JP2013114205A - Display device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a display device having a small size and a wide visible range.SOLUTION: A display device 10 comprises: a reproduction light source 41; an organic photorefractive element 47 that stores a first pattern 48 for reproducing an image 81 by diffracting a reproduction illuminating light 45 from the reproduction light source; and a light exposure mechanism 35 that stores the first pattern in the organic photorefractive element by exposing the organic photorefractive element to light. The light exposure mechanism 35 comprises: a spatial light modulator 27 that displays a second pattern 28 corresponding to the first pattern; and a relay optical system 30 disposed between the spatial light modulator and the organic photorefractive element. The relay optical system projects the second pattern displayed by the spatial light modulator, onto the organic photorefractive element, with a reduced diameter.

Description

  The present invention relates to a display device that displays an image.

  Conventionally, a display having a spatial light modulator that displays an interference fringe pattern obtained by calculation in a computer as an image, and a reproduction light source that projects reproduction illumination light that can be diffracted by the interference fringe pattern onto the spatial light modulator The device is known. According to this display device, by displaying an interference fringe pattern that allows the spatial light modulator to reproduce a stereoscopic image, it is possible to reproduce a stereoscopic image that can be viewed stereoscopically with the naked eye. Further, when the spatial light modulator displays different interference fringe patterns, different images are reproduced. However, the viewing zone in this display device is an angular range of 2 arcsin (λ / 2d) °, where d is the pixel pitch and λ is the wavelength of the reproduction illumination light. In addition, due to pixel pitch restrictions, a sufficient viewing area cannot be secured as a general display device.

  Further, in Patent Document 1, as another display device capable of displaying a stereoscopic image that can be observed with the naked eye, a photorefractive crystal on which an interference fringe pattern capable of reproducing an image is recorded, and a reproduction that can be diffracted by the interference fringe pattern. A display device having a reproduction light source that projects illumination light onto a spatial light modulator is disclosed. In the display device disclosed in Patent Document 1, when recording interference fringes on a photorefractive crystal, the object light and the reference light are exposed by exposing the reference light and the object light from the spatial light modulator to the photorefractive crystal. Bright and dark fringes generated by the interference with the light are recorded on the photorefractive crystal as an interference fringe pattern. Next, the irradiation of the object light and the reference light is stopped and the reproduction illumination light is irradiated on the photorefractive crystal, whereby the image is reproduced until the interference fringe pattern disappears. However, in the display device disclosed in Patent Document 1, it is necessary to record an interference fringe pattern on a recording medium made of a photorefractive crystal using two light beams that form object light and reference light. Therefore, the display device is necessarily increased in size.

JP 2001-34148 A

  The present invention has been made in consideration of the above points, and an object of the present invention is to downsize a display device that can display an image and to enlarge a viewing area of an image displayed by the device.

A display device according to the present invention comprises:
A display device for displaying an image,
A reproduction light source;
An organic photorefractive element on which a first pattern for reproducing an image by diffracting reproduction illumination light from a reproduction light source is recorded;
An exposure mechanism that exposes the organic photorefractive element to record the first pattern on the organic photorefractive element, and
The exposure mechanism is
A spatial light modulator for displaying a second pattern corresponding to the first pattern;
A relay optical system disposed between the spatial light modulator and the organic photorefractive element, wherein the second optical pattern displayed by the spatial light modulator is reduced and projected onto the organic photorefractive element. A system.

  In the display device according to the present invention, the relay optical system includes a first lens and a second lens arranged on a straight line connecting the spatial light modulator and the organic photorefractive element, and the spatial light modulator, The organic photorefractive element, the first lens, and the second lens may be arranged to constitute a 4f optical system.

  In the display device according to the present invention, an optical axis of light projected onto the organic photorefractive element via the relay optical system and an optical axis of light projected onto the organic photorefractive element from the reproduction light source are not It may be parallel.

  In the display device according to the present invention, the central wavelength of the wavelength range of light projected onto the organic photorefractive element via the relay optical system is the wavelength range of light projected onto the organic photorefractive element from the reproduction light source. It may be different from the center wavelength.

  In the display device according to the present invention, a plurality of the spatial light modulators are provided, and the second pattern displayed by each spatial light modulator is reduced and projected onto different areas of the organic photorefractive element. Also good.

  The display device according to the present invention further includes a drive mechanism that relatively moves the organic photorefractive element, the relay optical system, and the spatial light modulator, and is projected onto the organic photorefractive element via the relay optical system. And the reproduction illumination light from the reproduction light source may be projected onto the organic photorefractive element at different timings.

  In the display device according to the present invention, the light projected onto the organic photorefractive element via the relay optical system and the reproduction illumination light from the reproduction light source are simultaneously projected onto the organic photorefractive element. May be.

  In the display device according to the present invention, the reduction ratio of the second pattern with respect to the first pattern may be different between the first direction and the second direction intersecting each other on a plane orthogonal to the optical axis of the relay optical system. May be. That is, the reduction ratio at the time of projecting the first pattern onto the organic photorefractive element is different between the first direction and the second direction intersecting each other located on the plane orthogonal to the optical axis of the relay optical system. Also good.

  The display device according to the present invention further includes a filter element provided on an optical path after the light projected from the exposure mechanism to the organic photorefractive element and transmitted through the organic photorefractive element, the filter element includes: You may make it light-shield the light of the same wavelength range as the light from the said exposure mechanism. In the display device according to the present invention, the filter element may transmit light in the same wavelength region as the light from the reproduction light source.

  The display device according to the present invention may further include a beam stopper provided on an optical path of zero-order light of the reproduction illumination light projected on the organic photorefractive element and absorbing the zero-order light.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, while being able to reduce in size the display apparatus which can display an image, the visual field of the image displayed by the said apparatus can be expanded.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a display device according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a second pattern displayed on the spatial light modulator of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a first pattern recorded on the organic photorefractive element of FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing how a stereoscopic image is reproduced. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining a modification of the display device. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram for explaining another modification of the display device. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view of the display device taken along line VII-VII in FIG.

  Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. 1-7 is a figure for demonstrating one Embodiment and its modification of this invention. In the drawings attached to the present specification, for the sake of illustration and ease of understanding, the scale, the vertical / horizontal dimension ratio, and the like are appropriately changed and exaggerated from those of the actual product.

  1 to 4 are diagrams for explaining an embodiment according to the present invention. Among these, FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of the display device, and FIG. 4 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an example of the second pattern displayed by the spatial light modulator, and FIG. 3 is a plan view showing an example of the first pattern when the organic photorefractive element is exposed using the exposure mechanism. FIG.

  The display device 10 is configured to display an image 81 corresponding to the image data stored in the database 29a as digital data. As shown in FIG. 1, the display device 10 records a reproduction light source mechanism 40 having a reproduction light source 41 that emits reproduction illumination light 45 and a first pattern 48 that diffracts the reproduction illumination light 45 from the reproduction light source 41. The organic photorefractive element 47 is provided. Here, the first pattern 48 of the organic photorefractive element 47 is configured to diffract the reproduction illumination light 45 from the reproduction light source 41, thereby generating reproduction light 45 a for reproducing the image 81. That is, the first pattern 48 is a hologram interference fringe pattern corresponding to the image to be reproduced, and the organic photorefractive element 47 functions as a hologram. Such a first pattern 48 is more specifically reduced to the photorefractive element 47 by the exposure using the exposure mechanism 35 shown in FIG. 1, more specifically, the second pattern 28 displayed by the photorefractive element 47 of the exposure apparatus 35. By projecting, it is recorded in the organic photorefractive element 47. In particular, in the following description, an example in which a stereoscopic image having a sense of depth is reproduced as an image 81 as shown in the drawing will be described. Hereinafter, the exposure mechanism 35, the organic photorefractive element 47, and the reproduction light source mechanism 40 constituting the display device 10 will be described in this order.

  First, the exposure mechanism 35 will be described. As shown in FIG. 1, the exposure mechanism 35 includes a recording light source mechanism 20 including a recording light source 21 that emits illumination light 25, a spatial light modulator 27 to which the illumination light 25 from the recording light source 21 is projected, and spatial light. A relay optical system 30 disposed between the modulator 27 and the organic photorefractive element 47.

Among these, the recording light source mechanism 20 includes a recording light source 21, a condenser lens 22, a collimating lens 23, and a beep splitter 24 arranged in the following order along the optical axis of illumination light 25 emitted from the recording light source 21. Have. The condenser lens 22, the collimating lens 23, and the beam splitter 24 are an optical system for performing profile shaping and illumination direction adjustment of the illumination light 25 for illuminating the spatial light modulator 27. In the illustrated example, the illumination light 25 that has passed through this optical system is projected onto the spatial light modulator 27 as a parallel light beam that travels in the normal direction to the image forming surface 27 a of the spatial light modulator 27. However, the optical system is not limited to the illustrated one, and can be changed as appropriate. The illumination light 25 is made of laser light having a narrow spectrum, for example. The wavelength of the illumination light 25 is not particularly limited as long as the organic photorefractive material constituting the organic photorefractive element 47 has sensitivity to the wavelength. Note that the wavelength of the illumination light 25, which means a center wavelength lambda _R of the wavelength range of the illumination light 25.

The spatial light modulator 27 is a member configured to display a second pattern 28 corresponding to the first pattern 48 of the photorefractive element 47. Here, “corresponding” means that the second pattern 28 of the spatial light modulator 27 is reduced and projected onto the photorefractive element 47 using the relay optical system 30 as described later, thereby reproducing the image 81. This means that the second pattern 28 is configured such that the first pattern 48 is recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47. Specifically, the second pattern 28 is different in that the pitch P ₂ is larger than the pitch P ₁ of the first pattern 48.

  An example of the second pattern 28 displayed on the spatial light modulator 27 will be described. As shown in FIG. 1, the spatial light modulator 27 is connected to control means 29b for inputting an electrical signal to the spatial light modulator 27, and the control means 29b is connected to a database 29a. The control unit 29b generates an electrical signal input to the spatial light modulator 27 so that the second pattern 28 corresponding to the image data stored in the database 29a is displayed on the spatial light modulator 27.

  The control means 29b is composed of a computer, and calculates the first pattern 48 as an interference fringe pattern for reproducing the desired image 81 by diffracting the reproduction illumination light 45 from the reproduction light source mechanism 40. Further, the control means 29b considers the optical function of the relay optical system 30 so that the calculated first pattern 48 can be recorded in the organic photorefractive element 47, and the second pattern 28 corresponding to the first pattern 48 is changed. Calculate. Then, the control unit 29b sends an electrical signal to the spatial light modulator 27 and causes the spatial light modulator 27 to display the calculated second pattern 28.

  FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of the second pattern 28 displayed on the spatial light modulator 27. As shown in FIG. 2, the spatial light modulator 27 includes a plurality of unit pixels 28e. Each unit pixel 28e modulates the illumination light 25 with the first modulation area 28a that modulates the illumination light 25 with the first modulation amount or the second modulation amount based on the electrical input from the control means 29b. It can be one of the second modulation regions 28b. Here, each of the first modulation amount and the second modulation amount may be a predetermined amplitude modulation amount, a predetermined phase modulation amount, or a combination of both. May be. According to such a spatial light modulator 27, the second pattern 28 is changed by appropriately changing the distribution of the first modulation area 28a and the distribution of the second modulation area 28b based on the electrical input from the control means 29b. Arbitrary modulation patterns to be configured can be displayed on the spatial light modulator 27. As the spatial light modulator 27, for example, a reflective spatial light modulator such as a reflective liquid crystal display device (LCoS) or a digital micromirror device (DMD), and a transmissive spatial light such as a transmissive liquid crystal display device. Any of the modulators can be used.

In the spatial light modulator 27, as described above, the second pattern 28 is configured based on the distribution of the modulation amount assigned to each unit pixel 28e. In this case, the dimensions of the unit pixels in the unit pixel 28e is d, the minimum pattern pitch of the second pattern 28 represented by the first modulation region 28a and the second modulation region 28b and _{p 2, p} 2 = 2 The relationship xd is established. Here, in the general spatial light modulator 27, the dimension d of the unit pixel that can be realized is at least about 7 μm, and therefore the minimum pattern pitch p ₂ is about 14 μm.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the illumination light 25 projected on the spatial light modulator 27 is modulated by the second pattern 28 displayed on the spatial light modulator 27, thereby generating a modulated light 25a to generate spatial light modulation. Ejected from the container 27. The modulated light 25 a emitted from the modulated light modulator 27 passes through the beam splitter 24 and proceeds to the relay optical system 30. In FIG. 1, the illumination light 25 is represented by a one-dot chain line, and the first reproduction light 25a is represented by a solid line. In FIG. 1, the reproduction light 45 described later is also indicated by a one-dot chain line.

  In addition, the beam splitter 24 can be comprised from a polarizing beam splitter as an example. Alternatively, the laser light source 21 may generate illumination light 25 having a polarization component reflected by the beam splitter 24, and the spatial light modulator 27 may be formed of a reflective liquid crystal display device (LCoS). According to this example, when the spatial light modulator 27 reflects the illumination light 25 to generate the modulated light 25a, the vibration direction of the light is changed by 90 °, whereby the generated modulated light 25a is The light can be transmitted toward the relay optical system 25 without being reflected by the beam splitter 24.

  The relay optical system 30 reduces and projects the modulated light 25 a modulated by the second pattern 28 onto the organic photorefractive element 47. As a result, the organic photorefractive element 47 is exposed with the first pattern 48 for reproducing the image 81.

  In the illustrated example, the relay optical system 30 includes a first lens 31 and a second lens 33 arranged on a straight line connecting the spatial light modulator 27 and the organic photorefractive element 47. The spatial light modulator 27, the organic photorefractive element 47, the first lens 31, and the second lens 33 are arranged to constitute a 4f optical system. More specifically, the spatial light modulator 27, the organic photorefractive element 47, the first lens 31, and the second lens 33 are arranged as follows.

The first lens 31 is arranged so that its optical axis is parallel to a virtual straight line La connecting the spatial light modulator 27 and the organic photorefractive element 47. The first lens 31 is disposed between the Fourier transform plane 32 as a virtual plane that the virtual straight line La intersects perpendicularly and the spatial light modulator 27. The first lens 31 from each face 27a of the second pattern 28 of the Fourier transform plane 32 and the spatial light modulator 27 is formed, at a position spaced the focal length f ₁ along the imaginary straight line La, disposed ing. Similarly, the second lens 33 is disposed between the Fourier transform surface 32 and the organic photorefractive element 47 so that the optical axis thereof is parallel to the virtual straight line La. The second lens 33 from each side 47a, which is exposed by the exposure mechanism 35 of the Fourier transform plane 32 and organic photorefractive element 47, at a position spaced the focal length f ₂ along the imaginary straight line La, it is located Yes.

  According to such a 4f optical system, the wavefront information of light on the surface 27a on which the second pattern 28 of the spatial light modulator 27 is formed is transferred to the surface 47a exposed by the exposure mechanism 35 of the organic photorefractive element 47. Can communicate. Thereby, the organic photorefractive element 47 can be exposed with a predetermined pattern light, and a desired pattern can be recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47 with high accuracy.

  Next, the organic photorefractive element 47 will be described. The organic photorefractive element 47 is an element formed using an organic photorefractive material that exhibits a photorefractive effect. Here, the photorefractive effect is a phenomenon in which a refractive index change is induced according to the spatial intensity distribution of incident light. Therefore, when the organic photorefractive element 47 is exposed in a predetermined pattern due to the photorefractive effect of the organic photorefractive material, the organic photorefractive element 47 performs refractive index modulation in a pattern corresponding to the exposed pattern. That is, the organic photorefractive element 47 records the first pattern 48 as a refractive index distribution by being exposed by the exposure mechanism 35.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of the first pattern 48 recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47. The organic photorefractive element 47 has a first refractive index region 48a and a second refractive index region 48b having different refractive indexes, and the first refractive index region 48a and the second refractive index region 48b are used as the first refractive index region 48a. A pattern 48 is defined. The first pattern 48 is a reduced pattern of the second pattern 28, the first refractive index region 48 a of the first pattern 48 corresponds to the first modulation region 28 a of the second pattern 28, and the first pattern 48 The second refractive index region 48 b corresponds to the second modulation region 28 b of the second pattern 28. The pitch P ₁ of the first pattern 48 is smaller than the pitch P ₂ of the second pattern 28. In particular, in the example described here, the first pattern 48 is similar to the second pattern 28, and the first pattern 48 along the X-axis direction in FIGS. 2 and 3 corresponds to the second pattern 28. The ratio is the same as the ratio of the first pattern 48 to the second pattern 28 along the Y-axis direction in FIGS. 2 and 3.

  The organic photorefractive material used for the organic photorefractive element 47 is sensitive to the wavelength range of the modulated light 25 a irradiated from the exposure mechanism 35, that is, the wavelength range of the illumination light 25 generated by the recording light source 21. As long as it has, it will not specifically limit. Therefore, both an electric field type organic photorefractive material that requires an electric field application for refractive index modulation and a non-electric field type organic photorefractive material that does not require an electric field application for refractive index modulation are used for the organic photorefractive element 47. be able to. In addition, a non-memory type (non-holding type) organic photorefractive material in which the refractive index distribution corresponding to the exposure pattern is erased when the exposure is stopped, and a certain period of time or after the exposure is stopped Any of the memory-type (holding-type) organic photorefractive materials having the property that the refractive index distribution corresponding to the exposure pattern is maintained until the next exposure is started after the stop. It can be used for the refraction element 47.

  Next, the reproduction light source mechanism 40 will be described. The reproduction light source mechanism 40 includes a reproduction light source 41, and a condenser lens 42 and a collimator lens 43 that are sequentially arranged along the optical axis of the reproduction illumination light 45 emitted from the reproduction light source 41. The condenser lens 42 and the collimating lens 43 are optical systems for shaping the profile of the reproduction illumination light 45 for illuminating the organic photorefractive element 47, and can be changed as appropriate. In the illustrated example, the reproduction illumination light 45 from the reproduction light source mechanism 40 is converted into a parallel light flux that is inclined with respect to a normal direction to the exposed surface 47a of the organic photorefractive element 47, and the organic photorefractive element. 47 is projected. That is, the optical axis of the modulated light 25a projected from the exposure mechanism 35 and traveling along the normal direction to the exposure surface 47a of the organic photorefractive element 47, and the reproduction projected from the reproduction light source mechanism 40 to the organic photorefractive element 47. The optical axis of the illumination light 45 is not parallel. Here, the optical axis of the reproduction illumination light 45 is a direction parallel to the traveling direction when the reproduction illumination light 45 is a parallel light beam, and when the reproduction illumination light 45 is a divergent light beam, This is the direction connecting the divergence point and the center of the organic photorefractive element 47. When the reproduction illumination light 45 is a convergent light beam, it is the direction connecting the convergence point and the center of the organic photorefractive element 47.

The reproduction light source 41 is configured as a laser light source or an LED light source that emits light having a narrow spectrum. The wavelength of the reproduction illumination light 45 is not particularly limited, but the organic photorefractive material constituting the organic photorefractive element 47 is preferably not sensitive to the wavelength. In this case, as in the example shown in FIG. 4 to be described later, recording the first pattern 48 on the organic photorefractive element 47 by projecting the modulated light (exposure light) 25a onto the organic photorefractive element 47; It is possible to simultaneously reproduce the image 81 by projecting the reproduction illumination light 45 onto the organic photorefractive element 47. The wavelength of the reproduction illumination light 45 means the center wavelength λ _S in the wavelength region of the reproduction illumination light 45. That is, here, the center wavelength λ _R of the wavelength region of the light 25 a projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47 via the relay optical system 30 is the wavelength of the light 45 projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47 from the reproduction light source 41. The example different from the center wavelength of the region λ _S has been described.

  Next, a method for reproducing an image using the display device 10 having the above configuration will be described.

  First, the control means 29b calculates the first pattern 48 that can reproduce the image 81 based on the image data stored in the database 29a, that is, based on the image data of the image 81 to be displayed by the display device 10. . Specifically, the control unit 29b simulates, as the first pattern 48, an interference fringe pattern generated by interference between the object light from the image 81 to be reproduced and the reference light.

  In this simulation, the object light travels from the position where the image is to be reproduced to each position of the organic photorefractive element 47, in other words, the diffracted light of the reproduction illumination light 45 diffracted by the first pattern 48 (that is, the reproduction light). The light proceeds in the opposite direction to the light 45 a) and travels to each position of the organic photorefractive element 47, and the reference light is conjugated with the reproduction illumination light 45 on the basis of the organic photorefractive element 47. The first pattern 48 is calculated as an interference pattern between the object light and the reference light generated at the position of the organic photorefractive element 47 in this simulation. Such calculation of the first pattern 48 is known as a so-called computer-generated hologram (CGH) technique as disclosed in, for example, JP2011-35899A, and a detailed description thereof will be omitted here.

  The control unit 29 b further calculates the second pattern 28 to be displayed by the spatial light modulator 27 so that the calculated first pattern 48 can be recorded in the organic photorefractive element 47. Specifically, the optical system of the relay optical system 30 that is disposed between the spatial light modulator 27 and the organic photorefractive element 47 and projects the modulated light 25a from the spatial light modulator 27 on the organic photorefractive element 47 in a reduced scale. The second pattern 28 is calculated in consideration of the function. For example, the relay optical system 30 described here converts the second pattern 28 into a first pattern 48 that is similarly reduced, and projects the first pattern 48 onto the organic photorefractive element 47. Therefore, in this example, the second pattern 28 calculated by the control unit 29b is calculated as a pattern obtained by enlarging the first pattern 48 in a plane.

  As described above, the control unit 29b calculates the first pattern 48 and the second pattern 28 based on the image data stored in the database 29a, and the calculated second pattern 28 is displayed on the spatial light modulator 27. Thus, an electrical signal is transmitted to the spatial light modulator 27. As widely used in the computer-generated hologram technique, the computer control unit 29b is not only a plane image (two-dimensional image) but also a three-dimensional image (three-dimensional image) shown in FIGS. It is also possible to calculate the second pattern 48 as an interference fringe pattern for reproducing.

  The spatial light modulator 27 is irradiated with the illumination light 25 from the recording light source mechanism 20 while being driven by the control unit 29 b so as to display the second pattern 28. The spatial light modulator 27 modulates the illumination light 25 into the pattern light of the second pattern 28 and emits the modulated light 25 a as the pattern light toward the relay optical system 30. The relay optical system 30 reduces and projects the modulated light 25 a onto the organic photorefractive element 47.

As a result, the organic photorefractive element 47 is exposed with the first pattern 48 obtained by reducing the second pattern 28 by the exposure mechanism 35. Organic photorefractive element 47, the wavelength lambda _R of the exposure light from the exposure mechanism 35 modulated light _25a, in other words, has a sensitivity in the wavelength lambda _R of the illumination light 25 generated by the recording light source 21. Therefore, the photorefractive effect of the organic photorefractive material forming the organic photorefractive element 47 is induced by the modulated light 25 a, and the refractive index is modulated in the first pattern 48 inside the organic photorefractive element 47. That is, the first pattern 48 is recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47 as a refractive index modulation pattern.

  As described above, the spatial light modulator 27, the organic photorefractive element 47, and the first lens 31 and the second lens 33 constituting the relay optical system 30 are arranged so as to constitute a 4f optical system. Therefore, the wavefront information of the light on the surface 27 a on which the second pattern 28 of the spatial light modulator 27 is formed can be transmitted to the surface 47 a exposed by the exposure mechanism 35 of the organic photorefractive element 47 as it is. As a result, the organic photorefractive element 47 can be exposed with a predetermined pattern light, and the desired first pattern 48 can be recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47 with high accuracy. In addition, the arrangement of the exposure mechanism 35 with respect to the organic photorefractive element 47 is simplified, and the display device 10 can be downsized.

  In the example shown in FIG. 4, the reproduction illumination light 45 from the reproduction light source mechanism 40 is projected in parallel with the exposure of the organic photorefractive element 47 using such an exposure mechanism 35. That is, in this display device 10, in parallel with the recording of the first pattern 48 on the organic photorefractive element 47, the reproduction illumination light 45 that is diffracted by the recorded first pattern 48 and reproduces the image 81 is generated by the organic photorefractive element 47. It is projected onto the refraction element 47. As described above, the image 81 is displayed by the display device 10, and the image 81 is observed by the observer.

  As widely performed in computer-generated hologram technology, the control unit 29b calculates an interference fringe pattern for reproducing not only a planar image (two-dimensional image) but also a three-dimensional image (three-dimensional image) as the second pattern 48. can do. Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, the display device 10 can reproduce the three-dimensional image 81. In addition, since the first pattern 48 can be rewritten to the organic photorefractive element 47, the image 81 displayed by the display device 10 can be changed. Therefore, such a display device 10 can be suitably used for various applications such as digital signage.

  In particular, in the display device 10 described here, the modulated light 25a and the reproduction illumination light 45 are irradiated to the organic photorefractive element 47 at the same time, and the first pattern 48 is recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47 and the image 81 is reproduced. Are done in parallel. Therefore, although it depends on the calculation speed of the control means 49b, the recording speed of the organic photorefractive element 47, and the like, it is preferable in that the displayed image 81 can be switched at high speed. In this usage mode, as the organic photorefractive material forming the organic photorefractive element 47, a non-memory type organic photorefractive material that does not retain a refractive index modulation pattern during non-exposure is suitably used. Further, when the organic photorefractive material forming the organic photorefractive element 47 is sensitive to the modulated light 25a but not sensitive to the reproduction illumination light 45, it is parallel to the recording of the first pattern 48. The projection of the reproduction illumination light 45 does not cause a decrease in the recording accuracy of the first pattern 48.

  By the way, the diffraction angle when the reproduction illumination light is diffracted by the interference fringe pattern is determined depending on the fringe pitch of the interference fringe pattern and the wavelength of the reproduction illumination light to be diffracted. Specifically, the range in which the reproduction illumination light can be diffracted is expressed by 2 arcsin () with respect to the traveling direction of the zero-order light of the reproduction illumination light, when expressed using the fringe pitch p of the interference fringe pattern and the light wavelength λ. The angular range is λ / p) °. For this reason, as mentioned in the section of the prior art, when an image is reproduced by diffracting the reproduction illumination light by the interference fringe pattern displayed on the spatial light modulator, the pixel pitch of the spatial light modulator is limited due to the manufacturing limit. A sufficient diffraction angle range could not be secured. For this reason, the conventional display device has a problem in that the angle range in which the observer can confirm the image, that is, the viewing area becomes narrow.

On the other hand, according to the display device 10 described here, the second pattern 28 displayed on the spatial light modulator 27 is reduced and projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47 using the relay optical system 30. That is, the first pattern 48 composed of stripes having a pitch shorter than that of the second pattern 28, in other words, the first pattern 48 composed of stripes having a pitch shorter than the pixel pitch of the spatial light modulator 27, The refraction element 47 can be exposed. For this reason, the viewing area represented by the angle range of “2 arcsin (λ _S / P ₁ ) °” is effectively enlarged using the stripe pitch P ₁ of the first pattern 48 and the wavelength λ _S of the reproduction illumination light. can do. Accordingly, the display device 10 reproduces a relatively large image 81 whose viewing angle changes substantially in one image 81 so that the edge can be clearly observed. It is also possible.

As shown in FIG. 4, in the present embodiment, the light is projected onto the optical path of the zero-order light 45 b of the reproduction illumination light 45 projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47, that is, onto the organic photorefractive element 47. A beam stopper 51 is provided on the optical path of the light 45 b that has passed through the organic photorefractive element 47 without being diffracted by the first pattern 48 recorded in the organic photorefractive element 47 in the reproduced illumination light 45. . The beam stopper 51 is configured to absorb the zero-order light 45b. As such a beam stopper, a member having a function capable of absorbing the 0th-order light 45b, for example, a black light-absorbing rubber material or an inorganic oxide, for example, black anodized aluminum or the like can be used. . Further, the beam stopper 51 may constitute a part of the casing 11 of the display device 10 as shown in FIG. 4 or may be fixed to the casing 11. In the example shown in FIG. 4, the observer observes the image 81 from the window 11 a formed in the casing 11, and the window 11 a is reproduced illumination light projected on the organic photorefractive element 47. 45 is arranged at a position shifted from the optical path of the 0th-order light 45b so that the observer is prevented from observing the 0th-order light 45b.

  As shown in FIG. 4, in the present embodiment, a filter element 49 is provided on the optical path of the light 25 a projected from the exposure mechanism 35 onto the organic photorefractive element 47 after passing through the organic photorefractive element 47. Is provided. The filter element 49 is configured to be able to regulate the transmission of light by absorbing or reflecting light in the same wavelength region as the light 25 a from the exposure mechanism 35. On the other hand, the filter element 49 transmits light in the same wavelength region as the reproduction illumination light 45 from the reproduction light source 41. That is, the filter element 49 prevents free transmission of the modulated light 25a used for recording the first pattern 48 while allowing transmission of the reproduction light 45a for reproducing the image 81. As such a filter element 49, a band pass filter or a dichroic mirror can be used.

  According to the present embodiment as described above, the organic photorefractive element 47 is used as a recording medium on which the first pattern 48 as a hologram interference fringe pattern capable of reproducing the image 81 by diffracting the reproduction illumination light 45 is recorded. It is used. Therefore, unlike the case of using a photorefractive crystal that needs to record an interference fringe pattern using two light beams of the object light and the reference light, exposure by using only one light beam, that is, the spatial light modulator 27. By projecting the second pattern 28 displayed on the organic photorefractive element 47, the first pattern 48 can be recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47. Thereby, the optical path design in the display device 10 can be greatly simplified, and as a result, the display device 10 can be greatly reduced in size.

  Further, according to the present embodiment, since exposure with one light beam is possible, the second pattern 28 displayed on the spatial light modulator 27 is organically formed using the relay optical system 30 having a simple configuration. Reduction projection can be performed on the photorefractive element 47. As a result, the first pattern 48 composed of stripes with a pitch shorter than that of the second pattern 28, in other words, the first pattern 48 composed of stripes with a pitch shorter than the pixel pitch of the spatial light modulator 27, is organic. The photorefractive element 47 can be exposed. That is, according to the present embodiment, the pixel pitch of the spatial light modulator 27 is effectively prevented while using the relay optical system 30 having a simple configuration to effectively prevent the display device 10 from being enlarged as a whole. Without being restricted, the viewing zone in which the image 10 displayed by the display device can be observed, that is, “2arcsin (λ) represented by the fringe pitch p of the interference fringe pattern and the wavelength λ of the reproduction illumination light. The angle range of “/ p) °” can be effectively expanded.

  In addition, the organic photorefractive element 47 employed in the present embodiment has flexibility and a large area compared to the photorefractive crystal. For this reason, the freedom degree of design of the display apparatus 10 can be expanded greatly, for example, the organic photorefractive element 47 can also be comprised cylindrically like the modification mentioned later.

  Further, the organic photorefractive element 47 employed in the present embodiment can rewrite the interference fringe pattern, that is, re-record, in comparison with the photopolymer belonging to the most general category as the material for the hologram element. In addition, the first pattern 48 can be recorded in a bright environment by adjusting the sensitivity. Therefore, the configuration of the casing 11 of the display device 10 can be simplified, restrictions on the arrangement location of the display device 10 can be relaxed, and the display device 10 can be applied to various uses.

  Further, according to the present embodiment, the optical axis of light projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47 via the relay optical system 30, and the optical axis of light projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47 from the reproduction light source 41 However, they are non-parallel. According to such a form, the image 81 observed from a direction different from the traveling direction of the modulated light 25a from the exposure mechanism 35 and / or the traveling direction of the zero-order light 45b of the reproduction illumination light 45 can be easily reproduced. Can do.

Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, the center wavelength length λ _R of the wavelength region of the modulated light 25 a projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47 via the relay optical system 30 is changed from the reproduction light source 41 to the organic photorefractive element 47. This is different from the center wavelength λ _{S in} the wavelength region of the reproduction illumination light 45 to be projected. According to such a form, the organic photorefractive element 47 can be set so as not to be sensitive to the wavelength λ _S of the reproduction illumination light 45. In this case, the reproduction illumination light 45 is recorded in the organic photorefractive element 47. Influencing the first pattern 48 to be performed can be avoided. As a result, the first pattern 48 can be recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47 with high accuracy, and a desired image 81 can be reproduced.

  Note that various modifications can be made to the above-described embodiment. Hereinafter, an example of modification will be described with reference to the drawings. In the following description and the drawings used in the following description, the same reference numerals as those used for the corresponding parts in the above embodiment are used for the parts that can be configured in the same manner as in the above embodiment. A duplicate description is omitted.

  For example, in the above-described embodiment, the example in which the recording of the first pattern 48 on the organic photorefractive element 47 and the reproduction of the image 81 are performed at the same time is shown, but the present invention is not limited to this. Like the example shown in FIG. 5 and the examples shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the light 25 a projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47 through the relay optical system 30 and the reproduction illumination from the reproduction light source 41. The light 45 may be projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47 at different timings. In such a modified example, as the organic photorefractive material that forms the organic photorefractive element 47, after the exposure is stopped, that is, after the projection of the modulated light 25a is stopped, the next exposure is performed for a certain period of time. Until the start, a memory type (holding type) organic photorefractive material having a property of maintaining a refractive index distribution corresponding to the immediately preceding exposure pattern is used.

  In the above-described embodiment, the organic photorefractive element 47 is configured as a flat plate and is fixed and held at a fixed position. However, the organic photorefractive element 47 is configured as shown in FIGS. It may be formed in a curved surface shape as in the example shown in FIG. 5, or may be formed in a belt shape and have flexibility as in the example shown in FIG. Unlike a recording medium using a photorefractive crystal, the organic photorefractive element 47 using an organic photorefractive material has a high degree of freedom in processing, and can be formed in a cylindrical shape or impart flexibility. It becomes possible.

  Furthermore, in the above-described embodiment, an example in which only one spatial light modulator 27 is provided has been described. However, as in the examples illustrated in FIGS. It may be provided in the display device 10. According to such an example, the second pattern 28 displayed by each spatial light modulator 27 can be reduced and projected onto different regions of the organic photorefractive element 47. According to this example, the first pattern 48 having a large area can be recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47 regardless of the restriction on the number of pixels and the restriction on the pitch of the spatial light modulator 27. Since the organic photorefractive element 47 using an organic photorefractive material has better processability than a recording medium using a photorefractive crystal, the area can be increased and a plurality of spatial light modulations can be achieved. The use of the container 27 can sufficiently cope with an increase in the area of the first pattern 48.

  Here, the modification shown in FIG. 5 and the modification shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 will be described. First, in the modification shown in FIG. 5, the display device 10 is a drive that relatively moves the exposure mechanism 35, the organic photorefractive element 47, the reproduction light source mechanism 40, the exposure mechanism 35, and the organic photorefractive element 47. And a mechanism 53. In the example shown in FIG. 5, the organic photorefractive element 47 includes a transparent base material 147a configured as an endless belt and a plurality of recording materials 147b1 and 147b2 made of an organic photorefractive material provided on the base material 147a. And have. The drive mechanism 53 has a pair of rollers 53a and 53b spanning the base material 147a. As the pair of rollers 53a and 53b rotate, the belt-like organic photorefractive element 47 moves relative to the exposure mechanism 35 and the reproduction light source mechanism 40 that are fixedly arranged. In the example shown in FIG. 5, the recording materials 147 b 1 and 147 b 2 on which the first pattern 48 is recorded by the exposure mechanism 35 are moved to a position facing the reproduction light source mechanism 40 by using the drive mechanism 53, and the image 81 Can be played.

  In particular, in the example shown in FIG. 5, when the first recording material 147b1 of the organic photorefractive element 47 is disposed at a position where it can be exposed by the exposure mechanism 35, the second recording material 147b2 Thus, the reproduction light is arranged at a position to be projected from a predetermined direction. Therefore, while the reproduction illumination light 45 is diffracted by the first pattern 48 recorded on the second recording material 147b2 of the organic photorefractive element 47 and the image 81 is displayed with the reproduction light 45a obtained by the diffraction, The first pattern 48 can be recorded on the first recording material 147b1 of the organic photorefractive element 47. When the reproduction of the image 81 using the second recording material 147b2 is stopped, the organic photorefractive element 47 is moved by the drive mechanism 53, and then the image 81 using the first recording material 147b1 is reproduced. it can. The first patterns 48 recorded on the first recording material 147b1 and the second recording material 147b2 may be the same or different from each other.

  In the example shown in FIG. 5, the filter element 49 is arranged at a position facing the exposure mechanism with the organic photorefractive element 47 interposed therebetween. Since the filter element 49 used in this example is not located on the transmission path of the reproduction light 45a, the function of transmitting the reproduction light 45a is not essential, so long as the modulation light 25a from the exposure mechanism 35 can be shielded. It is enough.

  In the example shown in FIG. 5, the drive mechanism 53 is only an example, and various changes can be made according to the form of the organic photorefractive element 47. For example, when a plurality of sheet-like organic photorefractive elements 47 are provided, each sheet-like organic photorefractive element 47 is moved relative to the exposure mechanism 35 and the reproduction light source mechanism 40 by a drive mechanism including a robot arm. You may do it. Further, the drive mechanism may move the exposure mechanism 35 and the reproduction light source mechanism 40 with respect to the organic photorefractive element 47 that is fixedly arranged.

  Furthermore, in the example shown in FIG. 5, the quantity and the configuration of the recording materials 147b1 and 147b2 of the organic photorefractive element 47 are not particularly limited. For example, it may be formed in an endless belt shape like the base material 147a, and each region of the recording material may be separately exposed.

  Next, the modification shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 will be described. 6 and 7, the display device 10 includes an exposure mechanism 35, a cylindrical organic photorefractive element 47, a reproduction light source mechanism 40, an exposure mechanism 35, and an organic photorefractive element 47. And a drive mechanism 55 for relatively moving the two. The drive mechanism 55 rotates the cylindrical organic photorefractive element 47 around the cylindrical central axis.

  The exposure mechanism 35 includes a plurality of spatial light modulators 27 and relay optical systems 30 provided corresponding to the respective spatial light modulators 27. As well shown in FIG. 6, the second pattern 28 displayed by each spatial light modulator 27 is reduced and projected onto different regions of the organic photorefractive element 47. In the example shown in FIG. 6, the row of the spatial light modulators 27 formed by arranging three spatial light modulators 27 in the cylindrical axial direction of the organic photorefractive element 47 is the circumference of the organic photorefractive element 47. Two rows are arranged in the direction. The two rows of the spatial light modulator 27 along the cylindrical axial direction of the organic photorefractive element 47 are arranged in the axial direction by the length of half of the spatial light modulator 27 along the axial direction. They are offset.

  In this example, the second pattern 28 of each spatial light modulator 27 is reduced in the vertical dimension along the Y-axis direction and the horizontal dimension along the X-axis direction in FIGS. 3 and 4 to 50%. When projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47, six regions 247a arranged in a staggered pattern on the organic photorefractive element 47 are exposed as shown in FIG. When the recording of the first pattern 48 in the six regions 247a arranged in a staggered manner is completed, the organic photorefractive element 47 is rotated by the drive mechanism 55, and more specifically, one region 247a is in the circumferential direction. The organic photorefractive element 47 is rotated so as to be shifted in the circumferential direction by the length along the line, and the first pattern 48 is recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47 using the exposure mechanism 35 again. The areas in which the first pattern 48 is recorded by this re-exposure are arranged in a zigzag pattern adjacent to the six areas 247a arranged in a zigzag pattern in which the first pattern 48 is recorded in the previous exposure. Thus, six different regions 247b are formed. That is, according to this example, the first pattern 48 having a large area can be recorded in the planar region of the organic photorefractive element 47 by performing exposure twice or more.

  On the other hand, the reproduction light source mechanism 40 includes a reproduction light source 41 that emits reproduction illumination light 45, and a reflection member 57 that is disposed in a cylindrical organic photorefractive element 47. The reflection member 57 is formed in a conical shape, and the traveling direction of the reproduction illumination light 45 emitted toward the inside of the organic photorefractive element 47 having a cylindrical shape is changed, and the reproduction illumination light 45 is changed to the organic photorefractive element 47. To project. According to such a configuration, it is possible to irradiate the reproduction illumination light toward the inner surface of approximately half the circumference of the organic photorefractive element 47, and thereby a large image is formed outside the organic photorefractive element 47 having a cylindrical shape. 81 can be reproduced.

  Various further modifications can be made to the examples shown in FIGS. For example, the reduction ratio from the second pattern 28 to the first pattern 48 is merely an example, and can be changed as appropriate. Similarly, the quantity and arrangement of the spatial light modulators 27 are merely examples, and can be changed as appropriate. Further, similarly to the modification shown in FIG. 5, a filter element 49 capable of absorbing the modulated light 45 a may be provided at a position facing the exposure mechanism 35 with the organic photorefractive element 47 interposed therebetween.

  Again, another modification to the above-described embodiment will be described. In the above-described embodiment, the example in which the first pattern 48 is a pattern obtained by reducing the second pattern 28 in a similar manner has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to this. That is, the ratio of the second pattern 28 to the first pattern 48 is such that the first direction and the second direction intersecting each other are defined on the optical axis of the relay optical system 30, that is, the plane orthogonal to the linear direction La in FIG. You may make it differ between directions. That is, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, on the image forming surface 27a of the spatial light modulator 27 and the recording surface 47a of the organic photorefractive element 47, the X-axis direction and the second direction as the first directions orthogonal to each other. When the Y-axis direction is defined, the ratio of the first pattern 48 to the second pattern 28 in the X-axis direction is different from the ratio of the first pattern 48 to the second pattern 28 in the Y-axis direction. It may be. A columnar lens can be used as the relay optical system 30 for realizing such a modification.

  The viewing area of the human eye is wider in the horizontal direction (the direction in which both eyes are aligned) than in the vertical direction. Therefore, in order to ensure a large viewing area in a direction parallel to the direction connecting both sides of a person in general observation (generally, in the lateral direction), the second pattern 28 is positively applied to the first pattern 48 in this direction. It is effective to reduce it to On the other hand, in the normal observation, the second pattern 28 is applied to the first pattern 48 at the same level as the direction connecting both eyes in the direction orthogonal to the direction connecting both sides of the human (generally the vertical direction). It is not necessary to reduce it actively. If such a modification is applied to, for example, the modifications shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 described above, the arrangement of the spatial light modulators 27 is simplified, and the display device 10 can be downsized.

  Furthermore, in the above-described embodiment, the example in which the reproduction light source mechanism 40 is configured to project the monochromatic reproduction illumination light 45 onto the organic photorefractive element 47 has been described, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The reproduction light source mechanism 40 may be configured to include a plurality of reproduction light sources 41 that generate light in different wavelength ranges. According to such a modification, it is possible to reproduce a color that cannot be reproduced when using a single reproduction light source 41 by additive color mixing and reproduce the image 81 with the color. In addition, the image 81 can be reproduced in a plurality of colors, and further, the image 81 can be reproduced in full color.

  Here, a plurality of examples for reproducing the image 81 in full color will be described. First, as a first method, the organic photorefractive element 47 is divided into areas in a plane, and light in the first wavelength range (for example, light bearing red) and light in the second wavelength range (for example, light) are divided into the divided areas. The first pattern 48 for diffracting either the light that bears green) or the light in the third wavelength range (for example, the light that bears blue) is recorded. When recording the first pattern corresponding to each region, corresponding to the region division of the organic photorefractive element 47, the spatial light modulator 27 is similarly divided into regions, and each region of the spatial light modulator 27 is A second pattern 28 corresponding to the first pattern 48 for diffracting any one of the light in the first wavelength range, the light in the second wavelength range, and the light in the third wavelength range is displayed. The first pattern 48 for diffracting light in each wavelength band can be simultaneously recorded on the organic photorefractive element 47 using the illumination light 25 and the modulated light 25 having the same wavelength. From the reproduction light source mechanism 40, light in the first wavelength range, light in the second wavelength range and light in the third wavelength range, or white light including all of these lights is projected onto the organic photorefractive element 47. At the same time, a color filter is placed on the organic photorefractive element 47 functioning as a transmission hologram. Thereby, only the light of the wavelength range corresponding to the said area | region among the light which diffracted and permeate | transmitted each area | region of the organic photorefractive element 47 can permeate | transmit a color filter. Images that pass through the color filter and are reproduced by light of each wavelength region are overlapped, and one image 81 is displayed in color.

  As a second method, a first pattern for diffracting light in the first wavelength region and light in the second wavelength region are diffracted on a recording material made of one organic photorefractive material of the organic photorefractive element 47. And a first pattern for diffracting light in the third wavelength region and recording the three patterns in an overlapping manner. In this second method, recording of the three types of first patterns onto the organic photorefractive material that forms the recording material can be performed using modulated light 25a in different wavelength ranges.

  As a third method, the organic photorefractive element 47 includes three layers of recording materials made of organic photorefractive material, and each recording material has light in the first wavelength region and light in the second wavelength region. A first pattern for diffracting either the light or the light in the third wavelength region is recorded. In the third method, the wavelength sensitivity regions of the three recording materials are changed, and the first pattern is applied to each of the three recording materials by using the modulated light in the different wavelength regions corresponding to the sensitivity of each recording material. Can be recorded.

  Furthermore, in the above-described embodiment, the example in which the second pattern 28 of the spatial light modulator 27 includes the first modulation region 28a and the second modulation region 28b has been described. That is, the example in which the modulation realized by the spatial light modulator 27 is binary modulation is shown. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the second pattern 28 may be configured so that multilevel modulation is realized by the spatial light modulator 27.

  In addition, although the some modification with respect to embodiment mentioned above was demonstrated above, naturally, it is also possible to apply combining several modifications suitably.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Display apparatus 20 Recording light source mechanism 21 Recording light source 25 Illumination light 25a Modulation light 27 Spatial light modulator 27a Image formation surface, incident surface 28 Second pattern 29b Control means 30 Relay optical system 31 First lens 33 Second lens 35 Exposure mechanism 40 reproduction light source mechanism 41 reproduction light source 45 reproduction illumination light 45a reproduction light 45b 0th order transmitted light 47 organic photorefractive element 47a recording surface 48 first pattern 53, 55 drive mechanism 81 image 147a base material 147b1, 147b2 recording material 247a, 247b region

Claims (6)

A display device for displaying an image,
A reproduction light source;
An organic photorefractive element on which a first pattern for reproducing an image by diffracting reproduction illumination light from a reproduction light source is recorded;
An exposure mechanism that exposes the organic photorefractive element to record the first pattern on the organic photorefractive element, and
The exposure mechanism is
A spatial light modulator for displaying a second pattern corresponding to the first pattern;
A relay optical system disposed between the spatial light modulator and the organic photorefractive element, wherein the second optical pattern displayed by the spatial light modulator is reduced and projected onto the organic photorefractive element. A display device. The relay optical system includes a first lens and a second lens arranged on a straight line connecting the spatial light modulator and the organic photorefractive element,
The display device according to claim 1, wherein the spatial light modulator, the organic photorefractive element, the first lens, and the second lens are disposed so as to constitute a 4f optical system.   2. The optical axis of light projected onto the organic photorefractive element via the relay optical system and the optical axis of light projected onto the organic photorefractive element from the reproduction light source are non-parallel. Or the display apparatus of 2.   The center wavelength of the wavelength range of light projected on the organic photorefractive element via the relay optical system is different from the center wavelength of the wavelength range of light projected on the organic photorefractive element from the reproduction light source. Item 4. The display device according to any one of Items 1 to 3. A plurality of the spatial light modulators are provided,
5. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the second pattern displayed by each of the spatial light modulators is reduced and projected onto different areas of the organic photorefractive element. A drive mechanism that relatively moves the organic photorefractive element, the relay optical system, and the spatial light modulator;
The light projected on the organic photorefractive element via the relay optical system and the reproduction illumination light from the reproduction light source are projected on the organic photorefractive element at different timings. The display device according to any one of the above.

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