JP2013205580A - Electrophotographic organic photoreceptor and image formation device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrophotographic organic photoreceptor and an image formation device that can obtain a halftone image of a high image quality with an occurence of a cutting blade or wood grain interference fringe suppressed, while humidity dependency of sensitivity is suppressed to a small level and an occurence of a zone-shape image defect is suppressed.SOLUTION: The electrophotographic organic photoreceptor according to the present invention includes an electric charge generation layer that contains an electric charge generation substance made of a 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and a non-added titanyl phthalocyanine, in which a ratio (R700/R780) of reflectance (R700) in a wavelength 700 nm of a measured reflection spectrum and reflectance (R780) in a wavelength 780 nm thereof in a state where the electric charge generation layer is laminated on an aluminum-made support body is 0.8 to 1.3, and a conductive support body has surface roughness Rz that is more than 0.5 μm and less than 1.3 μm, and surface roughness Ra(S80) that is less than 0.07 μm.

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophotographic organic photoconductor capable of forming a halftone image with extremely high image quality used in the field of light printing and the like, and an image forming apparatus including the electrophotographic organic photoconductor.

  In recent years, with the development of electronic devices, the frequency of use of copying machines and printers using electrophotography has increased, and high-sensitivity electrophotographic organic photoreceptors (hereinafter also simply referred to as “photoconductors”) and the like. The development of charge generating materials and the like used actively. Among them, Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum peak at a Bragg angle 2θ of 27.2 ± 0.2 ° in a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum is known as a highly sensitive charge generating substance. This Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine has been found to decrease in photon efficiency by dehydrating in a dry inert gas, and is left again in a room temperature and humidity environment to reabsorb water, thereby regaining photon efficiency. Therefore, the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine has a crystal structure containing a water molecule, and the water molecule promotes dissociation between holes of excitons generated by light and electrons, thereby increasing the photon efficiency. It is presumed to be one of the factors shown.

  Accordingly, there is a concern that the sensitivity characteristics of a photoreceptor using such Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine as a charge generating substance may change due to environmental fluctuations, particularly humidity fluctuations. In particular, the disadvantage that the sensitivity is highly dependent on humidity has recently become increasingly problematic as the image quality of digital copying machines increases. For example, when it becomes clear on the next day after rain at night, the high humidity atmosphere of the previous night is maintained in the sealed portion of the photoconductor, for example, in the vicinity of the developing device. A sensitivity difference will occur between the two parts. When an intermediate density image is formed in a state where such a sensitivity difference has occurred, a band-like image defect due to the sensitivity difference may occur in the image.

  In order to solve the problem related to the humidity dependence of sensitivity, an attempt has been made to add another polar group to Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine instead of water molecules. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses 2,3-butane. A diol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine is disclosed. Among them, Patent Documents 2 and 3 disclose 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine having stereoregularity as having particularly excellent properties. As shown, a mixed crystal of 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and non-added titanyl phthalocyanine has been reported (see Patent Document 4).

  However, when the above titanyl phthalocyanine compound is used, the humidity dependency of the sensitivity can be suppressed to a small extent, but the deviation of the film thickness of the charge generation layer is smaller than that of the conventionally used charge generation material. If the surface of the conductive support is rough when it is large, it will appear in the image as a so-called cutting streak, and conversely, if the roughness is excessively suppressed, wood-tone interference fringes will appear in the image. There is a problem of appearing. These cutting stripes and wood-grained interference fringes appear remarkably in the halftone image.

JP-A-5-273775 JP 7-173405 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-82942 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-230615

  The present invention has been made based on the circumstances as described above, and the object thereof is to reduce cutting stripes and wood grain tone while suppressing the humidity dependency of sensitivity to be small and suppressing the occurrence of strip-like image defects. An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic organic photoreceptor capable of obtaining a high-quality halftone image in which generation of interference fringes is suppressed, and an image forming apparatus provided with the electrophotographic organic photoreceptor.

The electrophotographic organic photoreceptor of the present invention is an electrophotographic organic photoreceptor in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated on a conductive support,
The charge generation layer contains a charge generation material composed of 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and non-added titanyl phthalocyanine,
A ratio (R700 / R780) of a reflectance (R700) at 700 nm and a reflectance (R780) at 780 nm (R700 / R780) of a reflection spectrum measured in a state where the charge generation layer is laminated on an aluminum support is 0.8. ~ 1.3,
The conductive support is characterized in that the surface roughness Rz is not less than 0.5 μm and not more than 1.3 μm, and the surface roughness Ra (S80) is not more than 0.07 μm.

The image forming apparatus of the present invention includes a means for forming an electrostatic latent image on an electrophotographic organic photoreceptor, a means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a toner image, and the formed toner image as an image support. Means for transferring the toner image to the image support, and a means for fixing the transferred toner image on the image support.
The electrophotographic organic photoreceptor is the above-described electrophotographic organic photoreceptor.

  According to the electrophotographic organic photoreceptor of the present invention, the charge generation layer has a specific reflectance ratio, and the conductive support has a specific surface roughness shape, so that the humidity dependency of sensitivity is small. It is possible to obtain a high-quality halftone image in which generation of strip-shaped image defects is suppressed and generation of cutting stripes and wood-tone interference fringes is suppressed.

FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the electrophotographic organic photoreceptor of the present invention. (1) X-ray diffraction spectrum of 9.5 ° type 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine, (2) X-ray diffraction of 8.3 ° type 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine. The spectrum is shown. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a configuration of an image forming apparatus on which an electrophotographic organic photoreceptor of the present invention is mounted. (A) shows the reflection spectrum of the charge generation layer according to the photoreceptor [1] of Example 1, and (b) shows the reflection spectrum of the charge generation layer according to the photoreceptor [30] of Comparative Example 15.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described.

[Photoreceptor]
The photoconductor of the present invention comprises at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer laminated in this order on a conductive support, and the charge generation layer is composed of 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and an unsupported layer. It contains a charge generation material composed of additional titanyl phthalocyanine, and the ratio (R700 / R780) of the reflectance (R700) at 700 nm to the reflectance (R780) at 780 nm of the reflection spectrum of the charge generation layer is 0. The conductive support has a specific surface roughness shape having a specific surface roughness Rz and a surface roughness Ra (S80) while having a specific reflectance ratio of .8 to 1.3. .

  For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the photoreceptor of the present invention has an intermediate layer 1b, a charge generation layer 1c, a charge transport layer 1d and a protective layer 1e on a conductive support 1a having a specific surface roughness. The photoconductor 1 is formed by laminating in this order, and the charge generating layer 1c and the charge transport layer 1d constitute an organic photoconductive layer 1α essential for the construction of the electrophotographic organic photoconductor.

(Conductive support)
The conductive support constituting the photoreceptor of the present invention is a sheet or cylinder having a specific surface roughness shape formed on the surface thereof.
The cylindrical conductive support is capable of forming an endless image by rotating, and preferably has a straightness in the range of 0.1 mm or less and a deflection of 0.1 mm or less. When a material exceeding the straightness and shake range is used, it is difficult to form a good image.

The specific surface roughness shape of the conductive support is such that the surface roughness Rz is 0.5 μm or more and 1.3 μm or less, preferably 0.55 μm or more and 1.25 μm or less, and the surface roughness Ra (S80). The shape is 0.07 μm or less, preferably 0.01 μm or more and 0.068 μm or less.
When the surface roughness Rz and the surface roughness Ra (S80) of the conductive support are in the above ranges, it is possible to obtain a high-quality halftone image in which the generation of cutting stripes and wood-grained interference fringes is suppressed. it can. On the other hand, when the surface roughness Rz of the conductive support is excessively small, a halftone image has fringe-like interference fringes, and the surface roughness Rz or surface roughness Ra ( If S80) is excessive, a cutting streak occurs in the halftone image.

  In the present invention, the surface roughness Rz is the maximum height roughness measured according to ISO 4287, and the surface roughness Ra (S80) is a short wavelength cutoff when measuring the Ra value according to ISO 4287. Arithmetic mean roughness measured with a value λs of 80 μm.

  The conductive support is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity. For example, aluminum, nickel or the like formed into a drum shape, aluminum, tin oxide, indium oxide or the like is vapor-deposited on a plastic drum. And the like.

The conductive support preferably has a specific resistance at room temperature of 10 ³ Ω · cm or less.

  Further, the conductive support may be formed by forming a sealed anodized film on the surface by performing anodized treatment and sealing treatment. The alumite treatment is usually performed in an acidic bath such as chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, sulfamic acid, etc., but it is most preferable to perform alumite treatment using sulfuric acid. In the alumite treatment using sulfuric acid, it is preferable that the sulfuric acid concentration is 100 to 200 g / l, the aluminum ion concentration is 1 to 10 g / l, the liquid temperature is about 20 ° C., and the applied voltage is about 20 V. It is not limited to. The average film thickness of the alumite film is preferably 20 μm or less, particularly preferably 10 μm or less.

(Method for producing conductive support)
For example, in the case of producing a cylindrical support, the conductive support can be produced by forming a specific surface roughness shape on the surface of an elementary tube made of a cylindrical tube by cutting with a bite.
Specifically, by changing the contact angle of the cutting tool such as a diamond sintered tool when shaping the surface of the element tube with a tool cutting process or the type of cutting tool used, the conductive support Can be adjusted to have a specific surface roughness Rz and surface roughness Ra (S80).
It should be noted that the cutting of the conductive support is performed by using a conductive support in which the dimensional accuracy such as the outer diameter of the conductive support is set to a desired level, and the surface of the conductive support is made fresh except for an oxide film. It is performed for the purpose of making the surface a desired shape.

(Middle layer)
The intermediate layer provides a barrier function and an adhesive function between the conductive support and the organic photosensitive layer. From the viewpoint of preventing various failures, it is preferable to provide such an intermediate layer.

  The intermediate layer is particularly preferably one in which titanium oxide fine particles are dispersed in a binder resin such as a polyamide resin. The average particle size of the titanium oxide fine particles is preferably in the range of 10 nm to 400 nm in terms of number average primary particle size, and more preferably in the range of 15 nm to 200 nm. When the number average primary particle size of the titanium oxide fine particles is in the above range, good dispersion stability of the titanium oxide fine particles in the intermediate layer is obtained, and in addition to the effect of suppressing the occurrence of black spots by the intermediate layer, Good environmental properties and cracking resistance are obtained. When the number average primary particle size of the titanium oxide fine particles is less than 10 nm, the effect of suppressing the occurrence of moire by the intermediate layer is small. On the other hand, when the number average primary particle size of the titanium oxide fine particles is larger than 400 nm, precipitation of the titanium oxide fine particles in the coating liquid for forming the intermediate layer is likely to occur, and as a result, the dispersibility of the titanium oxide fine particles in the intermediate layer. Therefore, there is a possibility that the finally obtained photoreceptor cannot sufficiently suppress the occurrence of black spots.

  The titanium oxide fine particles may be used in any shape such as dendritic, acicular and granular, and may be any crystalline type such as anatase type, rutile type and amorphous type, Two or more crystal types may be mixed and used. Among these, as the titanium oxide fine particles, it is particularly preferable to use those having a rutile type crystal shape and a granular shape.

  The titanium oxide fine particles are preferably surface-treated. Among these, it is preferable that the surface treatment is performed a plurality of times and the last surface treatment is a surface treatment using a reactive organosilicon compound among the plurality of surface treatments. Of the plurality of surface treatments, at least one surface treatment is a surface treatment selected from alumina treatment, silica treatment and zirconia treatment, and the last surface treatment uses a reactive organosilicon compound. What is surface treatment is more preferable.

  Alumina treatment, silica treatment, and zirconia treatment are treatments for precipitating alumina, silica, or zirconia on the surface of titanium oxide fine particles. Alumina, silica, and zirconia to be deposited on these surfaces are alumina, silica, and zirconia. Hydrate is also included. The surface treatment using a reactive organosilicon compound means that the treatment liquid contains a reactive organosilicon compound.

  According to the titanium oxide fine particles subjected to a plurality of surface treatments as described above, the surface of the obtained titanium oxide fine particles is uniformly surface-coated, and by adding the titanium oxide fine particles to the intermediate layer, intermediate Good dispersibility of the titanium oxide fine particles in the layer is obtained, and the finally obtained photoreceptor can sufficiently suppress the occurrence of black spots.

  Preferable reactive organosilicon compounds used for the surface treatment include various alkoxysilanes such as methyltrimethoxysilane, n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-hexylyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, and methylhydrogenpolysiloxane. It is done.

  The intermediate layer as described above is prepared by, for example, preparing a coating solution for forming an intermediate layer by dissolving a binder resin in a known solvent, and coating the coating solution for forming an intermediate layer on the surface of the conductive support. And the coating film can be dried.

  The solvent used for forming the intermediate layer is not particularly limited. For example, n-butylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropanolamine, triethanolamine, triethylenediamine, N, N-dimethylformamide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, Cyclohexanone, benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, Use dioxane, methanol, ethanol, butanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl cellosolve, etc. It can, among these, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, etc. are preferably used. These solvents can be used alone or as a mixed solvent of two or more.

  Although it does not specifically limit as a coating method of the coating liquid for intermediate | middle layer formation, For example, the dip coating method, the spray coating method, etc. are mentioned.

  The film thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 0.1 to 30 μm, and more preferably 0.3 to 15 μm.

(Charge generation layer)
The charge generation layer constituting the photoconductor of the present invention contains a charge generation material (CGM) and, if necessary, contains a binder resin and other additives as a dispersion medium. You can also.

The charge generating layer constituting the photoreceptor of the present invention is charged with a pigment containing 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and unadded titanyl phthalocyanine (hereinafter also referred to as “specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment”). It has at least as a generating substance.
In the present invention, 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine refers to a compound obtained by adding 2,3-butanediol to unadded titanyl phthalocyanine.
The pigment containing 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and unadded titanyl phthalocyanine is a mixture of at least unadded titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine in one pigment particle. It means a pigment contained in a state or mixed crystal state.

  The 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine is used as a raw material (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol or (2S, 3S) -2,3-butanediol (hereinafter referred to as “raw butanediol compound”). Depending on the difference in the addition ratio), the 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine in the present invention may be of any crystal type, From the viewpoint of obtaining good sensitivity and repeated potential stability, it is preferable to use an 8.3 ° type which will be described in detail later.

Specifically, when the raw material butanediol compound is reacted in excess with unadded titanyl phthalocyanine, the Bragg angle 2θ: 9.5 in the X-ray diffraction spectrum as shown in FIG. A crystal type having a characteristic peak at ° (± 0.2 °) (hereinafter referred to as “9.5 ° type”) is obtained. In addition to 9.5 °, the 9.5 ° type 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine has an X-ray diffraction spectrum of 16.4 °, 19.1 °, 24.7 °, 26.5. A peak is seen at °. Note that the characteristic peak in the X-ray diffraction spectrum means a peak that is clearly different from the background variation.
The 9.5 ° type 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine does not have Ti = O absorption near 970 cm ⁻¹ in the IR spectrum, and O—Ti—O absorption appears near 630 cm ^−1. Analysis (TG) shows that there is an approximately 11% mass loss at 390-410 ° C. (possibly due to desorption of butylene oxide by thermal decomposition), and from the mass spectrum results, unadded titanyl phthalocyanine and raw material butane It is presumed that the diol compound has a structure dehydrated and condensed at 1/1.

When the raw butanediol compound is reacted in an amount of 1 mol or less with respect to 1 mol of unadded titanyl phthalocyanine, the Bragg angle 2θ: 8 in the X-ray diffraction spectrum as shown in FIG. A crystal type having a characteristic peak at 3 ° (± 0.2 °) (hereinafter referred to as “8.3 ° type”) is obtained. In the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the 8.3 ° -type 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine, peaks were observed at 24.7 °, 25.1 °, and 26.5 ° in addition to 8.3 °. It is done.
The 8.3 ° type 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine has an absorption of Ti = O near 970 cm ⁻¹ and an O—Ti—O absorption near 630 cm ⁻¹ in the IR spectrum. In the thermal analysis, mass loss at 390 to 410 ° C. is less than 11%, and from the result of mass spectrum, butanediol / titanyl phthalocyanine = 1/1 adduct and titanyl phthalocyanine form a mixed crystal at a certain ratio. Presumed to be. The addition ratio of the raw material butanediol compound is estimated to be 40 to 70 mol% from the mass reduction at 390 to 410 ° C. in the thermal analysis.

  The amount of the raw material butanediol compound used relative to 1 mol of unadded titanyl phthalocyanine is preferably 0.2 to 2.0 mol. The above 9.5 ° type 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine is obtained when the amount of the raw material butanediol compound is 1.0 mol or more. An 8.3 ° type 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine which is a mixed crystal with unadded titanyl phthalocyanine is obtained.

The reaction of unadded titanyl phthalocyanine and raw material butanediol compound to form 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine is carried out by reacting unadded titanyl phthalocyanine and raw material butanediol compound in various solvents at room temperature or It can be synthesized by reacting under heating.
Unadded titanyl phthalocyanine as a raw material is generally known such as a synthesis method obtained from phthalonitrile and titanium tetrachloride, a synthesis method obtained from diiminoisoindoline and alkoxytitanium, and a synthesis method obtained from phthalonitrile, urea and alkoxytitanium. Although any synthesis method can be used, it is particularly preferable to use a synthesis method obtained from diiminoisoindoline and alkoxytitanium because a high-purity titanyl phthalocyanine having a low chlorine content can be obtained.
In addition, as the non-added titanyl phthalocyanine, it is preferable to use a crude titanyl phthalocyanine obtained by the above synthesis method and made amorphous by a method such as acid paste treatment.
For the addition reaction between unadded titanyl phthalocyanine and the raw material butanediol compound, a solvent usually 5 to 30 times the mass of the raw material is used.
The solvent is not particularly limited. For example, aromatic solvents such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, anisole, chloronaphthalene, and quinoline; ketone solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, and acetophenone; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, and diglyme. Examples of the solvent include aprotic polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide; other halogen solvents and ester solvents.

The reaction of the unadded titanyl phthalocyanine and the raw material butanediol compound is shown in the following reaction formula (1). This reaction can be performed under a wide range of temperature conditions, and the reaction temperature is preferably in the range of 25 to 300 ° C., for example, from the viewpoint of synthesizing a BET specific surface area of 20 m ² / g or more. A range is more preferable.

  As the raw material butanediol compound, it is preferable to use (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol or (2S, 3S) -2,3-butanediol exhibiting optical isomerism, but a racemic compound that does not exhibit optical isomerism. Can also be used.

The specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment preferably has a BET specific surface area of 20 m ² / g or more, preferably 25 to 35 m ² / g.
Using a specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment having a BET specific surface area in the above range, and further maintaining the dispersibility of the specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment with a low share when preparing a coating solution for forming a charge generation layer to be described later By dispersing the titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment, a photoreceptor capable of obtaining good sensitivity and repeated potential stability can be produced.
The BET specific surface area is measured using a flow-type specific surface area automatic measuring device “Micrometrics Flow Soap Type” (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).

  As the charge generation material, besides the specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment described above, a phthalocyanine pigment, an azo pigment, a perylene pigment, an azulenium pigment, or the like can be used in combination.

  In the charge generation layer constituting the photoconductor of the present invention, the ratio (R700 / R780) of the reflectance (R700) at 700 nm and the reflectance (R780) at 780 nm of the reflection spectrum of the charge generation layer is 0.7. It has a specific reflection ratio of 8 to 1.3, preferably 0.85 to 1.25.

(Measurement method of reflection spectrum)
The reflection spectrum of the charge generation layer according to the present invention is obtained by using an optical film thickness measurement apparatus “Solid Lambda Thickness” for a sample in which only the charge generation layer is laminated on a support made of aluminum so that the dry film thickness is 0.3 μm. (Spectracorp Co., Ltd.) was used to obtain measured data as relative reflectance when the reflectance of the support was 100%, and to remove irregularities due to interference fringes in this measured data, 685 in the measured data It is obtained by approximating the range of ˜715 nm and the range of 765 to 795 nm with a second order polynomial.
In the reflection spectrum, the ratio (R700 / R780) is calculated from the reflectance (R700) at 700 nm and the reflectance (R780) at 780 nm of the reflection spectrum.

  When the specific reflectance ratio is in the above range, the humidity dependence of the sensitivity of the resulting photoreceptor is suppressed to a very small level, and therefore, strip-shaped image defects due to sensitivity differences occur even when there is humidity fluctuation. Can be formed. On the other hand, when the specific reflectance ratio is less than 0.8, the specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment contained is a crushed crystal, and the 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl in the defective portion of the crystal Decomposition of phthalocyanine tends to occur, and as a result, sufficient sensitivity cannot be obtained, and furthermore, stable sensitivity cannot be obtained over a long period of time. Further, when the specific reflectance ratio exceeds 1.3, the specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment contained is present as secondary agglomerated particles or coarse particles due to poor dispersion. The occurrence of image defects cannot be reliably suppressed.

The specific reflectance ratio relating to the charge generation layer can be controlled by adjusting the shear (shearing force) at the time of dispersion of the specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment in the charge generation layer forming method described later. Specifically, the share of the dispersion can be controlled by the dispersion method, the diameter and amount of the media used during dispersion, the dispersion time, and the like.
In the dispersion of a specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment, the dispersion of secondary aggregation and the crushing of crystals progress as the share increases, and the reflectance (R780) of the reflection spectrum of the charge generation layer increases at 780 nm. The reflectance ratio decreases.

  When the charge generation layer is configured to contain a binder resin, a known resin can be used as the binder resin. For example, a formal resin, a butyral resin, a silicone resin, a silicone-modified butyral resin, a phenoxy resin, and the like can be used. It is preferable because the increase in residual potential due to repeated use in the obtained photoreceptor can be extremely suppressed.

  The mixing ratio of the binder resin and the charge generating material is preferably 20 to 600 parts by mass, and more preferably 50 to 500 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. When the mixing ratio of the binder resin and the charge generating material is in the above range, high dispersion stability is obtained in the coating solution for forming the charge generating layer, which will be described later, and the electric resistance is suppressed low in the formed photoreceptor. Thus, an increase in residual potential due to repeated use can be extremely suppressed.

(Method for forming charge generation layer)
The charge generation layer constituting the photoconductor of the present invention is prepared by adding and dispersing a charge generation material in a solvent to prepare a coating solution for forming a charge generation layer, and applying this coating solution for forming a charge generation layer on the surface of the intermediate layer. It can form by apply | coating and forming a coating film and drying this coating film. When the charge generation layer is configured to contain a binder resin, the charge generation layer forming coating solution may be configured as a solution in which the binder resin is dissolved in a solvent.

  Examples of the solvent used for forming the charge generation layer include ketone solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, and acetophenone, ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, and diglyme, methyl cellosolve, and ethyl cell. Examples include alcohol solvents such as sorb and butanol, ester solvents such as ethyl acetate and t-butyl acetate, aromatic solvents such as toluene and chlorobenzene, and halogen solvents such as dichloroethane and trichloroethane. It is not limited to. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. In the case where the charge generation layer is configured to contain a binder resin, a solvent capable of dissolving the binder resin may be used as a solvent.

As a means for dispersing the charge generating material, it is preferable to use a method that has a low share at the time of dispersion. Specifically, an ultrasonic dispersion method or a medium with a small specific gravity (such as glass (specific gravity 2.5) beads). It is preferable to use a media dispersion method using.
The media dispersion method is a method in which beads are filled as a medium in a container, and an agitation disk attached perpendicularly to a rotation axis is rotated at a high speed to crush and disperse aggregated particles.

  By adopting a dispersion method having a low share as described above, a state in which the secondary agglomerated particles and coarse particles are sufficiently crushed can be obtained, while the specific titanyl phthalocyanine mixed pigment constituting the charge generation material can be obtained. Thus, it is possible to prepare a coating solution for forming a charge generation layer, in which the crystal structure is prevented from changing and the characteristics thereof are impaired, and therefore, the formed photoreceptor can have good sensitivity and repeated potential stability.

  Examples of the method for applying the charge generation layer forming coating solution include the same methods as those described as the method for applying the intermediate layer forming coating solution.

  The thickness of the charge generation layer varies depending on the characteristics of the charge generation material, the characteristics of the binder resin, the mixing ratio, and the like, but is preferably 0.1 to 2 μm, more preferably 0.15 to 1.5 μm.

(Charge transport layer)
The charge transport layer constituting the photoreceptor is a binder resin containing a charge transport material (CTM).

  Examples of the charge transport material include materials that transport charges (holes) such as triphenylamine derivatives, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, benzidine compounds, and butadiene compounds.

  As the binder resin for forming the charge transport layer, any of thermoplastic resin and thermosetting resin may be used. Specifically, for example, polyester resin, polystyrene resin, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate. Examples include resins, polyvinyl butyral resins, epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, phenol resins, alkyd resins, polycarbonate resins, silicone resins, melamine resins, and the like. Among these, it is preferable to use a polycarbonate resin because the water absorption is low and the charge transport material can be dispersed with high dispersibility.

  The charge transport layer may contain other components such as an antioxidant, if necessary.

The mixing ratio of the charge transport material to the binder resin is preferably 10 to 200 parts by mass, more preferably 20 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.
When the mixing ratio of the charge transport material is too small, sufficient charge transportability cannot be obtained, and there is a possibility that charges generated in the charge generation layer cannot be sufficiently transported to the surface of the photoreceptor. On the other hand, when the mixing ratio of the charge transport material is excessive, an increase in residual potential due to repeated use tends to be remarkable.

  The thickness of the charge transport layer varies depending on the characteristics of the charge transport material, the characteristics of the binder resin, the mixing ratio, and the like, but is preferably 10 to 40 μm, for example.

The charge transport layer as described above is prepared, for example, by adding a charge transport material (CTM) into a binder resin dissolved in a known solvent to prepare a charge transport layer forming coating solution. It can be formed by applying a liquid on the surface of the charge generation layer to form a coating film and drying the coating film.
Examples of the solvent used in forming the charge transport layer include the same solvents as those used in forming the intermediate layer.
In addition, as the method for applying the charge transport layer forming coating solution, the same method as the method for applying the intermediate layer forming coating solution can be used.

(Protective layer)
In the case where the photoconductor is configured as a protective layer formed, the protective layer may contain inorganic particles in a binder resin, and the binder resin may be oxidized as necessary. Other components such as an agent and a lubricant may be contained.

  Inorganic particles include silica, alumina, strontium titanate, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, antimony and tantalum-doped tin oxide, zirconium oxide, etc. In particular, it is preferable to use hydrophobic silica, hydrophobic alumina, hydrophobic zirconia, fine powder sintered silica or the like having a hydrophobic surface.

As the inorganic particles, those having a number average primary particle diameter of 1 to 300 nm are preferably used, and those having 5 to 100 nm are particularly preferable.
The number average primary particle diameter of the inorganic particles is magnified 10,000 times by a transmission electron microscope, 300 particles are randomly selected as primary particles, and the ferret diameter is measured by image analysis. It is set as the value obtained by calculating.

  The binder resin for forming the protective layer may be a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin. Specifically, for example, polyvinyl butyral resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyester resin Alkyd resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, melamine resin and the like.

  Examples of the lubricant include resin fine powders such as fluorine resin, polyolefin resin, silicone resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin, and styrene resin; for example, metal oxide fine powders such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, and tin oxide; For example, solid lubricants such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, zinc stearate, aluminum stearate; for example, dimethyl silicone oil, methyl phenyl silicone oil, methyl hydrogen polysiloxane, cyclic dimethyl polysiloxane Alkyl modified silicone oil, polyether modified silicone oil, alcohol modified silicone oil, fluorine modified silicone oil, amino modified silicone oil, mercapto modified silicone oil, Silicone oils such as xylene-modified silicone oil, carboxyl-modified silicone oil, and higher fatty acid-modified silicone oil; for example, tetrafluoroethylene resin powder, trifluorochloroethylene resin powder, hexafluoroethylenepropylene resin powder, vinyl fluoride Fluorine resin powders such as resin powder, vinylidene fluoride resin powder, ethylene fluoride dichloride resin powder and copolymers thereof; for example, polyethylene resin powder, polypropylene resin powder, polybutene resin powder, polyhexene Homopolymer resin powders such as resin powders, copolymer resin powders such as ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-butene copolymers, terpolymers such as hexene, and thermal transformation products thereof. Polyolefin resin powder such as polyolefin resin powder It is.

  As the lubricant, the molecular weight of the resin constituting the lubricant and the particle diameter of the powder may be appropriately selected. For example, the particle diameter of the powder is particularly preferably 0.1 to 10 μm. In addition, when a lubricant is contained in the protective layer, a dispersant may be further added to the binder resin in order to uniformly disperse these lubricants.

For example, the protective layer is prepared by adding a binder resin, inorganic particles, and other components as necessary to a solvent to prepare a coating solution for forming a protective layer, and coating the coating solution for forming the protective layer on the surface of the charge transport layer. Then, it can be formed by forming a coating film and drying the coating film.
Examples of the solvent used for forming the protective layer include the same solvents as those used for forming the intermediate layer.
As a coating method of the coating liquid for forming the protective layer, spray coating method, spinner coating method, bead coating method, blade coating method, beam coating method, circular slide hopper method disclosed in JP-A-58-189061, etc. A well-known method is mentioned. Among these, the spray coating method or the circular slide hopper method is preferably used because the photosensitive layer is not dissolved as much as possible and a uniform coating state is obtained.

  The thickness of the protective layer is preferably 0.2 to 10 μm, and more preferably 0.5 to 9 μm, for example.

  According to the above photoreceptor, the humidity dependency of the sensitivity is suppressed to be small because the charge generation layer has a specific reflectance ratio and the conductive support has a specific surface roughness shape. Thus, it is possible to obtain a high-quality halftone image in which the occurrence of strip-shaped image defects is suppressed and suppressed, and the generation of cutting stripes and wood-tone interference fringes is suppressed.

[Image forming apparatus]
FIG. 3 is an explanatory sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an image forming apparatus on which the electrophotographic organic photoreceptor of the present invention is mounted.
This image forming apparatus is called a tandem type color image forming apparatus. Each of the image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk that forms yellow, magenta, cyan, or black toner images, and these image forming units. Image formation comprising an intermediate transfer unit 7 for transferring toner images of respective colors formed on 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk onto the image support P, and fixing means 24 for fixing the toner image to the image support P An apparatus main body A is provided, and an original image reading apparatus SC for optically scanning an original and reading image information as digital data (original image data) is disposed above the image forming apparatus main body A.

The image forming unit 10Y will be described in detail below.
Each of the image forming units 10M, 10C, and 10Bk forms a toner image with magenta toner, cyan toner, and black toner instead of yellow toner, and basically has the same configuration as the image forming unit 10Y. Is.

  The image forming unit 10Y is exposed around a drum-shaped photoreceptor 1Y that is an image forming body, a charging unit 2Y that applies a uniform potential to the surface of the photoreceptor 1Y, and a uniformly charged photoreceptor 1Y. Exposure unit 3Y that performs exposure based on the image data signal (yellow) for image formation and forms an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the yellow image, and conveys color toner onto the photoreceptor 1Y to visualize the electrostatic latent image The developing means 4Y for cleaning and the cleaning means 6Y for collecting the residual toner remaining on the photoreceptor 1Y after the primary transfer are arranged to form a yellow (Y) toner image on the photoreceptor 1Y.

  As the charging means 2Y, a corona discharge type charger is used.

  As the exposure unit 3Y, a light emitting device using a light emitting diode as an exposure light source, for example, an LED unit in which light emitting elements made of light emitting diodes are arranged in an array in the axial direction of the photoreceptor 1Y and an imaging element Alternatively, the image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 3 uses a laser irradiation apparatus, such as a laser optical system laser irradiation apparatus using a semiconductor laser as an exposure light source.

  The exposure means 3Y is preferably composed of an apparatus using a semiconductor laser or light emitting diode having an oscillation wavelength of 350 to 850 nm as an exposure light source. By using such an exposure light source with an exposure dot diameter of 10 to 100 μm narrowed down in the writing direction, and performing digital exposure on the photoreceptor 1Y, a high-resolution electrophotographic image of 600 to 2400 dpi or more is provided. Can be obtained.

The exposure method in the exposure means 3Y may be a scanning optical system using a semiconductor laser or a solid type using an LED. Regarding the light intensity distribution, there are a Gaussian distribution, a Lorentz distribution, and the like, but an area of 1 / e ² or more of each peak intensity may be set as the exposure dot diameter.

  In the image forming apparatus of this example, the photosensitive member 1Y, the charging unit 2Y, the developing unit 4Y, and the cleaning unit 6Y in the image forming unit 10Y are provided as an integrated process cartridge.

  The image forming apparatus as described above is configured by integrally combining a photosensitive member in one image forming unit and components such as a developing unit and a cleaning unit as a process cartridge, and this process cartridge is attached to the main body of the image forming apparatus. On the other hand, it may be configured to be detachable. In addition, a process cartridge is formed by integrally supporting at least one of a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit or a separation unit (not shown), and a cleaning unit in one image forming unit together with a photosensitive member. It may be configured to be detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus using a guide means.

  The intermediate transfer unit 7 is formed by an endless belt-like intermediate transfer body 70 that is stretched by a plurality of support rollers 71 to 74 and supported so as to be circulated, and image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk, respectively. The primary transfer rollers 5Y, 5M, 5C, and 5Bk for transferring the toner image to the intermediate transfer member 70, and the toner image transferred onto the intermediate transfer member 70 by the primary transfer rollers 5Y, 5M, 5C, and 5Bk are image supports. A secondary transfer roller 5b for transferring onto P and a cleaning means 6b for collecting residual toner remaining on the intermediate transfer member 70 are provided.

  The primary transfer roller 5Bk in the intermediate transfer unit 7 is always in contact with the photoconductor 1Bk during the image forming process, and the other primary transfer rollers 5Y, 5M, and 5C are each only when forming a color image. It contacts the corresponding photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, 1C.

  Further, the secondary transfer roller 5b is brought into contact with the intermediate transfer body 70 only when the image support P passes through the secondary transfer roller 5b and the secondary transfer is performed.

  In this image forming apparatus, each of the process cartridges in the image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk and other than the secondary transfer roller 5b of the intermediate transfer unit 7 are housed in a housing 8, and the housing 8 is configured to be drawable from the image forming apparatus main body A through the support rails 82L and 82R.

  In this image forming apparatus, among the photoconductors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk of all the image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk, all the photoconductors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk are the above-described photosensitive members according to the present invention. However, if at least one of the photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk is composed of the above-described photoreceptor of the present invention, the sensitivity is reduced while the humidity dependency is suppressed to be small. It is possible to obtain an effect of forming a high-quality halftone image in which the generation of streak and woodgrain interference fringes is suppressed.

  The image forming apparatus of the present invention is generally applicable to electrophotographic apparatuses such as electrophotographic copying machines, laser printers, LED printers, and liquid crystal shutter printers, and further, displays, recordings, light printing, plate making and the like using electrophotographic technology. It can be widely applied to devices such as facsimiles.

  In the image forming apparatus as described above, the surfaces of the photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk are charged by the charging units 2Y, 2M, 2C, and 2Bk, and the exposure units 3Y, 3M, 3C, and 3Bk are charged with the original image reading device SC. The laser beam is operated according to the exposure image data signal of each color obtained by performing various kinds of image processing on the original image data obtained by the above, specifically, the laser light modulated in accordance with the exposure image data signal. Is output from the exposure light source, and the photoconductors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk are scanned and exposed by the laser light, so that yellow, magenta, cyan, and black corresponding to the original read by the original image reading device SC are obtained. An electrostatic latent image corresponding to each color is formed on each photoconductor 1Y, 1M, 1C, 1Bk.

Next, the electrostatic latent images formed on the photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk are developed with the toners of the respective colors in the developing units 4Y, 4M, 4C, and 4Bk, thereby forming toner images of the respective colors. The toner images of the respective colors are sequentially transferred onto the intermediate transfer body 70 by the transfer rollers 5Y, 5M, 5C, and 5Bk, and are superimposed and combined to form a color toner image.
Further, in synchronism with the formation of the color toner image, the image support P such as plain paper or transparent sheet accommodated in the paper feed cassette 20 is fed by the paper feed means 21 and a plurality of intermediate rollers 22A, 22B. , 22C, 22D and the registration roller 23, the color toner images conveyed to the secondary transfer roller 5b and transferred onto the intermediate transfer body 70 by the secondary transfer roller 5b on the image support P in a lump. Transcribed.
The color toner image transferred onto the image support P is fixed by, for example, heating and pressurization in the fixing unit 24 to form a visible image, and then the image support P on which the visible image has been formed is discharged to the discharge roller. 25 is discharged out of the apparatus and placed on the discharge tray 26.

The photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk after the toner images of the respective colors are transferred to the intermediate transfer member 70 remain on the photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk by the cleaning units 6Y, 6M, 6C, and 6Bk, respectively. After the toner is removed, it is used to form toner images of the following colors.
On the other hand, the intermediate transfer member 70 after the color toner image is transferred onto the image support P by the secondary transfer roller 5b and the curvature of the image support P is separated is left on the intermediate transfer member 70 by the cleaning means 6b. After the removed toner is removed, it is used for intermediate transfer of the next toner image.

[Toner and developer]
The toner used in the image forming apparatus of the present invention may be a pulverized toner or a polymerized toner, but the image forming apparatus of the present invention is produced by a polymerization method from the viewpoint of obtaining a high quality image. It is preferable to use the polymerized toner.

  A polymerized toner is obtained by generating a binder resin for forming a toner and forming a toner particle shape by performing polymerization of raw material monomers to obtain a binder resin and, if necessary, subsequent chemical treatment in parallel. Means toner.

  More specifically, it means a toner formed through a step of obtaining resin fine particles by a polymerization reaction such as suspension polymerization or emulsion polymerization, and a step of fusing the resin fine particles performed thereafter if necessary.

  The volume average particle diameter of the toner, that is, the 50% volume particle diameter (Dv50) is preferably 2 to 9 μm, more preferably 3 to 7 μm. By setting this range, the resolution can be increased. In addition, by combining with the above range, the amount of toner having a fine particle diameter can be reduced while being a small particle diameter toner, the dot image reproducibility is improved over a long period of time, and the sharpness is excellent. In addition, a stable image can be formed.

  The toner according to the present invention may be used alone as a one-component developer, or may be mixed with a carrier and used as a two-component developer.

  When used as a one-component developer, a non-magnetic one-component developer or a magnetic one-component developer containing about 0.1 to 0.5 μm of magnetic particles in the toner can be used. be able to.

  In addition, when used as a two-component developer by mixing with a carrier, conventionally known magnetic particles of the carrier, such as metals such as iron, ferrite, and magnetite, alloys of these metals with metals such as aluminum and lead, etc. Material can be used. Ferrite particles are particularly preferable. The magnetic particles preferably have a volume average particle size of 15 to 100 μm, more preferably 25 to 80 μm.

  The volume average particle diameter of the carrier can be typically measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring apparatus “HELOS” (manufactured by SYMPATEC) equipped with a wet disperser.

  The carrier is preferably a carrier in which magnetic particles are further coated with a resin, or a so-called resin dispersion type carrier in which magnetic particles are dispersed in a resin. The resin composition for coating is not particularly limited, and for example, olefin resin, styrene resin, styrene-acrylic resin, silicone resin, ester resin, or fluorine-containing polymer resin is used. In addition, the resin for constituting the resin-dispersed carrier is not particularly limited, and a known resin can be used. For example, a styrene-acrylic resin, a polyester resin, a fluorine resin, a phenol resin, or the like is used. be able to.

  According to the above image forming apparatus, the charge generation layer of the photoconductor has a specific reflectance ratio, and the conductive support of the photoconductor has a specific surface roughness shape, so that the sensitivity depends on humidity. Is suppressed to be small and the occurrence of strip-like image defects is suppressed, and a high-quality halftone image in which the generation of cutting stripes and wood-tone interference fringes is suppressed can be obtained.

As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention was described concretely, embodiment of this invention is not limited to said example, A various change can be added.
For example, the specific layer structure of the photoreceptor is not limited to the above structure.

  Hereinafter, specific examples of the present invention will be described, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

<Synthesis example 1 of charge generation material>
(1) Synthesis of amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine 29.2 g of 1,3-diiminoisoindoline is dispersed in 200 ml of orthodichlorobenzene (ODB), 20.4 g of titanium tetra-n-butoxide is added, and 150 to 150 under nitrogen atmosphere. Heated at 160 ° C. for 5 hours. After standing to cool, the precipitated crystals were filtered, washed with chloroform, washed with 2% aqueous hydrochloric acid, washed with water, washed with methanol in order, and dried to obtain 26.2 g (yield 91%) of crude titanyl phthalocyanine. Obtained.
Next, this crude titanyl phthalocyanine is added to 250 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, dissolved by stirring at 5 ° C. or lower for 1 hour, poured into 5 L of water at 20 ° C., and the precipitated crystals are filtered and washed thoroughly with water. 225 g of wet paste product was obtained, frozen in a freezer, thawed, filtered, and dried to obtain 24.8 g of amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine [1] (yield 86%).

(2) Generation of charge generation material 10.0 g of amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine [1] and 0.94 g of (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol (equivalent ratio to amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine = 0.6) The mixture was mixed in 200 ml of dichlorobenzene (ODB) and stirred with heating at a reaction temperature of 60 to 70 ° C. for 6.0 hours. After standing overnight, methanol was added to the reaction solution, and the resulting crystals were filtered. The filtered crystals were washed with methanol to obtain 10.3 g of a charge generating material [CG-1].
When the X-ray diffraction spectrum of this charge generation material [CG-1] was measured, clear peaks were observed at 8.3 °, 24.7 °, 25.1 ° and 26.5 °. The measured mass spectrum, show a peak in the 576 and 648, also was measured for IR spectrum, O-Ti-O in the vicinity of 630 cm ^-1 with absorption of Ti = O appears in the vicinity of 970 cm ^-1 Both absorptions appeared. Further, when thermal analysis (TG) was performed, there was a mass loss of about 7% at 390 to 410 ° C. From the above, it was estimated that the charge generation material [CG-1] was a mixed crystal of titanyl phthalocyanine and (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol 1: 1 adduct and non-added titanyl phthalocyanine. .
It was 31.2 m < ² > / g when the BET specific surface area of this charge generation material [CG-1] was measured.

  The X-ray diffraction spectrum was measured using a sample obtained by applying the charge generation material [CG-1] on a transparent glass plate and drying it. The BET specific surface area was measured using a flow type specific surface area automatic measuring device “Micrometrics Flow Soap Type” (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The same applies to the following.

<Synthesis example 2 of charge generation material>
Charge generation material synthesis Example 1 except that (2S, 3S) -2,3-butanediol was used instead of (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol in the charge generation material synthesis step of Example 1. Similarly, 10.5 g of a charge generating material [CG-2] composed of a mixed crystal of (2S, 3S) -2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and unadded titanyl phthalocyanine was obtained.
In the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the charge generation material [CG-2], clear peaks are observed at 8.3 °, 24.7 °, 25.1 ° and 26.5 °, and 970 cm ⁻¹ in the IR spectrum. Absorption of Ti = O appeared in the vicinity, and absorption of O—Ti—O appeared in the vicinity of 630 cm ⁻¹ .
Further, the BET specific surface area of the charge generating material [CG-2] was 30.5 m ² / g.

<Synthesis Example 3 of Charge Generation Material>
(2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine except that the reaction temperature was changed to 90 to 100 ° C. in the charge generation material synthesis step of charge generation material synthesis example 1. Then, 10.6 g of a charge generating material [CG-3] composed of a mixed crystal of unadded titanyl phthalocyanine was obtained.
In the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the charge generation material [CG-3], clear peaks are observed at 8.3 °, 24.7 °, 25.1 °, and 26.5 °, and 970 cm ⁻¹ in the IR spectrum. Absorption of Ti = O appeared in the vicinity, and absorption of O—Ti—O appeared in the vicinity of 630 cm ⁻¹ .
Further, the BET specific surface area of the charge generating material [CG-3] was 20.5 m ² / g.

<Synthesis Example 4 of Charge Generating Material>
(2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine except that the reaction temperature was changed to 130-140 ° C. in the charge generation material synthesis step of charge generation material synthesis example 1. Then, 10.6 g of a charge generating material [CG-4] composed of a mixed crystal of unadded titanyl phthalocyanine was obtained.
In the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the charge generation material [CG-4], clear peaks are observed at 8.3 °, 24.7 °, 25.1 °, and 26.5 °, and 970 cm ⁻¹ in the IR spectrum. Absorption of Ti = O appeared in the vicinity, and absorption of O—Ti—O appeared in the vicinity of 630 cm ⁻¹ .
Further, the BET specific surface area of the charge generating material [CG-4] was 13.5 m ² / g.

<Synthesis Example 5 of Charge Generation Material>
In addition to the use of racemic 2,3-butanediol, which does not exhibit optical isomerism, as the (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol in the charge generation material synthesis step of Synthesis Example 1 In the same manner, 11.5 g of a charge generating substance [CG-5] consisting of a mixed crystal of (racemic) -2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and unadded titanyl phthalocyanine was obtained.
In the IR spectrum of the charge generating material [CG-5] appeared the absorption of O-Ti-O in the vicinity of 630 cm ^-1 with absorption of Ti = O appears in the vicinity of 970 cm ^-1.
The BET specific surface area of the charge generating material [CG-5] was 28.6 m ² / g.

<Synthesis Example 6 of Charge Generation Material>
In the charge generation material synthesis step of charge generation material synthesis example 1, the amount of (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol used was changed to 2.35 g (equivalent ratio to amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine = 1.5). In the same manner, except that the reaction temperature was changed to 130 to 140 ° C., 11.0 g of a charge generating substance [CG-6] composed of (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine Got.
In the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the charge generation material [CG-6], clear peaks are observed at 9.5 °, 16.4 °, 19.1 °, 24.7 ° and 26.5 °, and the IR spectrum no absorption of Ti = O near 970 cm ^-1 in absorption of O-Ti-O appeared around 630 cm ^-1.
Further, the BET specific surface area of the charge generating material [CG-6] was 10.2 m ² / g.

<Preparation Examples 1 to 8 of Conductive Support>
A base tube made of aluminum alloy having a length of 362 mm is mounted on an NC lathe, and the contact angle of the diamond sintered bit to the base tube is changed between 0 ° and 3 ° using an appropriate diamond sintered bit. As a result, the bite feed speed is set to 400 μm, starting from the end of the tube so that the outer diameter is 59.95 mm, the surface roughness Rz and the surface roughness Ra (S80) are in accordance with Table 1. Thus, conductive supports [1] to [8] were obtained by cutting. The surface roughness Rz and Ra (S80) of the conductive supports [1] to [8] were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
Note that the contact angle of the diamond sintered bite with respect to the base tube is the direction in which the cutting bit is perpendicular to the axial direction of the base tube in the horizontal plane when the base tube is installed in the horizontal plane. The angle when the cutting tool is set up in the rotation direction of the pipe is defined as 0 ° when the tip of the pipe touches the pipe in the extended state.

  The surface roughness Rz of the conductive support was measured according to ISO4287. Further, the surface roughness Ra (S80) was measured with the short wavelength cut-off value λs of 80 μm when measuring the Ra value according to ISO 4287.

[Photosensitive body preparation example 1]
(1) Formation of intermediate layer: Polyamide resin “CM8000” (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) 10 parts by mass • Titanium oxide (number average primary particle size 35 nm, primary surface treatment; silica / alumina treatment,
Secondary surface treatment; methyl hydrogen polysiloxane treatment) An intermediate layer coating solution was prepared by dispersing a composition comprising 30 parts by mass and 100 parts by mass of methanol using a circulating wet disperser.
The intermediate layer coating solution [1] is coated on the outer peripheral surface after washing the conductive support [1] and dried by a dip coating method, whereby a dry film thickness is formed on the conductive support [1]. A 4 μm intermediate layer [1] was formed.

(2) Formation of charge generation layer / charge generation substance [CG-1] 24 parts by mass-polyvinyl butyral resin “ESREC BL-1” (manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 12 parts by mass 3-methyl-2-butanone / cyclohexanone = 4/1 (V / V) Charge generation layer composition [1] consisting of 400 parts by mass was mixed, and a circulating ultrasonic homogenizer “RUS-600TCVP” (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Seisakusho, 19.5 kHz, 600 W) The charge generation layer coating solution [1] was prepared by dispersing for 1.5 hours at a circulation flow rate of 40 L / H.
This charge generation layer coating solution [1] was applied onto the intermediate layer [1] by a dip coating method to form a charge generation layer [1] having a dry film thickness of 0.3 μm.

(3) Formation of charge transport layer Next, the following components were mixed and dissolved to prepare a charge transport layer coating solution.
This charge transport layer coating solution is applied onto the charge generation layer [1] by a dip coating method and dried at 120 ° C. for 70 minutes to form a charge transport layer [1] having a dry film thickness of 25 μm. A photoreceptor [1] was produced.
-225 parts by mass of charge transport material represented by the following formula (CTM)-300 parts by mass of polycarbonate resin "Z300" (manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company)-6 parts by mass of antioxidant "Irganox 1010" (manufactured by Ciba Geigy Japan) Toluene mixture (volume ratio: 3/1) 2000 parts by mass Leveling agent: Silicone oil “KF-54” (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 1 part by mass

[Measurement of reflection spectrum of charge generation layer]
Applying and drying the charge generation layer coating solution [1] prepared in the charge generation layer forming step of Preparation Example 1 of the photoreceptor to the outer peripheral surface after washing the conductive support [1] by a dip coating method. Thus, a sample [1] in which a charge generation layer [1] having a dry film thickness of 0.3 μm was formed on the conductive support [1] was produced.
This sample [1] was measured as a relative reflectance when the reflectance of the conductive support [1] was set to 100% using an optical film thickness measuring device “Solid Lambda Thickness” (Spectracorp). In order to obtain data and remove irregularities due to interference fringes in the actual measurement data, a reflection spectrum was obtained by approximating the range of 685 to 715 nm and the range of 765 to 795 nm in the actual measurement data by a second order polynomial. The reflection spectrum is shown in FIG.
In the reflection spectrum, the reflectance ratio (R700 / R780) was calculated from the reflectance (R700) at 700 nm and the reflectance (R780) at 780 nm. The results are shown in Table 1.

[Photosensitive body preparation examples 2 to 6, 8 to 12, 14 to 18, 20 to 25, 27 to 29]
In Photoconductor Preparation Example 1, according to Table 1, any one of the conductive supports [1] to [8] and any one of the charge generating materials [CG-1] to [CG-6] are used. Others were made in the same manner to produce photoreceptors [2] to [6], [8] to [12], [14] to [18], [20] to [25], and [27] to [29]. .

[Photoconductor Preparation Example 7]
In the charge generation layer forming step of Preparation Example 1 of the photoreceptor, instead of the charge generation layer coating solution [1],
Charge generation material: unadded titanyl phthalocyanine pigment [CG-X] (having a maximum diffraction peak at a position of at least 27.3 ° by Cu-Kα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum measurement)
20 parts by mass / binder resin: polyvinyl butyral resin “# 6000-C” (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo)
10 parts by mass / solvent: 700 parts by mass of t-butyl acetate / solvent: 4-methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone By using a sand mill as a disperser, a material consisting of 300 parts by mass is dispersed for 10 hours. A photoconductor [7] was prepared in the same manner except that the prepared charge generation layer coating solution [7] was used.

[Photosensitive body production examples 13, 19, and 26]
In Preparation Example 7 of the photoreceptor, the photoreceptors [13], [19], [19], [19], [19], [1] are similarly used except that any of the conductive supports [2], [4], [5] is used according to Table 1. 26].

[Photosensitive Member Preparation Example 30]
A photoconductor [30] was produced in the same manner as in the charge generation layer forming step of Production Example 1 of the photoconductor except that the dispersion time was 15 hours.

[Photosensitive body preparation example 31]
Photoreceptor [31] was produced in the same manner as in the charge generation layer forming step of Production Example 1 of Photoreceptor except that the dispersion time was 0.1 hour.

  For the charge generation layers according to the above photoreceptors [2] to [31], the reflection spectrum was measured in the same manner as described above, and the reflectance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in Table 1. FIG. 4B shows a reflection spectrum of the charge generation layer according to the photoreceptor [30].

[Evaluation of image quality]
A commercially available full color multi-function machine “bizhub PRO C6500” (made by Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc .; using a semiconductor laser having an oscillation wavelength of 780 nm as an exposure light source) having the configuration shown in FIG. 31] is mounted (the photosensitive member mounted on the image forming unit for each color is the same type of photosensitive member), and in an ordinary temperature and humidity environment (temperature 25 ° C., humidity 50% RH) Using the mounting pattern (No. 53 Dot1), the density instruction value was set to 75 and a black halftone image was output to obtain a test image. About the obtained test image, the image quality evaluation about a cutting stripe and a woodgrain interference fringe was performed. The results are shown in Table 1.

(1) Cutting streaks Regarding the generation of cutting streaks, image quality was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria.
-Evaluation criteria-
○: Fine pitch streaks are not seen on the image (pass).
Δ: Fine pitch streaks appear to be cut off on the image, but there is no practical problem (fail).
X: Fine pitch streaks are clearly seen on the image, and there is a practical problem (fail).

(2) Wood-tone interference fringes Regarding the occurrence of wood-tone interference fringes, the image quality was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria.
-Evaluation criteria-
○: No woodgrain interference fringes are observed (passed).
X: Wood-tone interference fringes are slightly seen and there is a problem in practical use (failed).
XX: Wood-tone interference fringes are clearly seen, which is extremely problematic in practice (failed).

[Evaluation of humidity dependence]
A commercially available full color multi-function machine “bizhub PRO C6500” (made by Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc .; using a semiconductor laser having an oscillation wavelength of 780 nm as an exposure light source) having the configuration shown in FIG. 31] (the photosensitive member mounted on the image forming unit for each color is the same type of photosensitive member), yellow in a high temperature and high humidity environment (temperature 30 ° C., humidity 80% RH). After performing a printing durability test to output 500,000 A4 images on magenta, cyan, and black, respectively, to A4 neutral paper, the main power supply of the full-color MFP was immediately turned on. Stop and turn on the power 12 hours after the stop. As soon as output is possible, the relative reflection density by the Macbeth densitometer is 0.4 on the entire surface of the A3 neutral paper. A halftone image that was output the entire surface 6dot lattice image of A3 neutral paper. The state of these images was visually observed and evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria. The results are shown in Table 1.
-Evaluation criteria-
○: No band-like density change is observed in either the halftone image or the lattice image (pass).
×: No change in density is observed in the lattice image, but a thin belt-like density change extending in the long axis direction of the photoreceptor is observed in the halftone image, and there is a practical problem (fail).
XX: A band-like density change is observed in the halftone image, and a density change or a line width change is also recognized in the lattice image, which is extremely problematic in practice (failed).

  As is apparent from Table 1, a book comprising a charge generation layer containing a specific charge generation material and having a specific reflectance ratio, and a conductive support having a specific surface roughness shape In the case of forming an image using the photoreceptor of the invention, while the humidity dependency of sensitivity was suppressed to a small level, a good image with reduced generation of cutting stripes and grain-like interference fringes was obtained. In the case where an image is formed using a photoconductor that does not have a specific reflectance ratio as in Comparative Examples 1-4, 11, 15, and 16, the sensitivity is highly dependent on humidity, and Comparative Examples 4 to 4 are used. In the case where an image is formed using a photoconductor with a conductive support that does not have a specific surface roughness shape as in FIG. 14, it has been found that cutting stripes or wood-grained interference fringes are generated.

1, 1Y, 1M, 1C, 1Bk photoconductor 1a conductive support 1b intermediate layer 1c charge generation layer 1d charge transport layer 1e protective layer 1α organic photosensitive layer 2Y, 2M, 2C, 2Bk charging means 3Y, 3M, 3C, 3Bk Exposure means 4Y, 4M, 4C, 4Bk Developing means 5Y, 5M, 5C, 5Bk Primary transfer roller 5b Secondary transfer rollers 6Y, 6M, 6C, 6Bk Cleaning means 6b Cleaning means 7 Intermediate transfer unit 8 Housings 10Y, 10M, 10C 10Bk Image forming unit 20 Paper feed cassette 21 Paper feed means 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D Intermediate roller 23 Registration roller 24 Fixing means 25 Paper discharge roller 26 Paper discharge tray 70 Intermediate transfer bodies 71-74 Support rollers 82L, 82R Support rail A Image forming apparatus main body P Image support SC Original image reading apparatus

Claims (2)

An electrophotographic organic photoreceptor in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order on a conductive support,
The charge generation layer contains a charge generation material composed of 2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine and non-added titanyl phthalocyanine,
A ratio (R700 / R780) of a reflectance (R700) at 700 nm and a reflectance (R780) at 780 nm (R700 / R780) of a reflection spectrum measured in a state where the charge generation layer is laminated on an aluminum support is 0.8. ~ 1.3,
An electrophotographic organic photosensitive material characterized in that the conductive support has a surface roughness Rz of 0.5 μm to 1.3 μm and a surface roughness Ra (S80) of 0.07 μm or less. body. Means for forming an electrostatic latent image on an electrophotographic organic photoreceptor, means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a toner image, means for transferring the formed toner image to an image support, transferred Means for fixing the toner image on the image support;
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrophotographic organic photoreceptor is the electrophotographic organic photoreceptor according to claim 1.

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