JP2012236811A - Purified lignin and epoxy resin - Google Patents

Purified lignin and epoxy resin Download PDF

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JP2012236811A
JP2012236811A JP2011118485A JP2011118485A JP2012236811A JP 2012236811 A JP2012236811 A JP 2012236811A JP 2011118485 A JP2011118485 A JP 2011118485A JP 2011118485 A JP2011118485 A JP 2011118485A JP 2012236811 A JP2012236811 A JP 2012236811A
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lignin
epoxy resin
purified
present
gramineous
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Akio Takahashi
昭雄 高橋
Toshiyuki Oyama
俊幸 大山
Takeshi Kono
剛 河野
Tomomi Tsunoda
知己 角田
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KONO SHINSOZAI KAIHATSU KK
Yokohama National University NUC
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KONO SHINSOZAI KAIHATSU KK
Yokohama National University NUC
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Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide purified lignin suitable as a raw material for synthetic resin raw material, especially for epoxy resin raw material, or an epoxy resin with a high content of vegetable raw material, further more excellent in mechanical performance.SOLUTION: The purified lignin of poaceous plants is obtained by acidifying pulp effluents by an alkali digestion method using poaceous plants as raw materials, and thus obtained lignin of a poaceous plant is separated into hydrophilic organic solvent soluble part and insoluble part, and the insoluble part is removed, thereby recovering only the soluble part. The epoxy resin including 60 wt.% or more of the lignin is obtained by reacting the lignin of a poaceous plant with epichlorohydrin. The hardened epoxy resin is obtained by hardening an epoxy resin with the purified lignin of a poaceous plant as a curing agent and includes 30% or more of the lignin.

Description

本発明は精製リグニン及びそれを使用するエポキシ樹脂に関する。  The present invention relates to purified lignin and an epoxy resin using the same.

エポキシ樹脂は、力学的強度性能、耐熱性、絶縁性が非常に優れており、自動車、電気製品等の用途に広く利用されている。近年、自動車、電気製品の業界は、環境負荷の低減が強く求められており、脱石油、カーボンニュートラルな材料への切り替えの動きがさかんになってきている。これまで全て石油由来の化学原料に依存してきたエポキシ樹脂に、非石油系原料を導入することが強く求められている。  Epoxy resins are extremely excellent in mechanical strength performance, heat resistance, and insulation, and are widely used in applications such as automobiles and electrical products. In recent years, the automobile and electrical products industries have been strongly demanded to reduce the environmental burden, and there has been a growing trend toward de-oiling and switching to carbon neutral materials. There has been a strong demand to introduce non-petroleum-based raw materials into epoxy resins that have all relied on petroleum-derived chemical raw materials.

植物成分リグニンは石油に代わる樹脂原料として期待されており、エポキシ樹脂やその硬化剤への利用が検討されている。エポキシ樹脂はフェノール性水酸基を複数持つ化合物とエピクロロヒドリンを反応させて合成されるが、リグニンもフェノール性水酸基を複数持っているからである。しかし、これまでエポキシ樹脂の原料として利用可能なリグニンは、高温高圧処理や爆砕など特殊な条件で得たもので(特許文献1、2)、エネルギーコストが高い、設備費が高い、処理工程が煩雑など、製造コストが非常に高かった。  Plant component lignin is expected as a resin raw material to replace petroleum, and its use in epoxy resins and their curing agents is being studied. The epoxy resin is synthesized by reacting a compound having a plurality of phenolic hydroxyl groups with epichlorohydrin, but lignin also has a plurality of phenolic hydroxyl groups. However, lignin that can be used as a raw material for epoxy resins has been obtained under special conditions such as high-temperature and high-pressure treatment and explosion (Patent Documents 1 and 2). The manufacturing cost was very high due to complexity.

本発明者は先に、アルカリ蒸解法によるパルプ廃液から回収したイネ科植物リグニンを、より安価なエポキシ樹脂原料として使用する技術を開発した(特許文献3)。
しかし、このエポキシ樹脂の力学的性能は、従来のリグニン系エポキシ樹脂と比較すると同等以上であるが、市販の石油系エポキシ樹脂には及ばなかった。
The present inventor has previously developed a technique of using a Gramineae plant lignin recovered from a pulp waste liquor by an alkali cooking method as a cheaper epoxy resin raw material (Patent Document 3).
However, the mechanical performance of this epoxy resin is equal to or higher than that of the conventional lignin epoxy resin, but it does not reach that of commercially available petroleum epoxy resins.

特開2009−84320号公報JP 2009-84320 A 特開2006−66237号公報JP 2006-66237 A 特願2010−22564Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-22564

本発明は、合成樹脂原料として、とりわけエポキシ樹脂原料としてより適した精製リグニンを提供することを目的とする。
また、このリグニンを使用して、安価でかつ植物原料の使用率が高く、更に力学的性能のより優れたエポキシ樹脂とその硬化物を提供することを目的とする。
An object of the present invention is to provide purified lignin that is more suitable as a synthetic resin raw material, particularly as an epoxy resin raw material.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an epoxy resin and a cured product thereof, which are inexpensive, have a high use rate of plant raw materials, and have more excellent mechanical performance.

本発明者は、先のアルカリ蒸解法によるパルプ廃液から回収したイネ科植物リグニンを使用したエポキシ樹脂の力学的性能を向上すべく鋭意研究を行ってきた。そして、イネ科植物リグニンの分子量に着目した。アルカリ蒸解法によるパルプ廃液を酸性にして沈殿させて得たリグニンを更にメタノールあるいはアセトン、メチルエチルケトン等の親水性溶媒に混合してその可溶成分を分析した所、低分子量成分が多くなると共に分子量分布の幅が小さくなり、それにより融点が明瞭になるという知見を得た。そこで、このリグニンをエポキシ化した所これまでよりはるかに力学的性能の優れたエポキシ樹脂が得られ、課題を解決するに至った。  The present inventor has intensively studied to improve the mechanical performance of an epoxy resin using a gramineous plant lignin recovered from pulp waste liquor by the previous alkaline digestion method. And it paid attention to the molecular weight of the gramineous plant lignin. The lignin obtained by acidifying and precipitating pulp waste liquor by alkaline digestion was further mixed with methanol or a hydrophilic solvent such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone, and its soluble components were analyzed. It was found that the melting point of the film became smaller, thereby clarifying the melting point. Therefore, when this lignin was epoxidized, an epoxy resin with much better mechanical performance than before was obtained, and the problem was solved.

すなわち本発明は、イネ科植物を原料としたアルカリ蒸解法によるパルプ廃液を酸性にして沈殿物を回収して得たイネ科植物リグニンを、さらに親水性有機溶媒の可溶分と不溶分に分離し、不溶分を除去し可溶分のみを回収したものであることを特徴とする精製イネ科植物リグニンである。
また本発明は、この精製イネ科植物リグニンにエピクロロヒドリンを反応させているものであって、リグニンの使用割合が60重量%以上であることを特徴とするエポキシ樹脂である。
また本発明は、エポキシ樹脂に、この精製イネ科植物リグニンを硬化剤として使用して得たエポキシ樹脂硬化物であって、リグニンの使用割合が30重量%以上であることを特徴とするエポキシ樹脂硬化物である。
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
That is, the present invention separates the grass lignin obtained by acidifying the pulp waste liquor by the alkaline digestion method using the grass plant as a raw material and recovering the precipitate into the soluble and insoluble components of the hydrophilic organic solvent. The purified grass lignin is characterized in that insoluble matter is removed and only soluble matter is recovered.
Further, the present invention is an epoxy resin obtained by reacting this purified gramineous plant lignin with epichlorohydrin, wherein the lignin is used in an amount of 60% by weight or more.
The present invention also relates to an epoxy resin cured product obtained by using the purified gramineous plant lignin as a curing agent for an epoxy resin, wherein the lignin is used in an amount of 30% by weight or more. It is a cured product.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

本発明では、イネ科植物を原料としたアルカリ蒸解法によるパルプ廃液が使用される。
ここで言うイネ科植物とは、稲ワラ、麦ワラ、アシ、コウリャン、竹等あらゆるイネ科植物が対象となる。イネ科植物のリグニンは、フェノール骨格のオルソ位にメトキシ基が無いものが多く、反応性が高い。
また、本発明におけるアルカリ蒸解法とは、水酸化ナトリウム又は水酸化カリウムを蒸解薬品として使用するパルプ蒸解法であるが、特にソーダ法が好ましい。また、アルカリ蒸解法であっても、硫化ソーダ、亜硫酸塩等硫化物を併用するものは、好ましくない。
尚、本発明におけるパルプ廃液とは、パルプを蒸解する工程でパルプと分離されて排出される液で通称黒液とよばれるものである。
In this invention, the pulp waste liquid by the alkaline digestion method which uses the grass family plant as a raw material is used.
The gramineous plants referred to here include all gramineous plants such as rice straw, wheat straw, reeds, cucumbers and bamboo. Many lignins of the grass family are highly reactive because they do not have a methoxy group at the ortho position of the phenol skeleton.
The alkali cooking method in the present invention is a pulp cooking method using sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as a cooking chemical, and a soda method is particularly preferable. Moreover, even if it is an alkali cooking method, what uses sulfides, such as sodium sulfide and sulfite, together is not preferable.
The pulp waste liquid in the present invention is a liquid that is separated from the pulp and discharged in the step of digesting the pulp and is commonly called black liquor.

次に本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンについて説明する。
本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンは、パルプ廃液を酸性にして沈殿させて回収する工程と親水性有機溶媒の可溶分のみを回収する工程の、二つの工程で得られる。
Next, the purified gramineous plant lignin of the present invention will be described.
The refined gramineous lignin of the present invention is obtained in two steps: a step of collecting and recovering pulp waste liquor by acid, and a step of recovering only soluble components of the hydrophilic organic solvent.

まず、パルプ廃液を酸性にして沈殿させて回収する工程について説明する。
リグニンはアルカリ水溶液に可溶であるが、酸性の水にはほとんど溶けない。アルカリ蒸解法のパルプ廃液は通常pH10以上のアルカリ性であるが、それに酸を加えて酸性にすると大部分のリグニンは沈殿する。パルプ廃液中には、リグニンの他に糖やその分解物、無機塩類等が溶解しているが、そこからリグニンが分離される。
本発明においては、パルプ廃液に酸性物質を添加してpH6以下、好ましくはpH4〜1にする。酸性物質としては、硫酸、塩酸などの強酸の他、二酸化炭素、酸性塩等パルプ廃液のpHを低下させるあらゆるものが対象となるが、特にコストと効果の点から硫酸、塩酸、二酸化炭素が好ましい。
沈殿したイネ科植物リグニンは、ろ過等の一般的な方法で回収し、その後乾燥させる。
この工程で、大部分のリグニンが回収されるが、低分子量のリグニンは少量液中に残存する。
この工程で得られるリグニンは、純度が80〜90%程度である。また、無機塩類などの灰分を通常5〜15%程度含有している。
First, the process of making pulp waste liquid acidic and precipitating and recovering will be described.
Lignin is soluble in alkaline aqueous solution, but hardly soluble in acidic water. Alkali digestion pulp waste liquor is usually alkaline with a pH of 10 or higher, but most of the lignin precipitates when acidified with acid. In the pulp waste liquid, sugar, its decomposition products, inorganic salts and the like are dissolved in addition to lignin, from which lignin is separated.
In the present invention, an acidic substance is added to the pulp waste liquid so as to have a pH of 6 or less, preferably pH 4-1. As the acidic substance, in addition to strong acids such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, all substances that lower the pH of pulp waste liquid such as carbon dioxide and acidic salts are targeted, but sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and carbon dioxide are particularly preferable in terms of cost and effect. .
The precipitated grass lignin is recovered by a general method such as filtration and then dried.
In this step, most of the lignin is recovered, but low molecular weight lignin remains in the small amount of liquid.
The lignin obtained in this step has a purity of about 80 to 90%. Further, it usually contains about 5 to 15% of ash such as inorganic salts.

次に、親水性有機触媒の可溶分のみを回収する工程について説明する。
前記工程で回収したイネ科植物リグニンは、多くは親水性有機溶媒に可溶であるが一部は不溶である。
本発明においては、前記工程で回収したイネ科植物リグニンを親水性有機溶媒に混合してろ過、あるいは抽出するなどして、親水性有機溶媒不溶分を分離し除去する。分離した後、親水性有機溶媒を蒸発させて、本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンが得られる。
尚、蒸発させた親水性有機溶媒は回収して再利用できる。又、除去した親水性有機溶媒不溶なリグニンは、バインダー等別の用途に使用できる。
本発明で使用される親水性有機溶媒としては、メタノール、アセトン、メチルエチルケトンなどが好ましく、特にメタノールが好ましい。
Next, the process of recovering only the soluble component of the hydrophilic organic catalyst will be described.
Many Gramineae lignins recovered in the above process are soluble in a hydrophilic organic solvent, but some are insoluble.
In the present invention, the gramineous plant lignin recovered in the above step is mixed with a hydrophilic organic solvent and filtered or extracted to separate and remove the insoluble matter of the hydrophilic organic solvent. After separation, the hydrophilic organic solvent is evaporated to obtain the purified gramineous lignin of the present invention.
The evaporated hydrophilic organic solvent can be recovered and reused. The removed hydrophilic organic solvent insoluble lignin can be used for other purposes such as a binder.
As the hydrophilic organic solvent used in the present invention, methanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and the like are preferable, and methanol is particularly preferable.

以上の工程で得られる本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンは、パルプ廃液を酸性にして沈殿させる工程で低分子量のリグニンが除外され、親水性有機溶媒で分離する工程で高分子量のものが除外される。低分子量のリグニンの中には、フェノール性水酸基が1つしかなくエポキシ樹脂原料として使用できないものが多い。また、親水性有機溶媒に不溶な高分子量のリグニンは、分子量が2000〜数10万と幅が広く、融点が不明瞭で樹脂原料に適さない。
本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンは、平均分子量が数平均で450〜1200であり、より好ましくは500〜1000である。また、全リグニン中の分子量500以上1500未満のものの割合は、重量平均で80%以上、好ましくは90%以上である。
The purified gramineous plant lignin of the present invention obtained by the above steps excludes low molecular weight lignin in the step of acidifying and precipitating pulp waste liquid, and excludes high molecular weight in the step of separating with a hydrophilic organic solvent. The Many low molecular weight lignins have only one phenolic hydroxyl group and cannot be used as an epoxy resin raw material. Moreover, the high molecular weight lignin insoluble in the hydrophilic organic solvent has a molecular weight as wide as 2000 to several hundred thousand, and the melting point is unclear and is not suitable as a resin raw material.
The purified molecular plant lignin of the present invention has an average molecular weight of 450 to 1200 in number average, and more preferably 500 to 1000. The ratio of those having a molecular weight of 500 or more and less than 1500 in the total lignin is 80% or more, preferably 90% or more in terms of weight average.

本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンは、親水性有機溶媒の可溶分だけからなるので灰分の含有量が非常に少なく純度が高い。
本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンの純度は、水分を除くと、通常90%以上、好ましくは95重量%以上である。また、灰分の含有量は5%以下、好ましくは2%以下である。
The purified gramineous lignin of the present invention consists of only a soluble component of a hydrophilic organic solvent, and therefore has a very low ash content and a high purity.
The purity of the purified gramineous lignin of the present invention is usually 90% or more, preferably 95% by weight or more excluding moisture. The ash content is 5% or less, preferably 2% or less.

次に、本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンからエポキシ樹脂を作る方法は、精製イネ科植物リグニンに大過剰のエピクロロヒドリンを加え、アルカリ触媒下で反応させる方法が用いられる。
かかる反応において、精製イネ科植物リグニンとエピクロロヒドリンの結合比は、重量比で精製イネ科植物リグニン:エピクロロヒドリン=100:20〜35程度である。
Next, as a method for producing an epoxy resin from the purified grass lignin of the present invention, a method of adding a large excess of epichlorohydrin to the purified grass lignin and reacting it under an alkali catalyst is used.
In such a reaction, the binding ratio of purified gramineous lignin and epichlorohydrin is about 100: 20 to 35 by weight ratio of purified gramineous lignin: epichlorohydrin.

本発明において相間移動触媒としてテトラメチルアンモニウム(TBAB)を用い、80℃で2時間の条件でエピクロロヒドリンを付加した後冷却し、20%の水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を10℃以下に保ちながら滴下して閉環させる2段階で、エポキシを形成させる方法も有効である。  In the present invention, tetramethylammonium (TBAB) was used as a phase transfer catalyst, and epichlorohydrin was added at 80 ° C. for 2 hours, followed by cooling, and dropping while keeping a 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 10 ° C. or lower A method of forming an epoxy in two stages of ring closure is also effective.

本発明のエポキシ樹脂は、精製イネ科植物リグニンの使用割合が60重量%以上であり、65〜75重量%であるのが好ましい。この使用割合は、本発明のエポキシ樹脂の原料全重量に対するリグニンの重量%である。かかる使用割合は、本発明におけるリグニンとエピクロロヒドリンとの結合割合にほぼ等しい。
本発明のエポキシ樹脂は、耐熱性、絶縁性に優れるだけでなく力学的性能が非常に優れている。特に、曲げ強さは先の本発明者による特許文献3のエポキシ樹脂よりもはるかに向上している。また、これまでリグニン系エポキシ樹脂の欠点であった脆さが改善され、伸びが非常に良い。
In the epoxy resin of the present invention, the use rate of the purified grass lignin is 60% by weight or more, preferably 65 to 75% by weight. This use ratio is the weight% of lignin with respect to the total weight of the raw material of the epoxy resin of the present invention. Such a use ratio is substantially equal to the binding ratio of lignin and epichlorohydrin in the present invention.
The epoxy resin of the present invention is not only excellent in heat resistance and insulation, but also very excellent in mechanical performance. In particular, the bending strength is much improved as compared with the epoxy resin of Patent Document 3 by the present inventor. In addition, the brittleness, which has been a drawback of lignin epoxy resins, is improved, and the elongation is very good.

本発明のエポキシ樹脂は、硬化剤として脂肪族や芳香族のアミン類、ポリフェノール化合物、ノボラック樹脂、酸無水物など一般のエポキシ樹脂用硬化剤を使用することができるが、本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンを硬化剤として使用することもできる。  The epoxy resin of the present invention can use a general curing agent for epoxy resins such as aliphatic and aromatic amines, polyphenol compounds, novolac resins, and acid anhydrides as a curing agent. Plant lignin can also be used as a curing agent.

次に、本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物について説明する。
本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、エポキシ樹脂に、本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンすなわちイネ科植物を原料としたアルカリ蒸解法によるパルプ廃液を酸性にして沈殿物を回収して得たイネ科植物リグニンをさらに親水性有機溶媒の可溶分と不溶分に分離し不溶分を除去し可溶分のみを回収したものである精製イネ科植物リグニンを、硬化剤として使用したものである。
ここで使用されるエポキシ樹脂は、市販のビスフェノール型エポキシ樹脂、ノボラック型エポキシ樹脂等あらゆるタイプのエポキシ樹脂が対象となる。
Next, the cured epoxy resin of the present invention will be described.
The cured epoxy resin of the present invention is a gramineous plant obtained by acidifying a pulp waste liquor by an alkaline cooking method using the purified gramineous lignin of the present invention, that is, a gramineous plant as a raw material, and collecting a precipitate. Purified grass lignin, which is obtained by further separating lignin into soluble and insoluble components of a hydrophilic organic solvent, removing the insoluble components and recovering only the soluble components, is used as a curing agent.
The epoxy resin used here includes all types of epoxy resins such as commercially available bisphenol type epoxy resins and novolac type epoxy resins.

硬化剤の使用量は、エポキシ樹脂のエポキシ基とリグニンのフェノール性水酸基が等量で行うのが一般的であるが、当量で±20%の範囲で加減することもできる。
必要とされる特性に応じてほかのエポキシ樹脂硬化剤を併用することも可能である。
The amount of the curing agent used is generally the same for the epoxy group of the epoxy resin and the phenolic hydroxyl group of lignin, but it can be adjusted within the range of ± 20% in terms of equivalent weight.
Other epoxy resin curing agents can be used in combination depending on the required properties.

本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、リグニンの使用割合が30重量%以上、好ましくは35%以上である。    In the cured epoxy resin of the present invention, the lignin is used in an amount of 30% by weight or more, preferably 35% or more.

本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物の製造において、硬化促進剤を使用することができる。硬化促進剤としては、2−エチル−4−メチルイミダゾール及び1−シアノ−2−エチル−4−メチルイミダゾール等とその誘導体、ベンジルジメチルアミン等の3級アミン、トリフェニルフォスフィン(TPP)のカリボール塩等の誘導体など、フェノール樹脂型エポキシ樹脂の硬化促進剤として一般的に使用されているものを用いることができる。
硬化促進剤の使用量は、エポキシ樹脂と硬化剤全量を100重量部とした場合、0.1〜3重量部の範囲、好ましくは0.2〜2重量部の範囲で用いることができる。
In the production of the cured epoxy resin of the present invention, a curing accelerator can be used. Examples of curing accelerators include 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole and 1-cyano-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole and their derivatives, tertiary amines such as benzyldimethylamine, and triphenylphosphine (TPP) caribole. What is generally used as a hardening accelerator of a phenol resin type epoxy resin, such as derivatives, such as a salt, can be used.
The amount of the curing accelerator used can be 0.1 to 3 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 2 parts by weight when the total amount of the epoxy resin and the curing agent is 100 parts by weight.

本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、使用されるエポキシ樹脂として、特に本発明のエポキシ樹脂すなわち本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンにエピクロロヒドリンを反応させているエポキシ樹脂を使用するのが好ましい。
このようにして得られたエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、リグニン使用割合が70%以上となる。
In the cured epoxy resin of the present invention, it is preferable to use the epoxy resin of the present invention, that is, the epoxy resin obtained by reacting the purified grass lignin of the present invention with epichlorohydrin as the epoxy resin to be used.
The epoxy resin cured product thus obtained has a lignin use ratio of 70% or more.

本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、耐熱性、絶縁性に優れるだけでなく力学的特性が非常に優れている。曲げ強さは、先の発明者による特許文献1のものよりも約5〜10%程度向上している。また、これまでリグニンを原料とするエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、曲げ強度測定時の伸び率が小さく脆いという欠点があったが、本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、従来のリグニンを原料とするエポキシ樹脂硬化物の約1.5倍の伸び率がある。  The cured epoxy resin of the present invention is not only excellent in heat resistance and insulation, but also very excellent in mechanical properties. The bending strength is about 5 to 10% higher than that of Patent Document 1 by the previous inventor. In addition, the cured epoxy resin using lignin as a raw material has a drawback that the elongation at the time of bending strength measurement is small and brittle, but the cured epoxy resin of the present invention is an epoxy resin using a conventional lignin as a raw material. There is about 1.5 times the elongation of the cured product.

本発明のエポキシ樹脂、エポキシ樹脂用硬化剤及びエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、接着剤、成形材料、構造材料、半導体封止材、プリント配線板等の電子材料等の従来のエポキシ樹脂が使用されるあらゆる用途で使用することができる。
特にカーボンニュートラルな材料が求められる電気製品、自動車部材等の用途に適している。
The epoxy resin, the epoxy resin curing agent and the epoxy resin cured product of the present invention can be any conventional epoxy resin such as an adhesive, a molding material, a structural material, a semiconductor sealing material, and an electronic material such as a printed wiring board. Can be used in applications.
It is particularly suitable for applications such as electrical products and automobile parts that require carbon neutral materials.

本発明によれば次のような効果がある。
(1)本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンは、合成樹脂原料として適しており、特にエポキ シ樹脂原料として適している。
(2)本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンは、安価である。
(3)本発明のエポキシ樹脂及びエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、従来のリグニン系エポキシ樹脂 と比較してはるかに優れた力学的性能を有し、市販の石油系エポキシ樹脂と同等の 力学的性能を有する。
(4)本発明のエポキシ樹脂及びエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、従来のリグニン系エポキシ樹脂 の欠点であった脆さを大幅に改善し、市販の石油系エポキシ樹脂と同等の伸び性能 を有する。
(5)本発明のエポキシ樹脂及びエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、安価である。
(6)本発明のエポキシ樹脂及びエポキシ樹脂用硬化物は、植物成分であるリグニンの使 用割合が非常に多く石油化学原料の使用を大幅に減らしたカーボンニュートラルな ものであり、地球温暖化の防止に貢献する。
(7)本発明のエポキシ樹脂及びエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、パルプ廃液から回収されたリグ ニンを使用するので、パルプ廃液による環境汚染の問題解決に貢献する。
(8)本発明のエポキシ樹脂及びエポキシ樹脂硬化物は、パルプ廃液から回収されたリグ ニンを使用するので未利用のバイオマス資源の活用に貢献する。
The present invention has the following effects.
(1) The purified gramineous lignin of the present invention is suitable as a synthetic resin raw material, and particularly suitable as an epoxy resin raw material.
(2) The purified gramineous lignin of the present invention is inexpensive.
(3) The epoxy resin and the cured epoxy resin of the present invention have a mechanical performance far superior to that of conventional lignin-based epoxy resins, and have the same mechanical performance as commercially available petroleum-based epoxy resins. .
(4) The epoxy resin and the cured epoxy resin of the present invention greatly improve the brittleness, which was a drawback of the conventional lignin epoxy resin, and have elongation performance equivalent to that of commercially available petroleum epoxy resins.
(5) The epoxy resin and epoxy resin cured product of the present invention are inexpensive.
(6) The epoxy resin and the cured product for epoxy resin of the present invention are carbon-neutral with a very large proportion of plant component lignin and greatly reduced use of petrochemical raw materials. Contribute to prevention.
(7) Since the epoxy resin and the cured epoxy resin of the present invention use lignin recovered from pulp waste liquid, it contributes to solving environmental pollution problems caused by pulp waste liquid.
(8) Since the epoxy resin and the cured epoxy resin of the present invention use lignin recovered from pulp waste liquid, it contributes to the utilization of unused biomass resources.

本発明を実施するための最良の形態BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

次に実施例により本発明を更に詳しく説明するが、本発明はこれによって限定されるものではない。
尚、本実施例中の分子量の測定は、ゲル濾過クロマトグラフィー(トーソー8020システム)を使用し、キャリア:THFlcc/min、検出器UVで測定したものである。
実施例及び比較例のエポキシ樹脂硬化物の曲げ強さは、JIS K7171に準拠して求めた。また伸び率は、曲げ破壊時の曲げひずみを伸び率とし ε=600Sh/L(%)の試算式で求めた。(S:たわみmm,h:試験片厚さ,L:支点間距離)。
また、リグニンの融点は島津製作所製サーモメカニカルアナライザーTMA−60でペネトレーションモードで昇温速度5℃/分で測定した。
リグニンの純度は、クラーソン法(72%硫酸不溶分をリグニン分とする方法)によって定量した。ただし、水分を除いた固形分中のリグニン%をリグニン純度とした。
リグニン中の灰分は、電気炉で徐々に昇温し最高1000℃でこれ以上重量が減少しなくなるまで加熱し、残存したものを灰分とし、その重量%で求めた。
EXAMPLES Next, although an Example demonstrates this invention in more detail, this invention is not limited by this.
In addition, the measurement of the molecular weight in a present Example uses gel filtration chromatography (Tosoh 8020 system), and measured by carrier: THFlcc / min and detector UV.
The bending strengths of the cured epoxy resins of Examples and Comparative Examples were determined according to JIS K7171. Further, the elongation was determined by a trial calculation formula of ε f = 600 Sh / L 2 (%), where the bending strain at the time of bending fracture was the elongation. (S: Deflection mm, h: Test piece thickness, L: Distance between fulcrums).
The melting point of lignin was measured with a thermomechanical analyzer TMA-60 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation in a penetration mode at a heating rate of 5 ° C./min.
The purity of lignin was quantified by the Klarson method (method using 72% sulfuric acid insoluble matter as the lignin content). However,% lignin in the solid content excluding moisture was defined as lignin purity.
The ash content in the lignin was gradually raised in an electric furnace and heated at a maximum of 1000 ° C. until the weight was not reduced any more, and the remaining ash was determined as the ash content.

比較例1Comparative Example 1

(パルプ廃液を酸性にして沈殿させて回収したイネ科植物リグニン)
麦ワラを原料とし水酸化ナトリウムのみを蒸解薬品として使用したソーダ蒸解法によるpH11、濃度5%のパルプ廃液に、10%塩酸を加えて混合しpH2の酸性にした。24時間放置した後沈殿物をろ過して回収した。この沈殿物を洗浄するために過剰の水を加えて混合し、10%塩酸を加えてpH2にして、24時間放置した後、沈殿物をろ過して回収、送風乾燥機で乾燥してイネ科植物リグニンを得た。
このイネ科植物リグニンは純度85%で、灰分を8%含有していた。また、このイネ科植物リグニンの融点は174℃であったが、不明瞭で160℃でじわじわと軟化し174℃で完全に溶融した。このイネ科植物リグニンの数平均分子量は、1260であった。
(Poaceae lignin recovered by acidifying the pulp waste liquor and precipitating it)
A pulp waste solution having a pH of 11 and a concentration of 5% by a soda cooking method using wheat straw as a raw material and only sodium hydroxide as a cooking chemical was mixed with 10% hydrochloric acid to make it acidic at pH2. After standing for 24 hours, the precipitate was collected by filtration. In order to wash the precipitate, excess water was added and mixed, and 10% hydrochloric acid was added to adjust the pH to 2, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 24 hours. Plant lignin was obtained.
This gramineous lignin was 85% pure and contained 8% ash. Further, the melting point of the grass lignin was 174 ° C., but it was unclear and gradually softened at 160 ° C. and completely melted at 174 ° C. The number average molecular weight of this gramineous plant lignin was 1260.

(本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニン)
比較例1のイネ科植物リグニンに10倍量のメタノールを添加混合し、よく攪拌した後、ろ過して可溶部と不溶部に分離した。そして、メタノール可溶部を、エバボレーターで大部分のメタノールを回収した後、60℃で3時間減圧乾燥を行って完全乾燥させ、本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンを得た。
この精製イネ科植物リグニンの数平均分子量は780であった。尚、除去したメタノール不溶のイネ科植物リグニンの数平均分子量は1540であった。
また、この精製イネ科植物リグニンの純度は97%、灰分含有量は1%であった。また、融点は160℃であった。このリグニンは、160℃付近ですみやかに溶融し明瞭な融点を示した。
(Purified Gramineae Lignin of the Present Invention)
Ten times the amount of methanol was added to and mixed with the gramineous plant lignin of Comparative Example 1 and stirred well, followed by filtration to separate a soluble part and an insoluble part. And after recovering most methanol by an evaporator, the methanol soluble part was dried under reduced pressure at 60 degreeC for 3 hours, and was dried completely, and the refined gramineous plant lignin of this invention was obtained.
The number average molecular weight of this purified gramineous plant lignin was 780. The number average molecular weight of the removed methanol-insoluble gramineous lignin was 1540.
Further, the purity of this purified gramineous plant lignin was 97%, and the ash content was 1%. The melting point was 160 ° C. This lignin melted immediately around 160 ° C. and showed a clear melting point.

(本発明のエポキシ樹脂)
実施例1で得た本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニン100gと大過剰量のエピクロロヒドリン300gを1リットルの四つ口フラスコ中に仕込み、攪拌モーター、温度計、滴下ロート、還流冷却管を取り付けた。約110℃の油浴中にフラスコを入れ、攪拌しながら温度を100℃に維持した。次いで、40%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液200gを2時間かけて滴下した。滴下終了後さらに1時間攪拌を続け、反応を終了した。反応物中からエバポレーターを用いて未反応のエピクロロヒドリンと水を80℃で減圧しながら留去し、本発明のエポキシ樹脂170gを得た。このエポキシ樹脂のリグニンの使用割合は72%であった。
このエポキシ樹脂の性能を調べるために、エポキシ樹脂の硬化試験を行った。硬化剤として市販のノボラック樹脂(フェノライトTD−2131、DIC社製)を使用した。
本発明のエポキシ樹脂と前記硬化剤を150:100の割合でメチルエチルケトンに溶解し、硬化促進剤として1−シアノエチル−2−エチル−4−メチルイミダゾールを、エポキシ樹脂と硬化剤を合わせた重量に対して1重量%添加した。
このワニスをフィルム上にキャストして、60℃の温度で3時間かけてメチルエチルケトンを除去した。
続いて、テフロンの型に充填し、真空プレス中140℃で2時間+170℃で3時間加熱し硬化させた。樹脂は加熱時に溶融して流動性を示した後、硬化した。樹脂硬化物の曲げ強度は165MPa、伸び率は8%であった。
(Epoxy resin of the present invention)
100 g of the purified gramineous plant lignin of the present invention obtained in Example 1 and 300 g of a large excess of epichlorohydrin were charged into a 1 liter four-necked flask, and a stirring motor, thermometer, dropping funnel and reflux condenser were installed. Attached. The flask was placed in an oil bath at about 110 ° C. and the temperature was maintained at 100 ° C. with stirring. Next, 200 g of 40% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise over 2 hours. After completion of the dropwise addition, stirring was continued for another hour to complete the reaction. From the reaction product, unreacted epichlorohydrin and water were distilled off at 80 ° C. using an evaporator to obtain 170 g of the epoxy resin of the present invention. The proportion of lignin used in this epoxy resin was 72%.
In order to examine the performance of this epoxy resin, a curing test of the epoxy resin was performed. A commercially available novolak resin (Phenolite TD-2131, manufactured by DIC Corporation) was used as a curing agent.
The epoxy resin of the present invention and the curing agent are dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone at a ratio of 150: 100, and 1-cyanoethyl-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole is used as a curing accelerator with respect to the combined weight of the epoxy resin and the curing agent. 1% by weight was added.
The varnish was cast on a film and methyl ethyl ketone was removed at a temperature of 60 ° C. over 3 hours.
Subsequently, it was filled in a Teflon mold and cured by heating in a vacuum press at 140 ° C. for 2 hours + 170 ° C. for 3 hours. The resin melted during heating and showed fluidity, and then cured. The bending strength of the cured resin was 165 MPa and the elongation was 8%.

比較例2Comparative Example 2

比較例1で得たイネ科植物リグニンを使用する以外は、実施例2と同じ方法で、エポキシ樹脂165gを得た。このエポキシ樹脂のリグニン使用割合は74%であった。
次に、実施例2と同じ方法で、このエポキシ樹脂の硬化試験を行った所、樹脂硬化物の曲げ強さは155MPa、伸び率は5%であった。
165 g of an epoxy resin was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the gramineous lignin obtained in Comparative Example 1 was used. The proportion of lignin used in this epoxy resin was 74%.
Next, when the epoxy resin was subjected to a curing test in the same manner as in Example 2, the bending strength of the cured resin was 155 MPa and the elongation was 5%.

(本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物)
市販のビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂(エポキシ当量190)を使用し、実施例1で得た本発明の精製イネ科植物リグニンを硬化剤として、重量比で110:100の割合でエポキシ樹脂硬化物を作製した。
メチルエチルケトンに溶解し、硬化促進剤として1−シアノエチル−2−エチル−4−メチルイミダゾールを、エポキシ樹脂と硬化剤を合わせた重量に対して1重量%添加した。
このワニスをフィルム上にキャストして、60℃の温度で3時間かけてメチルエチルケトンを除去した。
続いて、テフロンの型に充填し、真空プレス中で140℃で2時間+170℃で3時間加熱し硬化させた。樹脂は加熱時に溶融して流動性を示した後、硬化した。
このエポキシ樹脂硬化物のリグニンの使用割合は44%であった。また、このエポキシ樹脂硬化物の曲げ強度は170MPa、伸び率は9%であった。
(Hardened epoxy resin of the present invention)
Using a commercially available bisphenol A type epoxy resin (epoxy equivalent 190) and using the purified gramineous plant lignin of the present invention obtained in Example 1 as a curing agent, a cured epoxy resin was prepared at a weight ratio of 110: 100. did.
It melt | dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone and 1 weight% of 1-cyanoethyl-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole was added as a hardening accelerator with respect to the total weight of an epoxy resin and a hardening | curing agent.
The varnish was cast on a film and methyl ethyl ketone was removed at a temperature of 60 ° C. over 3 hours.
Subsequently, it was filled in a Teflon mold and cured by heating at 140 ° C. for 2 hours and 170 ° C. for 3 hours in a vacuum press. The resin melted during heating and showed fluidity, and then cured.
The proportion of lignin used in the cured epoxy resin was 44%. The cured epoxy resin had a bending strength of 170 MPa and an elongation of 9%.

比較例3Comparative Example 3

比較例1で得たイネ科植物リグニンを硬化剤として使用する以外は実施例3と同じ方法でエポキシ樹脂硬化物を得た。このエポキシ樹脂硬化物のリグニンの使用割合は46%であった。また、このエポキシ樹脂硬化物の曲げ強さは160MPa、伸び率は6%であった。  A cured epoxy resin was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the gramineous lignin obtained in Comparative Example 1 was used as a curing agent. The proportion of lignin used in the cured epoxy resin was 46%. The cured epoxy resin had a bending strength of 160 MPa and an elongation of 6%.

(本発明のエポキシ樹脂硬化物)
エポキシ樹脂として実施例2で得た本発明のエポキシ樹脂を使用する以外は実施例3と同じ方法でエポキシ樹脂硬化物を得た。
このエポキシ樹脂硬化物のリグニンの使用割合は82%であった。またこのエポキシ樹脂硬化物の曲げ強さは168MPa、伸び率は8%であった。
(Hardened epoxy resin of the present invention)
A cured epoxy resin was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the epoxy resin of the present invention obtained in Example 2 was used as the epoxy resin.
The proportion of lignin used in the cured epoxy resin was 82%. The cured epoxy resin had a bending strength of 168 MPa and an elongation of 8%.

比較例4Comparative Example 4

エポキシ樹脂として比較例2で得たエポキシ樹脂を使用する以外は比較例3と同じ方法でエポキシ樹脂硬化物を得た。
このエポキシ樹脂硬化物のリグニンの使用割合は84%であった。また、このエポキシ樹脂硬化物の曲げ強さは156MPa、伸び率は6%であった。
A cured epoxy resin was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 3 except that the epoxy resin obtained in Comparative Example 2 was used as the epoxy resin.
The proportion of lignin used in the cured epoxy resin was 84%. The cured epoxy resin had a bending strength of 156 MPa and an elongation of 6%.

Claims (5)

イネ科植物を原料としたアルカリ蒸解法によるパルプ廃液を酸性にして沈殿物を回収して得たイネ科植物リグニンを、さらに親水性有機溶媒の可溶分と不溶分に分離し、不溶分を除去し可溶分のみを回収したものであることを特徴とする精製イネ科植物リグニン。  The gramineous plant lignin obtained by acidifying the pulp waste liquor from the gramineous plant and recovering the precipitate is further separated into soluble and insoluble components of the hydrophilic organic solvent. A purified gramineous lignin characterized by being removed and recovering only soluble components. 前記親水性有機溶媒がメタノール、アセトン又はメチルエチルケトンである請求項1記載の精製イネ科植物リグニン。  The purified gramineous lignin according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic organic solvent is methanol, acetone or methyl ethyl ketone. 請求項1または2記載の精製イネ科植物リグニンにエピクロロヒドリンを反応させているものであって、リグニンの使用割合が60重量%以上であることを特徴とするエポキシ樹脂。  An epoxy resin obtained by reacting the purified gramineous plant lignin according to claim 1 or 2 with epichlorohydrin, wherein the lignin is used in an amount of 60% by weight or more. エポキシ樹脂に、請求項1または2記載の精製イネ科植物リグニンを硬化剤として使用して得たエポキシ樹脂硬化物であって、リグニンの使用割合が30重量%以上であることを特徴とするエポキシ樹脂硬化物。  An epoxy resin cured product obtained by using the purified gramineous plant lignin according to claim 1 or 2 as a curing agent for an epoxy resin, wherein the lignin is used in an amount of 30% by weight or more. Resin cured product. 前記エポキシ樹脂が請求項1または2に記載の精製イネ科植物リグニンにエピクロロヒドリンを反応させたものであり、リグニンの使用割合が70重量%以上であることを特徴とする請求項4記載のエポキシ樹脂硬化物  The epoxy resin is obtained by reacting the purified grass lignin according to claim 1 or 2 with epichlorohydrin, and the lignin usage rate is 70% by weight or more. Cured epoxy resin
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JP2013035886A (en) * 2011-08-03 2013-02-21 Asahi Organic Chemicals Industry Co Ltd Lignin, composition containing the lignin and method for producing the lignin
JP2013035885A (en) * 2011-08-03 2013-02-21 Asahi Organic Chemicals Industry Co Ltd Lignin, composition containing lignin and method for producing the lignin
JP2014208803A (en) * 2013-03-29 2014-11-06 ロイス・ドットコム株式会社 Lignin recovery method
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JP2013035886A (en) * 2011-08-03 2013-02-21 Asahi Organic Chemicals Industry Co Ltd Lignin, composition containing the lignin and method for producing the lignin
JP2013035885A (en) * 2011-08-03 2013-02-21 Asahi Organic Chemicals Industry Co Ltd Lignin, composition containing lignin and method for producing the lignin
US11053558B2 (en) 2012-05-03 2021-07-06 Virdia, Llc Methods for treating lignocellulosic materials
JP2014208803A (en) * 2013-03-29 2014-11-06 ロイス・ドットコム株式会社 Lignin recovery method
JP2019163466A (en) * 2013-05-03 2019-09-26 ヴァーディア, インコーポレイテッド Method for preparing thermostable lignin fraction
CN109851814A (en) * 2014-07-09 2019-06-07 威尔迪亚公司 For the method and combinations thereof of lignin to be separated and refined from black liquor
US10767308B2 (en) 2014-07-09 2020-09-08 Virdia, Inc. Methods for separating and refining lignin from black liquor and compositions thereof
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EP3527577A1 (en) * 2014-07-09 2019-08-21 Virdia, Inc. Methods for separating and refining lignin from black liquor and compositions thereof
WO2016207711A1 (en) * 2015-06-24 2016-12-29 日本化薬株式会社 Modified lignin, epoxy resin, and method for producing same
JP2018178024A (en) * 2017-04-19 2018-11-15 日本化薬株式会社 Method for producing lignin-derived epoxy resin, lignin-derived epoxy resin, epoxy resin composition and cured product thereof
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CN113717400A (en) * 2021-09-14 2021-11-30 大连工业大学 Lignin fractionation method and preparation method of lignin-based thermosetting resin
CN113717400B (en) * 2021-09-14 2023-02-17 大连工业大学 Lignin fractionation method and preparation method of lignin-based thermosetting resin
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