JP2013545956A - Heat transfer apparatus and related systems and methods - Google Patents

Abstract

Multiple embodiments of heat transfer devices and related systems and methods are disclosed herein. In one example, the heat transfer system may include a conduit having an input, an output, and a sidewall between the input and the output. Heat can enter the conduit at the input and exit the conduit at the output. The heat transfer system may further include an end cap adjacent to the end of the conduit. The working fluid can be circulated through the conduit using a vaporization condensation cycle. The heat transfer device may include a building structure having the synthetic substrate properties of parallel layers of crystals.

Description

  The present technology relates generally to heat transfer devices and related systems and methods.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority and benefit over US Patent Application No. 61 / 304,403, entitled “FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE”, filed on February 13, 2010. Insist. This application is a US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 857,546, entitled “INCREASING THE EFFICENCE OF OF SUPPLEMENTED OCEAN THERMAL CONVERSION (SOTEC) SYSTEMS” filed on August 16, 2010, US Patent Application No. 12 / 857,228, whose title is “GAS HYDRATE CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR HARVETING HYDROCARBON HYDRATE DEPOSITS”, filed on May 16, each of which is February 2010 Title of the invention filed on the 13th “FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENNC Priority and claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 304,403 Pat is. " U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 857,546 and U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 857,228 are each a continuation of each of the following applications, i.e., on February 17, 2010: US Patent Application No. 12 / 707,651, “ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF THE THEOF”, filed on February 17, 2010, which is the name of the filed invention “ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF THE THEREOF”. PCT application PCT / US10 / 24497, the name of the invention filed on February 17, 2010 is “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING NUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS” No. 12 / 707,653, PCT application PCT / US10 / 24498, February 17, 2010, which is the title of the invention “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROL NUCLATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS” filed on February 17, 2010. U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 707,656, which is the name of the invention filed "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GAS CAPTURE DURING ELECTROLYSIS", and the name of the invention "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR" filed on February 17, 2010 PCT application PCT / US10 / 2 which is "CONTROLLING NUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS" 499, each of which claims priority and benefit to the following applications: a US patent provisional application entitled “FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY” filed on Feb. 17, 2009 No. 61 / 153,253, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61 / 237,476, Feb. 13, 2010, entitled “ELECTROLYZER AND ENERGY INDEPENDENCE TECHNOLOGIES”, filed on August 27, 2009 No. 61 / 304,403 of US Provisional Application No. 61 / 304,403 which is “FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE”. Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference.

  The heat pipe transfers heat between the heat source and the heat sink by utilizing a gas-liquid phase change of the working fluid. For example, a working fluid surrounded by a conventional heat pipe contacts and absorbs heat from the hot interface so that the working fluid changes to a gas phase. Vapor pressure moves the gaseous working fluid through a conduit to the cold interface where it is condensed to the liquid phase. The cold interface absorbs latent heat from the phase change and removes the latent heat from this system. The liquid phase working fluid is then returned to the hot interface using capillary action or gravity to continue the vaporization condensation cycle.

  Heat pipes are generally capable of transporting large amounts of heat with relatively small temperature gradients and no mechanical moving parts. Therefore, the heat pipe can provide an efficient heat transfer means. However, non-condensable gases can diffuse through the walls of the heat pipe, thereby creating impurities in the working fluid that reduce the efficiency of the heat pipe. In addition, extreme temperatures can stop the vaporization condensation cycle. For example, extreme heat can prevent the working fluid from condensing, while extreme cold can prevent the working fluid from vaporizing. Therefore, there is a need to improve the efficiency and adaptability of the heat pipe and utilize the resulting thermal energy.

US patent application (Attorney Docket No. 69545-8701US) US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 857,515 US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 857,228 US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 857,546 US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 857,228 US patent application (Attorney Docket No. 69545-8801US1)

1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heat transfer device configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heat transfer device configured in accordance with another embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heat transfer device configured in accordance with another embodiment of the present technology. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heat transfer device operating in a first direction according to a further embodiment of the present technology. FIG. FIG. 3B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the heat transfer device in FIG. 3A operating in a second direction opposite to the first direction. 1 is a schematic plan view of a heat transfer device configured according to an embodiment of the present technology. 1 is a schematic plan view of a heat transfer device configured according to an embodiment of the present technology. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heat transfer device configured in accordance with an additional embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system in an exemplary environment according to one embodiment of the present technology. FIG. FIG. 5B is an enlarged operation diagram of a part of the heat transfer system of FIG. 5A. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary environmental heat transfer system according to another embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 6B is an enlarged operation diagram of a part of the heat transfer system of FIG. 6A. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system in an exemplary environment according to yet another embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 7B is an enlarged operation diagram of a part of the heat transfer system in FIG. 7A. FIG. 7B is an enlarged operation diagram of a part of the heat transfer system in FIG. 7A. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system in an exemplary environment according to yet another embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system in an exemplary environment according to a further embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system in an exemplary environment according to a further embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary environmental heat transfer system according to an additional embodiment of the present technology. It is the enlarged view in the detail 9B of FIG. 9A. FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heat transfer device configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system 1100 shown in a representative environment according to yet another embodiment of the present technology.

  The present disclosure describes a heat transfer apparatus and related systems, assemblies, components, and methods related thereto. For example, some embodiments described below generally describe a heat transfer device that includes a working fluid or a combination of working fluids that transfer heat utilizing a vaporization-condensation cycle. . As used herein, the term working fluid can include any fluid that operates a heat transfer device. In one embodiment, for example, the working fluid is water. In other examples, the working fluid may include ammonia, methanol, and / or other suitable working fluids selected based on the available fluids of the heat transfer device and the desired output. In addition, some examples described below refer to vaporized condensation cycles that change the working fluid between the gas phase and the liquid phase. As used herein, the term vaporization condensation cycle is broadly interpreted to refer to any phase change in the working fluid that results in heat transfer.

  Certain details are set forth in the following description and in FIGS. 1-11 to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the present disclosure. However, well-known structures and systems often associated with heat transfer devices and / or details of other parts that describe other aspects of the heating and cooling system may not unnecessarily obscure the description of various embodiments of the present disclosure. It is not described below for the sake of clarity. Accordingly, it will be understood that some of the details described below are provided to describe those embodiments in a manner sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the disclosed embodiments. . However, some details and advantages described below may not be necessary to perform some embodiments in this disclosure. Many of the details, dimensions, angles, shapes, and other features shown in the figures are merely illustrative of specific embodiments in the present disclosure. Accordingly, other embodiments can have other details, dimensions, angles, and features without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art will also realize that further embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without some of the details described below.

  Throughout this specification, with reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment,” a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment is at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. It means that it is included in Thus, throughout this specification, every occurrence of the phrase “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” in various places does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics described with reference to the particular embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more other embodiments. Furthermore, the headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not clarify the scope or meaning of the claimed disclosure.

  FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heat transfer device 100 (“device 100”) configured in accordance with one embodiment of the present technology. As shown in FIG. 1, the apparatus 100 may include a conduit 102 having an input 104, an output 106 facing the input 104, and a sidewall 120 between the input 104 and the output 106. The apparatus 100 can further include a first end cap 108 at the input 104 and a second end cap 110 at the output 106. The apparatus 100 can enclose a working fluid 122 (indicated by an arrow) that changes between the gas phase 122a and the liquid phase 122b during a vapor condensation cycle.

  In selected embodiments, the apparatus 100 may include one or more architectural structures 112. The building structure 112 is a synthetic matrix characteristic of crystals composed primarily of graphene, graphite, boron nitride, and / or other suitable crystals. The composition and processing of these crystals severely affects the properties exhibited by the building structure 112 when the building structure 112 experiences certain conditions. For example, as will be described in more detail below, the apparatus 100 is an architectural structure for the purposes of thermal properties, capillarity properties, sorbent properties, catalytic properties, and electromagnetic, optical, and acoustic properties. The object 112 can be used. As shown in FIG. 1, the building structure 112 may be configured as a plurality of substantially parallel layers 114 that are spaced apart from each other by a gap 116. In various embodiments, the plurality of layers 114 can be as thin as one atom. In other embodiments, the thickness of the individual layers 114 may be greater than one atom and / or less than one atom, and the width of the gap 116 between the layers 114. Can change. A method of manufacturing and constructing a building structure, such as the building structure 112 shown in FIG. 1, is filed concurrently with this application and is entitled “ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCT HAVING FOR EXAMPLE”, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A PLURALITY OF ARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS "(Attorney Docket No. 69545-8701US) (Patent Document 1).

  As shown in FIG. 1, the first end cap 108 is adjacent to a heat source (not shown) such that the first end cap 108 acts as a hot interface for vaporizing the working fluid 122. Can be attached. Accordingly, the first end cap 108 can include a material having high thermal conductivity and / or permeability to absorb or deliver heat from a heat source. In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, for example, the first end cap 108 includes a building structure 112 made from a thermally conductive crystal (eg, graphene). The building structure 112 has its heat by configuring the plurality of layers 114 to have a dense thermally conductive path that is substantially parallel to (for example, formed by, the plurality of layers 114) the heat inflow. It can be configured to increase conductivity. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the plurality of layers 114 substantially match the incoming heat flow such that heat enters the building structure 112 between the plurality of layers 114. This configuration exposes the maximum surface area of the plurality of layers 114 to its heat, thereby increasing the heat absorbed by the building structure 112. Conveniently, the building structure 112 conducts and / or radiates more heat per unit area than pure silver, raw graphite, copper, or aluminum, despite having a much lower density than metal. Can communicate.

  As further shown in FIG. 1, the second end cap 110 is removed from the device 100 so that the second end cap 110 serves as a cold interface for condensing the working fluid 122 (FIG. 1). (Not shown). The second end cap 110, like the first end cap 108, has a high thermal conductivity and / or permeability material to absorb and / or transfer latent heat from the working fluid 122 (eg, , Copper, aluminum). Accordingly, the second end cap 110 can include a building structure 112, like the first end cap 108. However, rather than putting heat into the device 100 as the first end cap 108, the second end cap 110 can carry latent heat out of the device 100. In various embodiments, the building structures 112 of the first end cap 108 and the second end cap 110 are made from similar materials and / or configured to have substantially similar thermal conductivity. Can be done. In other examples, the building structure 112 may include different materials, may be arranged in different directions, and / or have the ability to carry different heats that would otherwise include the desired conductivity and transmittance. Configured to bring about. In a further embodiment, neither the first end cap 108 nor the second end cap 110 includes a building structure 112.

  In selected embodiments, the first end cap 108 and / or the second end cap 110 can include portions that result from altering thermal conductivity. For example, a portion of the first end cap 108 adjacent to the conduit 102 may be a highly thermally conductive material (eg, a building structure) such that the portion absorbs heat from the heat source and vaporizes the working fluid 122. 112 may include copper, etc., configured to promote thermal conductivity. Other portions of the first end cap 108 spaced from the conduit 102 may include materials that are less thermally conductive to insulate the highly conductive portion. In some embodiments, for example, the insulating portion may be made of ceramic fibers, a sealed insulating air layer, and / or other materials or structures having a high radiation absorption coefficient and / or low thermal conductivity. May be included. In other embodiments, the insulating portion of the first end cap 108 may be a thermally conductive path of low density (e.g., the plurality of layers 114 may be such that the path has a low effectiveness for conductive heat transfer. Building structures 112 may be included that are configured to include (separated by a large gap 116).

  In other embodiments, the construction of the building structure 112 can be configured to the dimensions of the device 100, the temperature difference between the heat source and the heat sink, the desired heat transfer, the working fluid 122, and / or other suitable heat transfer characteristics. Based on this, the configuration shown in FIG. 1 may be changed. For example, a building structure 112 having a smaller surface area may be suitable for microscopic applications in the device 100 and / or a high temperature differential, while a building structure 112 having a larger surface area is a macroscopic of the device 100. May be better suited for different applications and / or higher heat transfer rates. Also, the thermal conductivity of the building structure 112 is a coating with multiple layers 114 having a dark coating to enhance heat absorption and having a light colored coating to reflect heat and thereby reduce heat absorption. The plurality of layers 114 can be changed.

  With further reference to FIG. 1, the apparatus 100 can return the liquid phase 122 b of the working fluid 122 to the input unit 104 by the action of capillary action. Accordingly, the side wall 120 of the conduit 102 may include a wick structure that applies capillary pressure to the liquid phase 122b to move the liquid phase 122b toward a desired position (eg, the input 104). For example, the sidewall 120 includes cellulose, ceramic wicking material, sintered or bonded metal powder, nanofibers, and / or other suitable wick structures, ie, materials that provide capillary action. be able to.

  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the building structure 112 is configured to apply the necessary capillary pressure to coincide with the longitudinal axis 118 of the conduit 102 and to direct the liquid phase 122b of the working fluid 122 to the input 104. The The composition, impurity element (dopant), spacing, and / or thickness in the plurality of layers 114 may be selected based on the surface tension required to bring capillary action to the working fluid 122. Advantageously, the building structure 112 can apply sufficient capillary pressure to the liquid phase 122b to move the working fluid 122 to short and long distances (eg, millimeters to kilometers). In addition, in selected embodiments, the surface tension of the plurality of layers 114 can be handled such that the building structure 112 does not accept a preset fluid. For example, the building structure 112 may be configured to have a surface tension that does not accept any liquid other than the liquid phase 122b of the working fluid 122. In such an embodiment, the building structure 112 functions as a filter that prevents any fluid other than the working fluid 122 (eg, fluid contaminated by impurities diffused into the conduit 102) from interfering with the vaporization condensation cycle. Can do.

  In other embodiments, the selective capillary action of the building structure 112 separates the material at a much lower temperature than conventional distillation techniques. Faster separation of materials by the building structure 112 can reduce or eliminate the material degradation caused if the material reaches a higher temperature in the device 100. For example, potentially harmful substances can be removed from the working fluid 122 by selective capillary action of the building structure 112 before the working fluid 122 reaches a higher temperature adjacent to the input 104.

  The conduit 102, the first end cap 108 and the second end cap 110 can be sealed together using suitable fasteners that are resistant to temperature differences in the device 100. In other embodiments, the device 100 is integrally formed. For example, the device 100 may be molded using one or more materials. A vacuum can be used to remove any air in the conduit 102 and the conduit 102 can then be filled with a small amount of working fluid 122 selected to meet the operating temperature.

  In operation, the device 100 transfers heat using a vaporization condensation cycle of the working fluid 122. More specifically, the first end cap 108 can absorb heat from a heat source, and the working fluid 122 consequently absorbs heat from the first end cap 108 to create a gas phase 122a. be able to. The pressure differential caused by the phase change of the working fluid 122 moves the gas phase 122a of the working fluid 122 to fill the available space and thus deliver the working fluid 122 through the conduit 102 to the output 104. In the output part 104, the 2nd end cap 110 can absorb heat from the working fluid 122, and can change the working fluid 122 into the liquid phase 122b. The latent heat from the condensation of the working fluid 122 can be transferred out of the device 100 via the second end cap 110. In general, the heat flow into the first end cap 108 is substantially equal to the heat removed by the second end cap 110. As further shown in FIG. 1, capillarity caused by the building structure 112 or other wick structure can return the liquid phase 122 b of the working fluid 122 to the input 104. In selected embodiments, the ends of the plurality of layers 114 may facilitate the entry of the liquid phase 122b between the plurality of layers 114 and / or the gas phase 122b of the liquid phase 122b at the input 104. It can be tilted towards a staggered arrangement or conduit 102 to facilitate conversion to. At the input 104, the working fluid 122 can again evaporate and continue to circulate through the conduit 102 by a vaporization condensation cycle.

  The apparatus 100 can also operate the vaporization condensation cycle described above in the reverse direction. For example, when the heat source and heat sink are reversed, the first end cap 108 can serve as a cold interface and the second end cap 110 can serve as a hot interface. Accordingly, in the input unit 104 and the output unit 106, the working fluid 122 adjacent to the second end cap 110 is vaporized, the working fluid 122 adjacent to the first end cap 108 is condensed, and the working fluid 122 is converted into the sidewall 120. Back to the second end cap 110 using the capillary action given by The reversibility of the device 100 allows the device 100 to be installed regardless of the location of the heat source and heat sink. In addition, the apparatus 100 can accommodate environments where the location of the heat source and heat sink can be reversed. For example, as described further below, the device 100 can operate in one direction to utilize solar energy during the summer, and the device 100 is stored during the winter and during the previous summer. The direction can be reversed to take advantage of the heat.

  Embodiments of the apparatus 100 that include the building structure 112 in the first end cap 108 and / or the second end cap 110 have a higher thermal conductivity per unit area than conventional conductors. This increased thermal conductivity can increase the process rate and the temperature difference between the first end cap 108 and the second end cap 110, resulting in greater and more efficient heat transfer. In addition, embodiments that include the building structure 112 in the first end cap 108 and / or the second end cap 110 have less surface area to absorb the heat required to perform the vaporization condensation cycle. do not need. Thus, the device 100 can be more compact than conventional heat pipes that transfer the same amount of heat, resulting in significant cost savings.

  With further reference to FIG. 1, in various embodiments, the apparatus 100 includes a liquid reservoir that is in liquid communication with the conduit 102 such that the liquid reservoir 124 can collect and store at least a portion of the working fluid 122. 124 may further be included. As shown in FIG. 1, the liquid reservoir 124 may be coupled to the input 104 of the conduit 102 via a pipe or other suitable tubular structure. Therefore, the liquid phase 122b can flow into the liquid storage tank 124 from the side wall 102 (for example, the building structure 112, the wick structure, etc.). In other embodiments, the liquid reservoir 124 is in liquid communication with other portions of the conduit 102 (eg, the output 106) such that the liquid reservoir 124 collects the working fluid 122 in the gas phase 122a or mixed phase. .

  The liquid reservoir 124 allows the device 100 to operate in at least two modes: a heat accumulation mode (hereinafter “heat accumulation mode”) and a mode for transferring heat (hereinafter “heat transfer mode”). to enable. By passing the working fluid 122 from the conduit 102 to the liquid reservoir 124 during the heat accumulation mode, the vaporization condensation cycle of the working fluid 122 may be slowed or stopped. The first end cap 108 can function as a thermal accumulator that absorbs heat without dissipating the heat accumulated in the vaporization condensation cycle. After the first end cap 108 accumulates the desired amount of heat and / or the heat source (eg, the sun) no longer supplies heat, the device 100 sends the working fluid 122 to the conduit 102. Can change to heat transfer mode. The heat stored in the first end cap 108 can vaporize the incoming working fluid 122, causing the gas phase 122a to move toward the output 106 of the conduit 102 due to the pressure difference, and the vaporization condensation cycle described above. Can be resumed. In some embodiments, resumption of the vaporization condensation cycle may be monitored to analyze the characteristics (eg, composition, vapor pressure, latent heat, efficiency) of the working fluid 122.

  As shown in FIG. 1, a controller is used to adjust the rate at which working fluid 122 enters conduit 102 and / or to adjust the volume of working fluid 122 flowing into or out of conduit 102. 126 may be operably coupled to the liquid reservoir 124. The controller 126 can thereby change the pressure in the conduit 102 so that the device 100 can operate at various temperature differences between the heat source and the sink. Thus, the apparatus 100 can provide a constant heat flux despite a degraded heat source (eg, the first end cap 108) or intermittent vaporization condensation cycle.

  2A and 2B are schematic cross-sectional views of a heat transfer device 200 (“device 200”) according to another embodiment of the present technology. Some features of the device 200 are substantially similar to the features of the device 100 shown in FIG. For example, each device 200 can include a conduit 102, a sidewall 120, a first end cap 108 and a second end cap 110. The apparatus 200 also transfers heat from the heat source to the heat sink utilizing a vaporization condensation cycle of the working fluid 122 that is substantially similar to that described with reference to FIG. In addition, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the apparatus 200 can further include a liquid reservoir 124 and a controller 126 so that the apparatus 200 can operate in a heat accumulation mode and a heat transfer mode.

  The apparatus 200 shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B can return the liquid phase 122b of the working fluid 122 to the input unit 104 using gravity instead of the capillary phenomenon described in FIG. Thus, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the heat inflow is lower than the heat output, allowing gravity to move the liquid phase 122b down the sidewall 120 to the input 104. . Thus, as shown in FIG. 2A, the sidewall 120 need only include an impermeable membrane 228 to seal the working fluid 122 in the conduit 102, rather than the wick structure required for capillary action. The impermeable membrane 228 can be made from polymers such as polyethylene, metals or metal alloys such as copper and stainless steel, and / or other suitable impermeable materials. In other embodiments, the device 200 may provide other sources of acceleration (e.g., centrifugal force) to return the liquid phase 122b to the input 104 so that the positions of the input 104 and output 106 are not gravity dependent. (Capillary phenomenon) may be used.

  As shown in FIG. 2B, in other embodiments, the sidewall 120 can further include a building structure 112. For example, the building structure 112 may be arranged such that the plurality of layers 114 are oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 118 of the conduit 102 to form a thermally conductive passage that transfers heat away from the conduit 102. it can. Thus, as the liquid phase 122b flows along the sidewall 120, the building structure 112 can draw heat from the liquid phase 122b away from the sidewall 120 of the device 200 along the plurality of layers 114. This can increase the temperature difference between the input 104 and the output 106 to increase the rate of heat transfer and / or the vaporization condensation cycle when the temperature gradient is otherwise insufficient. Can be promoted. In other embodiments, the plurality of layers 114 may be oriented at different angles with respect to the longitudinal axis 118 to transfer heat in different directions. In some embodiments, the building structure 112 may be located radially outward of the impermeable membrane 228. In other embodiments, the impermeable membrane 228 may be radially outward of the building structure 112, or the building structure 112 itself may be sufficient to seal the working fluid 122 in the conduit 102. May be provided with an impermeable wall.

  The first end cap 108 and the second end cap 110 shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B can also include a building structure 112. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the plurality of layers 114 of the building structure 112 substantially coincides with the direction of heat input and heat output to provide a thermally conductive path for efficient heat transfer. In addition, the first end cap 108 and / or the building structure 112 of the second end cap 110 may be configured to apply capillary pressure to certain materials entering and exiting the conduit. For example, the composition, spacing, dopant, and / or thickness of the plurality of layers 114 of the building structure 112 can be adjusted to selectively extract a particular material between the plurality of layers 114. In selected embodiments, the building structure 112 may include the first to selectively remove two or more desired materials from the conduit 102 and / or to selectively add two or more desired materials. A first area of the plurality of layers 114 configured for the material and a second area of the plurality of layers 114 configured for the second material may be provided.

In a further embodiment, the second end cap 110 can utilize the sorption characteristics of the building structure 112 to selectively load a desired component of the working fluid 122 between the plurality of layers 114. . The construction of the building structure 112 can be manipulated to obtain the surface tension that is essential for loading almost any element or soluble material. For example, the plurality of layers 114 may be pre-loaded with a predetermined dopant or material to adjust the surface tension of adsorption along these surfaces. In some embodiments, the plurality of layers 114 may be pre-incorporated with CO _{2, such} that when the heat is released through the second end cap 110, the building structure 112 may receive CO ₂ from the working fluid 122. Can be examined selectively. In other embodiments, the plurality of layers 114 may be spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance, include some type of coating, and / or otherwise selectively contain desired components. Configured to add. In some embodiments, the desired component is adsorbed on the surface of the individual layers 114, while in other embodiments, the desired component is absorbed into the area between the layers 114. In a further example, material can be intentionally provided into the conduit 102 from the input 104 (eg, through the first end cap 108), such that the additional material produces the desired components. , May be combined with the working fluid 122 or may react with the working fluid 122. Thus, the building structure 112 in the second end cap 110 can facilitate selective investigation of components. In addition, the building structure 112 may have entered the conduit 102 and may remove impurities and / or other undesirable soluble materials that potentially interfere with the efficiency of the device 200.

  Similarly, in selected embodiments, the building structure 112 in the first end cap 110 can selectively add desired compounds and / or elements to further prevent them from entering the conduit 102. . For example, the building structure 112 may filter out paraffin that may interfere with or otherwise interfere with the heat transfer of the device 200. In other embodiments, the device 200 may include other filters that can be used to prevent certain materials from entering the conduit 102.

  Also, as with the selective addition of compounds and elements, the building structure 112 in the first end cap 108 and the second end cap 110 can be configured to absorb radiant energy of the desired wavelength. . For example, the plurality of layers 114 can have a certain thickness, composition, and spacing to absorb radiant energy of a particular wavelength. In selected embodiments, the building structure 112 absorbs radiant energy of the first wavelength, converts radiant energy of the first wavelength to radiant energy of the second wavelength, and at least a portion of the absorbed energy. Retransmit. For example, the plurality of layers 114 may be configured to absorb ultraviolet radiation and convert the ultraviolet radiation to infrared radiation.

  In addition, the plurality of layers 114 may catalyze the reaction by transferring heat to the area where the reaction will occur. In other implementations, the plurality of layers 114 catalyze the reaction by transferring heat away from the area where the reaction will occur. For example, heat can be conductively transferred to the plurality of layers 114 to supply heat to the endothermic reaction in the support tubes of the plurality of layers 114 (eg, the title of the invention filed on August 16, 2010) As described in US Pat. No. 6,057,059, “APPARATUSES AND METHODS FOR STORING AND / OR FILTERING A SUBSTANCE”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some implementations, the plurality of layers 114 catalyze the reaction by removing the product of the reaction from the area where the reaction will occur. For example, the plurality of layers 114 absorb alcohol from a biochemical reaction in the central support tube where alcohol is a byproduct, thereby driving the alcohol to the outer edge of the plurality of layers 114 and participating in the biochemical reaction. The lifetime of microorganisms can be extended.

  FIG. 3A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heat transfer device 300 (“device 300”) operating in a first direction according to a further embodiment of the present technology, and FIG. 3B is a second view opposite to the first direction. 3B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the apparatus 300 of FIG. 3A operating in a direction. Some features of the device 300 are substantially similar to the features of the device 100 and the device 200 shown in FIGS. 1-2B. For example, the apparatus 300 can include a conduit 102, a first end cap 108 and a second end cap 110, and a building structure 112. As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the side wall 120 of the apparatus 300 can comprise two building structures 112, ie, a first layer having a plurality of layers 114 oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis 118 of the conduit 102. One building structure 112a and a second building structure 112b radially inward from the first building structure 112a and having a plurality of layers 114 oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 118. . The plurality of layers 114 of the first building structure 112a can perform capillary action, and the plurality of layers 114 of the second building structure 112b can conduct heat away from the sides of the conduit 102. Sex passages can be formed, thereby increasing the temperature difference between the input 104 and the output 106.

  Similar to the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1, the apparatus 300 can still operate when the direction of heat flow changes and the input 104 and output 106 are reversed. As shown in FIG. 3A, for example, the apparatus 300 absorbs heat at the first end cap 108, vaporizes the working fluid 122 at the input 104, and heats through the conduit 102 by the gas phase 122a of the working fluid 122. It can transfer and expel heat from the second end cap 110 to condense the working fluid 122 at the output 106. As further shown in FIG. 3A, the liquid phase 122b of the working fluid 122 may move between the layers 114 of the first building structure 112b by capillary action, as described above with reference to FIG. it can. In other examples, the sidewall 120 may include a different capillary structure (eg, cellulose) that can move the liquid phase 122b from the output 106 to the input 104. As shown in FIG. 3B, the conditions can be reversed so that heat enters the device 300 adjacent to the second end cap 110 and heat exits from the device 300 adjacent to the first end cap 108. Advantageously, as described above, the bi-directional vaporization condensation cycle of the working fluid 122 corresponds to an environment where the position of the heat source and the position of the heat sink are reversed.

  4A to 4C are schematic views of heat transfer devices 400A to 400C configured according to embodiments of the present technology, respectively. Referring to FIGS. 4A-4C together, some features of devices 400A-400C are substantially similar to features of device 100, device 200, and device 300 shown in FIGS. 1-3B. For example, devices 400A-400C include conduit 102, first end cap 108 and second end cap 110, building structure 112, and liquid reservoir 124 (for clarity, FIGS. 4A and 4B). (Reference numerals are not shown). The devices 400A to 400C shown in FIGS. 4A to 4C rotate at an angular velocity ω and thus receive a centrifugal force. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, devices 400A-400B can be spaced apart from rotational axis 430. FIG. Referring to FIG. 4A, for example, when the heat inflow is radially outward from the heat output (ie, the input is radially outward from the output), the device 400A utilizes centrifugal force. The liquid phase 122b of the working fluid 122 can be returned to the input unit 104 radially outward. When the heat output is radially outward from the heat input as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, the device 400B uses capillary action or another force to overcome the centripetal force and cause the liquid phase 122b to move radially inward. You must move to the input section.

  As shown in FIG. 4C, in other embodiments, the rotational axis 430 can be spaced along the length of the device 400C. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4C, heat enters device 400C at both first end cap 108 and second end cap 110, and heat exits device 400C at axis of rotation 430. As shown in FIG. 4A, this configuration creates a double vaporization-condensation cycle of the working fluid 122. For example, the working fluid 122 moves through the conduit 102 until the working fluid 122 reaches the rotational axis 430. From there, the device 400C expels the output fluid 106 so that the working fluid 122 is condensed and returned to the input device 104 by centripetal force. In other embodiments, input 104 and output 106 are reversed so that the double vaporization condensation cycle operates in the opposite manner as shown in FIG. 4C.

  In operation, the devices 400A-400C shown in FIGS. 4A-4C can perform heat transfer in a rotating environment, such as a windmill, wheels, and / or other rotating devices. In some embodiments, devices 400A-400C can be installed in a centrifuge. The working fluid 122 may be plasma, blood, and / or other bodily fluids, and the building structure 112 measures component levels and / or selectively selects components of bodily fluids to aid in diagnosis. It may be included in the second end cap 110 for inspection. In other examples, devices 400A-400C can utilize other features of building structure 112 in connection with the rotating environment.

  FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system 500 (“system 500”) shown in a representative environment according to one embodiment of the present technology, and FIG. 5B is an expanded operation of a portion of the system 500 of FIG. 5A. FIG. The system 500 connects a solar collector 552 adjacent to the surface of a water body such as the ocean, a movable pickup bell 554 adjacent to a gas hydrate layer 553, and a solar collector 552 and bell 554. Accessory 556 may be included. The appendage 556 may include a heat transfer device 550 (“device 550”) having features substantially similar to the device 100 described above with reference to FIG. For example, as shown in FIG. 5B, the device 550 can move the gas phase 122a of the working fluid 122 down the conduit 102 and return the liquid phase 122b by capillary action. In other embodiments, the liquid phase may be returned to the input 104 using other suitable methods.

  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5A, the device 550 can be utilized to transfer heat from the solar collector 552 to the bell 554 to heat the gas hydrate layer 553. The heated gas hydrate layer 553 can release gas hydrate (eg, methane hydrate) to the methane recovery director 560 above the conduit 558. Thus, the system 500 can utilize solar energy and transmit the solar energy via the device 550 to the methane hydrate layer 553, causing the emission of methane hydrate. Further, the operation of such a system for collecting methane hydrate is described in Patent Document 3 which is the title of the invention filed on August 16, 2010, “GAS HYDRATE CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR HARVETING HYDROCARBON HYDRATE DEPOSITS”. This constitutes part of this specification in its entirety by reference.

  The heating of water, which is a product of gas hydrate decomposition, is disclosed in Patent Document 4 disclosed in the patent document 4 entitled “INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF SUPPLEMENTED OCEAN THERMARY CONVERSION (SOTEC) SYSTEM” filed on August 16, 2010. It is also contemplated that this can be accomplished using systems such as those that are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth herein. In this case, it is suitably intended to evaporate such collected water for further energy conversion and purification of the water collected first in connection with the decomposition of the gas hydrate.

  FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system 600 (“system 600”) shown in another exemplary environment according to one embodiment of the present technology, and FIG. 6B is an enlarged view of a portion of the system 600 of FIG. 6A. FIG. System 600 can include a heat transfer device 650 (“device 650”) that absorbs heat from geothermal formation 660 and expels the heat to a factory, building, or other structure 662. Apparatus 650 may be substantially similar to apparatus 200 described with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B. For example, as shown in FIG. 6B, the device 650 moves the gas phase 122a of the working fluid 122 upwardly over the conduit 102 and hot interfaces the liquid phase 122b with gravity (eg, a first end cap 108 not shown). Can be returned to. In operation, the device 650 can capture the thermal energy provided by the geothermal layer 660 and transfer the thermal energy to the structure 662 where the structure 662 is used to provide heat, electricity supply, and / or Thermal energy transferred to structure 662 in other ways can be utilized. In other embodiments, the system 600 can be used to transfer heat away from the structure 662 and / or other layers. For example, system 600 allows structure 662 to transfer heat to device 650 and transfer this heat to another structure, engine, and / or other location spaced from structure 662. It may be installed. As another example, system 600 may be installed such that device 650 transfers heat into a heat sink (eg, an external space) that is remote from the permafrost and is not adversely affected by additional heat.

  FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system 700 (“system 700”) shown in yet another exemplary environment according to one embodiment of the present technology, and FIGS. 7B and 7C are diagrams of the system 700 of FIG. 7A. It is a partial enlarged operation diagram. System 700 includes devices 100 and 300 as described above with reference to FIGS. 1, 3A, and 3B so that heat transfer device 750 (“device 750”) can operate a vaporization condensation cycle in both directions. A device 750 can be included that includes features that are substantially similar. For example, as shown in FIG. 7B, under the first condition, the device 750 moves the gas phase 122a of the working fluid 122 down the conduit 102 and returns the liquid phase 122b back to the hot interface by capillary action. Can do. As shown in FIG. 7C, under the second condition, the device 750 moves the gas phase 122a of the working fluid 122 back up the conduit 102 and uses capillary action and / or gravity to cause a liquid phase. 122b can be returned to the hot interface.

  The bi-directional system 700 can be used in environments using reversal or other methods of changing temperature differences. As shown in FIG. 7A, for example, the system 700 can operate under a first condition to absorb solar energy via a solar collector 766 during warmer seasons. The aquifer 768 located at the output 106 of the conduit 102 functions as a natural thermal accumulator that can store heat transferred from the system 700 to the aquifer 768. As the season changes, the system 700 reverses direction and operates under a second condition to transfer the heat of the aquifer 768 and transfer stored heat to the mill 767 and / or heat energy. Communicate to other available structures or equipment. Thus, the dual direction system 700 provides an efficient way to capture solar energy and store it for later use (eg, electricity during winter). In addition, in some embodiments, a portion of the device 750 at the aquifer 768 (eg, the first end cap or the second end cap described above) is a building structure (eg, the building structure described above). 112), and the building structure can use its capillaries and / or sorption properties to selectively filter and remove toxins from the aquifer, thereby removing the previously dangerous aquifer. to repair.

  FIG. 7D is a schematic diagram of the system 700 shown in FIGS. 7A-7C in another exemplary environment according to one embodiment of the present technology. As shown in FIG. 7D, the device 750 can be installed between a dwelling 780 and an isolated structure 782 in the ground surface. The insulated structure 782 can be filled with sand, gravel, rock, water, and / or other suitable materials that can absorb and store heat. In operation, the system 700 can absorb heat using the solar collector 784, transfer heat to the insulated structure 782 via the device 750, and store the heat within the insulated structure 782. . The heat stored in the insulated structure 782 can later be used to provide heat or other forms of energy to the dwelling 780. Thus, as described above, the interactive system 700 provides an efficient way to store heat for later use.

  FIG. 8A is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary environmental heat transfer system 800a (“system 800a”) according to a further embodiment of the present technology. System 800a can include a heat transfer device 850 ("device 850") having features that are substantially similar to the devices described above. For example, as shown in FIG. 8A, the device 850 can comprise a building structure 112 with a plurality of layers 114 disposed orthogonal to the sidewalls 120 for heat transfer away from the conduit 102. As shown in FIG. 8A, the system 800a can also include one or more external conduits 890 disposed along at least a portion of the device 850. The external conduit 890 can include an opening 891 that is in fluid communication with the environment outside the device 850. In some embodiments, the conduit 890 can be made from the building structure 112 and configured to selectively inhale the desired material from the outside of the conduit 102. For example, the building structure 112 can move a preselected liquid through an external conduit 890 using capillary action and / or absorbs a preselected component from the liquid using sorption characteristics. can do. The preselected liquid and / or components may be collected in a harvest located along any portion of the external conduit 890 (eg, adjacent to any of the end caps). In other embodiments, the external conduit 890 is made from other materials (eg, plastic tubes, wick structures, etc.) to draw in chemicals, minerals, and / or other materials from outside the device 850. May be.

  As shown in FIG. 8A, the system 800a absorbs heat from at least two heat sources spaced apart from each other and expels heat toward a single heat sink, resulting in two vaporizations in the device 850. A condensation cycle can be generated. In the example illustrated in FIG. 8A, for example, the device 850 is installed between a positive heat collector 882 and a submarine geothermal layer 884 and releases heat with a submarine heat sink (eg, adjacent to the ocean floor 886). Thus, the system 800a includes one vaporization condensation cycle spaced above the ocean floor 886 and one spaced apart below the ocean floor 886. Advantageously, the heat output from the two vaporization condensation cycles can be combined to generate a heat output from system 800a that is greater than either of the cycles can individually. In selected embodiments, the system 800a captures thermal energy released from the device 850 above or below the water surface to provide power to the turbine, another engine, and / or other suitable device. Can do.

  The system 800a has an increased dual vaporization condensation cycle as described in, for example, Patent Document 5, which is the title of the invention filed on August 16, 2010, "GAS HYDRATE CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR HARVETING HYROCARBON HYDRATE DEPOSITS". The heat output can also be used to release gas hydrate (eg, methane hydrate) from the current state of gas hydrate (ie, ice crystals). As shown in FIG. 8A, for example, the system 800a can be positioned adjacent to a layer of gas hydrate 888 at the ocean floor 886, and the heat output of the system 800a increases the local temperature of the layer 888. Gas hydrate ice crystals can be melted and gas hydrate released. The gas hydrate can be drawn into the harvest through an external conduit 890, where the gas hydrate can be used for fuel, feedstock, and / or other suitable applications. In some embodiments, carbon dioxide can move the gas hydrate released through outer conduit 890. In other embodiments, the building structure 112 can be configured to selectively suck up gas hydrate using capillary action. In other embodiments, the gas hydrate can be pumped through the outer conduit 890 by a pump and / or other suitable liquid drive device.

  Advantageously, the increased heat output of the system 800a can increase the local temperature of the layer 888 faster and higher than a single vaporized condensation cycle system, and can accommodate gas hydrates more efficiently. . In addition, as shown in FIG. 8A, heat transferred outward from the building structure 112 located on the side wall 120 of the conduit 102 transfers additional heat to the layer 888 to further promote gas hydrate release. can do. The increased heat output of the system 800a can also increase the local temperature in the greater range of the layer 888. For example, in some embodiments, the system 800a warms several square miles of layers 888 at a time. Thus, the dual vapor condensation cycle increases the area of influence that the system 800a can have on the layer 888.

  FIG. 8B is a schematic diagram of an exemplary environmental heat transfer system 800b ("system 800b") according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. System 800b may include features that are substantially similar to system 800a described above. For example, system 800b can include a device 850 and an outer conduit 890 configured to draw a desired fluid from the external environment. In addition, system 800b includes two heat sources (eg, solar collector 882 and geothermal layer 884) spaced apart from each other and a heat sink (eg, adjacent to ocean floor 886) between them. And two vaporization condensation cycles with combined heat output are carried out. Similar to the system 800a described above, the system 800b shown in FIG. 8B can transfer heat from the device 850 to the layer 894 of methane hydrate. As described above, the dual vaporization condensing cycle device 850b has a wide area impact on the methane layer 894, and the system 800b can efficiently contain methane above and / or below the water surface. .

  In the example illustrated in FIG. 8B, the system 800b further comprises a barrier film 896a over the affected area of the system 800b and a methane conduit 898 configured to receive methane from directly beneath the barrier film 896a. The barrier membrane 896a can be made of a non-pervious film such as polyethylene, which prevents methane from leaking from the system 800b and releasing dangerous greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. . In selected embodiments, the barrier film 896 can be configured to distribute the heat released from the device 850 to further increase the affected area of the system 800b. As further shown in FIG. 8B, the system 800b may also include a second barrier film 896b on the water surface to further ensure that methane does not leak from the system 800b. As further shown in FIG. 8B, the system 800b may optionally include a moisture permeable membrane 897, which allows methane to pass through the moisture permeable membrane 897 and block carbon dioxide and water, This allows only methane to flow between the barrier membrane 896a and the methane moisture permeable membrane 897 to the methane conduit 898. Thus, methane can flow through methane conduit 898, where it can be stored for fuel, carbon material, and / or other suitable purposes. Water and carbon dioxide blocked by the methane permeable layer 897 can flow up the outer conduit 890 utilizing carbon dioxide and / or capillary lift. In selected embodiments, the outer conduit 890 adds carbon dioxide so that the building structure 112 adsorbs to the carbon dioxide and only water is provided from the outer conduit 890 as the carbon dioxide travels through the outer conduit 890. It can be made from a built building structure. In other examples, the system 800b may be installed such that the outer conduit 890, rather than the methane conduit 898, sucks up methane hydrate. In other embodiments, the system 800b can be used to contain another gas hydrate and / or other material released by heating the ocean floor 886 and / or other geothermal layers. .

  In selected embodiments, the system 800b can include an underwater methane harvester that can be used to move a turbine 895 that is used to accelerate the flow of the working fluid 122 through the device 850. In other embodiments, methane may be used to move other underwater systems. In a further embodiment, the system 800 stores heat at the heat output of the system 800b to store heat for subsequent methane hydrate collection and / or drive systems above and / or below the water surface. It may include a place. For example, a thermal harvest collects heat released from the system 800b and is spaced apart from the affected area of the system 800b and / or other methane layers. Heat is transferred through a conduit to a portion of the layer 894.

As further shown in FIG. 8B, the system 800b can further include an oxygen conduit 899 and an engine 801. The oxygen conduit 899 can carry oxygen from the water or another oxygen source and deliver heat to the engine 801 installed under the barrier layer 896a. Engine 803 can combust oxygen delivered by oxygen conduit 899 and hydrogen produced as system 800b (ie, CH ₄ + heat (HEAT) → C + 2H ₂ ) to direct hot steam to methane layer 894. Supply. Additional heat from engine 803 can release additional methane. Engine 801 may be any suitable engine that delivers hot steam, such as a turbine.

  FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view of an additional exemplary environmental heat transfer system 900 (“system 900”) according to one embodiment of the present technology, and FIG. 9B is an enlarged view of detail 9B of FIG. 9A. . System 900 can include a heat transfer device 950 (“device 950”) that includes features that are substantially similar to the devices described above. The system 900 shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B is concurrent with this specification and is entitled “METHODS, DEVICES,” filed on Feb. 14, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As described in "AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING PROPERTIES OF TARGET SAMPLES", it is not a macroscopic system shown in FIGS. 5A-8B for use as a sensor or other type of monitor. It is installed in a visual environment. In other embodiments, the system 900 can be used for other microscopic applications that benefit from heat transfer.

  In the example illustrated in conjunction with FIGS. 9A and 9B, the tube 903 and fixture 905 are sealed together. For example, the tube 903 and the fixture 905 are sealed together by tightening the nut 907. One or more devices 950 may be placed between the tube 903 and the fixture 907 to test for initial leakage of fluid 909 flowing through the tube 903. For example, device 950 can sense the presence of fluid 909 and / or the composition of fluid 909. In selected embodiments, the device 950 can comprise a sensor disposed within a building structure (eg, the building structure 112 described above). The building structure may be configured to selectively adsorb a predetermined component of the fluid 909 so that the sensor can determine the presence of the predetermined component and / or a tendency for the presence of the predetermined component. In other embodiments, the building structure may be configured to selectively transmit a target sample of fluid 909 or a component thereof to a reservoir with a sensor for monitoring or otherwise inspecting the sample. Good (for example, the liquid storage tank 124 described above). In further examples, the device 950 can be arranged in other ways to monitor other aspects of the system 900.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer device 1000 configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the present technology. The device 1000 may include features and functions that are substantially similar to the devices described above. However, the device 1000 shown in FIG. 10 has a different aspect ratio than the known devices described above. More specifically, the first end cap 108 and the second end cap 110 and the sidewall 120 are closer in length so that the device 1000 forms a wide conduit 102. Such an aspect ratio is well suited for heat transfer through the room. For example, the apparatus 1000 can be used for dry cleaning. A garment may be disposed within the conduit 102 such that the gas phase 122a (eg, CO ₂ ) of the working fluid 122 is free of dust, oil, and others from the hood as the gas phase 122a travels through the conduit 102. Can capture dirt. This soil may be removed from the apparatus 1000 by filtration at the second end cap 110 using a building structure 112 and / or other suitable filter. Thus, the garment can be cleaned using heat transfer provided by the device rather than the conventional dry cleaning method that uses toxic chemicals to clean the garment. In other examples, the device 1000 can be used in other suitable heat transfer methods and / or the aspect ratio of the device 1000 may have other suitable changes.

  FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer system 1100 (“system 1100”) shown in a representative environment according to yet another embodiment of the present technology. The system 1100 shown in FIG. 11 can include a heat transfer device 1150 (“device 1150”) having features that are substantially similar to the heat transfer devices described above. For example, the device 1150 can transfer heat utilizing a vaporized condensation cycle of the working fluid 122 in the conduit 102. As shown in FIG. 11, the system 1100 can further include a solar collector 1121 configured to collect heat and deliver the heat to the first pipe 1123. The pump 1125 is operatively coupled to the first pipe 1123 to pass fluid (eg, working fluid 122) in the first pipe 1123 to the first heat exchanger 1127 adjacent to the input 104 of the device 1150. Can move. The first heat exchanger 127 can heat and vaporize the fluid in the first pipe 1123 to vaporize, thereby delivering heat to the input 104 of the device 1150. As shown in FIG. 11, the working fluid 122 can be vaporized at the input 104 and circulates through the device 1150 to release heat at the output 106. The device 1150 can utilize heat released for domestic water heating, crop drying, and other suitable applications.

  In selected embodiments, the working fluid 122 flows through the first pipe 1121 so that the device 1150 can apply capillary pressure to the working fluid 122 using the building structure 112, thereby working fluid 122. Is sucked into the conduit 102. In other embodiments, the vaporized fluid emitted by the heat exchanger 1127 can be filtered out by the building structure 112, thereby using one or more desired materials (eg, using the working fluid 122). The chemical to be catalyzed) is selectively placed in conduit 102.

  As shown in FIG. 11, the system 1100 can further include a second heat source 1129 that can be used with the solar collector 1121 (ie, remote from the solar collector 1121), thereby heat to the device 1150. And / or replace solar collector 1121 when solar heating is not available or desired. The second heat source 1129 may be a wind power generator as shown in FIG. 11, resistance heating or induction heating by system power, and / or other suitable heat transfer device. In the example illustrated in FIG. 11, the second heat source 1129 is coupled to a second pipe 1133 and a second heat exchanger 1131 that transfer heat to the input 104 of the device 1150. In another embodiment, the second heat source 1129 is connected to the first pipe 1121 and the first heat exchanger 1123.

  In addition, as shown in FIG. 11, the system 1100 can further include an auxiliary processing unit 1135 disposed adjacent to the input unit 104, whereby heat is transferred to the first heat exchanger 1127, and / or Alternatively, the heat is transmitted from the second heat exchanger 1131 to the auxiliary processing unit 1135. An auxiliary processor 1135 can be used to provide additional production and / or services to the system 1100. For example, the auxiliary processor 1135 is used by the building structure 112 to dry the fruit, dehydrate the maple syrup to provide excess water, and / or remove preselected materials such as flavonoids. be able to.

  This application incorporates the subject matter of the following application by reference in its entirety: United States of America entitled "METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR DETECTION OF PROPERITES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS" (Attorney Docket No. 69545-8801 US1) Patent application, title of the invention “ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCT HAVING FOR EXAMPLE A PLULARITY OF ARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS” (Attorney Docket No. 69545-8701 US), the name of the invention “INCITHE INFICER INCITHE INFICER filed on August 16, 2010 OF SUPPLEMENTED US Patent Application No. 12 / 857,546, “CEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (SOTEC) SYSTEMS”, the title of the invention filed on August 16, 2010, “GAS HYDRATE CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR HARDEST HYDROCAR HYDROCAR HYDROC No. 12 / 857,228, all of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

  From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, any of the heat transfer devices described above are different from the devices shown in FIGS. 1-11 to accommodate different applications (eg, sidewall 120 and first end cap 108 and second end cap 110). May have an aspect ratio). Certain aspects of the present technology described in the context of a particular embodiment may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. For example, the heat transfer device shown in FIGS. 3A to 4C and FIGS. 6A to 10 may include the liquid storage tank and / or controller described with reference to FIG. In addition, the advantages associated with some embodiments of the new technology have been described in the context of these embodiments, but other embodiments can demonstrate such advantages, however, Not all embodiments within the scope will necessarily exhibit such advantages. Accordingly, the present disclosure and related techniques may include other embodiments not explicitly shown or described herein. Also, unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the terms “comprising”, “including”, etc., throughout the description and claims, as opposed to exclusive or exhaustive meanings, It should be interpreted in a comprehensive sense, that is, in the sense of “including but not limited to”. Terms using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number respectively. When the claim uses the word “or” for a list of two or more items, this word includes all of the following interpretations of this word, ie any of the items in the list All of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

  The features of the various embodiments described above may be combined to provide further embodiments. All U.S. patents, publications of U.S. patent applications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications, and non-patents mentioned herein and / or listed in the Application Data Sheet. Patent publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In order to use fuel injectors and ignition devices having various configurations, and to use various patents, applications, and publication concepts to provide further examples of the disclosure, aspects of the disclosure may be May be modified.

  These and other changes can be made to the disclosure in light of the above detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, and all that operate according to the claims. Should be construed as encompassing the system and method. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the disclosure, but instead the scope of the invention should be broadly determined by the appended claims.

  To the extent that it does not previously form part of this specification by reference, the subject matter of each of the following materials is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, ie, August 16, 2010: US Patent Application No. 8 / No. 8 of the 8th application on the 8th patent date of the US patent filed on the 20th of the US patent application on the 20th of the US patent application on the 8th of the 8th month of the US application filed on the 8th of the 8th application on the 8th Name “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED United States Patent Application No. 12 / 857,553 FULL TECHNO TECHN TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHN TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TECHNO TE US Patent Application No. 12 / 857,554, RESOURCES USING SOLAR THEMAL, US Patent Application No. 12/857, entitled “ENERGY SYSTEM FOR DWELLING SUPPORT”, filed on August 16, 2010, No. 502, the name of the invention filed on February 14, 2011 “DELIVERY SYSTEMS WITH IN-LINE SELECTION EXTRATION DEVICES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF OPERATION” attorney docket number 69545-8505. US00, title of invention filed on August 16, 2010 "COMPREHENSIVE COST MODELING OF AUTOGENOUS SYSTEM AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY US NUMBER 6 RE The title of the invention filed on February 14, 2011 "CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND REACTORS FOR EFFICENTLY PRODUCING HYDROGEN FUELS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS People Docket No. 69545-8601. US00, title of invention filed on February 14, 2011 "REACTOR VESSSELS WITH TRANSMISSIVE SURFACES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTUREL ELEMENTS, AND ASTHIESED69 AND ASSSOCITED02 Attorney Docket No. 69545-8603, filed on February 14, 2011, US00, entitled “CHEMICAL REACTORS WITH RE-RADIATING SURFACES AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”. US 00, attorney docket No. 6955-86, which is the title of the invention filed on February 14, 2011, “CHEMICAL REACTORS WITH ANNULARLY POSITIONED DELIVERY AND REMOVAL DEVICES, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”. US 00, attorney docket number 69545-60, which is the title of the invention filed on February 14, 2011, “REACTORS FOR CONDUCTING THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH SOLAR HEAT INPUT, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”. Attorney Docket No. 69545-8608 which is the title “INDUCTION FOR THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS” filed on February 14, 2011, US00. Attorney Docket No. 69545-8611. The title of the invention filed on February 14, 2011, US00, “COUPLED THERMOCHEMICAL REACTORS AND ENGINES, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”. US Patent Application No. 61 / 385,508, Feb. 14, 2011, entitled “REDUCING AND HARVETING DRAG ENERGY ON MOBILE ENGINES USING THERMAL CHEMICAL REGENERATION” filed on September 22, 2010, US00 Name of the filed invention “REACTOR VESSSELS WITH PRESURE AND HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, AND ASSOCYEMED 69 Attorney Docket No. 69545-8701. The title of the invention filed on February 14, 2011, US00, “ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRACT HAVING FOR EXAMPLE A PLURALITY OF ARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS”. US Patent Application No. 12 / 806,634, filed on Feb. 14, 2011, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUSS FOR DETECTION OF PROPERIES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS” filed on August 16, 2010 Agent reference number 69545-8801, which is the name of the invention “METHODS, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING PROPERTIES OF TARGET SAMPLES”. Attorney Docket No. 69545-9002. The title of the invention filed on February 14, 2011, US01, “SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING BIOMAS INTO HYDROCARBONS, ALCOHOL VAFORS, HYDROGEN, CARBON, ETC.”. Attorney Docket No. 69545-9004, entitled “CARBON RECYCLING AND REINVESTMENT USING THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION” filed on February 14, 2011, US00. Attorney Docket No. 69545-9006 which is the title of the invention “OXYGENATED FUEL” filed on February 14, 2011, US00. US00, US Patent Application No. 61 / 237,419, which is the title of the invention filed on August 27, 2009, “Carbon Sequence”, and the title of the invention filed on August 27, 2009, “OXYGENED FUEL PRODUCTION” US Patent Application No. 61 / 237,425, which is the name of the invention filed on February 14, 2011, “MULTI-PURPOSE RENEWABLE FUEL FOR ISOLATING CONTAMINANTS AND STORING ENERGY”. US 00, the title of the invention filed on December 8, 2010 "LIQUID FULES FROM HYDROGEN, OXIDES OF CARBON, AND / OR NITRROGEN; AND PRODUCTION OF CARBON FOR MANUFACTURING DURABLE 61 US / GORUS DOUBLE 61 / US Patent No. Description and agent serial number 69545-9105. Which is the title of the invention filed on February 14, 2011, "ENGINEERED FUEL STORE, RESPECATION AND TRANSPORT". US00.

Claims (52)

A conduit having an input portion, an output portion facing the input portion, and a sidewall between the input portion and the output portion, wherein heat enters the conduit at the input portion and heat enters the conduit at the output portion A working fluid exiting from and sealed in a conduit from a liquid phase to a gas phase adjacent to the input, and from the gas phase to the liquid phase adjacent to the output; ,
An end cap adjacent to the end of the conduit;
A building structure comprising a plurality of layers oriented substantially parallel to each other,
A heat transfer system in which the individual layers comprise the crystalline synthetic substrate properties.   The heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein the building structure is made of at least one of graphene, graphite, and boron nitride. The side wall includes the building structure, the plurality of layers are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit, and the building structure is liquid phase from the output to the input by capillary action. Is configured to move
The heat transfer system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of layers are inclined toward the conduit adjacent to the input and the output.   The heat transfer system of claim 1, wherein the side wall comprises the building structure, and the plurality of layers are substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the conduit.   The heat transfer system of claim 1, wherein the end cap comprises the building structure, and the plurality of layers are substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the conduit.   The heat transfer system of claim 1, wherein the end cap comprises the building structure, and the plurality of layers are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit. The end cap comprising the building structure having a plurality of layers substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit is adjacent to the output;
The heat transfer system of claim 1, wherein the building structure is configured to separate at least one predetermined component from the working fluid.   The heat transfer system according to claim 7, wherein a solution enters the conduit at the input, and the predetermined component includes a portion of the solution. The end cap comprising the building structure having a layer substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit is adjacent to the input;
The heat transfer system of claim 1, wherein the building structure is configured to prevent at least one predetermined material from entering the conduit through the end cap.   The end cap is adjacent to the input portion, the end cap receives radiant heat having a first wavelength between the plurality of layers, and the building structure includes the first cap. 2. The building structure of claim 1, comprising a layer substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit to re-radiate at least a portion of the radiant heat at a second wavelength different from the first wavelength. Heat transfer system. The end cap is in the input section and includes the building structure;
The system
An adjacent liquid reservoir in fluid communication with the input of the conduit;
A controller operably coupled to the liquid reservoir, the controller regulating the flow of the working fluid between the liquid reservoir and the conduit;
The heat transfer system includes a first condition and a second condition, the end cap absorbs heat, a liquid accumulator stores the working fluid in the first condition, and the liquid storage tank includes: The heat transfer system of claim 1, wherein the working fluid is directed to the conduit, and the working fluid absorbs heat from the end cap in the second condition. The building structure includes a first building structure and a second building structure,
The side wall includes the first building structure and the second building structure inside the first building structure;
The plurality of layers of the first building structure are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit;
The plurality of layers of the second building structure are substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis;
The heat of claim 1, wherein the plurality of layers of the first building structure move a fluid that is at least one of the working fluid and an external fluid outside the conduit toward the input. Transmission system.   The heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein the liquid phase returns to the input unit by at least one of gravity, capillary action, and centrifugal force.   The heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein the input unit is installed adjacent to at least one of a solar collector, a geothermal formation, and a permafrost layer.   The heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein the output unit is installed adjacent to at least one of an aquifer, a gas hydrate layer, and a geological surface.   The input unit is a first input unit, the system further includes a second input unit facing the first input unit, and the output unit includes the first input unit and the second input unit. The heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein the heat transfer system is between the input section and the input section. A heat transfer device,
A conduit having an evaporation region, a condensation region facing the evaporation region, and a sidewall wall extending between the evaporation region and the condensation region;
A building structure comprising a number of layers of crystalline synthetic substrate properties, wherein the individual layers are oriented substantially parallel to each other;
A working fluid in the conduit,
The heat transfer device includes a liquid phase in the condensation region and a gas phase in the evaporation region.   The heat transfer device according to claim 18, wherein the building structure is made of at least one of graphene and boron nitride. The side wall comprises the building structure and the plurality of layers oriented substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the conduit include a passage between the layers from the evaporation region to the condensation region. Forming,
19. The heat transfer device of claim 18, wherein the plurality of layers are inclined toward the conduit in the vapor region and the condensation region such that the working fluid moves through the passage by capillary action. A thermal accumulator in the evaporation region;
A liquid storage tank in liquid communication with the surrounding flow path in the evaporation region, wherein the liquid storage tank stores the working fluid in the liquid state;
A controller operably coupled to the liquid reservoir, the controller regulating the flow of the working fluid between the liquid reservoir and the evaporation region;
The heat transfer device according to claim 20, further comprising: The building structure is a first building structure;
The heat transfer device further includes a second building structure comprising a number of layers substantially parallel to each other, the second building structure being composed of crystalline synthetic substrate properties, wherein the second building structure is the first building structure. 21. The heat transfer device of claim 20, wherein the second plurality of layers are inside an object and are substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.   The heat transfer device of claim 18, comprising a building structure, further comprising an end cap in the condensation region, wherein the plurality of layers are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit.   24. The heat transfer device of claim 23, wherein the plurality of layers in the building structure are configured to separate a preselected component from the working fluid.   The heat transfer device of claim 18, comprising the building structure, further comprising an end cap in the evaporation region, wherein the plurality of layers are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit.   26. The heat transfer device of claim 25, wherein the plurality of layers of the building structure are configured to filter and remove preselected material from the conduit.   The evaporation region is a first evaporation region, and the apparatus further includes a second evaporation region facing the first evaporation region, and the condensation region includes the first evaporation region and the second evaporation region. The heat transfer device according to claim 18, which is between the regions. A method of transferring heat,
Absorbing heat by the first end cap at the conduit input;
Changing the working fluid from a liquid phase to a gas phase at the input unit;
Advancing the gas phase through the conduit;
Changing the working fluid from the gas phase to the liquid phase at the output unit;
Wherein at least one of the first end cap, the second end cap, and the conduit has a number of layers substantially parallel to each other, each layer being a crystalline synthetic substrate Including a building structure of properties, and conducting heat from a second end cap at the output,
Returning the liquid phase to the input along the side wall of the conduit;
Comprising a method.   29. The method of claim 28, wherein returning the liquid further comprises moving the liquid phase by capillary action between the plurality of layers of the building structure at the sidewall.   29. The method of claim 28, wherein returning the liquid phase to the input along the side wall of the conduit further comprises applying a centrifugal force to the conduit.   29. The method of claim 28, wherein absorbing heat through the first end cap further comprises absorbing heat from at least one of a solar source, a permafrost source, and a geothermal source.   29. The method of claim 28, wherein directing heat from the second end cap further includes directing heat to an aquifer, turbine, and gas hydrate layer. Positioning the building structure with the first end cap such that the plurality of layers substantially coincide with a heat source;
Absorbing radiant energy having a first wavelength between the plurality of layers of the building structure;
Radiating at least a portion of the radiant energy from the first endcap at a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;
30. The method of claim 28, further comprising: Positioning the building structure with the second end cap such that the plurality of layers are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit;
29. The method of claim 28, further comprising adsorbing a preselected component from the working fluid through the building structure. Receiving a solution through the first end cap;
35. The method of claim 34, further comprising combining the solution and the working fluid in the conduit to form the preselected component. Positioning the building structure with the first end cap such that the plurality of layers are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit;
29. The method of claim 28, further comprising filtering off preselected components from a heat source through the building structure. Storing the working fluid in a liquid reservoir in liquid communication with the conduit;
Absorbing heat with the first end cap;
Directing the working fluid to the input region;
30. The method of claim 28, further comprising:   The method of claim 37, further comprising adjusting a flow rate of the working fluid to the input region. The input unit is a first input unit;
The method
Absorbing heat by a third end cap facing the first end cap at the second input of the conduit and between the second end caps;
Changing the working fluid from a liquid phase to a gas phase at the second input unit;
30. The method of claim 28, further comprising: A conduit having an input portion, an output portion facing the input portion, and a sidewall between the input portion and the output portion, wherein heat enters the conduit at the input portion, and heat enters the conduit at the output portion A conduit exiting from the
A thermal accumulator in the input section;
A storage tank in liquid communication with the input unit;
A working fluid in the conduit that changes from a liquid to a vapor adjacent to the input and from the vapor to the liquid adjacent to the output;
Including heat transfer system.   The thermal accumulator comprises a building structure having a plurality of layers substantially parallel to each other and substantially coincident with a heat source, each of the plurality of parallel layers comprising a synthetic substrate property of crystals. 40. The heat transfer system according to 40. The plurality of layers are substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the conduit;
42. The heat transfer system of claim 41, wherein the plurality of layers prevent at least one component adjacent to the thermal accumulator from entering the conduit.   The side walls comprise a building structure having a plurality of layers substantially parallel to each other and oriented substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the conduit, each layer comprising a synthetic matrix property of crystals. 41. The heat transfer system of claim 40, wherein the building structure is configured to apply capillary pressure to the liquid. An end cap at the output;
A building structure at the end cap,
The building structure has a plurality of layers substantially parallel to each other, substantially coincident with the longitudinal axis of the conduit, each parallel layer comprising a synthetic substrate property of crystals, 41. The heat transfer system of claim 40, wherein a structure is configured to load the at least one preselected component of the working fluid. The thermal accumulator stores heat in a first condition,
The thermal accumulator transfers heat to the input area under a second condition,
The liquid storage tank stores the working fluid in the first condition,
The liquid storage tank substantially emptying the liquid storage tank in the second condition;
41. The heat transfer system according to claim 40, wherein the working fluid circulates between the input unit and the output unit under the second condition.   41. The heat transfer system according to claim 40, further comprising a controller operably coupled to the liquid reservoir, wherein the controller manipulates the flow of the working fluid between the liquid reservoir and the input.   41. The heat transfer system of claim 40, wherein the thermal accumulator is installed adjacent to at least one of a solar source, a geothermal source, and a permafrost source.   The input unit is a first input unit, the system further includes a second input unit facing the first input unit, and the output unit includes the first input unit and the second input unit. The heat transfer device according to claim 40, wherein the heat transfer device is located between the heat transfer device and the unit. A method of transferring heat,
Storing the working fluid in a liquid reservoir adjacent to the evaporation region of the conduit;
Absorbing heat with a thermal accumulator in the evaporation region;
Directing the working fluid from the liquid reservoir to the evaporation region;
Absorbing heat from the thermal accumulator by the working fluid such that the working fluid changes from a liquid phase to a gas phase in the evaporation region;
Advancing the gas phase through the conduit to a condensation region;
Absorbing heat from the working fluid by an end cap in the condensing region such that the working fluid changes from the gas phase to the liquid phase in the condensing region;
Directing the heat from the condensation zone;
Moving the liquid phase to the evaporation zone;
Comprising a method.   50. The method of claim 49, further comprising adjusting a flow rate of the working fluid between the liquid reservoir and the evaporation region of the conduit.   Absorbing heat by the thermal accumulator has a plurality of layers positioned substantially parallel to each other and substantially coincident with the heat source, wherein each individual constructive layer is a synthetic substrate property of the crystal 50. The method of claim 49, further comprising absorbing heat by a building structure comprising:   50. The method of claim 49, wherein absorbing heat by the thermal accumulator further comprises absorbing heat from at least one of a solar source, a permafrost source, and a geothermal source.   50. The method of claim 49, wherein directing the heat further comprises directing the heat toward an aquifer, turbine, and methane layer.

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