JP2013048062A - Lamp - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a lamp capable of performing multipoint light-emission in a polygonal shape or a lattice form without lessening light use efficiency in comparison with a conventional lamp.SOLUTION: The lamp includes a semiconductor light-emitting element 20 and a lens 30 arranged in front of the semiconductor light-emitting element 20. The lens 30 is a solid lens having a light incident surface 31, a central light outgoing surface 32, a first totally reflecting surface 33, a peripheral light outgoing surface 34, and a second totally reflecting surface 35 on a surface thereof. The lens 30: has a light incident surface 31 which is arranged in front of the semiconductor light-emitting element 20 and on an optical axis AX so as to make light emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element 20 incident thereto; and is configured so that the light which is emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element 20 and introduced therein by penetration through the light incident surface 31 is converted into a light beam parallel to the optical axis AX. The central light outgoing surface 32 is arranged in front of the light incident surface 31 and on the optical axis AX so as to emit the light with relatively high luminous intensity Ray1 which advances rather along the optical axis AX among the light of the semiconductor light-emitting element 20 introduced inside the lens 30.

Description

  The present invention relates to a lamp, and more particularly, to a lamp combining a semiconductor light emitting element and a lens body.

  Conventionally, a lamp that combines a semiconductor light emitting element and a lens body has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

  As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, a lamp 200 described in Patent Document 1 is disposed in front of a semiconductor light emitting element 210 such as an LED light source, and is rotationally symmetric with respect to the optical axis AX of the semiconductor light emitting element 210. A lens body 220 including a parabolic surface 221 and a plurality of reflecting surfaces 230 arranged concentrically around the optical axis AX are provided. In the lamp 200, the light from the semiconductor light emitting element 210 emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element 210 and introduced into the lens body 220 is radially centered on the optical axis AX on the paraboloid 221 (that is, centered on the axis AX). (In the direction of 360 °), is emitted from the lens body 220, is further reflected by the plurality of reflecting surfaces 230, and is irradiated forward. Thereby, the virtual light source which light-emits multipoints concentrically is comprised.

JP 2008-226702 A

  However, in the lamp 200 having the above-described configuration, the plurality of reflecting surfaces 230 are densely arranged concentrically from the viewpoint of improving the utilization efficiency of light from the semiconductor light emitting element 210 that is radially reflected by the rotary paraboloid 221. Due to the configuration, when the plurality of reflecting surfaces 230 are arranged in a polygonal shape or a lattice shape instead of a concentric shape, there is a problem in that the utilization efficiency of light from the semiconductor light emitting element 210 is lowered.

  This invention is made | formed in view of such a situation, and provides the lamp which can be made to light-emit multipoint in a polygonal shape or a grid | lattice form, without reducing the light utilization efficiency compared with the conventional lamp. The purpose is to provide.

  In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the invention described in claim 1 includes a semiconductor light emitting element and a lens body disposed in front of the semiconductor light emitting element, and the lens body is formed on the surface thereof. It is a solid lens body including a light surface, a central light exit surface, a first total reflection surface, a surrounding light exit surface, and a second total reflection surface, and light incident from the semiconductor light emitting element is incident on the light incident surface. As described above, the light from the semiconductor light emitting element that is disposed in front of and on the optical axis of the semiconductor light emitting element and that is transmitted through the lens body and introduced into the lens body is converted into a light beam parallel to the optical axis. The center light-emitting surface emits light having a relatively high luminous intensity that travels closer to the optical axis, out of the light from the semiconductor light-emitting element introduced into the lens body. As described above, it is arranged in front of the light incident surface and on the optical axis. The first total reflection surface is arranged such that light other than light emitted from the central light output surface is incident on light from the semiconductor light emitting element introduced into the lens body. A plane reflecting surface in the shape of a triangle that is arranged in a circumferential direction around the surface and forms a substantially N pyramid, the apex side being located in the vicinity of the outer periphery of the central light emitting surface, and the bottom side on the opposite side is the center The peripheral light exit surface is disposed so as to be in front of and outside the light exit surface, and the ambient light exit surface is centered on the optical axis and the apex is the first in the front view. The second total reflection surface is reflected by the first total reflection surface, and is disposed at a position corresponding to each apex of the N-angle located on each optical path of the reflected light reflected by the total reflection surface. Reflected by the first total reflection surface so that reflected light is incident. A plane reflecting surface disposed on each optical path of the reflected light and behind the surrounding light emitting surface, and the reflected light from the first total reflecting surface incident thereon is reflected toward the surrounding light emitting surface. The light emitting device is characterized in that it is arranged so as to be inclined with respect to the optical axis so as to be emitted from the surrounding light emitting surface.

  According to the first aspect of the present invention, the light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element is arranged in the circumferential direction around the central light exit surface in the circumferential direction so as to form a triangular planar reflecting surface (and the first number). (2 total reflection surface), the light is emitted from the surrounding light emitting surfaces (arranged at positions corresponding to the respective apexes of the N-gon) arranged in a polygonal shape. As a result, it is possible to configure a virtual light source that emits multipoint light in an N-corner shape without lowering the light use efficiency as compared with a conventional lamp.

  According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect of the present invention, the first total reflection surface has a triangular shape that forms eight octagonal pyramids by arranging eight first total reflection surfaces in the circumferential direction around the central light exit surface. The ambient light exit surface is a planar reflection surface, and the center of the ridge line whose center is located on the optical axis and has apexes and apexes at both ends in the front view is reflected by the first total reflection surface. It is arranged at a position corresponding to the apex of the rectangle located on the optical path and a position corresponding to the intermediate point.

  According to the second aspect of the present invention, the light radiated from the semiconductor light emitting element is arranged in the circumferential direction around the central light-emitting surface in the circumferential direction to form a triangular planar reflecting surface (and the first reflecting surface) that forms a substantially octagonal pyramid. 2), the light is emitted from the central light emitting surface and the surrounding light emitting surfaces arranged in a lattice shape. As a result, it is possible to configure a virtual light source that emits multipoint light in a lattice shape without lowering the light use efficiency as compared with a conventional lamp.

  The invention according to claim 3 is the invention according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the light flux emitted from the central light exit surface is substantially the same as the light flux emitted from the peripheral light exit surface as the diameter of the central light exit surface. The dimensions are selected.

  According to the third aspect of the present invention, it is possible to configure a lamp in which the light beams from the virtual light sources that emit multipoint light are substantially equal.

  According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the invention according to any one of the first to third aspects, the central light exit surface and / or the ambient light exit surface is light emitted from the central light exit surface and / or the ambient light exit surface. It is configured to diffuse.

  According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, it is possible to realize uniform surface light emission without luminance unevenness (or substantially uniform surface light emission with almost no luminance unevenness). In addition, it is possible to form a uniform light distribution with no luminance unevenness (or a substantially uniform light distribution with almost no luminance unevenness) on the screen facing the front of the lamp.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, it becomes possible to provide the lamp which can be made to light-emit multipoint in a polygonal shape or a grid | lattice form, without reducing light utilization efficiency compared with the conventional lamp.

1 is a front view of a lamp 10. FIG. It is AA sectional drawing of the lamp 10 shown in FIG. It is BB sectional drawing of the lamp 10 shown in FIG. 3 is a rear view of a lens body 30 that constitutes the lamp 10. FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining directivity characteristics of a semiconductor light emitting element 20. FIG. FIG. 2 is a ray tracing diagram of light rays emitted from each peripheral light exit surface 34 in the AA cross section of the lamp 10 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a ray tracing diagram of light rays emitted from each surrounding light exit surface 34 in the BB cross section of the lamp 10 shown in FIG. 1. It is a ray tracing figure in the front view of the light ray radiate | emitted from each surrounding light emission surface. FIG. 4 is a ray tracing diagram of a ray emitted from a central light exit surface 32 in a front view. It is a ray tracing diagram in the perspective view of the light ray radiate | emitted from the center light emission surface 32 and each surrounding light emission surface 34. FIG. It is a ray tracing diagram in the side view of the light ray emitted from the central light emitting surface 32 and each surrounding light emitting surface. It is a modification (arrangement example in front view) of each surrounding light emission surface 34. It is a modification (arrangement example in front view) of each surrounding light emission surface 34. It is sectional drawing of the conventional vehicle lamp 200. FIG. It is a front view (lens body 220 abbreviation) of conventional vehicular lamp 200.

  Hereinafter, the lamp which is embodiment of this invention is demonstrated, referring drawings.

  1 is a front view of the lamp 10, FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of the lamp 10 shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line BB of the lamp 10 shown in FIG. It is a rear view of the lens body 30 to perform.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, a lamp 10 according to the present embodiment is a lamp applied to backlight illumination such as a monitor such as a PC and a display such as a TV, indoor lighting, and the like. 20, a lens body 30 and the like.

  The semiconductor light emitting element 20 is, for example, one or a plurality of blue LED chips, and the light emitting surface thereof is covered with a yellow phosphor (for example, a YAG phosphor). The semiconductor light emitting element 20 emits white light (pseudo white light) resulting from a color mixture of light from the LED chip that passes through the phosphor and light from the phosphor that is excited by light incident from the LED chip. The semiconductor light emitting element 20 may be an element-like light source having a light emitting chip that emits light in a substantially dot shape, and is not limited to an LED chip. For example, the semiconductor light emitting element 20 may be a combination of a light emitting diode or laser diode of a light emitting color other than a blue LED chip and a phosphor.

FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining the directivity characteristics of the semiconductor light emitting element 20. As shown in FIG. 5, the directivity characteristic of the light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 is substantially Lambertian. Lambertian is the ratio of luminous intensity in a direction inclined by a predetermined angle θ with respect to the semiconductor light emitting element 20 when the luminous intensity on the optical axis AX on the semiconductor light emitting element 20 is 100% (I ₀ ) (θ = 0). This is expressed as I (θ) = I ₀ × cos θ. This represents the spread of light emitted by the semiconductor light emitting element 20.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, the lens body 30 is a solid lens body made of transparent resin (for example, acrylic or polycarbonate) or glass, and has a light incident surface 31, a central light exit surface on the surface thereof. 32, a first total reflection surface 33, an ambient light exit surface 34, a second total reflection surface 35, and the like.

  The light incident surface 31 is disposed in front of the semiconductor light emitting element 20 and on the optical axis AX so that light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 is incident thereon, and is transmitted through the light incident surface 31 and introduced into the lens body 30. This is a lens surface configured to convert light from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 into a light beam parallel to the optical axis AX. The light incident surface 31 is rotationally symmetric with respect to the optical axis AX and emits semiconductor light so that light having a relatively high luminous intensity within a predetermined solid angle (for example, within a half-value angle) centered on the optical axis AX is incident. The lens surface is convex toward the element 20.

  Of the light from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 introduced into the lens body 30, the central light exit surface 32 emits light Ray 1 (see FIGS. 2 and 3) having a relatively high luminous intensity that travels closer to the optical axis AX. Thus, it is arranged in front of the light incident surface 31 and on the optical axis AX.

  The central light exit surface 32 is a rotationally symmetrical lens surface with respect to the optical axis AX and convex toward the rear (semiconductor light emitting element 20) in order to diffuse the light Ray1 emitted from now on. The central light exit surface 32 may be a circular lens surface that is concave toward the rear. This also makes it possible to diffuse the light Ray 1 emitted from the central light exit surface 32.

  As the diameter of the central light exit surface 32, a dimension is selected such that the light flux emitted from the central light exit surface 32 is substantially the same as the light flux emitted from each peripheral light exit surface 34. Specifically, a dimension is selected such that the diameter of the central light emitting surface 32 <the diameter of the surrounding light emitting surface 34.

  The first total reflection surface 33 is a triangular planar reflection surface when viewed from the front, and the light from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 introduced into the lens body 30 other than the light Ray 1 emitted from the central light emission surface 32. Eight light rays 2 (see FIG. 2 and FIG. 3) are arranged in the circumferential direction around the central light exit surface 32 so as to form a substantially octagonal pyramid (see FIG. 1).

  Each of the first total reflection surfaces 33 is positioned with respect to the optical axis AX so that the apex 33a side is positioned in the vicinity of the outer periphery of the central light exit surface 32, and the opposite bottom 33b side is positioned forward and outward from the central light exit surface 32. The angle θ1 (45 ° in this embodiment) is inclined (see FIGS. 2 and 3). The base 33b of each first total reflection surface 33 is located on a plane that is in front of the central light exit surface 32 and orthogonal to the optical axis AX, and forms a regular octagon (see FIG. 1).

  The first total reflection surfaces 33 have the same size and the same inclination angle θ1 with respect to the optical axis AX. For this reason, the light Ray2 from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 incident on each first total reflection surface 33 is uniformly reflected (distributed) in each direction (total eight directions orthogonal to the optical axis AX) (FIGS. 6 to 8). reference).

  As shown in FIG. 1, the central light exit surface 32 and the surrounding light exit surfaces 34 are arranged in a 3 × 3 lattice shape in a front view. The ambient light exit surface 34 corresponds to the positions corresponding to the vertices V1 to V4 of the rectangle R whose center C is located on the optical axis AX in front view and the midpoints V5 to V8 of the ridge line having the vertices V1 to V4 at both ends. It is arranged at each position. The rectangle R is located on a plane orthogonal to the optical axis AX, and the vertexes V1 to V4 of the rectangle R and the midpoints V5 to V8 of the ridge line having the vertices V1 to V4 at both ends are the first all in the front view. It is located on each optical path L1-L8 of the reflected light reflected by the reflective surface 33 (refer FIG. 8).

Each peripheral light-emitting surface 34, in order to diffuse light coming emitted, rotationally symmetrical relative to a central axis parallel AX _c with respect to the optical axis AX, is a circular lens surface convex toward the rear (See FIGS. 2 and 3). In addition, each surrounding light emission surface 34 may be a circular lens surface that is concave toward the rear. This also makes it possible to diffuse the light emitted from each of the surrounding light exit surfaces 34.

  As the diameter of each ambient light exit surface 34, a dimension substantially the same as the bottom 33b of the first total reflection surface 33 (or a dimension longer than the bottom 33b of the first total reflection surface 33) is selected. As a result, substantially all of the reflected light from the first total reflection surface 33 reflected by the second total reflection surface 35 can be emitted from each ambient light output surface 34.

  The second total reflection surface 35 is a plane reflection surface, and the light paths L1 to L8 of the reflected light reflected by the first total reflection surface 33 so that the reflected light reflected by the first total reflection surface 33 enters. It is arranged on the upper side and the rear side of the surrounding light emitting surface 34 (see FIGS. 2, 3, and 8).

  In the second total reflection surface 35, the reflected light from the first total reflection surface 33 incident on the second total reflection surface 35 is reflected toward the surrounding light emitting surface 34 in front of the second total reflecting surface 35. It is inclined with respect to the optical axis AX so as to be emitted. In the present embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the second total reflection surface 35 has an angle θ2 (this embodiment) with respect to the optical axis AX so that the outer edge 35a is positioned in front of the inner edge 35b. (45 °).

  In the lamp 10 having the above-described configuration, the light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 follows the following optical path.

  Of the light from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 introduced into the lens body 30 from the light incident surface 31, the light Ray 1 having relatively high luminous intensity traveling near the optical axis AX is emitted as diffused light from the central light emitting surface 32. Then, it is irradiated forward (see FIGS. 2, 3, and 9 to 11).

  On the other hand, among the light from the semiconductor light emitting element 20 introduced into the lens body 30 from the light incident surface 31, the light Ray2 other than the light Ray1 emitted from the central light emitting surface 32 is in each direction on each first total reflection surface 33. Reflected (distributed) evenly in a total of eight directions orthogonal to the optical axis AX, and further reflected by each second total reflection surface 35 and proceeding forward along the optical axis AX, from each ambient light exit surface 34 The light is emitted as diffused light and irradiated forward (see FIGS. 2, 3, 6 to 8, 10, and 11).

  As described above, according to the lamp 10 of the present embodiment, eight pieces of light emitted from one semiconductor light emitting element 20 are arranged in the circumferential direction around the central light emitting surface 32 to form a substantially octagonal pyramid. By the action of the triangular planar reflection surface 33 (and the second total reflection surface 35), it is uniformly reflected (distributed) in each direction (total eight directions orthogonal to the optical axis AX) and arranged in a 3 × 3 lattice shape. The light exits from the central light exit surface 32 and the surrounding light exit surfaces 34. As a result, it is possible to configure a total of nine virtual light sources that emit light at multiple points in a 3 × 3 grid without lowering the light utilization efficiency as compared with conventional lamps.

  In the present embodiment, since the surrounding light exit surface 34 is a convex lens surface toward the rear, the intensity of light emitted from the ambient light exit surface 34 is strongest on the optical axis AX side (innermost side), and the optical axis As it moves away from AX (toward the outside), it gradually becomes weaker and the outermost side has the weakest distribution (see FIG. 3). This is because the directional characteristics of the semiconductor light emitting element 20 are Lambertian.

  Accordingly, it is possible to configure the lamp 10 suitable for illumination in which the vicinity of the optical axis AX is bright and gradually becomes darker toward the periphery. When the surrounding light exit surface 34 is a concave lens surface toward the rear, the distribution opposite to this, that is, the optical axis AX side (innermost side) is the weakest, and as the distance from the optical axis AX increases. It gradually becomes stronger (as it goes outward), and the outermost side has the strongest distribution.

  Further, according to the lamp 10 of the present embodiment, the light from a total of nine virtual light sources arranged in a 3 × 3 lattice configuration configured as described above has the above distribution, and the central light exit surface 32, Since the screen S facing the front of the lamp 10 is diffused and irradiated by the action of each ambient light emitting surface 34, uniform surface light emission with no luminance unevenness (or almost no luminance unevenness depending on the distance to the screen S). Uniform surface light emission) can be realized (see FIG. 11). Further, it is possible to form a uniform light distribution with no luminance unevenness (or a substantially uniform light distribution with almost no luminance unevenness) on the screen S facing the front of the lamp 10.

  Further, according to the lamp 10 of the present embodiment, as the diameter of the central light exit surface 32, a dimension is selected so that the light flux emitted from the central light exit surface 32 is substantially the same as the light flux emitted from each peripheral light exit surface 34. Therefore, it is possible to configure a lamp in which the light beams from the virtual light sources that emit multipoint light are substantially equal.

  Next, a modified example will be described.

  In the above-described embodiment, the eight first total reflection surfaces 33 are arranged in the circumferential direction around the central light exit surface 32 to form a substantially octagonal pyramid (see FIG. 1). The invention is not limited to this.

  For example, N (N is an integer of 3 or more) first total reflection surfaces 33 may be arranged around the central light exit surface 32 in the circumferential direction to form a substantially N pyramid. For example, three first total reflection surfaces 33 may be arranged in the circumferential direction around the central light exit surface 32 to form a substantially triangular pyramid (see FIG. 12), or the central light exit surface 32. The four first total reflection surfaces 33 may be arranged in the circumferential direction around the, and may constitute a substantially quadrangular pyramid (see FIG. 13).

  In this way, the light radiated from one semiconductor light emitting element 20 is arranged in a circumferential direction around the central light emitting surface 32 in the circumferential direction, and the triangular planar reflecting surface 33 (and the first reflecting surface 33) that forms a substantially N pyramid. 2 is totally reflected (distributed) in each direction (total N directions orthogonal to the optical axis AX) by the action of the total reflection surface 35, and is emitted from the surrounding light emitting surface 34 arranged in a polygonal shape in a front view. As a result, it is possible to configure a lamp that can emit multiple points of light in a polygonal shape without lowering the light use efficiency as compared with a conventional lamp.

  For example, in the example of FIG. 12, the light emitted from one semiconductor light emitting element 20 is arranged in the circumferential direction around the central light emitting surface 32 in the circumferential direction, and forms a triangular planar reflecting surface 33 (substantially triangular pyramid). And the second total reflection surface 35) are reflected (distributed) uniformly in each direction (total three directions orthogonal to the optical axis AX), and are emitted from the surrounding light emitting surface 34 arranged in a triangular shape in front view. . This makes it possible to configure a total of four virtual light sources that emit light at multiple points in a triangular shape without lowering the light utilization efficiency as compared with conventional lamps.

  Further, in the example of FIG. 13, the light emitted from one semiconductor light emitting element 20 is arranged in a circumferential direction around the central light emitting surface 32 in the circumferential direction, and is a triangular planar reflecting surface 33 (which forms a substantially quadrangular pyramid). And the second total reflection surface 35) are reflected (distributed) uniformly in each direction (a total of four directions orthogonal to the optical axis AX), and are emitted from the surrounding light emitting surface 34 arranged in a square shape in front view. . This makes it possible to configure a total of five virtual light sources that emit multiple points in a square shape without lowering the light utilization efficiency compared to conventional lamps.

  The above embodiment is merely an example in all respects. The present invention is not construed as being limited to these descriptions. The present invention can be implemented in various other forms without departing from the spirit or main features thereof.

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Lamp, 20 ... Semiconductor light emitting element, 30 ... Lens body 31, 32 ... Light entrance surface, 32 ... Center light emission surface, 33 ... 1st total reflection surface, 33a ... Vertex, 33b ... Base, 34 ... Ambient light emission surface, 35 ... 2nd total reflection surface, 35a ... Outer edge, 35b ... Inner edge

Claims (4)

A semiconductor light emitting device;
A lens body disposed in front of the semiconductor light emitting element;
With
The lens body is a solid lens body including a light incident surface, a central light exit surface, a first total reflection surface, a surrounding light exit surface, and a second total reflection surface on the surface thereof,
The light incident surface is disposed in front of the semiconductor light emitting element and on the optical axis so that light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element is incident thereon, and is transmitted through the light incident surface and introduced into the lens body. It is configured to convert light from the semiconductor light emitting element into light rays parallel to the optical axis,
The central light exit surface is arranged in front of the light incident surface so that light from the semiconductor light emitting element introduced into the lens body emits light having a relatively high luminous intensity that travels closer to the optical axis. And disposed on the optical axis,
The first total reflection surface is disposed around the central light exit surface so that light other than light emitted from the central light exit surface is incident on the light from the semiconductor light emitting element introduced into the lens body. Triangular planar reflecting surfaces arranged in a circumferential direction to form a substantially N pyramid, the apex side being located in the vicinity of the outer periphery of the central light emitting surface, and the bottom side on the opposite side being forward of the central light emitting surface And arranged to be inclined with respect to the optical axis so as to be located outside,
The ambient light exit surface is located at a position corresponding to each apex of the N-angle in which the center is located on the optical axis in front view and the apex is located on each optical path of the reflected light reflected by the first total reflection surface. Each is arranged,
The second total reflection surface is on each optical path of the reflected light reflected by the first total reflection surface and behind the surrounding light exit surface so that the reflected light reflected by the first total reflection surface is incident. A planar reflection surface disposed on the optical axis so that the reflected light from the first total reflection surface incident thereon is reflected toward the ambient light exit surface and is emitted from the ambient light exit surface. A lamp characterized by being inclined with respect to the lamp. The first total reflection surface is a triangular planar reflection surface that is arranged in the circumferential direction around the central light exit surface and constitutes a substantially octagonal pyramid,
The ambient light exit surface is a rectangle whose center is located on the optical axis when viewed from the front and whose midpoint between the apex and the ridge line having the apexes at both ends is located on the optical path of the reflected light reflected by the first total reflection surface The lamp according to claim 1, wherein the lamp is disposed at a position corresponding to the apex and a position corresponding to the intermediate point.   3. The lamp according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the central light exit surface is selected such that a light flux emitted from the central light exit surface is substantially the same as a light flux emitted from the surrounding light exit surface. .   The said center light-emitting surface and / or surrounding light-emitting surface are comprised so that the light radiate | emitted from the said center light-emitting surface and / or surrounding light-emitting surface may be spread | diffused. Lamps.

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