JP2012183004A - Fish oil-containing feed - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide fish oil-containing feed having high palatability.SOLUTION: The inventors have researched about the animal's preference on fish oil while distinguishing the fish oils by the kind of fishes on focusing attention on the palatability of the fish oil. Additionally, they have researched about the blood concentration of β-endorphin in blood of the animal which takes the fish oil. From result of these researches, they have found out the fact that animal's preference to the fish oil depends on the kind of fish to reach this invention. This invention provides fish oil-containing feeds improved in feed intake belonging to gadiformes. Further, a method is provided to improve feed intake of feed for animal includes using fish oil of fish belonging to gadiformes as the fish oil to be added to the feed for animal.

Description

  The present invention relates to a feed having high palatability. More specifically, the present invention relates to a feed containing fish oil having high palatability.

  Fish oil is known to have various effects on living organisms. For example, ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) contained in fish oil has been studied for its effects on living organisms, and in particular, eicosapentaenoic acid (hereinafter referred to as “EPA”) contained in fish oil. And docosahexaenoic acid (hereinafter referred to as “DHA”) have been reported to have various effects on living organisms. These have been widely reported to have, for example, an effect of preventing arteriosclerosis, an effect of lowering cholesterol level, an effect of lowering neutral fat level, and an effect on diseases such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes.

  In addition, ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in fish oil are added to supplements and the like, and are also added to various foods as functional ingredients. Furthermore, fish oil is added to animal feeds for various purposes such as a nutrient source.

  For example, in order to increase the content of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in livestock such as cattle and pigs and poultry such as birds, it is disclosed to feed livestock rich in these fatty acids (Patent Document 1). And 2). In addition, for the purpose of improving the flavor and softness of livestock meat, it has been disclosed to add ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to livestock feed (Patent Document 3).

  On the other hand, it is known that humans and animals show high palatability for fats and oils. It has been clarified that an endogenous opioid peptide, particularly β-endorphin, is involved in such preference for fats and oils (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2). Furthermore, in animal tests, it has been reported that animals show a high preference for free fatty acids, particularly long chain fatty acids (Non-patent Documents 3 and 4).

  In addition, fats and oils that humans and animals normally ingest are mainly composed of triglycerides. Although these triglycerides have various fatty acid compositions, changes in animal preference due to differences in fatty acid composition remain unclear.

  Furthermore, little research has been done on the preference of fish oil. In addition, although it is known that fish oil is included in feed for various purposes, there is no report of distinguishing fish oil based on the type of fish and examining its palatability by animals.

JP 2010-046081 A JP 2010-046081 A JP 2008-131949 A

Sclafani A., (2001) .Psychobiology of food preferences.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 25 (Suppl 5), S13-16. Mizushige, T., Saitoh, K., Manabe, Y., Nishizuka, T., Taka, Y., Eguchi, A., Yoneda, T., Matsumura, S., Tsuzuki, S., Inoue, K., & Fushiki, T. (2009) Preference for dietary fat induced byrelease of beta-endorphin in rats.Life Sci, 84, 760-765. Laugerette, F., Passilly-Degrace, P., Patris, B., Niot, I., Febbraio, M., Montmayeur, JP, & Besnard, P. (2005) CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fatpreference , and digestive secretions. J Clin Invest, 115 (11), 3177-3184. Tsuruta, M., Kawada, T., Fukuwatari, T., & Fushiki, T. (1999) The orosensory recognition of long-chain fatty acids in rats.Physiol.Behav. 66,285-28.

  An object of the present invention is to provide a feed having high palatability.

  As mentioned above, little research has been done on the preference of fish oil. The present inventors paid attention to the preference of fish oil, and distinguished fish oil according to the type of fish, and investigated the preference of animals for fish oil. In addition, blood levels of β-endorphin in animals fed with fish oil were investigated. From the results of these investigations, it has been found that the preference of animals for fish oil varies depending on the type of fish, and the present invention has been conceived.

  The present invention provides an animal feed containing fish oil of fish belonging to the order of Cod.

  Moreover, this invention provides the said animal feed whose animal is a mammal or poultry.

  Moreover, this invention provides the said animal feed whose fish oil is walleye pollack oil.

  Moreover, this invention provides the said animal feed whose content of the fish oil in animal feed is 5 to 10 weight% of a total feed.

  Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for increasing the food intake of an animal, the method comprising the step of providing the animal feed as a feed for the animal.

  Since the animal feed of the present invention has high palatability, it is possible to enhance the feeding ability of animals such as livestock. Moreover, since the food intake of an animal increases by giving the animal feed of this invention to an animal, productivity, such as livestock, can be improved.

  The animal feed of the present invention can be used to improve food intake.

The figure which shows the quantity per mouse | mouth which the mouse | mouth consumed the powder feed which each added 10% of walleye pollack oil, saury oil, sardine oil, and tuna oil. In the two-bottle selection test, the figure (Figure 2A) showing the amount of mice ingested 5% walleye oil and 5% saury oil (taken per day for 20 minutes) and in the two-bottle selection test FIG. 2 shows the amount of 5% walleye oil and 5% sardine oil consumed per mouse (amount consumed for 20 minutes per mouse per day) (FIG. 2B). The figure which shows the food intake of the mouse | mouth of 5% walleye oil group and 5% saury oil group in the 1 bottle intake test. The figure which shows the blood beta-endorphin density | concentration of the mouse | mouth of 5% walleye oil group and 5% saury oil group in the 1 bottle intake test.

  As shown in the following examples, the animal feed of the present invention was found to be different in fish preference depending on the type of fish, and as a result of investigating the preference for animal fish oil, the animal preference for fish oil was found to differ depending on the type of fish. Based on that. Hereinafter, the animal feed of the present invention will be described in detail.

  The animal feed of the present invention contains fish oil of fish belonging to the order of Cod. The fish oil used as a raw material for the animal feed of the present invention is a fish oil belonging to the order of Cod. Specific examples of the fish belonging to the order of Codella include walleye pollock, southern bluefin, northern blue whiting, king clip, hake, madara and hoki. In particular, walleye pollen oil refined from walleye pollack is preferable. Moreover, in this specification, fish oil means the fatty acid refine | purified from the fish, and the fatty acid contained in fish oil includes what was made into those salts or ester. Moreover, the fish oil used for the animal feed of this invention can use arbitrary fish oil, as long as it refine | purified to the grade accept | permitted with respect to a pharmaceutical and a foodstuff.

  In order to purify fish oil from fish, for example, the following method can be used. First, smash the fish. For example, processing residues such as fish heads, skins, midbones and internal organs generated by marine processing are crushed. Next, the pulverized product is cooked and then pressed to separate into broth (stick water, SW) and pressed meal. SW is further concentrated by repeated centrifugation and processed into fish oil. The fish oil thus obtained can be further purified by silica gel and activated carbon. Further, the obtained fish oil can be further deodorized by a steam distillation method.

  The fish oil used in the examples is a refined fish oil that has been subjected to decolorization treatment with silica gel and activated clay, and deodorization treatment with steam distillation, regardless of the type of fish used, and has no characteristic color or odor, It has been purified to the extent that humans cannot distinguish the type of fish from its odor and appearance. Furthermore, no deterioration such as oxidation was observed in any of the fish oil purified in this manner.

  The refined fish oil used in the present invention has a fatty acid composition as shown in Table 1, for example. Fish oil has its lipid content and fatty acid composition changed depending on the season of fishing, fish size, etc. In this example, the fats and oils having the composition shown in Table 1 were used. Walleye oil contains 17.5% saturated fatty acids, 48.8% MUFA, 1.5% n-6 PUFA and 22.2% n-3 PUFA in area percentage.

  Table 1 shows examples of the fatty acid composition of fish oil refined from walleye pollack, saury, sardine and tuna. Among these fish, walleye oil used in the animal feed of the present invention has the following characteristics in fatty acid composition as compared with saury oil, sardine oil and tuna oil. Walleye pollack oil and saury oil account for 22 to 23% of the total fatty acid content of polyunsaturated fatty acids having the third double bond from the fatty acid terminal, and are less than sardine oil and tuna oil. Also, walleye pollack oil and saury oil have a higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids than sardine oil and tuna oil, accounting for about 45-50%. Compared with walleye oil and saury oil, walleye oil is relatively rich in monounsaturated fatty acids of 16: 1 and 18: 1, accounting for about 7-8% and 16%, respectively. Also, walleye pollack oil is less in monounsaturated fatty acids 20: 1 and 22: 1 than saury oil, accounting for about 11-12% and 13-14%, respectively.

  Moreover, the fish oil used for the animal feed of this invention can also make the fatty acid contained into those salts or ester. Salts include fatty acid salts formed with any inorganic and organic bases. For example, salts include, but are not limited to, metal salts formed with aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like, and organic acid salts formed with amines, choline, lysine, and the like. The ester includes a fatty acid ester formed with any alcohol. For example, esters include, but are not limited to, fatty acid esters formed with polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, sorbitol and sucrose. In particular, the fish oil used in the animal feed of the present invention can be a glyceride.

  The animal feed of the present invention can be used as a feed for any animal. The animal feed of the present invention can be fed to any animal including, for example, mammals such as mice, pigs, cows and sheep, and poultry such as chickens.

  In the animal feed of the present invention, the components other than fish oil can be any feed component known to those skilled in the art. For example, any amount of fish oil can be formulated into any feed suitable for mammals such as mice, pigs, cows and sheep, and poultry such as chickens. For example, the content of fish oil in the animal feed of the present invention can be 0.01-99.9% by weight of the total feed, such as 0.1-10% and 5-10% by weight.

  In addition, when the animal feed of the present invention is fed to an animal, an arbitrary amount can be fed according to conditions such as the kind of animal, age, weight, and health condition. The animal feed of the present invention can be fed, for example, once a day or divided into 2 to 4 times or more at appropriate intervals. Moreover, since the animal feed of the present invention does not have a strong effect or side effects, there is no limit on the daily intake.

  The following materials were used for the experiment.

  The walleye pollack oil, saury oil, sardine oil and tuna oil used in the experiment were purified as follows. First, processed residues such as the head, skin, middle bone and internal organs of each fish were pulverized, and then the pulverized product was cooked. Subsequently, it was pressed and separated into boiled juice (stick water, SW) and pressed meal. SW was further concentrated by repeated centrifugation and processed into fish oil. The fish oil thus obtained was further purified by silica gel and activated carbon. The obtained fish oil was further deodorized by steam distillation. The fatty acid composition of each fish oil was as shown in Table 1 above.

  BALB / C mice were obtained from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. Powdered MF feed for mice was obtained from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.

Example 1 Food intake experiment In this experiment, the preference of mice for four types of fish oils, walleye pollack oil, saury oil, sardine oil and tuna oil, was examined.

  Six BALB / C mice were reared in a cage of 40 × 40 × 18 cm with 3 mice / cage. Four bait boxes were placed at the four corners of each cage. In the preliminary test, 4 kinds of fish oils such as walleye oil, saury oil, sardine oil and tuna oil were added 10% to the powdered MF feed in order to familiarize the taste of the fish oil-added food. The same amount of feed was put in each of the mice, and the mice were raised for 5 days. Subsequently, in a 5-day experiment, mice were fasted for 7 hours every day, and then the same amount of powdered MF diet supplemented with 10% each of walleye oil, saury oil, sardine oil, and tuna oil was placed in four feeding boxes. And raised. In the 5-day experiment, fresh food was replaced every day. By measuring the weight of each replaced feed box, the amount of feed of the powdered MF feed to which 10% of each fish oil was added was examined.

  The results are shown in FIG. The results show the mean ± SE (n = 5) of the amount of food consumed per day of the powdered MF feed supplemented with 10% of each fish oil in the 5-day experiment. * And ** indicate significant differences from the walleye oil intake group, respectively.

  From the results shown in Fig. 1, the diet added with walleye oil showed higher food intake compared to the diet added with saury oil, sardine oil, and tuna oil, and showed a high preference for walleye oil. I understand.

Example 2 Two-Bottle Selection Test In this experiment, the preference of mice for each fish oil was examined for walleye oil and saury oil and walleye oil and sardine oil.

  Six BALB / C mice were bred at 3 / cage. During the 5-day training period, as drinking water, put 0.3% xanthan gum aqueous solution (as a solvent) and 0.3% xanthan gum aqueous solution with 5% by weight safflower oil in two water bottles. Provided.

  Subsequently, in one group of mice, the mice were fasted for 2 hours every day for 5 days, and then 5% by weight of pollock oil or saury oil was added to 0.3% xanthan gum aqueous solution and mixed uniformly. In the water bottle, these two water bottles were provided to the mice for 20 minutes for ingestion. Each water bottle was taken out and each intake was measured.

  In the other group of mice, the mice were fasted for 2 hours every day for 5 days, and similarly, 5% by weight of pollock oil or sardine oil was added and placed in two water bottles. Served for 20 minutes and ingested. Each water bottle was taken out and each intake was measured.

  The results are shown in FIGS. 2A and B. FIG. 2A shows the results of mice fed with pollock oil and saury oil. On the other hand, FIG. 2B shows the results of mice fed with walleye oil and sardine oil. The results show the mean ± SE (n = 5) of the intake for 20 minutes per animal per day in drinking water mixed with each fish oil in the 5-day experiment. ** and *** indicate a significant difference from the walleye oil intake group, respectively.

  From the results shown in FIGS. 2A and B, in both experiments, drinking water mixed with walleye oil has a higher food intake than drinking water mixed with sardine oil and saury oil. It can be seen that it showed high palatability.

Example 3 1-Bottle Intake Test In this experiment, the preference of mice for two kinds of fish oil, walleye pollack oil and saury oil, was examined.

  Sixteen BALB / C mice were divided into two groups and reared in one / cage. One group of mice was fasted for 2 hours daily for 5 days, and then 5% by weight of pollock oil was added to 0.3% xanthan gum aqueous solution and placed in a water bottle for 20 minutes. The water bottle was taken out and the intake was measured. In the other group of mice, the mice were also fasted for 2 hours daily for 5 days, and then 5% by weight of saury oil was added in the same manner and placed in a water bottle for 20 minutes. The water bottle was taken out and the intake was measured.

  The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 3 shows the results of a group of mice fed with walleye oil and a group of mice fed with saury oil. The results show the mean ± SE (n = 8) of 20 minutes of food intake per animal per day for each fish oil mixed medium in a 5-day experiment. * Indicates a significant difference from the polluted oil intake group.

  From the results shown in FIG. 3, the group of mice given the medium mixed with walleye oil had higher food intake than the group of mice given the medium mixed with saury oil, and the mice were higher than the walleye oil. It shows palatability and shows that food intake has improved.

Example 4 Blood β-Endorphin Concentration Test in 1-Bottle Intake Test Endogenous opioids such as β-endorphin have been reported to be involved in a high preference for oils and fats. In this experiment, we investigated the effect of β-endorphin on the preference of walleye oil and saury oil to two fish oils.

  In the same manner as in Example 3, 16 BALB / C mice were divided into two groups and reared in 1 mouse / cage. In one group of mice, the mice were fasted for 2 hours daily for 5 days and then placed in a 5% walleye oil water bottle evenly mixed with the medium and provided to the mice for 20 minutes. In the other group of mice, the mice were also fasted for 2 hours daily for 5 days, and then the mice were similarly mixed with 5% saury oil mixed in the medium and placed in the oil water bottle. Provided for 20 minutes. On the last day of the experiment, blood was collected from the carotid artery immediately after the 20 minute ingestion experiment. The blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the blood plasma was used to measure the blood β-endorphin concentration. Blood β-endorphin concentration was measured by ELISA kit (Peninsula Laboratories, San Carlos, California).

  The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 4 shows the relative amount of blood β-endorphin in a group of mice fed with pollock oil and a group of mice fed saury oil.

  From the results shown in FIG. 4, it can be seen that the blood β-endorphin concentrations in the group of mice fed with walleye oil and the group of mice fed with saury oil were hardly different. Endogenous opioids are involved in high palatability for fats and oils, but it was suggested that the palatability is not a cause for different types of fats and oils.

  From the results of Examples 1 to 4 described above, it was shown that mice showed high palatability for walleye pollack oil. Moreover, it was suggested that the palatability is not due to an increase in β-endorphin concentration.

Claims (5)

  Animal feed containing fish oil of fish belonging to the order of cod fish with improved feeding ability.   2. The animal feed according to claim 1, wherein the animal is a mammal or a bird.   The animal feed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fish oil is walleye oil.   The animal feed according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the content of fish oil in the animal feed is 5 to 10% by weight of the total feed.   A method for improving the feedability of animal feed, characterized by using fish oil of a fish belonging to the order of fish as fish oil to be added to animal feed.