JP2014064497A - Cationic or anionic fertilizer component support artificial soil - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a soil with adsorption of only a certain fertilizer components, using a material having a high fertilizer-retaining property.SOLUTION: The present invention provides a cationic fertilizer component support artificial soil with adsorption of at least one kind of cation necessary for plant growth onto a granulated cationic adsorbent. In addition, the present invention provides an anionic fertilizer component support artificial soil with adsorption of at least one kind of anion necessary for plant growth onto a granulated anion adsorbent.

Description

  The present invention relates to artificial soil, in particular, artificial soil carrying cationic or anionic fertilizer.

  In recent years, various artificial soils have been commercialized due to soaring vegetable prices and the boom in kitchen gardens, but most of them use natural materials, and there are large variations in quality, especially with natural organic materials such as peat moss. However, it is becoming difficult to obtain high quality materials due to resource depletion and environmental destruction problems.

  As described above, one of the artificial soil materials that can replace natural soil is lightweight because of its porous cell shape, and has excellent air permeability and water retention, as well as large cation exchange capacity and excellent fertilizer retention. In addition, peat moss has been used favorably because it is inexpensive. However, although peat moss is excellent in water retention due to the porous cellular shape as described above, once it is completely dried, water repellency becomes stronger, and there is a problem that it becomes difficult to retain water even if moisture is added again, If a large amount of water is supplied to prevent drying, the water is retained excessively, resulting in poor air permeability, causing root rot and disease.

  There are many commercially available fertilizers. In general, many of them are easily disintegrated with water, and the concentration of the eluted fertilizer component is high, which makes it difficult for plants to absorb. Some fertilizers have controlled disintegration so that the fertilizer components come out slowly, but in that case it takes time for the fertilization effect to appear. In addition, in the case of commercially available fertilizers, all the ingredients required as fertilizers are included, so when only a specific fertilizer component, such as phosphorus or potassium, is insufficient, fertilization cannot be applied, and unnecessary components are included. There was no choice but to fertilize as a fertilizer.

  In order to solve such problems, many natural soil substitutes such as alginate gel and porous inorganic material have been proposed (Patent Documents 1 and 2).

  Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-80284 (Patent Document 1) discloses that the cation exchange capacity is 50 (cmol / kg) or more and 400 (cmol / kg) or less and the median diameter of the pore distribution is 0.01 (μm). An inorganic porous body characterized in that it is 15.00 (μm) or less and zeolite is formed on the outer peripheral portion is disclosed. However, since the pore size of the inorganic porous material is as small as 15 μm or less, the plant is difficult to absorb water, and there is a cation exchange capacity, but no anion exchange material is used and the anion exchange capacity is considered to be low. It is done. In addition, it is waste sand (casting sand) that is discharged as dust waste from the dust collector of the foundry as a raw material, and must be fired at a high temperature (800 ° C) during production. However, there are problems such as inclusion.

  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-70384 (Patent Document 3) discloses a bead characterized in that 0.1 to 10% by weight of an alginate solution is dropped into a polyvalent cation solution to crosslink alginate. An alginate gel water treatment agent is disclosed. However, since no ion adsorbent is contained, there is a problem that the adsorption ability of cations and anions is low.

  The fertilizers of these prior patent documents also have no fertilizer of only specific components in the fertilizer, and even if one component is insufficient, the fertilizer of all components must be used.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-80284 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-70384

  The present invention provides a material in which only a specific fertilizer component is adsorbed using a material having high fertilizer retention.

  That is, the present invention provides a cationic fertilizer component-carrying artificial soil in which at least one cation necessary for plant growth is adsorbed on a granulated cation adsorbent.

  The present invention also provides an anionic fertilizer component-containing artificial soil in which at least one kind of anion necessary for plant growth is adsorbed on a granulated anion adsorbent.

  Furthermore, this invention also provides the fertilizer component carrying | support artificial soil containing said cationic fertilizer component carrying artificial soil and said anionic fertilizer component carrying artificial soil.

  The artificial soil of the present invention is one in which plants can easily absorb cations or anions with root acid.

  The cation adsorbent is preferably selected from the group consisting of zeolite, smectite, mica, vermiculite, talc, cation exchange resin, humus and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the cation is K ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ , Mo ²⁺ and mixtures thereof.

More preferably, the cation is K ⁺ .

  The anion adsorbent is preferably a double hydroxide and double hydroxides, allophane, imogolite, kaolin, an anion exchange resin, and a mixture thereof.

The anion is preferably NO ₃ ⁻ , PO ₄ ³⁻ , SO ₄ ²⁻ , Cl ⁻ and a mixture thereof.

The anion is more preferably NO ₃ ⁻ and PO ₄ ³⁻ and a mixture thereof.

  Since natural fertilizer has a low fertilizing capacity, if a large amount of inorganic fertilizer is mixed, most of it will be washed away by rain, etc., so it must be mixed as a slow-release fertilizer or organic fertilizer. Is slowed down. In addition, since the details of the components contained in organic fertilizers such as compost are unknown, it is difficult to mix the necessary components in the required amount, and even if fertilizer is added, some fertilizer components are insufficient On the contrary, there may be an excess of specific fertilizer components.

Commercial chemical fertilizers are also mixed with components of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), or fertilizers called simple fertilizers with neutral salts are KCl, MgSO ₄ , Ca (NO ₃ ) Since both cations such as ₂ are always contained, it is difficult to add a single fertilizer component such as only cations or anions to the soil.

  In addition, even if there is a fertilizer combination suitable for each vegetable, it is unclear whether it is suitable for the vegetable to be cultivated in general-purpose soil or culture soil, and the mixed component is unknown, so make up for the deficient fertilizer component by yourself It is not possible to do so, and it has become an up-and-coming cultivation.

  On the other hand, since the present invention is an artificial soil for each fertilizer component such as potassium only, phosphorus only, and nitrogen only, the user can freely change the component composition and mixing ratio of the fertilizer, and the current soil is also pinned. The fertilizer can be fertilized at points, and the optimum fertilizer formulation for vegetables can also be pinpointed.

  In addition, it is possible to combine ingredients with excellent water retention and drainage, and it is possible to freely design chemical properties such as fertilizer components and physical properties such as water retention and breathability. Design becomes possible.

Further, in the artificial soil of the present invention, cations and anions, which are fertilizer components adsorbed on the artificial soil, are eluted by root acid distributed from the roots, dissolved in water, and absorbed from the plant roots. Therefore, plants can grow. Since the fertilizer component is eluted only when the root acid is secreted, that is, when the plant secretes the root acid, the ion concentration in the artificial soil becomes excessive, causing fertilizer burning, or the ion concentration becomes too low. There is no shortage of nutrients. Further, since the artificial soil itself has fertilizer, the supply of water such as irrigation does not cause the fertilizer component in the granulated body to run away, and the fertilizer component can be released in the long term.

  The artificial soil of the present invention can be roughly divided into two types, one having a cation adsorbent adsorbing a cation necessary for plant growth and one having an anion adsorbent adsorbing an anion necessary for plant growth. Although classified, cations and anions can be further classified into individual ions. As a commercially available form of the artificial soil of this invention, when selling for every kind of each ion, it can distribute | circulate in the form which mixed several ion species.

Examples of the cationic species necessary for plant growth include K ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ , and Mo ²⁺ . A mixed form may be used. K ⁺ is an important cationic species as the three major nutrients.

Examples of the anionic species necessary for plant growth include NO ₃ ⁻ , PO ₄ ³⁻ , SO ₄ ²⁻ , and Cl ^{− in} the form of ions, and a mixed form thereof may be used. Anion species important as the three macronutrients include NO ₃ ⁻ and PO ₄ ³⁻ .

  Examples of the cation adsorbent include zeolite, smectite mineral, mica mineral, vermiculite, cation exchange resin, and humus. Examples of the cation exchange resin include weak acid cation exchange resins and strong acid cation exchange resins.

  Examples of the anion adsorbent include double hydroxides and double hydroxides such as hydrotalcite, allophane, imogolite, kaolin, and anion exchange resin. Examples of the anion exchange resin include weakly basic anion exchange resins and strong basic anion exchange resins.

  The method for granulating the ion adsorbent is to use commercially available granular zeolite or bentonite after classifying it to an appropriate particle size, or granulate the powdered ion adsorbent into a spherical or pellet form using a granulator, etc. There are methods of granulating with cross-linked gel polysaccharides such as alginate and thickening polysaccharides such as carrageenan, but from the viewpoint of water resistance and water retention, cross-granulation with alginate or the like, or thickening such as carrageenan A method of granulating with stirring with a polysaccharide is preferred.

  Specifically, the ion adsorbent may be in the form of primary particles as a simple substance or a form in which primary particles are combined to form secondary aggregates, but the particle diameter is 0.2 to 10 mm, preferably 0.5 to 5 Granulate to 0 mm. When the particle size of the ion adsorbent is smaller than 0.2 mm, the air permeability is lost while water is retained during irrigation, and it becomes difficult to take in air from the roots. Moreover, when larger than 10 mm, water retention will fall remarkably, or the function which prevents a plant from falling down will fall.

The granulation method using an alginate of an ion adsorbent uses an alginate, its cross-linking agent (polyvalent metal ion), and an ion adsorbent.

  Examples of the alginate include sodium alginate, potassium alginate, ammonium alginate and the like. Examples of polyvalent metal ions are not particularly limited as long as they are basically divalent or higher metal salts that react with alginate to cause gelation, but calcium chloride, barium chloride, strontium chloride, nickel chloride, aluminum chloride , Polyvalent metal chlorides such as iron chloride and cobalt chloride, calcium nitrate, barium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, nitrates of polyvalent metals such as iron nitrate, copper nitrate, cobalt nitrate, calcium lactate, barium lactate, aluminum lactate, lactic acid Examples thereof include lactate salts of polyvalent metals such as zinc, and sulfates of polyvalent metals such as aluminum sulfate, zinc sulfate and cobalt sulfate.

  In granulation using alginate, a fertilizer filler is mixed in an alginate aqueous solution and stirred to form a mixed solution, and the obtained mixed solution is dropped into a polyvalent metal ion aqueous solution to form gelled particles. . The compounding amount of the fertilizer is 2 to 40 parts by mass, preferably 5 to 40 parts by mass, more preferably 5 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the alginate aqueous solution. The concentration of the alginate in the alginate aqueous solution is 0.1 to 5% by mass, preferably 0.2 to 5% by mass, and more preferably 0.5 to 3% by mass. The metal ion concentration of the polyvalent metal ion aqueous solution is 1 to 20% by mass, preferably 2 to 10% by mass, more preferably 5 to 10% by mass.

  For granulation, a granulation method using a binder instead of an alginate can also be used. As the binder, polymer resins (for example, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene, vinyl acetate, cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethyl cellulose), acrylic resins, urethane resins, epoxy resins, etc.), polysaccharides (for example, carrageenan, agar, etc.), Examples include gums (for example, xanthan gum, guar gum, gellan gum, etc.).

  Various methods can be considered for the granulation method using a binder. For example, a method in which a binder and a fertilizer are mixed in a state where the binder is melted, solidified after mixing, and then pulverized to an appropriate size, or a method using a granulator described in JP-A No. 2006-169064 However, it is not limited to these.

  In the present invention, the ion adsorbent is preferably porous from the viewpoint of water retention. Even those that are cross-linked and granulated with alginate and those that are stirred and granulated with thickening polysaccharides such as carrageenan have some water retention, but in order to further increase the water retention of the granulated ion adsorbent, A method is conceivable. For example, a method of making the ion adsorbent itself porous, a method of granulating using a porous water retention filler together with the ion adsorber, and the like are conceivable.

  In order to make the granulated product itself porous, it can be made porous by means such as freeze-drying.

  When using a porous water-retaining filler, the water-retaining filler may be mixed together with the fertilizer-retaining filler during production. As with the fertilizer, the water-retaining filler preferably has a particle size of 0.2 to 10 mm for production.

  Examples of water-retaining fillers include various hydrophilic minerals and inorganic materials such as zeolites, smectite minerals, mica minerals, talc and double hydroxides; porous particulate matter such as foamed glass and porous Metal, porous ceramic, polymer porous body (specifically, polyurethane foam pulverized product, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) foam pulverized product, hydrophilic PE (polyethylene) sintered product pulverized product, etc.), hydrophilic fiber sphere, etc. Can be mentioned.

  In addition to the ion adsorbent and the water-retaining filler, other fillers may be added to the artificial soil of the present invention as necessary. Examples of other fillers include silica, activated carbon, cellulose powder, and vinylon short fibers. These are used for various purposes such as weight increase, color adjustment, and shape retention enhancement. These other fillers are blended together with fertilizer and water retentive filler in an appropriate amount during granulation.

  The amount of the fertilizing filler in the artificial soil of the present invention is 20 to 95% by mass, preferably 30 to 80% by mass, based on the total amount (the amount of the artificial soil that has been gelled and dried). If the amount is less than 20% by mass, the fertilizer is insufficient. When it is more than 95% by mass, water retention tends to be insufficient.

  The amount of the water retention filler in the artificial soil of the present invention is 5 to 70% by mass, preferably 5 to 60% by mass, based on the total amount (also the amount of the artificial soil that has been gelled and dried). If it is less than 5% by mass, the water retention capacity is insufficient. When it is more than 70% by mass, the fertilizer tends to be insufficient.

  Other fillers are blended according to the purpose, and the amount used is not limited, but the amount of other fillers in the artificial soil of the present invention is the whole (also the amount of artificial soil that has been gelled and dried). 90% by mass or less). When it exceeds 90 mass%, fertilizer and water retention will be insufficient.

  The fertilizer component is supported on the granular ion adsorbent obtained as described above. Fertilizer component loading method is a method of immersing in an ionic solution after granulation, a method of mixing fertilizer components such as reagents and commercially available fertilizer at the same time as a filler during granulation, a method of supporting as an ionized substance by chemical reaction during granulation, There are methods that combine these.

Plant growth is primarily an element that requires potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, especially in vegetables, in the form of cations such as K ⁺ and anions such as NO ₃ ⁻ and PO ₄ ³⁻ It is. In addition to these, there are elements necessary for medium amounts such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur, and elements necessary for trace amounts such as manganese and boron.

The ion adsorbent is ion-exchanged with a solution containing elements necessary for these plants to carry a desired fertilizer. There are two types of ion adsorbents, a cation adsorbent and an anion adsorbent. Therefore, when the cation adsorbent is brought into contact with a potassium nitrate solution used as a fertilizer, only potassium ions (K ⁺ ) are adsorbed on the cation adsorbent and nitrate ions (NO ₃ ⁻ ) as anions are not adsorbed. Therefore, in this method, artificial soil carrying only potassium ions (K ⁺ ) is formed. In this example, when an anion adsorbent is used as the ion adsorbent, in the case of potassium nitrate, an artificial soil in which only potassium nitrate (NO ₃ ⁻ ) is adsorbed is formed without adsorbing potassium ion (K ⁺ ). .

Generally, fertilizer components that can be used in this method include potassium nitrate solution (potassium as cation and nitrogen as anion), calcium chloride solution (calcium), calcium dihydrogen phosphate (potassium as cation and phosphoric acid as anion) Ions (phosphorus in the form of PO ₄ ³⁻ ) can be used. When an ion adsorbent and, if necessary, a water-retaining filler are immersed in these aqueous solutions, ion exchange is performed to obtain artificial soil having respective ions.

The artificial soil of the present invention has a total extraction amount of 40 meq / L or more, preferably 50 to 150 meq / L, of root ions such as citric acid of each ion. When the total extraction amount is smaller than 40 meq / L, when used as artificial soil, the fertilization standard 5 to 12 meq / L for fertilizing general soil cannot be satisfied. Fertilizer application standards, for example, at Nara Agricultural Technology Center, K: 10 to 50 Kg / 10a = 2 to 10.6 meq / L, NO ₃ ⁻ : 10 to 50 Kg / 10a = 2 to 8.1 meq / L, (PO ₄ ) ³⁻ : 10 to 35 Kg / 10a = 3 to 11.1 meq / L.

  Since the artificial soil obtained in the present invention is an artificial soil supporting a specific cation or anion necessary for plant growth, the necessary fertilizers, particularly necessary elements, are pinpointed according to the growth state of the plant. It is very useful because it can be fertilized with. Of course, if artificial soil having such pinpoint ions is mixed, artificial soil having two types of ions, or artificial soil having more ions can be easily created. Therefore, fertilization according to each soil or according to the plant species is possible, and the range of use is greatly expanded.

  The artificial soil of the present invention can grow plants only by adding water to the artificial soil, but it can also be used by mixing with other soil components or soil as required.

  In addition, the artificial soil of the present invention naturally has fewer fertilizer components after the end of plant growth, but it can be used by recharging necessary elements as necessary.

  The present invention will be described in more detail based on examples. The present invention should not be construed as being limited to these examples.

Example 1
As a cation adsorbent, 10 g of zeolite (cation exchangeability) was placed in a 0.5 wt% sodium alginate solution and stirred for 3 minutes using a home mixer (“SM-L57” manufactured by Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.). A mixed solution was prepared. Next, the mixed solution was slowly dropped into a 5 wt% calcium chloride aqueous solution as a polyvalent metal ion aqueous solution at a rate of 1 drop / second using a measuring pipette. After the dropped droplets gelled into particles, the gelled particles were collected. The obtained gel particles were immersed in a 5 wt% KNO ₃ aqueous solution for 6 hours with slow stirring to perform ion exchange, then washed thoroughly with water, dried in a dryer at 55 ° C. for 24 hours, and then screen meshed. Artificial soil containing potassium (K ⁺ ) whose particle size was adjusted to 2 mm over and 4 mm under was prepared.

For the resulting artificial soil, the total amount of adsorbed ions was measured by the following method:
Measuring method of total released amount of adsorbed ions in artificial soil The above artificial soil was filled in a measuring cylinder while shaking, and 50 cc was weighed. Next, the artificial soil was filled in a chromato bowl, and 100 cc of ion-exchanged water was poured slowly. After the water flowed down, 100 cc of water was poured again 50 times. Thereafter, 100 cc of citric acid was slowly poured to extract the adsorbed ions in the artificial soil. The extract was filtered through C3 filter paper, and the amount of extracted ions in the filtrate was measured. This extraction operation using citric acid was also repeated 50 times, and the total extraction amount of adsorbed ions was measured.

Examples 2-11
Treat the artificial soil in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the ion adsorbent used, if necessary, other fillers, alginate, cross-linking agent and supported fertilizer components are changed to those shown in Tables 1-2. Formed. Using the obtained artificial soil, the total amount of fertilized ions was examined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 1-2.

Comparative Examples 1-6
Ion adsorption treatment was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the materials listed in Tables 3 and 4 were used. In Comparative Examples 1 to 6, ion adsorption treatment similar to that in Example 1 was performed using other fillers (kaolin clay, silica, sand, foamed glass) without using the ion adsorbent of the present invention. The total amount of fertilization was measured in the same manner as in the examples. The results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

Comparative Example 7
In the comparative example 7, it is an example using a commercially available culture soil (made by Hanakoro, Hana-chan culture soil). Similarly, the total amount of fertilization was measured and the results are shown in Table 4.

Comparative Examples 8-9
In this example, sand and fertilizer are used, and a predetermined amount of the fertilizer described in Table 4 is mixed per 100 cc of sand. Similarly, the total amount of fertilization was measured and the results are shown in Table 4.

(Note 1) Eco-well's artificial zeolite "Ryukyu Light 600"
(Note 2) Bentonite “Kansai Bentonite” manufactured by Kasanen Industry Co., Ltd.
(Note 3) Cation exchange resin: Amberlite IRC-76 made by Organo
(Note 4) Hydrotalcite of reagent manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Note 5) Anion exchange resin: Amberlite IRA400J made by Organo
(Note 6) Kaolin clay manufactured by Showa Chemical Co., Ltd. (Note 7) Silica manufactured by HESS PUMICE (Note 8) Sand: Commercially available standard sand
(Note 9) Trim foam glass (Note 10) Fertilizer 1 Hyponex Magamp K
(Note 11) Fertilizer 2 Konan Shoji Co., Ltd., Dome Lime (middle 12) Wako Pure Chemicals Reagents Sodium Alginate (Note 13) Potassium Alginate: Kimika Algin K-3 from Kimika
(Note 14) Ammonium alginate: Kimika Argin NH-3 manufactured by Kimika

  In the example which does not use the ion adsorbent of the present invention of Comparative Examples 1 to 6, the amount of fertilizer retention (total amount of fertilization) is small and it is difficult to use as a fertilizer. In the commercially available culture soil of Comparative Example 7 and Comparative Examples 8 to 9, a plurality of fertilizer components are already mixed, and any fertilizer component cannot be selected.

  The cationic or anionic fertilizer component-carrying artificial soil of the present invention is an artificial soil carrying only the deficient fertilizer component among the fertilizer components, and it becomes possible to fertilize the deficient component pinpoint. .

Claims (11)

  Artificial soil carrying a cationic fertilizer component in which at least one cation necessary for plant growth is adsorbed on a granulated cation adsorbent.   The artificial soil supporting cationic fertilizer components according to claim 1, wherein the plant can easily absorb cations with root acid.   The cation-based fertilizer component-supported artificial soil according to claim 2, wherein the cation adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of zeolite, smectite, mica, vermiculite, talc, cation exchange resin, humus, and a mixture thereof. The cationic fertilizer component-supported artificial soil according to claim 3, wherein the cation is K ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ , Mo ^2+, or a mixture thereof. The artificial soil supporting cationic fertilizer components according to claim 4, wherein the cation is K ⁺ .   Artificial soil carrying an anionic fertilizer component in which at least one kind of anion necessary for plant growth is adsorbed on a granulated anion adsorbent.   The anionic fertilizer component-carrying artificial soil according to claim 6, wherein the plant can easily absorb anions by root acid.   The anion-based fertilizer component-supporting artificial soil according to claim 7, wherein the anion adsorbent is double hydroxide and double hydroxide, allophane, imogolite, kaolin, anion exchange resin, and a mixture thereof. The anion-based fertilizer component-carrying artificial soil according to claim 8, wherein the anion is NO ₃ ⁻ , PO ₄ ³⁻ , SO ₄ ²⁻ , Cl ⁻ and a mixture thereof. The anion-based fertilizer component-carrying artificial soil according to claim 9, wherein the anion is NO ₃ ^- and PO ₄ ^3- and a mixture thereof.   A fertilizer component-carrying artificial soil comprising the cationic fertilizer component-carrying artificial soil according to claim 1 and the anionic fertilizer component-carrying artificial soil according to claim 6.