JP2013514574A - Programmable printed electrical code, printed electrical code manufacturing method and programming device - Google Patents

Abstract

This document discloses an electronic code comprising an essentially electrically non-conductive substrate (105, 10) and an electrically conductive code element (108) formed on the substrate. According to the present invention, at least one code element (101, 108) includes an editable region (109) where the conductance can be changed electrically.

Description

  The invention relates to a programmable printed electrical code according to the superordinate concept of claim 1.

  The present invention also relates to a printed code manufacturing method and a programming device.

  According to the prior art, both optically readable barcodes and remotely readable RFID identifiers have been used in freight forwarding.

  Although bar codes have the advantage of standardized technology, this technology requires visible marks and at least a line-of-sight reading technology, which limits the use of the application. Visible marks make this technology prone to abuse.

  RFID technology offers many advantages over the barcode technology described above, including remote readability and the possibility of hiding the entire code in the product, which prevents code forgery Can be used to However, identifiers used in this technology can be clearly more expensive than bar code technology.

  U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,819 discloses a solution for using a reader to measure capacitive verification resistance markings assigned monetary values. With this machine, non-contact measurement at a short distance is possible. In the measurement, the magnitudes of several resistances (for example, eight items) are determined by simultaneous measurement so that the resistance value of each resistance is within a predetermined limit value. The problem is therefore to use “digital technology” to determine the electrical validity of the lottery. If all the resistances are within a predetermined range, the ticket passes, but if one of them is out of range, the ticket is rejected.

  There are also electrically readable codes, which are read from a short distance, for example by sweeping over the code with a reader. These types of codes are printed on their final unique values. This technology is inflexible and very time consuming because each code must be generated individually to obtain a unique code value.

  US Patent No. 5818019

  The present invention aims to obviate the drawbacks of the state-of-the-art described above, and provides for this purpose a completely new type of electrical cord, a method for producing the electrical cord and a programming device for the electrical cord.

  The invention is based on the formation of a code from several conductive lines including at least one region that can be changed after printing.

  According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the changeable region can be changed by electrosintering.

  More specifically, the code according to the invention is characterized by the description of the features in claim 1.

  On the other hand, the method according to the invention is characterized by the description of the characterizing part in claim 10.

  Furthermore, the coding device according to the invention is characterized by the description of the characterizing part in claim 16.

  Great advantages can be obtained using the present invention.

  The present invention provides an electroprinted code that can be electrically written or programmed for its contents after creation of the code structure. The same code structure can be created, which is desirable for mass production. The code-specific content is later written by a dedicated device that is probably not from the same organization as the supply chain that creates those codes. Thus, the present invention can optimize both the production process and the product value chain. One example of a suitable product is a security code.

  One preferred application area of the present invention is product originality, authentication or security codes or markings on documents such as consumer products (drug packages, expensive products) and tickets. Mass printing of unique electrical products or security codes is a problem if the codes are not identical. This is because high-speed mass printing methods such as gravure printing are suitable only when producing the same structure in large quantities. Inkjet printing can be custom made at the item level, but inkjet is generally too slow for mass production. The present invention solves the problem by custom manufacturing of cords using electrosintering technology.

  The present invention provides a distinct advantage associated with barcodes due to the possibility of making the barcode invisible. This invisible code can be used for simple and cost-effective confirmation of counterfeit products.

  In fact, the application of the present invention is similar to that of RFID technology and barcode technology. The cord according to the invention can be either visible or hidden under an opaque protective film. The code according to the invention can be used, for example, for access control applications, product data coding, authentication and product origin verification.

  With respect to an electrically readable RFID tag, the present invention provides a significant cost advantage because the code can be manufactured using printing technology.

  Since the electrical properties of the marking are optimized, the measurement electronics can be manufactured with less expensive components.

  The invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 3 is a top view of programmable code according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a top view of another programmable code according to the invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view according to one embodiment of the present invention, in which code programming can be performed by sweeping AC sintering. FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view according to an embodiment of the present invention, where a printing ink layer is a continuous region, and the local surface impedance of the region is changed using an AC sintering apparatus according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of an embodiment of the present invention comprising a portion with good conductivity with a fixed resistivity that is not affected by electrosintering and a portion with resistance changing upon sintering. FIG. 20 is a schematic top view according to one embodiment of the present invention, expanding the idea of FIG. 19 to optimize non-write and write impedance levels. a is a schematic top view according to an embodiment of the present invention in which only a part is printed using electrically sinterable ink, and b is a practical example of the configuration of FIG. 7a. FIG. 6 is a schematic top view according to one embodiment of the present invention, where a contact can be made with a contact pad that is larger than the code line. FIG. 6 is a schematic top view according to an embodiment of the present invention where the surface area of an electrically sinterable code bit varies. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention for a DC programmer circuit. FIG. 6 is a schematic top view according to one embodiment of the present invention that facilitates resonant readout by adjustment of code lines. FIG. 6 is a schematic top view according to an embodiment of the present invention, with the widths varied such that the bit portions have different resistivity and the resistance of the bit portions are essentially the same. FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein a portion of the code line has a vertical offset. FIG. 6 is a schematic top view according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which a memory bit portion connects two consecutive code lines. It is a figure which shows the measuring apparatus by this invention. It is a figure which shows the measuring object by this invention. a is an equivalent circuit between the electrodes of the measuring device according to the present invention when there is no code to be read between the electrodes, and b is between the electrodes of the measuring device according to the present invention when there is a code to be read between the electrodes. It is a figure which shows an equivalent circuit. The behavior of the real part and the imaginary part of the marking read as the code resistance increases is shown in a graph from the viewpoint of the measuring apparatus according to the present invention.

  Electrosintering is utilized to change the impedance or surface impedance of a deposited (printing, dispensing, spin coating) material layer, such as a dry layer of a nanoparticle-based printing ink. Impedance is usually a complex variable with both real and imaginary parts. Any one or both of the impedance parts (real part or imaginary part) can be used for reading. However, if the reader surface contact is capacitive, a more reliable reading is achieved using the real part of the impedance. In the following, the electrical cord refers to this controlled impedance structure.

  The electrical cord can be in the form of a bar code consisting of wires having various electrical resistivity. Bar codes are generated in whole or in part using inks whose resistivity can be adjusted later using electrosintering techniques. An example of such an ink is a silver nanoparticle ink from Advanced Nano Products. The adjustable resistance line of the cord can be generated in whole or in part using such ink. The programming device is in electrical DC contact or AC contact with the code structure to provide electrosintering for all or part of the code lines.

  Alternatively, the printed structure may be a region covered with nano-particle ink, where the code is written by the sintered portion of the surface.

  The following figures schematically illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention. The code can be read using, for example, a reader described later. The figure below shows a perform 200 for the code, which is changed to an electrically unique code. This figure shows a code, where the unsintered and sintered state of the ink is used as the two conductive states of the code line. Using electrosintering, the conductance can be changed in finite steps between the two extremes, allowing multilevel electrical cords. Furthermore, by using a voltage (current, power) sufficiently higher than the sintering voltage (current, power), the conductor breaks (fuse mode operation), unsintered (low conductivity) state and sintered (high conductivity) In addition to the (rate) state, a third state of the code line is possible.

  FIG. 15 shows a programmable bar code 101, which is actually a code perform 200 before the programming stage. The figure also shows programming device 103 and galvanic code-device contact 102. In programming, the programming device 103 applies a DC or AC voltage to all or part of the code lines and sinters them into a conductive state. That is, the programming device 103 can select any of the components 101 to change the conductance value for the corresponding component 101. The contact 102 may be a direct current galvanic cord that contacts the end of the cord wire 101, which may have a sufficiently large contact pad, for example. The contact pad can also be placed away from the cord that is in electrical contact with the cord wire as shown in FIG. These lines are printed in whole or in part using electrically sinterable inks such as silver nanoparticle ink (for code lines printed only partially with sinterable ink, 19, see FIG. 20, FIG. 21, FIG. 23, FIG. 25 and FIG.

  FIG. 16 shows that the number of electrical contacts to the programming device is limited with electrical contacts 104 on the opposite side of the code line.

  FIG. 17 shows a solution in which code programming can be performed by sweeping the AC sintering device 106 onto the code line 101 in contact with the code line printed on the substrate 105 or at a distance close to the code line. It shows a measure.

  FIG. 18 shows a solution in which the printing ink layer is a continuous area 107 and its local surface impedance is changed using the AC sintering apparatus 106.

  FIG. 19 shows a solution in which the cord wire 101 is composed of a portion with good conductivity with a fixed resistivity that is not affected by electrosintering and a portion with resistance that changes with sintering. This solution utilizes the capacitive coupling between the conductive portion of the cord and the leader to connect the conductive portion 108 by sintering of the interconnect 109, thereby physically connecting the conductive structure. Increase the surface area. The main advantages of the described configuration are (i) that low cost conductive ink can be used for 108 and silver nanoparticle ink can be used only for 109, and (ii) the bit portion 109 of small size (length). , It may be possible to program at a low power or low voltage level compared to sintering the entire code line.

  According to FIG. 20, the idea of FIG. 19 can be expanded to optimize the non-write and write impedance levels.

  FIG. 21a shows another example that utilizes code lines that are only partially printed using electrically sinterable ink 109. FIG. Here, the common electrode 104 is used, and the sinterable portion 109 is located between the common electrode 104 and each cord wire 101. Sinter 109 increases the physical size of the conductive structure, which affects the readout of a capacitive reader such as the reader described in connection with FIG.

  FIG. 7b shows a practical example of the configuration of FIG. 7a. The code information is read by sweeping the reader described in FIG. 15 on the code. Alphabets A to F are designated for the code line 101. The sweep 1 corresponds to the initial state, in which case the code lines A, C, E, F are separated from the common electrode 104 by a non-sintered bit 109. These code lines with the unsintered bit (state 1) provide a high output amplitude of the reader. In the sweep 2, the cord lines A, E, and F are sintered (state 2). This transition is detected as a change from the high output amplitude of the reader to the low output amplitude. The third transition state (state 3) corresponds to the combustion bit 109. This is demonstrated by code line E in sweep 3. Accordingly, the leader output of the code line E is returned from the low amplitude to the high amplitude. The sinterable portion 109 can be programmed directly from state 1 (non-sintered) to state 3 (combustion open), as indicated by code line C. Reference code lines B and D remain connected to common electrode 104 by closed bit 130 during all sweeps.

  According to FIG. 22, the contact with the code line 101 can be made through the contact pad 102 larger than the code line 101.

  According to FIG. 23, the surface areas of the electrically sinterable code bits 115-117 are different. In this special arrangement, the resistance of each bit is equal to the rectangular resistance RD of the material layer. Therefore, the applied voltage Y is uniformly divided into bits, and the current density is large for the bit with the smallest surface area 115. Thus, the code changes the sintering voltage (or sintering time) so that only the minimum bit 115 is sintered at a small voltage and a large voltage (or long sintering time) is applied, eg, bits 115 and 116. Can be programmed to sinter. The programmed bit can be verified during a programming procedure in which the overall resistance changes from 3RD → 2RD → RD → short.

  FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of one possible embodiment of a DC program circuit. The control logic circuit 114 controls the switch 112 that specifies the various lines of barcode included in the voltage source 110 and current limit registers 111 and 113.

  FIG. 25 shows the same solution as FIG. 5, but adjusts the length 101 of the code line to facilitate reading based on resonances that occur at a frequency that depends on the length of the line.

  FIG. 26 shows the solution according to FIG. 23, but the bit portions 119, 120, 121 have different resistivity and widths that vary so that the resistance of the bit portions 119, 120, 121 is essentially the same. Have.

  FIG. 27 shows the solution according to FIG. 22, but the portion of the code line 108 has a lateral offset.

  FIG. 28 shows a solution where the memory bit portion 109 connects two consecutive code lines 108.

The following is a typical size of the code component of the present invention:
Typical range Typical value
The width of the cord component 101: 20 μm to 1 mm
Length of cord component 101: 500 μm to 10 mm
Area of editable portion 109: 50 μm × 50 μm to 200 μm × 1500 μm
Rectangular conductivity of editable part 109
Non-sintered: 1 kΩ to 100 kΩ
During sintering: 50mΩ ~ 1Ω
Editable area 109 thickness 1μm

  A typical material for the editable region is a silver nanoparticle ink such as ANP DGH-55HTG. Other electrically programmable materials can also be used.

  FIG. 15 shows a measuring device suitable for reading the above-mentioned code shown in FIGS. In this apparatus, the two power transmitting electrodes 4 energized by the vibrator 2 pass current, and the current flows through the surface to be measured and the conductive structure below the surface. In the illustrated arrangement, the central electrode 5 is used for signal measurement. The capacitance of the wiring and amplifier 6 (CMOS or JFET) is usually very large and the impedance of the read electrode 5 represents a capacitive short circuit. Otherwise, current feedback can be provided to the amplifier 6 so that the amplifier input has a very low impedance. The signal is detected using a phase sensitive detector 7, which is based on a mixture of alternating current and signal connected in phase with the object, which is 90 degrees out of phase. If the measurement is not differential, the capacitive connection between the conductors is canceled with an antiphase signal to balance the bridge. The imaginary part 9 and the real part 8 of the admittance on the surface are measured by the circuit having the arrangement shown in FIG.

  FIG. 16 shows a state where the conductive (non-transparent) cord 11 is formed on the substrate 10. The substrate 10 can be paper, board, plastic or other similar, typically non-conductive surface. In FIG. 16, coding is performed so that the width of the code 11 is constant and the distance between the codes is adjusted. Accordingly, in the cord, there are a short groove 12 and a long groove 13 between the conductive structures. In some situations, a thin plastic film is provided on the cord 11, which reduces the capacitive connection with the object.

  When the code according to FIG. 16 is scanned in the arrangement of FIG. 1, the admittance changes in principle between two values. In the electrical circuit of FIG. 17a, the object to be measured is pure paper, whereas FIG. 17b shows the situation where there is a conductive layer on the substrate 10. Because the field is divided, the precise model must show the situation with several capacitors and resistors. If there are several conductive structures on the surface to be scanned, an admittance adjustment circuit is created. In this case, when measuring at a single frequency, the imaginary part and real part of the admittance of the object are generated by impedance measurement. An important issue with measurement is the imaginary and real part of the admittance when compared to the situation where the code changes between the real and imaginary parts. The central idea of the present invention is how to perform the measurement in order to maximize the S / N ratio of the measurement.

  Assuming that the noise of the electrical resistance of the object is not large, an attempt is made to maximize the current in the real part or the imaginary part for the electronic device. This is accomplished by maximizing the capacitive connection of the object by creating a wide electrode and a wide cord and minimizing the distance from the measurement electrode to the cord. However, at high frequencies, the noise of the object usually determines the S / N ratio and does not determine the noise of the electronic device at all. Noise usually arises from leader “hunting” and tilting and paper (object) roughness. Most boards are not conductive, so the problem is that noise mainly occurs only in the imaginary part of the admittance. The surface has some loss, but the real noise is always smaller than the imaginary noise. Noise can also occur on the code. In particular, when the cord is highly conductive due to the roughness of the paper and the ink is “spotted”, the problem is that there is noise in the imaginary and real parts on the cord. Since the current flows only from the input electrode to the measurement electrode across a bridge with good conductivity, the real part can also remain very small.

Considering a simple equivalent circuit of an object, in the situation where the read head is on the cord, the series connection of the capacitor and the resistor represents the impedance. Outside the cord, the object is almost totally lossless and can only be drawn with a capacitor. The current received by the electronic device can be obtained by the following equation:

  First, note that the current can be maximized by trying to measure the conductive code as close as possible by using as high a frequency as possible and creating a large capacitor.

  FIG. 18 shows the behavior of the real part and the imaginary part of the measurement admittance when the resistance is increased by a curve 40. FIG. 18 shows a standard display. Since the measurement distance is constant, the capacitor has a constant amplitude. Furthermore, an ellipse 43 depicting an admittance without a code is depicted in the figure. The adjustment of the real part is maximized when r = 1 at the point 44, that is, when the imaginary part and the real part of the measurement admittance have the same amplitude. It is. An imaginary situation (black ellipse 42) in which a good quality conductive surface is measured is also depicted in the figure. Circle 41 shows the situation where the “holely” code is measured. In this case, the change between the real part and the imaginary part is very large. When using an insulating substrate, the value of the real part and its variation are small, so it is best to choose the ink distance and conductivity so that r = 1, thereby doing so in the real part of the admittance. Maximize the N ratio. If the resistance increases indefinitely, the curve approaches ellipse 43.

The method is essentially based on the mutual separation of the real and imaginary parts of the admittance of the object. There is no accurate information on what is called angular error, especially when using square waves at high frequencies. For rectangular waves containing harmonics, the overall concept of the real and imaginary parts is somewhat different. According to one embodiment of the present invention, an important fact is that the following angle correction equation relates to the measured real and imaginary parts.

  The subscript u relates to angle correction admittance. The correction angle is indicated by α. The basic idea of this method is to select the correction angle so that the change in the real part is minimized when the measuring device scans the surface of the paper (plastic) at a point where there is no code. Calibration can be improved by intentionally creating an indentation on the paper surface or by shaking the measurement point (pen) so that the distance from the paper surface changes. It is preferable to calibrate the surface used in this embodiment. An alternative is to calibrate the angle when scanning the code in areas where there is no code. When a lossless surface without such a code is scanned by a measurement point, in principle only the lossless measurement component changes. That is, an angle that minimizes the change in the real part of the admittance can be found. If the angle is selected so that the placement of the point on the paper does not affect the real part of the angle, the noise in the real part is also minimized. In fact, if the reading frequency does not change, the angle must be calibrated only once. Whether or not each measurement point must be calibrated separately depends on changes in the manufacturing of the electronic equipment.

  The purpose of the angle correction is thus to remove the difference due to the change in the paper characteristics and the point position from the measurement signal and to perform it only depending on the characteristics of the code. Background noise is removed.

  In the angle correction, the rotation angle of the coordinate setting is selected so that a lossless dielectric change in the object does not appear in the angle-corrected Re signal.

  This object is achieved by generating a change in the measurement point only in the lossless dielectric constant, for example by lowering the point on paper. Thereafter, the angle correction signals Re and Im are examined. The angle α is adjusted until the change caused by the adjustment appears only in the Im signal or until the minimum value of the Re signal is reached. After correction, the Re signal is measured. In that case, the change appears only in the code.

  The central idea of this method is to calibrate the pen that functions as a measuring head so that the pen distinguishes the real and imaginary parts from each other. This can be done by adjusting the correction angle so that the pen does not change in the real part when the pen is placed on a lossless dielectric surface. Another method is to damage the dielectric surface to ensure that the real part does not fluctuate when scanning the surface. In actual measurement situations, the real part is reset on the paper surface and the trigger level is preset or the algorithm determines the appropriate trigger level based on the signal strength. Since the noise in the real part is small, the trigger level can be set very close to zero. It is worth using vector vertical adjustment instead of real adjustment only if the conductivity of the code is incorrectly indicated, or if the code is “spotted”. In principle, the code can be detected by weighting the real part and imaginary part lengths at an appropriate ratio so that the S / N ratio is optimized.

In principle, the correct conductivity of the cord can be measured from the real and imaginary parts of the admittance. The depiction is very difficult mathematically because the field is divided. The depiction depends on the average distance of the pen, the width of the cord compared to the width of the electrode, and the like. However, when calibrating a pen for a particular application, the following equation is obtained experimentally (or numerically using FEM calculations) and the variable r on the top and outer sides of the code is independent of small variations in distance: To be.
This is simply because both conditions are proportional to distance, so using both variables can eliminate the change in distance. Note that the method does not measure the absolute resistivity of the cord, but is proportional to the difference between the cord and paper resistivity. When measuring sensor information, a more accurate measurement of such conductivity is important. However, if a reference line with a known conductivity is provided in the code in addition to the measurement line, or if the value is given in association with the code information, the measurement of the sensor information is used for the real part measurement. Can be returned. In this case, the resistance value r of the resistivity of the sensor can be calculated from the equation of the real part and the imaginary part of the admittance Y.

  In the above equation, the subscript ref refers to the measurement of the reference code, and the subscript a refers to the measurement of the sensor. Of course, this equation can be used reliably if the reference code has a geometry equal to that of the sensor. If either the real or imaginary part dominates the admittance, the equation is of course simplified. On the other hand, the imaginary part is often approximately the same on the reference code and the sensor, so that the approximate conductivity of the sensor can usually be obtained with a simple calculation. In Equation 4, admittance Y indicates the angle-adjusted admittance.

  Code can be created in several different ways. One is “copying” the method used in barcodes. But here's a way. This method naturally eliminates the speed change that occurs during scanning with a pen or mouse. Furthermore, the described method is based on a trigger level that is set to be close to the impedance of the paper, and therefore does not use the code as a “zero reference”. In the code of FIG. 2, the information is stored in the line width adjustment, and the width of the conductive line is constant. When dividing the number of accumulated samples during code (non-conductor) reading, standardize by dividing this by the maximum number of conducting codes close to the number of samples or the number of accumulated samples from nearby conducting areas Get information about the code that was executed. This information shows from the distance between two lines to the width of adjacent lines. This number is independent of speed. On the other hand, using a known code and a fixed trigger level, the ratio between the long code and the short code is constant, which allows detection of false readings. This type of coding has the advantage that if the line width is minimized, there is more pure paper than the code on the surface to be read, and the code can be kept less visible. Over a long period of time, using good materials, perhaps 40 μm wide lines can be achieved. In this case, the visibility of the code is further reduced. The appropriate short code width is equivalent to the width of the conductive region, and accordingly the groove width should be 1.5-3 times wider based on the S / N ratio of the reading and the selected error correction algorithm. Can do. When the coefficient is only 1.5, an information density of 1 / 2.25 bits is acquired for each moving unit. For example, a 40 μm line conducts 1/90 bits / μm, ie a 96 bit EPC code requires about 9 mm of code. In fact, since the preferred scan length with pen-like points is 3-5 cm, the EPC code requires a code width of at least 250 μm. Longer distances can be scanned with the pen, especially when using a mouse-type interface, the distance can easily be between 5 cm and 10 cm. That is, even a large number of bits can be electrically coded. Furthermore, when the 2D code is generated from the corresponding method, the amount of information can be many times this.

  According to one embodiment of the present invention, code reading can be optimized as follows. Once the electrode structure, distance from the code and read frequency are determined, the ink conductivity is optimized so that the reactance of the capacitance is comparable to the resistance of the conductive ink. Using the measurement electronics, the real and imaginary parts measured by the admittance are corrected by angle correction so that the real part only measures the loss. This can be easily seen by bringing the point close to a non-conductive dielectric surface. The correction can be done in association with the capacitive bridge or analog after mixing. Correction can also be performed digitally after AD correction. After the angle correction, the code is interpreted mainly from the real part. For example, in order to investigate the origin of the ink, better information about the conductivity is needed, and with the help of admittance, the real part of the impedance can be calculated from which the conductivity of the code can be determined.

  The present invention can also be explained as follows. The dielectric constant (paper, board, plastic) to be measured is a composite that includes lossy and lossless components. The reader according to the invention measures both of these. Lossless components form polarization. Lossy components form either polarization related losses or conductivity losses. The dielectric constant of clean paper is almost totally lossless.

For example, if the leader point represented by electrodes 5 and 4 in FIGS. 3a and 3b is moved on the surface of an object (paper, board, plastic) measured in the absence of a cord, it is measured by the leader point. The signal proportional to the lossless dielectric constant changes for the following reasons:
1. Depending on the fiber nature of the paper, the dielectric constant varies at various points;
2. Depending on the moisture absorbed by the paper, the induction rate varies in different places in different ways;
3. As the point tilts, the connection from point to paper changes, affecting the signal.

  There is no signal proportional to the lossy dielectric constant.

  A signal proportional to this lossless dielectric constant appears in both angle correction signals (Re_orig and Im_orig). This is due to the phase difference between modulation and demodulation. This phase difference can be changed by changing the correction angle α (also referred to as coordinate rotation). By changing the angle, new signals Re and Im can be formed. By means of the appropriate angle, the signal produced by the lossless permittivity change appears only in the Im component. At the same time, the signal disappears completely from the Re signal.

  Therefore, the angle correction is actually performed by adjusting the angle α by moving the reader on clean paper until the change caused by the movement appears only in the imaginary part. Or, if a change appears in the real part, it is minimal and very small. Therefore, in this case, the real part only measures the resistive component with high impedance and impedance.

  Therefore, since the code has only a lossy dielectric constant, the Re signal changes only with the code.

  The angle correction operations described above are typically of a one-time nature and must be performed only once or repeated relatively infrequently (from once a month to once a year).

  The invention can be implemented using a voltage or current input, in which case the voltage input is used to measure the current between the measuring electrodes and the current input is used to measure the voltage between the measuring electrodes. The A measurement variable (current or voltage) can be more generally referred to as a measurement signal.

The following are alternatives according to the present invention.
RFID: chip ID programming;
Conventional fuse operation is also used for memory bits, so that the bits are not sintered by writing and burn at sufficiently high voltage or current;
In addition to capacitive sweep readout, readout is performed using a sufficiently high frequency or sufficiently large cord structure, and the cord resonates when the bit is sintered (the length of the cord is, for example, , Half of the wavelength) can be prevented from resonating when the bit is not sintered (low conductance or non-conducting state). The resonance of the code line can be detected by illuminating the code line at a specific frequency and measuring the backscatter signal. The resolution of the different code lines can be performed by using near-field sweepover excitation and detection or narrow beam scanning to match the illumination field to the local area of the code line. Alternatively, the lengths of the various code lines can be varied as shown in FIG. 25 to resonate at different frequencies, allowing the lines to be resolved at the frequencies. This latter approach allows non-near field readings at remote locations without scanning in place. Writing a code using a resonance technique is possible if a sufficiently high voltage can be induced in a bit that is initially non-conductive. Writing a fuse mode bit that is initially conducting requires a higher field than sintering. A further embodiment of the present technique that targets better frequency resolution comprises a resonant structure that is capacitively connected to a separate resonator, such as an antenna structure, for example.
The solution according to FIG. 23 with memory bit portions of different sizes that result in sintering at different voltages or sintering times, as shown in FIG. 26, changes in the size of the memory bit portion and various sintering temperatures, voltages Alternatively, it can be realized by using in combination with time ink.
-For example, as shown in FIG. 19, the portions of the cord lines connected by the memory unit and approaching from the opposite direction can also have a horizontal offset, and the memory unit is installed as shown in FIG. Can be arranged side by side at short distances. This relaxes the alignment requirement of two or more portions of each code line.
FIG. 28 shows a further special code structure. Here, a code line having a continuous memory bit portion is connected.
-Instead of silver nanoparticle inks, other metal nanoparticle inks such as copper nanoparticle inks can also be used in connection with the present invention.

Claims (19)

An electronic code,
An essentially electrically non-conductive substrate (105, 10);
A number of electrically conductive code elements (108) formed on the substrate, wherein at least one code element (101, 108) has an editable region (109) where the conductance can be changed electrically. An electronic code characterized by   2. Code according to claim 1, characterized in that all code elements (101) are editable.   The code according to claim 1, characterized in that the code element (101) comprises at least one editable region (109).   2. Code according to claim 1, characterized in that the editable area (109) is between the code lines (101).   Cord according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the cord element (101) is a conductive wire.   The cord according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the cord is a material.   The code according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the editable region (109) is silver nanoparticle ink.   In the measurement situation, the real part (8) of the measurement result is reset to the surface of the non-coded material (8), and the trigger level of the electronic device (1) that starts the measurement is reset to the reset real part (8). The code according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is set in advance based on the code.   9. The code according to claim 1, wherein in a measurement situation, the algorithm determines an appropriate trigger level for starting the measurement based on the strength of the signal. A method of forming an electrically readable code comprising:
The same code perform (200) is manufactured by a first party,
A method wherein the perform (200) is edited into an electrically unique code (108) by a second party.   The method of claim 10, wherein the perform (200) is edited by sintering.   12. Method according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that only a part of the perform (200) is edited from a selected part (109).   13. A method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that the perform (200) is edited by galvanic contact.   The method of claims 10-12, wherein the perform (200) is edited by capacitive contact.   The method of claims 10-12, wherein the perform (200) is edited by an RF field.   A device for editing an electronic code (200), characterized in that it comprises means for applying an electrical signal to the code (200, 11) to be edited.   17. Device according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises means for galvanically applying an electrical signal to the code (200, 11) to be edited.   The device according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises means for capacitively applying an electrical signal to the code (200, 11) to be edited.   The device according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises means for applying an electrical RF signal to the code (200, 11) to be edited.