means for transferring the visible image to a recording medium, and if necessary, other means It has. The electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the image forming apparatus is the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. The charging unit and the exposure unit may be collectively referred to as an electrostatic latent image forming unit.

The image forming method of the present invention comprises a charging step of charging the surface of an electrophotographic photosensitive member with a charging unit, and exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member with an image exposing unit to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. An exposure step for forming a toner image, a development step for forming a toner image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member on which the electrostatic latent image is formed, and a transfer unit for transferring the formed toner image to a transfer medium. It includes at least a transfer step, and further includes other steps as necessary.
The image forming method is a method performed by each unit of the image forming apparatus.

<Charging means and charging step>
The charging means is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, a known contact charger including a conductive or semiconductive roll, brush, film, rubber blade, etc. And non-contact chargers using corona discharge such as corotron and scorotron (including proximity-type non-contact chargers having a gap of 100 μm or less between the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charger).
The charging unit includes a charging member provided in contact with or close to the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and applies a voltage in which an alternating current component is superimposed on a direct current component to the charging member. The charging means is preferably a charging means for forming a corona discharge on the surface of the photosensitive member to charge the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
The charging step can be performed by the charging means and is a step of charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

<Exposure means and exposure process>
The exposure means is not particularly limited as long as the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member charged by the charging means can be exposed like an image to be formed, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples include various exposure devices such as a copying optical system, a rod lens array system, a laser optical system, a liquid crystal shutter optical system, and an LED optical system, and examples of the light source in the exposure device include a light emitting diode (LED) and a semiconductor laser. (LD), electroluminescence (EL), etc. and the light source etc. which can ensure high brightness | luminance are mentioned. In the present invention, an optical backside system that performs imagewise exposure from the backside of the electrophotographic photosensitive member may be employed.
The exposure step can be performed by the exposure means, and is a step of exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member surface to form an electrostatic latent image.

<Developing means and development process>
The developing means is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, as long as development can be performed using the toner or developer, there is no particular limitation, and the developing means is appropriately selected according to the purpose. However, it is preferable to have at least a developing unit that accommodates the developer and can apply the developer to the electrostatic latent image in a contact or non-contact manner. The developing unit may be a dry developing type, a wet developing type, a single color developing unit, or a multicolor developing unit. For example, a developer having a stirrer for charging the developer by frictional stirring and a rotatable magnet roller is preferable. In the developing unit, for example, the toner and the carrier are mixed and stirred, and the toner is charged by friction at that time, and held on the surface of the rotating magnet roller in a raised state to form a magnetic brush. Since the magnet roller is disposed in the vicinity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a part of the toner constituting the magnetic brush formed on the surface of the magnet roller is electrically attracted to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Move to the surface of the body. As a result, the electrostatic latent image is developed with the toner, and a visible image is formed with the toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
The developing step can be carried out by the developing means, and is a step of developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a visible image.

<Transfer means and transfer process>
The transfer means is a means for transferring the visible image to a recording medium, and uses a method for directly transferring a visible image from the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to a recording medium, and an intermediate transfer member. There is a method in which a visible image is primarily transferred onto the recording medium, and then the visible image is secondarily transferred onto the recording medium. Either aspect can be used satisfactorily, but the former (direct transfer) method with a small number of transfers is preferred when the adverse effect of the transfer is great when the image quality is improved. The transfer can be performed, for example, by charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member with the transfer charger using the visible image, and can be performed by the transfer unit.
The transfer step can be performed by the transfer unit, and is a step of transferring the visible image to a recording medium.

<Other means and other processes>
The other steps and other means are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, the fixing step and the fixing unit, the neutralization step and the neutralization unit, the cleaning step and the cleaning unit, the recycling step, and the like. A recycling means, a control process, a control means, etc. are mentioned.

-Fixing means and fixing process-
The fixing unit is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. However, a known heating and pressing unit is preferable, and the heating and pressing unit includes a combination of a heating roller and a pressing roller, A combination of a heating roller, a pressure roller, and an endless belt is exemplified, and the heating in the heating and pressing means is usually preferably 80 ° C to 200 ° C. The fixing may be performed, for example, every time the toner of each color is transferred to the recording medium, or may be performed simultaneously in a state where the toner of each color is stacked.
The fixing step can be performed by the fixing unit, and is a step of fixing the transferred image transferred to the recording medium.

-Static elimination means and static elimination process-
The neutralizing means is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known neutralizers as long as it can apply a neutralizing bias to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. For example, a neutralizing lamp is preferably used. Can be mentioned.
The static elimination step can be performed by the static elimination means, and is a step of performing static elimination by applying a static elimination bias to the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

-Cleaning means and cleaning process-
The cleaning means is not particularly limited as long as it can remove the electrophotographic toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and can be appropriately selected from known cleaners. For example, a magnetic brush cleaner Suitable examples include electrostatic brush cleaners, magnetic roller cleaners, blade cleaners, brush cleaners, web cleaners, and the like.
The cleaning step can be performed by the cleaning unit, and is a step of removing the toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

-Recycling means and recycling process-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said recycling means, A well-known conveyance means etc. are mentioned.
The recycling step can be performed by the recycling unit, and is a step of recycling the toner removed by the cleaning step to the developing unit.

-Control means and control process-
The control means is not particularly limited as long as the movement of each means can be controlled, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include devices such as a sequencer and a computer.
The said control process is a process which can be implemented by the said control means and controls each said process.

[Embodiment of Image Forming Apparatus]
Hereinafter, embodiments of the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the image forming apparatus of the present invention. A charging unit 3, an exposure unit 5, a developing unit 6, a transfer unit 10, and the like are arranged around the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1.

  First, the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is charged on average by the charging means 3 shown in FIG. As the charging means 3, a corotron device, a scorotron device, a solid discharge element, a needle electrode device, a roller charging device, a conductive brush device, or the like is used, and a known method can be used.

  Next, an electrostatic latent image is formed on the uniformly charged electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 by the exposure means 5 shown in FIG. As the light source, all luminescent materials such as a fluorescent lamp, a tungsten lamp, a halogen lamp, a mercury lamp, a sodium lamp, a light emitting diode (LED), a semiconductor laser (LD), and an electroluminescence (EL) can be used. Various types of filters such as a sharp cut filter, a band pass filter, a near infrared cut filter, a dichroic filter, an interference filter, and a color temperature conversion filter can be used to irradiate only light in a desired wavelength range.

  Next, the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is visualized by the developing means 6 shown in FIG. Examples of the developing method include a one-component developing method using a dry toner, a two-component developing method, and a wet developing method using a wet toner. When the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is positively (negatively) charged and image exposure is performed, a positive (negative) electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photoreceptor. A positive image can be obtained by developing this with negative (positive) toner (electrodetection fine particles), and a negative image can be obtained by developing with positive (negative) toner.

  Next, the toner image visualized on the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is transferred onto the recording medium 9 by the transfer means 10 shown in FIG. In addition, a pre-transfer charger 7 may be used for better transfer. As the transfer means 10, an electrostatic transfer method using a transfer charger, a bias roller, or the like; a mechanical transfer method such as an adhesive transfer method or a pressure transfer method; a magnetic transfer method, or the like can be used.

  Further, if necessary, a separation charger 11 and a separation claw 12 may be used as means for separating the recording medium 9 shown in FIG. 5 from the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. As other separation means, electrostatic adsorption induction separation, side end belt separation, tip grip conveyance, curvature separation, and the like are used. As the separation charger 11, the charging means can be used. In addition, cleaning means such as a fur brush 14 and a cleaning blade 15 are used to clean the toner remaining on the photoconductor after transfer, and the pre-cleaning charger 13 may be used for more efficient cleaning. Good. Other cleaning means include a web method, a magnet brush method, and the like, but each may be used alone or in combination. Further, in order to remove the latent image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1, the charge eliminating means 2 may be used. As the charge removal means 2, a charge removal lamp, a charge removal charger or the like is used, and the exposure light source and the charging means can be used, respectively. In addition, known processes can be used for reading, feeding, fixing, paper discharge and the like that are not close to the photoconductor.

(Process cartridge)
The process cartridge of the present invention includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit that charges the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an exposure unit that exposes the charged surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image, It comprises at least one of developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a visible image and transfer means for transferring the visible image to a recording medium. And other means. The electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the process cartridge of the present invention is the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the process cartridge includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member 101, and at least a charging unit 102, a developing unit 104, a transfer unit 106, a cleaning unit 107, and a discharging unit (not shown). This is an apparatus (part) that includes one and is detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus. Referring to the image forming process using the process cartridge of FIG. 6, the photosensitive member 101 is charged in the direction of the arrow while being charged by the charging unit 102 and exposed by the exposure unit 103. The electrostatic latent image is developed with toner by the developing unit 104, and the toner development is transferred to the recording medium 105 by the transfer unit 106 and printed out. Next, the surface of the photoconductor after the image transfer is cleaned by the cleaning unit 107 and further neutralized by a neutralizing unit (not shown), and the above operation is repeated again.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated more concretely, this invention is not restrict | limited to the following Example. In addition, all "parts" used in an Example represent a mass part.

(Preparation Example 1)
The undercoat layer coating solution A was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating fluid A for undercoat layer]
-Alkyd resin: 120 parts (Beckolite M6401-50, manufactured by DIC Corporation)
-Melamine resin: 65 parts (Super Becamine G-821-60, manufactured by DIC Corporation)
・ Titanium dioxide powder: 400 parts (Taibak CR-EL, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
・ 2-butanone: 400 parts

(Preparation Example 2)
The charge generation layer coating solution B was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid B for charge generation layer]
· Titanyl phthalocyanine · · · 8 parts · Polyvinyl butyral (SREC BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) · · · 5 parts · 2-butanone · · · 400 parts The powder X-ray diffraction spectrum in was shown.

<X-ray diffraction spectrum measurement conditions>
X-ray tube: Cu
Voltage: 50kV
Current: 30mA
Scanning speed: 2 ° / min Scanning range: 3 ° -40 °
Time constant: 2 seconds

(Preparation Example 3)
A charge transport layer coating solution C-1 was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid C-1 for charge transport layer]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 10 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
・ Charge transport material of the following structural formula (1) ・ ・ ・ 10 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 4)
A charge transport layer coating solution C-2 was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid C-2 for charge transport layer]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 10 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
・ Charge transport material of the following structural formula (2) ・ ・ ・ 9 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 5)
A filler surface layer coating solution D was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Filler surface layer coating solution D]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 40 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
-Charge transport material of the structural formula (1) 30 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (3) ... 0.15 parts-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (4) ... 0.15 parts・ Alumina fine particles: 30 parts (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 170 parts ・ Cyclohexane ・ ・ ・ 50 parts

(Preparation Example 6)
A coating liquid E-1 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-1 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, SR351S, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (5) ... 5 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (3) ... 0.05 part-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (4)-・ ・ 0.05 parts ・ Fluororesin particles ・ ・ ・ 1.5 parts (MPE-056, manufactured by Mitsui & DuPont Fluorochemical Co., Ltd.)
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.75 part (Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 7)
A coating liquid E-2 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-2 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer not having charge transport function ... 10 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (6) ... 7 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (7) ... 0.07 parts-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (8)- 0.21 part Alumina fine particles 1.7 parts (AA05, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.85 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 8)
A coating liquid E-3 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-3 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (9) ... 10 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (10) ... 0.1 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (11)-・ ・ 0.5 part ・ Alumina fine particle ・ ・ ・ 2 part (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1 part (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 9)
A coating liquid E-4 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-4 for crosslinked surface layer]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 10 parts (1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (12) ... 12 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (13) ... 0.36 parts-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (14)- 1.08 parts Titanium oxide fine particles 2.2 parts (CR97, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.1 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 10)
A coating solution E-5 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-5]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (5) ... 5 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (15) ... 0.25 parts-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (16)-・ ・ 0.5 part ・ Fluororesin particle ・ ・ ・ 1.5 part (MPE-056, manufactured by Mitsui & DuPont Fluorochemical Co., Ltd.)
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.75 part (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 11)
A coating solution E-6 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-6]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (6) ... 7 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (17) ... 0.35 parts-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (18)-・ 0.7 parts ・ Alumina fine particles ・ ・ ・ 1.7 parts (AA05, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.85 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 12)
A coating liquid E-7 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-7]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (9) ... 10 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (19) ... 0.9 part-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (4)-・ ・ 1.0 part ・ Alumina fine particle ・ ・ ・ 2 parts (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1 part (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 13)
A coating liquid E-8 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-8]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (12) ... 12 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (3) ... 1.2 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (8)- 1.2 parts Titanium oxide fine particles: 2.2 parts (CR97, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.1 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 14)
A coating liquid E-9 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-9]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (5) ... 15 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (7) ... 0.15 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (11)- 1.5 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 1.25 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 15)
A coating liquid E-10 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-10]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (6) ... 10 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (19) ... 0.17 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (8)- 0.15 part Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 1.35 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 16)
A coating solution E-11 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-11 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (9) ... 20 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (13) ... 2 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (16) ... 2.4 parts-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.5 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 17)
A coating liquid E-12 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-12 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (12) ... 5 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (15) ... 0.03 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (18)- 0.6 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.75 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 18)
A coating liquid E-13 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-13]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (5) ... 7 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (17) ... 0.8 part-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (4)- 0.85 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.85 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 19)
A coating solution E-14 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-14]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (6) ... 3 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (19) ... 0.03 part-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (8)- 0.09 part Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.65 part (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 20)
A coating solution E-15 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-15]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the structural formula (9) ... 22 parts-Diamine compound of the structural formula (3) ... 0.22 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (11)- 0.66 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 1.6 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 21)
A coating solution E-16 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-16]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (20) ... 22 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (21) ... 0.22 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (14)- 0.66 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 1.6 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 22)
The coating material E-17 for bridge | crosslinking surface layers was prepared by mixing the material shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-17]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (22) ... 22 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (23) ... 0.22 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (16)- 0.66 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 1.6 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example 23)
A coating liquid E-18 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-18 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (24) ... 22 parts-Diamine compound of the following structural formula (25) ... 0.22 parts-Oxazole compound of the structural formula (16)- 0.66 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 1.6 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

Example 1
By coating and drying the undercoat layer coating liquid A, the charge generation layer coating liquid B, and the charge transport layer coating liquid C-1 in this order on an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 100 mm, an average thickness of 3. A 5 μm undercoat layer, a charge generation layer having an average thickness of 0.2 μm, and a charge transport layer having an average thickness of 23 μm were laminated to form a laminate.
Next, after applying the filler surface layer coating liquid D to the obtained laminate by a spray coating method, it was dried by heating at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes to provide a filler surface layer having an average thickness of 5 μm. A photoreceptor was obtained.

(Example 2)
By coating and drying the undercoat layer coating solution A, the charge generation layer coating solution B, and the charge transport layer coating solution C-2 in this order on an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 100 mm, an average thickness of 3. A 5 μm undercoat layer, a charge generation layer having an average thickness of 0.2 μm, and a charge transport layer having an average thickness of 23 μm were laminated to form a laminate.
Next, the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1 was applied to the obtained laminate by a spray coating method in a nitrogen stream, and then left in a nitrogen stream for 10 minutes to dry the touch.
Thereafter, ultraviolet irradiation was performed under the following conditions in an ultraviolet light irradiation booth in which the inside of the booth was replaced with nitrogen gas so that the oxygen concentration was 2% or less.

Metal halide lamp: 160W / cm
Irradiation distance: 120mm
Irradiation intensity: 700 mW / cm ²
Irradiation time: 60 seconds Further, by drying at 130 ° C. for 20 minutes, a crosslinked surface layer having an average thickness of 5 μm was provided, and the photoreceptor of Example 2 was obtained.

(Example 3)
A photoconductor of Example 3 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-2 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

Example 4
A photoconductor of Example 4 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 5)
A photoconductor of Example 5 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-4 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 6)
A photoconductor of Example 6 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-5 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 7)
A photoconductor of Example 7 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-6 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 8)
A photoconductor of Example 8 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-7 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

Example 9
A photoconductor of Example 9 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-8 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 10)
A photoconductor of Example 10 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-9 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 11)
A photoconductor of Example 11 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-10 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example 12)
A photoconductor of Example 12 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-11 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 13)
A photoconductor of Example 13 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2, except that the coating solution E-12 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 14)
A photoconductor of Example 14 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2, except that the coating solution E-13 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 15)
A photoconductor of Example 15 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-14 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 16)
A photoconductor of Example 16 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-15 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 17)
A photoconductor of Example 17 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-16 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 18)
A photoconductor of Example 18 was obtained in the same manner as Example 2 except that the coating solution E-17 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Example 19)
A photoconductor of Example 19 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the coating solution E-18 for crosslinked surface layer was used instead of the coating solution E-1 for crosslinked surface layer.

(Comparative Example 1)
A photoreceptor of Comparative Example 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the diamine compound and the oxazole compound were not added to the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example 1.

(Comparative Example 2)
In the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example 1, a photoconductor of Comparative Example 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the diamine compound was not added.

(Comparative Example 3)
The photoreceptor of Comparative Example 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the oxazole compound was not added to the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example 1.

(Comparative Example 4)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the diamine compound was not added in the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example 4.

(Comparative Example 5)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example 4 was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (26). It was.

(Comparative Example 6)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example 4 was changed to a compound of the following structural formula (27). It was.

(Comparative Example 7)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the oxazole compound was not added in the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example 4.

(Comparative Example 8)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 8 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that in the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example 4, the oxazole compound was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (28). It was.

(Comparative Example 9)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 9 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example 4 was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (29). It was.
However, in the structural formula (29), Bu represents a butyl group.

(Comparative Example 10)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the diamine compound and the oxazole compound were not added in the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example 4.

<Characteristics of electrophotographic photoreceptor>
The following evaluations were performed on the electrophotographic photoreceptors produced in the examples and comparative examples. The results are shown in Table 3.

<< Density unevenness evaluation >>
In a 15 ° C., 20% RH environment, a photoconductor was mounted on a black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C900 remodeled machine manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd. (with a charger discharged for 200 hours or more in advance). Density unevenness evaluation was performed under the following conditions.

Continuously output 250,000 black single color test charts, and then turn off the image forming apparatus main body. After the elapse of 24 hours, the image forming apparatus main body was turned on, a 1,200 dpi 2by2 black single-color entire halftone image was output, and the presence or absence of density unevenness corresponding to the width of the charger was evaluated according to the following criteria. .
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Density unevenness does not occur ○: Slight density unevenness occurs, but acceptable level ×: Unacceptable level due to significant density unevenness of the charger width

<< Evaluation of gas barrier properties (image blur) >>
Using a NOx exposure tester (NOx test unit, manufactured by Directec Co., Ltd.), after exposing the photoreceptor for 72 hours in an atmosphere of NO / NO ₂ = 50 ppm / 50 ppm and humidity 20% RH, the photoreceptor is Full-color printer manufactured by RICOH Pro C900 Mounted in a black station of a remodeled machine, gas barrier properties were evaluated according to the following criteria depending on whether image blur occurred.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: No image blurring ○: Slight image blurring but acceptable level for practical use ×: Unacceptable level when exposed part causes image blurring

<Evaluation of potential fluctuation (electrical stability) of exposed area>
The photoconductor was mounted on a black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C900 remodeled machine manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd. under normal temperature and humidity conditions (55% RH at 23 ° C.), and 200,000 continuous black-color test charts were output. Before and after that, 100 black solid images were printed, and the exposure part potential fluctuation amount before and after the continuous output was calculated from the difference in the exposure part potential between the first print and the 100th print. It was evaluated with.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Less than 10V ○: 10V or more and less than 30V ×: 30V or more

<Durability (wear resistance) evaluation>
The photoconductor was mounted on a black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C901 made by Ricoh Co., Ltd. under a normal temperature and humidity environment (55% RH at 23 ° C.), and 200,000 continuous black test charts were output. The film thickness of the photoconductor before and after continuous output was measured using an eddy current film thickness meter (Fischerscope MMS, manufactured by Fischer), and the wear amount of the surface layer was calculated and evaluated according to the following criteria. In addition, the scratches on the surface and the image density of the solid image after continuous output of 200,000 sheets were visually evaluated.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Less than 2.0 μm ○: 2.0 μm or more and less than 4.0 μm ×: 4.0 μm or more

  The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is suppressed in density unevenness and blurring and has sufficient mechanical durability. Further, it was found that the exposure portion potential fluctuation during continuous printing was small, and a good image could be continuously output over a long period.

[Synthesis Example A1 (Synthesis of Compound No. 4 in Table A-1)]
Aldehyde compound 5.00 g (16.6 mmol) represented by the following formula (M1), dibenzylamine 3.27 g (16.6 mmol), sodium triacetoxyborohydride 5.18 g (23.2 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (THF) 70 mL was stirred at 25 ° C. internal temperature for 2 hours under an argon stream.

After 2 hours, 50 mL of 1M aqueous sodium carbonate solution was poured into the contents, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and concentrated to obtain a compound No. 2 represented by the following structural formula (M2). Thus, 6.44 g (13.3 mmol) of 4 diamine compounds was obtained as a colorless transparent oil (yield: 80.1%).

The obtained oil was analyzed by LC-MS. A peak of 483.52 corresponding to the molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to the diamine compound 4 (calculated molecular weight: 482.66) was observed. An infrared absorption spectrum (NaCl method) is shown in FIG.

[Synthesis Example A2 (Synthesis of Compound No. 5 in Table A1-1)]
Aldehyde compound 5.00 g (16.6 mmol) represented by the following formula (M3), N-ethyl-p-toluidine 2.75 g (18.3 mmol), sodium triacetoxyborohydride 5.18 g (23.2 mmol), 70 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was stirred at an internal temperature of 25 ° C. for 22 hours under an argon stream.
After 22 hours, 50 mL of 1M aqueous sodium carbonate solution was poured into the contents, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. By washing the organic layer with water and concentrating, the compound No. 1 represented by the following structural formula (M4) was obtained. Thus, 2.59 g (6.2 mmol) of the diamine compound 5 was obtained as a yellow oil (yield 37.3%).

The obtained oil was analyzed by LC-MS. A 421.60 peak corresponding to the molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to the diamine compound No. 5 (calculated molecular weight: 420.59) was observed. An infrared absorption spectrum (NaCl method) is shown in FIG.

[Synthesis Example A3 (Synthesis of Compound No. 6 in Table A1-1)]
Aldehyde compound 5.00 g (16.6 mmol) represented by the following formula (M5), N-ethylbenzylamine 2.69 g (18.3 mmol), sodium triacetoxyborohydride 5.18 g (23.2 mmol), tetrahydrofuran ( (THF) 70 mL was stirred at an internal temperature of 25 ° C. for 4 hours under an argon stream.

After 4 hours, 50 mL of 1M aqueous sodium carbonate solution was poured into the contents, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. By washing the organic layer with water and concentrating, the compound No. 1 represented by the following structural formula (M6) was obtained. As a result, 4.56 g (10.8 mmol) of the diamine compound 6 was obtained as a yellow oil (yield 65.1%).

The obtained oil was analyzed by LC-MS. A peak of 421.52 corresponding to the molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to the diamine compound 6 (calculated molecular weight: 420.59) was observed.
An infrared absorption spectrum (NaCl method) is shown in FIG.

(Preparation Example A1)
The undercoat layer coating solution A was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating fluid A for undercoat layer]
-Alkyd resin: 120 parts (Beckolite M6401-50, manufactured by DIC Corporation)
-Melamine resin: 65 parts (Super Becamine G-821-60, manufactured by DIC Corporation)
・ Titanium dioxide powder: 400 parts (Taibak CR-EL, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
・ 2-butanone: 400 parts

(Preparation Example A2)
The charge generation layer coating solution B was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid B for charge generation layer]
· Titanyl phthalocyanine · · · 8 parts · Polyvinyl butyral (SREC BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) · · · 5 parts · 2-butanone · · · 400 parts The powder X-ray diffraction spectrum in was shown.

<X-ray diffraction spectrum measurement conditions>
X-ray tube: Cu
Voltage: 50kV
Current: 30mA
Scanning speed: 2 ° / min Scanning range: 3 ° -40 °
Time constant: 2 seconds

(Preparation Example A3)
A charge transport layer coating solution C-1 was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid C-1 for charge transport layer]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 10 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
・ Charge transport material of the following structural formula (1) ・ ・ ・ 10 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example A4)
A charge transport layer coating solution C-2 was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid C-2 for charge transport layer]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 10 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
・ Charge transport material of the following structural formula (2) ・ ・ ・ 9 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example A5)
A filler surface layer coating solution D was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Filler surface layer coating solution D]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 40 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
-Charge transport material of the structural formula (1)-30 parts-Compound No. in Table A1-1. 5 diamine compound ... 0.15 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (4) ... 0.15 part
・ Alumina fine particles: 30 parts (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 170 parts ・ Cyclohexane ・ ・ ・ 50 parts

(Preparation Example A6)
A coating liquid E-1 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-1 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, SR351S, manufactured by Sartomer)
· Radical polymerizable compound having charge transport function of the following structural formula (5) 5 parts
-Compound No. in Table A1-1. Diamine compound of 5 ... 0.05 part-Oxazole compound of structural formula (4) ... 0.05 part-Fluororesin particles ... 1.5 parts (MPE-056, Mitsui-Dupont Fluorochemical Co., Ltd.) Company-made)
・ Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) ・ ・ ・ 0.75 part ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example A7)
A coating liquid E-2 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-2 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer not having charge transport function ... 10 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (6): 7 parts
-Compound No. in Table A1-1. 6 diamine compound ... 0.07 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (8) ... 0.21 part
・ Alumina fine particles: 1.7 parts (AA05, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
・ Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) ・ ・ ・ 0.85 part ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example A8)
A coating liquid E-3 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-3 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (9): 10 parts
-Compound No. in Table A1-1. 4 diamine compound ... 0.1 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (11) ... 0.5 part
・ Alumina fine particles ... 2 parts (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 1 part Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Preparation Example A9)
A coating liquid E-4 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-4 for crosslinked surface layer]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 10 parts (1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
A radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function represented by the following structural formula (12): 12 parts
-Compound No. in Table A1-1. 1 diamine compound ... 0.36 parts-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (14) ... 1.08 parts
・ Titanium oxide fine particles: 2.2 parts (CR97, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 1.1 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Preparation Example A10)
A coating solution E-5 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-5]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (5) · · · 5 parts · Compound No. in Table A1-1. Diamine compound of 2 ... 0.25 part · Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (16) ... 0.5 part
・ Fluororesin particles: 1.5 parts (MPE-056, manufactured by Mitsui & DuPont Fluorochemical Co., Ltd.)
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 0.75 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Preparation Example A11)
A coating solution E-6 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-6]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
· Radical polymerizable compound having charge transport function of the above structural formula (6) ··· 7 parts · Compound No. in Table A1-1. 3 diamine compound ... 0.35 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (18) ... 0.7 part
・ Alumina fine particles: 1.7 parts (AA05, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
・ Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) ・ ・ ・ 0.85 part ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example A12)
A coating liquid E-7 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-7]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (9) ... 10 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table A1-1. 16 diamine compounds ... 0.9 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (4) ... 1.0 part-Alumina fine particles ... 2 parts (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 1 part Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Preparation Example A13)
A coating liquid E-8 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-8]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (12) ... 12 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table A1-1. 5 diamine compounds ... 1.2 parts-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (8) ... 1.2 parts
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 1.1 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Preparation Example A14)
A coating liquid E-9 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-9]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (5) ... 15 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table A1-1. 6 diamine compound ... 0.15 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (11) ... 1.5 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184 , Manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) ・ ・ ・ 1.25 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example A15)
A coating liquid E-10 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-10]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (6) ... 10 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table A1-1. 4 diamine compound ... 0.17 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (14) ... 0.15 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184 , Manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) ... 1.35 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ... 100 parts

(Preparation Example A16)
A coating solution E-11 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-11 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (9) · · 20 parts · Compound No. in Table A1-1. 1 diamine compound 2 parts Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (16) 2.4 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, BASF Japan Co., Ltd.) ... 1.5 parts Tetrahydrofuran ... 100 parts

(Preparation Example A17)
A coating liquid E-12 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-12 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (12) · · · 5 parts · Compound No. in Table A1-1. 0.03 parts of the diamine compound of the above-mentioned structure. 2. Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (18) of 0.6 parts. Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184. , Manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) ・ ・ ・ 0.75 part ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example A18)
A coating liquid E-13 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-13]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (5) ... 7 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table A1-1. 0.8 diamine compound of the above structural formula (4) ... 0.85 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184 0.85 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example A19)
A coating solution E-14 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-14]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (6) · · · 3 parts · Compound No. 1 in Table A1-1. 16 diamine compounds ... 0.03 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (8) ... 0.09 parts-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184 0.65 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ... 100 parts

(Preparation Example A20)
A coating solution E-15 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-15]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (9) · · 22 parts · Compound No. in Table A1-1. Diamine compound of 5 ... 0.22 part-oxazole compound of the above structural formula (11) ... 0.66 part-photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184 , Manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 1.6 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Preparation Example A21)
A coating solution E-16 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-16]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function represented by the following structural formula (20): 22 parts
-Compound No. in Table A1-2. 23 diamine compound ... 0.22 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (14) ... 0.66 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184 , Manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 1.6 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Preparation Example A22)
The coating material E-17 for bridge | crosslinking surface layers was prepared by mixing the material shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-17]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (22) ... 22 parts
-Compound No. in Table A1-2. 26 diamine compounds ... 0.22 parts-Oxazole compounds of the above structural formula (16) ... 0.66 parts-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184 , Manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 1.6 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Preparation Example A23)
A coating liquid E-18 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-18 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (24) ... 22 parts
-Compound No. in Table A1-3. 39 diamine compound ... 0.22 parts-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (16) ... 0.66 parts-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure (registered trademark) 184 , Manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.) 1.6 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

(Example A1)
By coating and drying an undercoat layer coating solution A, a charge generation layer coating solution B, and a charge transport layer coating solution C-1 in this order on an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of Φ100 mm, an average thickness of 3. A 5 μm undercoat layer, a charge generation layer having an average thickness of 0.2 μm, and a charge transport layer having an average thickness of 23 μm were laminated to form a laminate.
Next, after applying the coating solution D for filler surface layer to the obtained laminate by a spray coating method, it was dried by heating at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes to provide a filler surface layer having an average thickness of 5 μm. Example A1 A photoreceptor was obtained.

(Example A2)
By coating and drying an undercoat layer coating solution A, a charge generation layer coating solution B, and a charge transport layer coating solution C-2 in this order on an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of Φ100 mm, an average thickness of 3. A 5 μm undercoat layer, a charge generation layer having an average thickness of 0.2 μm, and a charge transport layer having an average thickness of 23 μm were laminated to form a laminate.
Next, the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1 was applied to the obtained laminate by a spray coating method in a nitrogen stream, and then left in a nitrogen stream for 10 minutes to dry the touch.
Thereafter, ultraviolet irradiation was performed under the following conditions in an ultraviolet light irradiation booth in which the inside of the booth was replaced with nitrogen gas so that the oxygen concentration was 2% or less.
Metal halide lamp: 160W / cm
Irradiation distance: 120mm
Irradiation intensity: 700 mW / cm ²
Irradiation time: 60 seconds Further, by drying at 130 ° C. for 20 minutes, a crosslinked surface layer having an average thickness of 5 μm was provided to obtain a photoreceptor of Example A2.

(Example A3)
A photoconductor of Example A3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating liquid E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating liquid E-1.

(Example A4)
A photoconductor of Example A4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A5)
A photoconductor of Example A5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A6)
A photoconductor of Example A6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A7)
A photoconductor of Example A7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A8)
A photoconductor of Example A8 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A9)
A photoconductor of Example A9 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A10)
A photoconductor of Example A10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-9 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A11)
A photoconductor of Example A11 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-10 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A12)
A photoconductor of Example A12 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A13)
A photoconductor of Example A13 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A14)
A photoconductor of Example A14 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A15)
A photoconductor of Example A15 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A16)
A photoconductor of Example A16 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A17)
A photoconductor of Example A17 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A18)
A photoconductor of Example A18 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example A19)
A photoconductor of Example A19 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A2 except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-18 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Comparative Example A1)
A photoreceptor of Comparative Example A1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the diamine compound and oxazole compound were not added to the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example A1.

(Comparative Example A2)
In the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example A1, a photoreceptor of Comparative Example A2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A1, except that no diamine compound was added.

(Comparative Example A3)
In the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example A1, a photoconductor of Comparative Example A3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the oxazole compound was not added.

(Comparative Example A4)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example A4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A4, except that the diamine compound was not added to the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example A4.

(Comparative Example A5)
The photoreceptor of Comparative Example A5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A4, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example A4 was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (26). It was.

(Comparative Example A6)
The photoreceptor of Comparative Example A6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A4, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example A4 was changed to a compound of the following structural formula (27). It was.

(Comparative Example A7)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example A7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A4, except that the oxazole compound was not added to the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example A4.

(Comparative Example A8)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example A8 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A4, except that in the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example A4, the oxazole compound was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (28). It was.

(Comparative Example A9)
A photoreceptor of Comparative Example A9 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A4, except that in the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example A4, the oxazole compound was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (29). It was.

(Comparative Example A10)
In the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example A4, a photoconductor of Comparative Example A10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example A4, except that the diamine compound and the oxazole compound were not added.

<Characteristics of electrophotographic photoreceptor>
The electrophotographic photoreceptors produced in the examples and comparative examples were evaluated as follows. The results are shown in Table A2.

<< Density unevenness evaluation >>
In a 15 ° C., 20% RH environment, a photoconductor was mounted on the black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C901 remodeling machine manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd. (with a charger discharged for 200 hours or more in advance). Density unevenness evaluation was performed under the following conditions.
Continuously output 250,000 black single color test charts, and then turn off the image forming apparatus main body. After 24 hours, the image forming apparatus main body is turned on, and a 1,200 dpi 2by2 black single-color half-tone image is output. The presence or absence of density unevenness corresponding to the width of the charger is measured. evaluated.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Density unevenness does not occur ○: Slight density unevenness occurs, but acceptable level for practical use ×: Unacceptable level due to significant density unevenness in the charger width

<< Evaluation of gas barrier properties (image blur) >>
Using a NOx exposure tester (product name: NOx test unit, manufactured by Directec Co., Ltd.), after exposing the photoreceptor for 72 hours in an atmosphere of NO / NO ₂ = 50 ppm / 50 ppm and humidity 20% RH, Full-color printer manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd. RICOH Pro C901 Mounted in a black station of a remodeled machine, gas barrier properties were evaluated according to the following criteria depending on whether image blur occurred.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: No image blurring ○: Image blurring slightly occurred but acceptable level for practical use ×: Image blurring occurred at the exposed part and unacceptable level

<< Evaluation of exposure part potential fluctuation (electrical stability) >>
The photoconductor was mounted on a black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C901 made by Ricoh Co., Ltd. under a normal temperature and humidity environment (55% RH at 23 ° C.), and 200,000 continuous black test charts were output. Before and after that, 100 solid black single images were printed, and the exposure part potential fluctuation amount before and after continuous output was calculated from the difference in the exposure part potential between the first printed sheet and the 100th printed sheet. evaluated.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Less than 10V ○: 10V or more and less than 30V ×: 30V or more

<< Durability (Abrasion Resistance) Evaluation >>>>
The photoconductor was mounted on a black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C901 made by Ricoh Co., Ltd. under a normal temperature and humidity environment (55% RH at 23 ° C.), and 200,000 continuous black test charts were output. The film thickness of the photoconductor before and after continuous output was measured using an eddy current film thickness meter (Fischerscope MMS, manufactured by Fischer), and the wear amount of the surface layer was calculated and evaluated according to the following criteria. In addition, the scratches on the surface and the image density of the solid image after continuous output of 200,000 sheets were visually evaluated.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
A: Wear amount is less than 2.0 μm ○: Wear amount is 2.0 μm or more and less than 4.0 μm ×: Wear amount is 4.0 μm or more

From the results shown in Table A2, the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is suppressed in density unevenness and blurring and has sufficient mechanical durability. Further, it was found that the exposure portion potential fluctuation during continuous printing was small, and a good image could be continuously output over a long period of time.

[Synthesis Example B1 (Synthesis of Triazine Compound No. 1 in Table B1)]
Cyanuric acid trichloride (5.00 g, 27.3 mmol), dibenzylamine (21.5 g, 109.2 mmol), potassium carbonate (18.8 g, 136.5 mmol), and THF (200 mL) were refluxed and stirred for 48 hours under an argon stream. It was.
After cooling to room temperature, the precipitate was filtered, and the filtrate was collected and concentrated. The concentrate is subjected to a silica gel column (dichloromethane / n-hexane = 6/4), and the target product is collected, concentrated and recrystallized (toluene / n-hexane = 7/3) to give 10.1 g of a white powder. Obtained (yield 56.1%).
The obtained powder was analyzed by mass spectrometry (ionization: APCI method). A peak of 667.4 corresponding to a molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to the triazine compound 1 (calculated molecular weight: 666.3) was observed.
An infrared absorption spectrum (KBr method) is shown in FIG.

[Synthesis Example B2 (Synthesis of Triazine Compound No. 46 in Table B1)]
Cyanuric acid trichloride (3.0 g, 16.4 mmol) and THF (30 mL) were stirred at 0 ° C. under an argon stream. Thereto was added dropwise a mixture of 8.86 g (65.6 mmol) of N-ethylbenzylamine, 6.4 g (49.2 mmol) of diisopropylethylamine and 40 mL of THF, and the mixture was further stirred for 2 hours after the completion of the addition. The precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated and then subjected to a silica gel column (toluene / chloroform = 1/1) to obtain 5.66 g of colorless oil (yield 90.5%).
The obtained oil was analyzed by mass spectrometry (ionization: APCI method). A peak of 382.2 corresponding to the molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to 46 triazine compound (calculated molecular weight: 381.2) was observed.
An infrared absorption spectrum (KBr method) is shown in FIG.

[Synthesis Example B3 (Synthesis of Triazine Compound No. 2 in Table B1)]
Compound No. 46 4.0 g (10.5 mmol), dibenzylamine 4.2 g (21.0 mmol), diisopropylethylamine 2.7 g (21.0 mmol) and DMSO 50 mL were stirred at 90 ° C. for 20 hours under an argon stream. After cooling at room temperature, ethyl acetate was added and washed with water three times. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the organic layer was concentrated. Purification with a silica gel column (toluene) gave 2.5 g of colorless oil (yield 43.9%).
The obtained oil was analyzed by mass spectrometry (ionization: APCI method). A peak of 543.3 corresponding to the molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to the triazine compound 2 (calculated molecular weight: 542.3) was observed.
An infrared absorption spectrum (KBr method) is shown in FIG.

[Synthesis Example B4 (Synthesis of Triazine Compound No. 13 in Table B1)]
The procedure was the same as in Synthesis Example B3 except that dibenzylamine was replaced with N-ethylbenzylamine to obtain 1.91 g of a colorless oil (yield 76.0%).
The obtained oil was analyzed by mass spectrometry (ionization: APCI method). A peak of 481.3 corresponding to the molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to 13 triazine compounds (calculated molecular weight: 480.3) was observed.
An infrared absorption spectrum (KBr method) is shown in FIG.

[Synthesis Example B5 (Synthesis of Triazine Compound No. 26 in Table B1)]
The procedure was the same as in Synthesis Example B1 except that dibenzylamine was changed to diethylamine to obtain 1.80 g of a white powder (yield 27.9%).
The obtained powder was analyzed by mass spectrometry (ionization: APCI method). A peak of 295.3 corresponding to the molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to 26 triazine compound (calculated molecular weight: 294.3) was observed.
An infrared absorption spectrum (KBr method) is shown in FIG.

[Synthesis Example B6 (Synthesis of Triazine Compound No. 38 in Table B1)]
The procedure was the same as in Synthesis Example B1 except that dibenzylamine was replaced with N-phenylpiperazine to obtain 4.50 g of a white powder (yield 48.9%).
The obtained powder was analyzed by mass spectrometry (ionization: APCI method). A peak of 562.3 corresponding to molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to 38 triazine compound (molecular weight calculated value: 561.3) was observed.
An infrared absorption spectrum (KBr method) is shown in FIG.

[Synthesis Example B7 (Synthesis of Triazine Compound No. 73 in Table B1)]
The procedure was the same as in Synthesis Example B1, except that dibenzylamine was replaced with N-ethylaniline, to obtain 2.68 g of a white powder (yield 29.4%).
The obtained powder was analyzed by mass spectrometry (ionization: APCI method). A peak of 439.3 corresponding to the molecular ion [M + H] ⁺ in which a proton was added to 73 triazine compound (molecular weight calculated value: 438.3) was observed.
An infrared absorption spectrum (KBr method) is shown in FIG.

(Preparation Example B1)
The undercoat layer coating solution A was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating fluid A for undercoat layer]
-Alkyd resin: 120 parts (Beckolite M6401-50, manufactured by DIC Corporation)
-Melamine resin: 65 parts (Super Becamine G-821-60, manufactured by DIC Corporation)
・ Titanium dioxide powder: 400 parts (Taibak CR-EL, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
・ 2-butanone: 400 parts

(Preparation Example B2)
The charge generation layer coating solution B was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid B for charge generation layer]
· Titanyl phthalocyanine · · · 8 parts · Polyvinyl butyral (SREC BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) · · · 5 parts · 2-butanone · · · 400 parts The powder X-ray diffraction spectrum in was shown.

<X-ray diffraction spectrum measurement conditions>
X-ray tube: Cu
Voltage: 50kV
Current: 30mA
Scanning speed: 2 ° / min Scanning range: 3 ° -40 °
Time constant: 2 seconds

(Preparation Example B3)
A charge transport layer coating solution C-1 was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid C-1 for charge transport layer]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 10 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
・ Charge transport material of the following structural formula (1) ・ ・ ・ 10 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B4)
A charge transport layer coating solution C-2 was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid C-2 for charge transport layer]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 10 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
・ Charge transport material of the following structural formula (2) ・ ・ ・ 9 parts ・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B5)
A filler surface layer coating solution D was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Filler surface layer coating solution D]
・ Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 40 parts (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
-Charge transport material of the structural formula (1) 30 parts-Compound No. in Table B1 Triazine compound of 1 ... 0.15 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (4) ... 0.15 part-Alumina fine particles ... 30 parts (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 170 parts ・ Cyclohexane ・ ・ ・ 50 parts

(Preparation Example B6)
A coating liquid E-1 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-1 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, SR351S, manufactured by Sartomer)
A radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function represented by the following structural formula (5): 5 parts Compound No. in Table B1 1 triazine compound 0.05 part oxazole compound of the structural formula (4) 0.05 part fluororesin particle 1.5 parts (MPE-056, Mitsui / DuPont Fluorochemical Co., Ltd.) Company-made)
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.75 part (Irgacure (registered trademark) 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B7)
A coating liquid E-2 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-2 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer not having charge transport function ... 10 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (6) · · · 7 parts · Compound No. 1 in Table B1 Triazine compound of 2 ... 0.07 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (8) ... 0.21 part-Alumina fine particles ... 1.7 parts (AA05, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.85 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B8)
A coating liquid E-3 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-3 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
A radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function represented by the following structural formula (9): 10 parts Compound No. 1 in Table B1 Triazine compound of 5 ... 0.1 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (11) ... 0.5 part-Alumina fine particles ... 2 parts (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1 part (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B9)
A coating liquid E-4 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-4 for crosslinked surface layer]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 10 parts (1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (12) ... 12 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table B1 13 triazine compound ... 0.36 parts-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (14) ... 1.08 parts-Titanium oxide fine particles ... 2.2 parts (CR97, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.1 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B10)
A coating solution E-5 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-5]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (5) · · · 5 parts · Compound No. in Table B1. 16 triazine compounds ... 0.25 parts-Oxazole compounds of the following structural formula (16) ... 0.5 parts-Fluororesin particles ... 1.5 parts (MPE-056, Mitsui-Dupont Fluorochemical Co., Ltd.) Company-made)
Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.75 part (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B11)
A coating solution E-6 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-6]
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (6) · · · 7 parts · Compound No. 1 in Table B1 26 triazine compound ... 0.35 part-Oxazole compound of the following structural formula (18) ... 0.7 part-Alumina fine particles ... 1.7 parts (AA05, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.85 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B12)
A coating liquid E-7 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-7]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (9) ... 10 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table B1 27 triazine compounds 0.9 parts Oxazole compounds of the above structural formula (4) 1.0 parts Alumina fine particles 2 parts (AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1 part (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B13)
A coating liquid E-8 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-8]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (12) ... 12 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table B1 1 triazine compound 1.2 parts Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (8) 1.2 parts Titanium oxide fine particles 2.2 parts (CR97, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.)
-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.1 parts (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B14)
A coating liquid E-9 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-9]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (5) · · · 15 parts · Compound No. in Table B1 0.15 parts of the triazine compound of the above-mentioned formula (11) ... 1.5 parts of the photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.25 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B15)
A coating liquid E-10 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-10]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (6) ... 10 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table B1 Triazine compound of 5 ... 0.17 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (14) ... 0.15 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.35 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B16)
A coating solution E-11 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-11 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (9) ... 20 parts-Compound No. 1 in Table B1 13 triazine compounds ... 2 parts-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (16) ... 2.4 parts-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.5 parts ( (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B17)
A coating liquid E-12 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-12 for crosslinked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
· Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (12) · · · 5 parts · Compound No. in Table B1. 16 triazine compounds ... 0.03 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (18) ... 0.6 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 0.75 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B18)
A coating liquid E-13 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-13]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Caprolactone-modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
· Radical polymerizable compound having charge transport function of the above structural formula (5) ··· 7 parts · Compound No. in Table B1 26 triazine compounds 0.8 part Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (4) 0.85 parts Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) 0.85 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B19)
A coating solution E-14 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-14]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 5 parts (Ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, SR349, manufactured by Sartomer)
・ Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ・ ・ ・ 5 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
· Radical polymerizable compound having charge transport function of the above structural formula (6) · · · 3 parts · Compound No. in Table B1. 0.03 part of the triazine compound of 27 ... Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (8) ... 0.09 part of photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 0.65 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B20)
A coating solution E-15 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-15]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the above structural formula (9) ... 22 parts-Compound No. in Table B1 1 triazine compound ... 0.22 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (11) ... 0.66 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.6 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B21)
A coating solution E-16 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-16]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
A radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function of the following structural formula (20): 22 parts Compound No. in Table B1 38 triazine compound ... 0.22 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (14) ... 0.66 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.6 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B22)
The coating material E-17 for bridge | crosslinking surface layers was prepared by mixing the material shown below.
[Crosslinking surface layer coating solution E-17]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
A radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function represented by the following structural formula (22): 22 parts 46 triazine compound ... 0.22 part-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (16) ... 0.66 part-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.6 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Preparation Example B23)
A coating liquid E-18 for a crosslinked surface layer was prepared by mixing the materials shown below.
[Coating liquid E-18 for cross-linked surface layer]
-Radical polymerizable monomer that does not have a charge transport function ... 10 parts (ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, SR355, manufactured by Sartomer)
A radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport function represented by the following structural formula (24): 22 parts Triazine compound of 73 ... 0.22 parts-Oxazole compound of the above structural formula (16) ... 0.66 parts-Photopolymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) ... 1.6 (Irgacure 184, manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.)
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 100 parts

(Example B1)
By coating and drying an undercoat layer coating solution A, a charge generation layer coating solution B, and a charge transport layer coating solution C-1 in this order on an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of Φ100 mm, an average thickness of 3. A 5 μm undercoat layer, a charge generation layer having an average thickness of 0.2 μm, and a charge transport layer having an average thickness of 23 μm were laminated to form a laminate.
Next, after applying the filler surface layer coating liquid D to the obtained laminate by a spray coating method, it was dried by heating at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes to provide a filler surface layer having an average thickness of 5 μm. Example B1 A photoreceptor was obtained.

(Example B2)
By coating and drying an undercoat layer coating solution A, a charge generation layer coating solution B, and a charge transport layer coating solution C-2 in this order on an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of Φ100 mm, an average thickness of 3. A 5 μm undercoat layer, a charge generation layer having an average thickness of 0.2 μm, and a charge transport layer having an average thickness of 23 μm were laminated to form a laminate.
Next, the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1 was applied to the obtained laminate by a spray coating method in a nitrogen stream, and then left in a nitrogen stream for 10 minutes to dry the touch.
Thereafter, ultraviolet irradiation was performed under the following conditions in an ultraviolet light irradiation booth in which the inside of the booth was replaced with nitrogen gas so that the oxygen concentration was 2% or less.
・ Metal halide lamp: 160W / cm
・ Irradiation distance: 120mm
-Irradiation intensity: 700 mW / cm ²
-Irradiation time: 60 seconds Furthermore, by drying at 130 ° C. for 20 minutes, a crosslinked surface layer having an average thickness of 5 μm was provided to obtain a photoreceptor of Example B2.

(Example B3)
A photoconductor of Example B3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-2 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B4)
A photoconductor of Example B4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B5)
A photoconductor of Example B5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-4 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B6)
A photoconductor of Example B6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B7)
A photoconductor of Example B7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-6 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B8)
A photoconductor of Example B8 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B9)
A photoconductor of Example B9 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B10)
A photoconductor of Example B10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B11)
A photoconductor of Example B11 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-10 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B12)
A photoconductor of Example B12 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-11 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B13)
A photoconductor of Example B13 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-12 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B14)
A photoconductor of Example B14 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B15)
A photoconductor of Example B15 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1 was used instead of the cross-linked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B16)
A photoconductor of Example B16 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-15 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B17)
A photoconductor of Example B17 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-16 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B18)
A photoconductor of Example B18 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-17 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Example B19)
A photoconductor of Example B19 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B2, except that the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-18 was used instead of the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-1.

(Comparative Example B1)
A photoreceptor of Comparative Example B1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B1, except that the triazine compound and the oxazole compound were not added to the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example B1.

(Comparative Example B2)
In the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example B1, a photoreceptor of Comparative Example B2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B1, except that the triazine compound was not added.

(Comparative Example B3)
In the filler surface layer coating solution D used in Example B1, a photoreceptor of Comparative Example B3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B1, except that the oxazole compound was not added.

(Comparative Example B4)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example B4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B4 except that the triazine compound was not added to the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example B4.

(Comparative Example B5)
A photoreceptor of Comparative Example B5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B4, except that the triazine compound was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (26) in the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example B4. It was.

(Comparative Example B6)
A photoreceptor of Comparative Example B6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B4, except that the triazine compound was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (27) in the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example B4. It was.

(Comparative Example B7)
In the crosslinked surface layer coating solution E-3 used in Example B4, a photoreceptor of Comparative Example B7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B4, except that the oxazole compound was not added.

(Comparative Example B8)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example B8 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B4 except that in the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example B4, the oxazole compound was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (28).

(Comparative Example B9)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example B9 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B4, except that in the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example B4, the oxazole compound was changed to the compound of the following structural formula (29). It was.

(Comparative Example B10)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example B10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example B4, except that the triazine compound and the oxazole compound were not added to the coating solution E-3 for crosslinked surface layer used in Example B4.

<Characteristics of electrophotographic photoreceptor>
The following evaluations were performed on the electrophotographic photoreceptors produced in the examples and comparative examples. The results are shown in Table B2.

<< Density unevenness evaluation >>
In a 15 ° C., 20% RH environment, a photoconductor was mounted on the black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C901 remodeling machine manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd. (with a charger discharged for 200 hours or more in advance). Density unevenness evaluation was performed under the following conditions.
Continuously output 250,000 black single color test charts, and then turn off the image forming apparatus main body. After the elapse of 24 hours, the image forming apparatus main body was turned on, and a 1,200 dpi 2by2 black single-color half-tone image was output. The presence or absence of density unevenness corresponding to the width of the charger was evaluated according to the following criteria. .
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Density unevenness does not occur ○: Slight density unevenness occurs, but acceptable level ×: Unacceptable level due to significant density unevenness of the charger width

<< Evaluation of gas barrier properties (image blur) >>
Using a NOx exposure tester (product name: NOx test unit, manufactured by Directec Co., Ltd.), after exposing the photoreceptor for 72 hours in an atmosphere of NO / NO ₂ = 50 ppm / 50 ppm and humidity 20% RH, Full-color printer manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd. RICOH Pro C901 The gas barrier property was evaluated according to the following criteria depending on whether image blur occurred or not on a black station of a modified machine.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: No image blurring ○: Slight image blurring but acceptable level for practical use ×: Unacceptable level when exposed part causes image blurring

<< Evaluation of exposure part potential fluctuation (electrical stability) >>
The photoconductor was mounted on a black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C901 made by Ricoh Co., Ltd. under a normal temperature and humidity environment (55% RH at 23 ° C.), and 200,000 continuous black test charts were output. Before and after that, 100 solid black single images were printed, and the exposure part potential fluctuation amount before and after continuous output was calculated from the difference in the exposure part potential between the first printed sheet and the 100th printed sheet. evaluated.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Less than 10V ○: 10V or more and less than 30V ×: 30V or more

<< Durability (Abrasion Resistance) Evaluation >>>>
The photoconductor was mounted on a black station of a full color printer RICOH Pro C901 made by Ricoh Co., Ltd. under a normal temperature and humidity environment (55% RH at 23 ° C.), and 200,000 continuous black test charts were output. The film thickness of the photoconductor before and after continuous output was measured using an eddy current film thickness meter (Fischerscope MMS, manufactured by Fischer), and the wear amount of the surface layer was calculated and evaluated according to the following criteria. In addition, the scratches on the surface and the image density of the solid image after continuous output of 200,000 sheets were visually evaluated.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Less than 2.0 μm ○: 2.0 μm or more and less than 4.0 μm ×: 4.0 μm or more

From the results in Table B2, the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is suppressed in density unevenness and blurring and has sufficient mechanical durability. Further, it was found that the exposure portion potential fluctuation during continuous printing was small, and a good image could be continuously output over a long period of time.

As an aspect of this invention, it is as follows, for example.
<1> An electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer and a surface layer in this order on a conductive support and the conductive support,
The surface layer is at least one selected from a diamine compound represented by the following general formula (1), a diamine compound represented by the following general formula (A), and a triazine compound represented by the following general formula (B). Species of compounds,
An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising at least an oxazole compound represented by any one of the following general formula (2) and the following general formula (3).
However, in the said General formula (1), X represents the arylene group which may have a substituent, or group represented by the following general formula.
However, in formula, R represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group, or a C1-C4 alkoxy group.
A ₁ , A ₂ , A ₃ and A ₄ may have (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, (ii) —CH ₂ (CH ₂ ) _m Z, and (iii) a substituent. Represents a group selected from aryl groups, which may be the same or different. However, both of A ₁ and A ₂ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent, and all of A ₃ and A ₄ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent. This is excluded. Here, Z represents an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and may further have a substituent. M represents an integer of 0 and 1.
B ₁ and _{B 2, -CH 2 -, - CH 2} CH 2 -, - CH 2 -Ar -, - Ar-CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 -Ar-, and _{-Ar-CH 2 CH} 2 Represents a group selected from-and may be the same or different. Ar represents an arylene group which may have a substituent.
However, in said general formula (A), R < ¹ >, R < ² > represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, and is the same or different It may be. Ar ¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ² and Ar ³ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ¹ and Ar ² , or Ar ² and Ar ³ may be bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.
However, in said general formula (B), R _<101> , R _<102> represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, It may be the same or different. R ₁₀₁ and R ₁₀₂ may form a ring together. A ₁₀₁ represents a halogen atom or the following general formula (B-1).
However, in said general formula (B-1), _R103 and _R104 represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, These may be the same or different, and R ₁₀₃ and R ₁₀₄ may form a ring together.
However, in said general formula (2), _R201 and _R202 respectively represent a hydrogen atom or a C1-C4 alkyl group, and may be same or different, respectively, X is a vinylene group, A divalent group of a C6-C14 aromatic hydrocarbon or a 2,5-thiophenediyl group is represented.
However, in said general formula (3), Ar ₂₀₁ and Ar ₂₀₂ each represent a monovalent group of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, which may be the same or different, and Y is A divalent group of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms is represented, and R ₂₀₃ and R ₂₀₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and may be the same or different.
<2> The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to <1>, wherein the diamine compound represented by the general formula (1) is a compound represented by the general formula (4).
However, the general formula (4), _{A 1} and _{A 2} are the following (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon _atoms, a _{(ii) -CH 2 (CH 2} ) m Z, and (iii) substituent Represents an aryl group which may be present, or a group selected from more, and may be the same or different. However, it is excluded that both A ₁ and A ₂ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent.
Z represents an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and may further have a substituent. M represents an integer of 0 and 1.
Ar represents an arylene group which may have a substituent.
<3> Molecular weight of at least one compound selected from the diamine compound represented by the general formula (1), the diamine compound represented by the general formula (A), and the triazine compound represented by the general formula (B) Is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <2>, in which 300 falls within a range of 300 to 900.
<4> A cross-linked surface layer obtained by curing at least a radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function and a radical polymerizable compound represented by the following general formula (5) having a charge transport function. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <3>.
However, in said general formula (5), o, p, and q represent the integer of 0-2, respectively. s and t each represent an integer of 0 to 3. Ra represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. Rb and Rc represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. When s and t are 2 or 3, the alkyl groups may be different from each other. Za represents any one selected from a single bond, a methylene group, an ethylene group, and the following substituents.
<5> The mass ratio of the radical polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (5) having a charge transport function to a radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function is 0.5 or more and 2.0 or less <4>.
<6> The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <5>, wherein the surface layer contains at least one of inorganic fine particles and organic fine particles.
<7> an electrophotographic photoreceptor;
Charging means for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member;
Exposure means for exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member surface to form an electrostatic latent image; and
Developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a visible image;
An image forming apparatus having at least transfer means for transferring the visible image to a recording medium,
An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <6>, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is an image forming apparatus.
<8> An electrophotographic photosensitive member, charging means for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, exposure means for exposing the charged surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image, and the electrostatic latent image A developing cartridge for developing a visible image by using toner, and at least one of transfer means for transferring the visible image to a recording medium,
A process cartridge, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <6>.
<9> A charging step for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with a charging unit, and exposure for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member with an image exposing unit. A developing step of forming a toner image on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member on which the electrostatic latent image is formed by a developing unit, and a transferring step of transferring the formed toner image to a transfer medium by a transferring unit. An image forming method comprising:
An image forming method comprising using the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <6> as the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Electrophotographic photosensitive member 3 Charging means 5 Exposure means 6 Developing means 10 Transfer means 21 Conductive support body 23 Charge generation layer 24 Charge transport layer 25 Surface layer 26 Single layer type photosensitive layer 101 Electrophotographic photosensitive member 102 Charging means 104 Developing means 106 Transfer means

JP 2011-59375 A

Claims (9)

An electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer and a surface layer in this order on a conductive support and the conductive support,
The surface layer is at least one selected from a diamine compound represented by the following general formula (1), a diamine compound represented by the following general formula (A), and a triazine compound represented by the following general formula (B). Species of compounds,
An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising at least an oxazole compound represented by any one of the following general formula (2) and the following general formula (3).
However, in the said General formula (1), X represents the arylene group which may have a substituent, or group represented by the following general formula.
However, in formula, R represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group, or a C1-C4 alkoxy group.
A ₁ , A ₂ , A ₃ and A ₄ may have (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, (ii) —CH ₂ (CH ₂ ) _m Z, and (iii) a substituent. Represents a group selected from aryl groups, which may be the same or different. However, both of A ₁ and A ₂ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent, and all of A ₃ and A ₄ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent. This is excluded. Here, Z represents an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and may further have a substituent. M represents an integer of 0 and 1.
B ₁ and _{B 2, -CH 2 -, - CH 2} CH 2 -, - CH 2 -Ar -, - Ar-CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 -Ar-, and _{-Ar-CH 2 CH} 2 Represents a group selected from-and may be the same or different. Ar represents an arylene group which may have a substituent.
However, in said general formula (A), R < ¹ >, R < ² > represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, and is the same or different It may be. Ar ¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ² and Ar ³ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Ar ¹ and Ar ² , or Ar ² and Ar ³ may be bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.
However, in said general formula (B), R _<101> , R _<102> represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, It may be the same or different. R ₁₀₁ and R ₁₀₂ may form a ring together. A ₁₀₁ represents a halogen atom or the following general formula (B-1).
However, in said general formula (B-1), _R103 and _R104 represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, These may be the same or different, and R ₁₀₃ and R ₁₀₄ may form a ring together.
However, in said general formula (2), _R201 and _R202 respectively represent a hydrogen atom or a C1-C4 alkyl group, and may be same or different, respectively, X is a vinylene group, A divalent group of a C6-C14 aromatic hydrocarbon or a 2,5-thiophenediyl group is represented.
However, in said general formula (3), Ar ₂₀₁ and Ar ₂₀₂ each represent a monovalent group of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, which may be the same or different, and Y is A divalent group of an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 14 carbon atoms is represented, and R ₂₀₃ and R ₂₀₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and may be the same or different. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the diamine compound represented by the general formula (1) is a compound represented by the general formula (4).
However, the general formula (4), _{A 1} and _{A 2} are the following (i) an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon _atoms, a _{(ii) -CH 2 (CH 2} ) m Z, and (iii) substituent Represents an aryl group which may be present, or a group selected from more, and may be the same or different. However, it is excluded that both A ₁ and A ₂ are (iii) an aryl group which may have a substituent.
Z represents an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and may further have a substituent. M represents an integer of 0 and 1.
Ar represents an arylene group which may have a substituent.   The molecular weight of at least one compound selected from the diamine compound represented by the general formula (1), the diamine compound represented by the general formula (A), and the triazine compound represented by the general formula (B) is 300. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, which is within a range of ˜900. The surface layer is a crosslinked surface layer obtained by curing at least a radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function and a radical polymerizable compound represented by the following general formula (5) having a charge transport function. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of 1 to 3.
However, in said general formula (5), o, p, and q represent the integer of 0-2, respectively. s and t each represent an integer of 0 to 3. Ra represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. Rb and Rc represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. When s and t are 2 or 3, the alkyl groups may be different from each other. Za represents any one selected from a single bond, a methylene group, an ethylene group, and the following substituents.
  The mass ratio of the radical polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (5) having a charge transport function to the radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport function is 0.5 or more and 2.0 or less. Electrophotographic photoreceptor.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer contains at least one of inorganic fine particles and organic fine particles. An electrophotographic photoreceptor;
Charging means for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member;
Exposure means for exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member surface to form an electrostatic latent image; and
Developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a visible image;
An image forming apparatus having at least transfer means for transferring the visible image to a recording medium,
An image forming apparatus, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member; charging means for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member; exposure means for exposing the charged surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image; A process cartridge comprising: a developing unit that develops a visible image by using the developing unit; and a transfer unit that transfers the visible image to a recording medium.
7. A process cartridge, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1. A charging step of charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with a charging unit; an exposure step of exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member with an image exposing unit to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member; Image forming including a developing step of forming a toner image on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member on which the electrostatic latent image is formed by a developing unit, and a transferring step of transferring the formed toner image to a transfer medium by a transferring unit. A method,
An image forming method using the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 as the electrophotographic photosensitive member.