JP2013080157A - Image forming apparatus, and lubricant applying method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an image forming apparatus and a lubricant applying method for applying lubricant on a secondary transfer belt so as to suppress wear and peeling of a cleaning blade.SOLUTION: A temperature detecting unit 51 detects a temperature of paper at which the paper contacts a secondary transfer belt 41. A lubricant applying unit 47 increases an application amount of lubricant to paper as the temperature detected by the temperature detecting unit 51 increases. Accordingly, application of an unnecessarily excessive amount of lubricant on the secondary transfer belt 41 can be prevented, and thereby wear and peeling of a cleaning blade 48 can be suppressed.

Description

  The present invention includes a primary transfer belt (usually referred to as an intermediate transfer belt) and a secondary transfer belt, and the primary transfer is performed on a sheet interposed between the primary transfer belt and the secondary transfer belt. The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus configured to transfer a toner image on a belt. In particular, the present invention relates to an image forming apparatus and a lubricant application method adapted to apply a lubricant on a secondary transfer belt.

  Conventionally, in a color image forming apparatus (copier, printer, facsimile, etc.) using electrophotographic process technology, a toner image is formed on paper using a primary transfer belt (intermediate transfer belt) and a secondary transfer belt. There is something that was made to do.

  This type of image forming apparatus is described in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, for example. The configuration will be briefly described. C (cyan), M (magenta), Y (yellow), and K (black) color toner images formed on the photosensitive drum are primarily transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt. By this primary transfer, four color toner images are superimposed on the intermediate transfer belt.

  The secondary transfer belt is disposed in pressure contact with the intermediate transfer belt at a position facing the intermediate transfer belt. The sheet is interposed between the intermediate transfer belt and the secondary transfer belt. As a result, the sheet is pressed between the intermediate transfer belt and the secondary transfer belt, whereby the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt is transferred to the sheet (that is, the toner is secondarily transferred). Here, by using the secondary transfer belt, it is possible to reduce the probability that the paper after the secondary transfer is stuck to the intermediate transfer belt and the jam occurs.

  Further, conventionally, a cleaning blade is generally used to scrape off residual toner adhering to the surface of a transfer belt or a photosensitive drum. For example, Patent Document 3 discloses an image forming apparatus provided with a cleaning blade for an intermediate transfer belt and a cleaning blade for a secondary transfer roller. The cleaning blade has a strip shape and is often made of an elastic material such as polyurethane rubber.

  Also known is an image forming apparatus in which a lubricant is applied to the surface of the secondary transfer belt so that when the wax contained in the toner adheres to the secondary transfer belt, the attached wax can be easily removed. ing.

JP 2007-11107 A JP 2009-251322 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-140085

  By the way, depending on the relationship between the amount of the lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt and the amount of wax adhering to the secondary transfer belt, there is a possibility that the wear of the cleaning blade is promoted or the cleaning blade is swollen. .

  Incidentally, as a method for preventing the wax from adhering to the secondary transfer belt during double-sided printing, in addition to the above-described method of applying the lubricant, the paper transported from the fixing device is sufficiently cooled to remove the wax on the paper. A method of returning to the secondary transfer belt after sufficiently solidifying is conceivable. However, this method has the disadvantages that it takes time for the wax to harden, resulting in a decrease in productivity and a need for a cooling device, which complicates the configuration.

  The present invention has been made in consideration of the above points, and provides an image forming apparatus and a lubricant application method that can apply a lubricant to a secondary transfer belt so as to suppress the wear and wrinkle of a cleaning blade. With the goal.

An image forming apparatus according to the present invention includes a primary transfer belt and a secondary transfer belt, and the primary transfer belt is attached to a sheet interposed between the primary transfer belt and the secondary transfer belt. An image forming apparatus configured to transfer an upper toner image,
A temperature detector for detecting the temperature of the paper when the paper is in contact with the secondary transfer belt;
A lubricant is applied to the secondary transfer belt, and a lubricant application unit that changes the amount of the lubricant applied based on the temperature of the paper detected by the temperature detector;
It comprises.

The method for applying a lubricant according to the present invention includes a primary transfer belt and a secondary transfer belt, and the primary transfer belt is applied to a sheet interposed between the primary transfer belt and the secondary transfer belt. A method of applying a lubricant to the secondary transfer belt in an image forming apparatus configured to transfer a toner image on the belt,
Detecting the temperature of the paper when the paper is in contact with the secondary transfer belt;
Changing the amount of lubricant applied on the secondary transfer belt based on the detected temperature;
including.

  According to the present invention, since the application amount of the lubricant is changed based on the temperature of the paper, the lubricant can be applied to the secondary transfer belt so that the abrasion of the cleaning blade can be suppressed.

1 is a diagram illustrating an overall configuration of an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment. Diagram showing the configuration of the secondary transfer unit Diagram showing how the cleaning blade is worn Diagram for explaining the paper temperature estimation process Diagram showing the relationship between the paper temperature and the rotational speed of the lubricant brush Diagram showing the relationship between the paper temperature and the pressing force of the pressing spring The figure which shows the rotational speed of the lubricant brush with respect to the paper temperature and the total amount of toner on the paper

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

[1] Overall Configuration FIG. 1 shows an overall configuration of an image forming apparatus 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The image forming apparatus 10 is configured to copy and / or print a color image. The image forming apparatus 10 includes a reading unit 12 that includes an automatic document feeder 11, a display operation unit 13, a printer unit 20, and a substrate unit 60.

  The automatic document feeder 11 feeds the originals 2 stacked on the original placement tray 11a one by one to the reading portion of the reading unit 12, and discharges the read originals 2 to the paper discharge tray 11b.

  The reading unit 12 has a function of reading the document 2 in color. The reading unit 12 includes an exposure scanning unit 15 including a light source and a mirror, a line image sensor 16 that receives reflected light from the document 2 and outputs an electrical signal corresponding to the light intensity, and reflection from the document 2. Various mirrors 17 and a condenser lens 18 for guiding light to the line image sensor 16 are provided.

  The printer unit 20 is a so-called tandem printer unit that employs a method in which four color image forming units are arranged in series and a color is superimposed on the intermediate transfer belt 21.

  The printer unit 20 includes an intermediate transfer belt (primary transfer belt) 21 that is a flat belt that is wider and endless than paper, and a plurality of image forming units 30Y, 30M that respectively form single-color images on the intermediate transfer belt 21. 30C, 30K, a paper feeding unit 22 that feeds paper, a transport unit 23 that transports the fed paper, a secondary transfer unit 40 having a secondary transfer belt 41, and a separation unit 25. ing.

  The secondary transfer belt 41 is endless and has substantially the same width as the intermediate transfer belt 21, is separated / pressed against the intermediate transfer belt 21, and passes while pressing the sheet between the intermediate transfer belt 21 and the intermediate transfer belt 21. As a result, the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 21 is transferred to a sheet.

  The image forming unit 30Y forms a yellow (Y) image on the intermediate transfer belt 21, the image forming unit 30M forms a magenta (M) image on the intermediate transfer belt 21, and the image forming unit 30C uses cyan. (C) A color image is formed on the intermediate transfer belt 21, and the image forming unit 30 K forms a black (K) color image on the intermediate transfer belt 21.

  The image forming unit 30Y includes a photosensitive drum 31Y on which an electrostatic latent image is formed, a charging device 32Y disposed around the photosensitive drum 31Y, a developing device 33Y, and a cleaning device 34Y. The image forming unit 30Y includes a writing unit 35Y including a laser diode that is turned on / off according to image data, a polygon mirror, various lenses, a mirror, and the like.

  The photosensitive drum 31Y is driven by a drive unit (not shown) and rotates in a certain direction (the direction of arrow A in the figure), and the charging device 32Y uniformly charges the photosensitive drum 31Y to a positive polarity. The writing unit 35Y scans the surface of the photosensitive drum 31Y with laser light by reflecting the laser light emitted from the laser diode with a rotating polygon mirror. As a result, an electrostatic latent image corresponding to yellow image data is formed on the photosensitive drum 31Y.

  The developing device 33Y visualizes the electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive drum 31Y with yellow toner. This toner image is primarily transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 21 at a location where the intermediate transfer belt 21 and the primary transfer member 36 are in pressure contact with each other. The cleaning device 34Y cleans and removes the toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 31Y after the transfer by rubbing with a blade or the like.

  The image forming unit 30M, the image forming unit 30C, and the image forming unit 30K are different from the image forming unit 30Y except that the toner colors are different and the laser light is turned on / off with image data corresponding to each color. Since they are the same configuration, their description is omitted. In the figure, elements having the same configuration but having different colors are denoted by the same numerals and subscripts of “M”, “C”, and “K” instead of “Y”.

  The intermediate transfer belt 21 is stretched around a plurality of rollers, and circulates in the direction of arrow B in the figure during image formation. In the process of turning, images (toner images) of the respective colors in the order of Y, M, C, and K are formed on the intermediate transfer belt 21 by the image forming units 30Y, 30M, 30C, and 30K, and a color image is synthesized. The This color image (toner image) is transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 21 to a sheet at a location (transfer nip portion D) where the secondary transfer belt 41 is pressed against the intermediate transfer belt 21. At this time, a bias voltage having a polarity opposite to that of the toner is applied to the transfer nip portion D by a power source (not shown), and the transfer of the toner image is promoted by the action of the electrostatic force generated thereby. The sheet carrying the toner image is discharged from the intermediate transfer belt 21 by being discharged by the separation unit 25 formed of a discharging needle. The belt cleaning device 27 removes the toner remaining on the intermediate transfer belt 21 after the transfer.

  The paper feed unit 22 has a plurality of paper feed cassettes 22a, and feeds paper one by one from the selected paper feed cassette 22a toward the transport unit 23.

  The transport unit 23 includes a normal path 23a and a reverse path 23b as a paper transport path. In the normal path 23a, the paper fed from the paper feed cassette 22a passes through the transfer nip portion D and the fixing device 26 and is discharged to a paper discharge tray outside the apparatus. The reversing path 23b is a path used during double-sided printing, and is a path that reverses the front and back of the transfer paper that has passed through the fixing device 26 and then merges again with the normal path 23a upstream of the transfer nip portion D. The transport unit 23 advances the sheet to a position where the pair of registration rollers 23c is located and aligns the leading end of the sheet at the position, and then the toner image (the synthesized color image) and the image on the intermediate transfer belt 21. The sheet is sent out to the transfer nip portion D at the timing when the positions match.

  As described above, the printer unit 20 primarily transfers each color image formed on the photosensitive drums 31 </ b> Y, 31 </ b> M, 31 </ b> C, and 31 </ b> K according to the image data to the intermediate transfer belt 21, and superimposes the images on the intermediate transfer belt 21. The transferred toner image is secondarily transferred to the sheet fed on the secondary transfer belt 41 at the position of the transfer nip portion D.

  The sheet on which the toner image is secondarily transferred is introduced into a fixing device 26 including a pair of rollers of a pressure roller 26a and a heating roller 26b. The sheet after fixing sent out from the fixing device 26 is discharged via the normal path 23a during single-sided printing, and returned to the normal path 23a via the reverse path 23b during double-sided printing.

  At the time of this double-sided printing, the paper surface on which the toner image has already been printed is in close contact with the secondary transfer belt 41, so that a part of the toner image may adhere to the secondary transfer belt 41. The adhered toner image is removed by the cleaning blade 48 (FIG. 2). Further, a lubricant 45 (FIG. 2) is applied to the surface of the secondary transfer belt 41 in order to easily remove the attached toner image.

[2] Configuration of Secondary Transfer Unit FIG. 2 shows the configuration of the secondary transfer unit 40 and the drive unit 50 that drives the secondary transfer unit 40. Note that FIG. 2 mainly shows a configuration related to the features of the present embodiment for easy understanding of the drawing, and other configurations are omitted as much as possible.

  In the secondary transfer unit 40, the secondary transfer belt 41 is suspended from the drive roller 42 and the steering rollers 43-1 and 43-2, and is driven to rotate in the direction of arrow a by the drive roller 42.

  In the vicinity of the circulation path of the secondary transfer belt 41, a lubricant application unit 47 and a cleaning blade 48 are provided.

  The lubricant application unit 47 includes a lubricant brush 44, a lubricant 45, and a pressing spring 46. The pressing spring 46 presses the sliding material 45 in the direction of the sliding material brush 44. The lubricant brush 44 is in contact with both the secondary transfer belt 41 and the lubricant 45 and is rotationally driven by the lubricant brush drive motor 53 to apply the lubricant 45 to the secondary transfer belt 41. Yes. The amount (thickness) of the lubricant 45 applied to the secondary transfer belt 41 can be adjusted by the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 and / or the pressing force of the pressing spring 46. Specifically, as the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 is increased and the pressing force of the pressing spring 46 is increased, the amount of the lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt 41 is increased.

  Here, as the lubricant 45, for example, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate or the like is used.

  The cleaning blade 48 is provided on the downstream side of the transfer nip portion D and on the upstream side of the lubricant application portion 47. The cleaning blade 48 has a strip shape and is made of an elastic material such as polyurethane rubber. The cleaning blade 48 is urged in the direction of the secondary transfer belt 41 by an urging means such as a spring so that the tip thereof is in contact with the surface of the secondary transfer belt 41. The cleaning blade 48 scrapes off the toner adhering to the secondary transfer belt 41.

  The drive unit 50 drives the lubricant application unit 47. The drive unit 50 includes a temperature detection unit 51. The temperature detection unit 51 detects the temperature of the sheet when the sheet is in contact with the secondary transfer belt 41. In the present embodiment, the temperature detection unit 51 estimates the temperature of the sheet when the sheet contacts the secondary transfer belt 41 based on the type of toner image, the type of sheet, or the number of sheets transferred. It is supposed to be. The temperature detection unit 51 outputs the detected temperature to the control unit 52.

  The controller 52 controls the lubricant brush drive motor 53 and the pressing force adjustment motor 54 based on the detected temperature. Specifically, the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 is increased by increasing the rotational speed of the lubricant brush drive motor 53 as the detected paper temperature is higher. As a result, the higher the detected paper temperature, the greater the amount of lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt 41. Further, as the detected paper temperature is higher, the pressing force of the pressing spring 46 is increased by the pressing force adjusting motor 54, and the pressing force of the sliding member 45 on the sliding member brush 44 is increased. As a result, the higher the detected paper temperature, the greater the amount of lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt 41.

  Thus, the lubricant application unit 47 increases the amount of lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt 41 as the temperature detected by the temperature detector 51 increases. As a result, it is possible to apply an appropriate amount of the lubricant on the secondary transfer belt 41, and to prevent the excessive lubricant from being applied unnecessarily. As a result, it is possible to prevent the cleaning blade 48 from being worn or twisted.

  The reason for this will be described.

  First, the relationship between the amount of lubricant applied and the amount of wax adhering to cleaning wear and dripping will be described.

  The cleaning blade 48 can embrace and remove wax according to the amount of applied lubricant. However, if there is too much lubricant, the toner external additive that originally functions as a lubricant does not pass through the cleaning blade 48. As a result, the toner external additive does not adhere to the contact surface (slider). Since the sticking state occurs, the cleaning blade 48 is liable to be worn or twisted.

  FIG. 3 shows how the cleaning blade 48 is worn (experimental results) when no wax is adhered on the lubricant of the secondary transfer belt 41. The curve L10 has a first condition in which the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 is set to 0.2 in the peripheral speed ratio with the secondary transfer belt 41, and the pressing force of the pressing spring 46 is 0.5 [N]. ] Shows how the cleaning blade 48 is worn. The curve L11 has a second condition in which the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 is set to 0.8 as a peripheral speed ratio with the secondary transfer belt 41, and the pressing force of the pressing spring 46 is 1.1 [N]. ] Shows how the cleaning blade 48 is worn. Here, the second condition is a condition in which more lubricant is applied to the secondary transfer belt 41 than the first condition. As is apparent from FIG. 3, in the state where the wax is not adhered on the sliding material of the secondary transfer belt 41, the cleaning blade has a larger coating amount (that is, the curve L11 than the curve L10). 48 wear is large. 3 indicates the belt travel distance of the secondary transfer belt in the experiment.

  Next, the relationship between the paper temperature and the amount of wax adhering to the secondary transfer belt 41 will be described.

  In double-sided printing, the higher the temperature of the paper in contact with the secondary transfer belt 41, the softer the wax on the already printed paper surface (that is, it is not hardened). The amount of adhesion increases.

  In consideration of the above, in the present embodiment, the higher the temperature of the back surface of the paper detected by the temperature detection unit 51, the greater the amount of lubricant applied. As a result, it is possible to satisfactorily scrape the wax by the cleaning blade 48 while suppressing the wear and sag of the cleaning blade 48.

  Next, a paper temperature estimation process performed by the temperature detection unit 51 will be described.

  FIG. 4 shows an example of the paper temperature estimation process. The vertical axis indicates the estimated back surface temperature of the paper, and the horizontal axis indicates the number of sheets. In the figure, a curve L1 indicates an estimated temperature curve when blue is solid-printed on the coated paper, a curve L2 indicates an estimated temperature curve when a character image is printed on the coated paper, and a curve L3 is a fine quality. An estimated temperature curve when the blue color is printed on the paper is shown, and a curve L4 shows the estimated temperature curve when the character image is printed on the high-quality paper.

  As can be seen from FIG. 4, the temperature detection unit 51 determines the type of toner image (for example, solid image or character image), the type of sheet (for example, coated paper or high-quality paper), the number of transferred sheets, and the like. Based on this, the temperature of the sheet when contacting the secondary transfer belt 41 is estimated. Specifically, the temperature of the paper when contacting the secondary transfer belt 41 during double-sided printing is higher for solid images than for character images, higher for coated paper than fine paper, and the temperature of the transferred paper. Since the higher the number, the higher the temperature, the temperature can be estimated using a temperature estimation curve as shown in FIG.

  Next, control of the lubricant application amount by the control unit 52 will be described.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the controller 52 increases the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 (in this embodiment, the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 by 2 as the paper temperature detected by the temperature detector 51 is higher). The amount of the lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt 41 is increased by increasing the peripheral speed ratio θ of the lubricant brush 44 with respect to the secondary transfer belt 41.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 6, the control unit 52 increases the pressing force [N] of the pressing spring 46 as the sheet temperature detected by the temperature detection unit 51 is higher, so that the control unit 52 applies the pressure to the secondary transfer belt 41. Increase the amount of lubricant applied.

  In the example of FIGS. 5 and 6, the example in which the rotation speed and the pressing force are changed stepwise according to the paper temperature is shown, but these may be linearly changed according to the paper temperature. Moreover, it is not limited to controlling both the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 and the pressing force of the pressing spring 46, but only one of them may be controlled. In short, the amount of the lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt 41 may be controlled to increase as the sheet temperature increases.

  By the way, it is considered that the amount of wax adhering to the secondary transfer belt 41 is greatly affected by the amount of toner on the sheet surface contacting the secondary transfer belt 41 in addition to the sheet temperature. That is, it is considered that the amount of wax attached increases as the toner amount increases. In consideration of this, as the toner amount increases, it is more preferable to increase the amount of the lubricant applied, because a more suitable lubricant can be applied to the amount of wax that will adhere to the secondary transfer belt 41. .

  FIG. 7 shows an example in which the lubricant application amount is adjusted based on both the paper temperature and the amount of toner on the paper surface in contact with the secondary transfer belt 41. FIG. 7 shows the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 relative to the sheet temperature and the total amount of toner on the sheet (in the figure, the peripheral speed ratio of the lubricant brush 44 to the secondary transfer belt 41 is 0.1 to 1.4. It is shown). As shown in the example in the figure, the higher the paper temperature and the greater the total toner amount, the higher the rotational speed of the lubricant brush 44 and the greater the amount of lubricant applied. Drowning can be further suppressed.

  In FIG. 7, the total toner amount 100 [%] means the total toner amount when, for example, magenta (M) is printed on the entire surface of one side of the sheet (the surface that contacts the secondary transfer belt 41). The total toner amount 200 [%] means the total toner amount when, for example, magenta (M) and cyan (C) are printed on the entire surface of one side of the sheet (in other words, when blue is printed). .

  As described above, according to the present embodiment, the temperature detection unit 51 that detects the temperature of the sheet when the sheet contacts the secondary transfer belt 41 and the lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt 41. A lubricant application unit 47 that changes the application amount based on the temperature of the paper detected by the temperature detection unit 51 is provided.

  As a result, the greater the amount of wax adhering to the secondary transfer belt 41 (that is, the higher the temperature of the paper), the greater the amount of lubricant applied to the secondary transfer belt 41. The wax can be satisfactorily scraped off by the cleaning blade 48 while suppressing dripping.

  In the above-described embodiment, the temperature detection unit 51 causes the sheet to be transferred to the secondary transfer belt 41 based on the type of toner image transferred to the sheet, the type of sheet, and / or the number of sheets transferred. Although the case of estimating the temperature of the back side of the paper when contacting is described, a temperature sensor that directly measures the temperature of the back side of the paper may be provided. In this case, the temperature sensor is preferably provided immediately before the nip portion D.

  In the above-described embodiment, the amount of lubricant applied is controlled based on the temperature of the back surface of the paper. However, the temperature of the back surface of the paper can be estimated based on the temperature of the front surface of the paper. In that case, it is also possible to control the amount of lubricant applied based on the temperature of the surface of the paper.

  The embodiment disclosed this time should be considered as illustrative in all points and not restrictive. The scope of the present invention is defined by the terms of the claims, rather than the description above, and is intended to include any modifications within the scope and meaning equivalent to the terms of the claims.

10 Image forming apparatus 21 Primary transfer belt (intermediate transfer belt)
40 Secondary transfer unit 41 Secondary transfer belt 44 Lubricant brush 45 Lubricant 46 Pressure spring 47 Lubricant application part 48 Cleaning blade 50 Drive unit 51 Temperature detection part 52 Control part D Transfer nip part

Claims (7)

A toner image on the primary transfer belt is transferred to a sheet having a primary transfer belt and a secondary transfer belt and interposed between the primary transfer belt and the secondary transfer belt. An image forming apparatus made,
A temperature detector for detecting the temperature of the paper when the paper is in contact with the secondary transfer belt;
A lubricant is applied to the secondary transfer belt, and a lubricant application unit that changes the amount of the lubricant applied based on the temperature of the paper detected by the temperature detector;
An image forming apparatus comprising: The lubricant application part increases the application amount of the lubricant as the temperature detected by the temperature detection part is higher.
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1. The lubricant application part has a lubricant brush for applying the lubricant to the secondary transfer belt, and the higher the temperature detected by the temperature detector, the higher the rotational speed of the lubricant brush. To
The image forming apparatus according to claim 2. The lubricant application unit has a lubricant brush for applying the lubricant to the secondary transfer belt, and the higher the temperature detected by the temperature detector, the higher the lubricant supplied to the lubricant brush. Increasing the pressing force of the material to the lubricant brush,
The image forming apparatus according to claim 2. The temperature detection unit estimates the temperature of the paper based on the type of toner image transferred to the paper, the type of paper, and / or the number of papers transferred.
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1. The lubricant application unit controls the application amount of the lubricant based on the amount of toner transferred to the paper in addition to the temperature detected by the temperature detection unit.
The image forming apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5. A toner image on the primary transfer belt is transferred to a sheet having a primary transfer belt and a secondary transfer belt and interposed between the primary transfer belt and the secondary transfer belt. A method for applying a lubricant to the secondary transfer belt in the image forming apparatus, comprising:
Detecting the temperature of the paper when the paper is in contact with the secondary transfer belt;
Changing the amount of lubricant applied on the secondary transfer belt based on the detected temperature;
A method for applying a lubricant.

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