JP2012042624A - Toner, developer, toner cartridge, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide toner capable of forming an image having excellent photoluminescence.SOLUTION: Toner of the present invention has, in a case where a solid image is formed, a ratio of reflectance A at a light receiving angle of +30 degrees measured when incident light at an incident angle of -45 degrees is projected on the image by a variable-angle photometer and reflectance B at a light receiving angle of -30 degrees (A/B) of 2 to 100 (both inclusive), and a weight-average molecular weight of 15,000 to 300,000 (both inclusive).

Description

  The present invention relates to a toner, a developer, a toner cartridge, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus.

  For the purpose of forming an image having a brightness such as a metallic luster, glittering toner is used.

As an example of the glitter toner, for example, an electrostatic charge developing toner containing at least a binder resin and a metal powder sufficient to exhibit a metallic luster is known (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
In addition, a toner using a pigment obtained by coating a thin layer made of titanium dioxide on a flaky inorganic crystal substrate as a colorant is known (see, for example, Patent Document 2).

JP-A-62-67558 JP-A-62-100769

  An object of the present invention is to provide a toner capable of forming an image having excellent glitter.

  That is, in the invention according to claim 1, when a solid image is formed, reflection at an acceptance angle of + 30 ° measured when the image is irradiated with incident light having an incident angle of −45 ° by a goniophotometer. The toner has a ratio (A / B) of the rate A to the reflectance B at a light receiving angle of −30 ° of 2 to 100 and a weight average molecular weight of 15000 to 300,000.

The invention according to claim 2 is a toner containing pigment particles,
The average equivalent circle diameter D is longer than the average maximum thickness C of the toner,
When the cross section in the thickness direction of the toner is observed, the number of pigment particles in which the angle between the major axis direction of the toner and the major axis direction of the pigment particles is in the range of −30 ° to + 30 °. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner is 60% or more of all observed pigment particles.

  The invention according to claim 3 is the toner according to claim 2, wherein the ratio (C / D) of the average maximum thickness C and the average equivalent circle diameter D is in the range of 0.001 to 0.500.

  A fourth aspect of the present invention is a developer including at least the toner according to any one of the first to third aspects.

  A fifth aspect of the present invention is a toner cartridge that contains the toner according to any one of the first to third aspects.

  The invention according to claim 6 is a process cartridge including the toner according to any one of claims 1 to 3 and a toner holder that holds and conveys the toner.

The invention according to claim 7 is an image holding member;
A charging device for charging the surface of the image carrier;
A latent image forming apparatus for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image carrier;
A developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image as a toner image with the toner according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
A transfer device for transferring the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of a recording medium;
An image forming apparatus having

  According to the first aspect of the present invention, a toner capable of forming an image having excellent glitter is provided.

  According to the invention of claim 2, the number of pigment particles in which the angle between the major axis direction of the observed cross section of the toner and the major axis direction of the pigment particles is in the range of −30 ° to + 30 ° is not 60% or more. In comparison with the above, a toner capable of forming an image having further excellent glitter is provided.

  According to the third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a toner capable of forming an image having further excellent glitter as compared with the case where the ratio (C / D) is not in the range of 0.001 to 0.500.

  According to the invention which concerns on Claim 4, the developing agent which can form the image which has the outstanding glitter is provided.

  According to the fifth aspect of the present invention, a toner cartridge containing toner capable of forming an image having excellent glitter is provided.

  According to the invention which concerns on Claim 6, the process cartridge which can form the image which has the outstanding glitter is provided.

  According to the invention concerning Claim 7, the image forming apparatus which can obtain the image which has the outstanding glitter is provided.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a toner according to an exemplary embodiment. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an image forming apparatus to which the exemplary embodiment is applied. It is a schematic block diagram which shows an example of the process cartridge which concerns on this embodiment.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of a toner, a developer, a toner cartridge, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described.

≪Toner≫
In the toner according to the present embodiment, when a solid image is formed, the reflectance A at a light receiving angle of + 30 ° measured when the image is irradiated with incident light having an incident angle of −45 ° by a goniophotometer. And the reflectance B at a light receiving angle of −30 ° (A / B) is 2 or more and 100 or less, and the weight average molecular weight is 15000 or more and 300000 or less.

  In the present embodiment, “brightness” represents that the image formed with the toner of the present embodiment has a brightness such as a metallic luster when visually recognized.

A ratio (A / B) of 2 or more indicates that there is more reflection on the side opposite to the incident side (angle + side) than on the side on which incident light enters (angle-side). That is, the irregular reflection of the incident light is suppressed. When irregular reflection occurs in which incident light is reflected in various directions, the color looks dull when the reflected light is visually confirmed. Therefore, when the ratio (A / B) is less than 2, the gloss cannot be confirmed even when the reflected light is visually recognized, and the glitter is inferior.
On the other hand, if the ratio (A / B) exceeds 100, the viewing angle at which the reflected light can be visually recognized becomes too narrow, and the specularly reflected light component is large, so that it looks black depending on the viewing angle. Further, a toner having a ratio (A / B) exceeding 100 is difficult to manufacture.

  The ratio (A / B) is desirably 50 or more and 100 or less, more desirably 60 or more and 90 or less, and further desirably 70 or more and 80 or less.

Measurement of the ratio (A / B) with a goniophotometer First, the incident angle and the light receiving angle will be described. In this embodiment, when measuring with a goniophotometer, the incident angle is set to −45 ° because the measurement sensitivity is high for an image in a wide range of glossiness.
The reason why the light receiving angles are set to −30 ° and + 30 ° is that the measurement sensitivity is highest in evaluating an image having a glitter feeling and an image having no glitter feeling.

Next, a method for measuring the ratio (A / B) will be described.
In this embodiment, when measuring the ratio (A / B), a “solid image” is first formed by the following method. The developer used as a sample is charged in a developing device of DocuCentre-III C7600 manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., and on a recording paper (OK top coat + paper, manufactured by Oji Paper Co., Ltd.), a fixing temperature of 190 ° C., A solid image with a toner loading of 4.5 g / cm ² is formed at a fixing pressure of 4.0 kg / cm ² . The “solid image” refers to an image with a printing rate of 100%.
Using a spectral variable angle color difference meter GC5000L manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd. as a variable angle photometer, incident light having an incident angle of −45 ° is incident on the solid image. The reflectance A at an angle of + 30 ° and the reflectance B at a light receiving angle of −30 ° are measured. The reflectance A and reflectance B were measured at intervals of 20 nm for light having a wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm, and the average value of the reflectance at each wavelength was used. The ratio (A / B) is calculated from these measurement results.

<Configuration of toner>
The toner according to the exemplary embodiment preferably satisfies the following requirements (1) to (2) from the viewpoint of satisfying the above ratio (A / B).
(1) The average equivalent circle diameter D is longer than the average maximum thickness C of the toner.
(2) The number of pigment particles in which the angle between the major axis direction of the toner and the major axis direction of the pigment particles is in the range of −30 ° to + 30 ° when the cross section in the thickness direction of the toner is observed. Is 60% or more of the total pigment particles observed

Here, FIG. 1 is a sectional view schematically showing a toner satisfying the requirements (1) and (2). The schematic diagram shown in FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view in the thickness direction of the toner.
A toner 2 shown in FIG. 1 is a flat toner having a circle-equivalent diameter longer than a thickness L, and contains scale-like pigment particles 4.

As shown in FIG. 1, when the toner 2 has a flat shape having a circle-equivalent diameter larger than the thickness L, the toner moves to an image carrier, an intermediate transfer body, a recording medium, etc. in the image forming development process and the transfer process. At this time, since the toner tends to move so as to cancel the charge to the maximum, it is considered that the toners are arranged so that the area to be adhered becomes the maximum. That is, on the recording medium to which the toner is finally transferred, it is considered that the flat toner is arranged so that the flat surface side faces the recording medium surface. Also in the fixing step of image formation, it is considered that the flat toner is aligned so that the flat surface side faces the recording medium surface due to the pressure during fixing.
Therefore, among the scale-like pigment particles contained in this toner, the “the angle between the major axis direction in the cross section of the toner and the major axis direction of the pigment particles is from −30 ° to + 30 ° shown in the above (2). It is considered that the pigment particles satisfying the requirement “in the range” are arranged so that the surface side having the largest area faces the recording medium surface. When the image thus formed is irradiated with light, the ratio of the pigment particles that diffusely reflect the incident light is suppressed, so that the above range (A / B) can be achieved. . In addition, when the ratio of pigment particles that diffusely reflect incident light is suppressed, the reflected light intensity varies greatly depending on the viewing angle, so that more ideal glitter can be obtained.

In the present embodiment, when the weight average molecular weight Mw of the toner is less than 15000, the toner is likely to melt at the time of toner fixing, and hot offset may occur. As a result, the surface of the fixed image becomes rough and the gloss is lowered, and there are cases where good glitter cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the weight average molecular weight of the toner exceeds 300,000, the toner is difficult to melt at the time of toner fixing, and the smoothness of the surface of the fixed image is lowered, so that good glitter may not be obtained.
When the molecular weight of the toner is in the range of 15000 or more and 300000 or less, desired glossiness can be obtained without the occurrence of roughness due to low gloss due to high molecular weight and hot offset due to low molecular weight.
The weight average molecular weight of the toner is preferably from 20,000 to 200,000, more preferably from 25,000 to 130,000.

  In the present embodiment, the weight average molecular weight of the toner is a value calculated by measuring by GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography). Specifically, HPC-8120 manufactured by Tosoh Corporation was used for GPC, TSKgel SuperHM-M (15 cm) manufactured by Tosoh Corporation was used for the column, and the toner was measured with a THF solvent. Next, the weight average molecular weight of the toner was calculated using a molecular weight calibration curve prepared with a monodisperse polystyrene standard sample.

  Next, the toner composition according to the exemplary embodiment will be described.

-Pigment-
For example, the following pigment particles are used as the pigment particles having the glitter property used in the toner according to the present embodiment. Metal powders such as aluminum, brass, bronze, nickel, stainless steel, zinc, etc.Coated flaky inorganic crystal substrates such as mica coated with titanium oxide or yellow iron oxide, barium sulfate, layered silicate, layered aluminum silicate, There are no particular restrictions on monocrystalline plate-like titanium oxide, basic carbonate, acid bismuth oxychloride, natural guanine, flaky glass powder, flaky glass powder deposited with metal, etc., as long as they have glitter.

  In the toner according to the exemplary embodiment, the content of the pigment is preferably 1 part by mass or more and 70 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin described later. .

-Binder resin-
Examples of the binder resin used in the present embodiment include ethylene resins such as polyester, polyethylene, and polypropylene; styrene resins such as polystyrene and α-polymethylstyrene; and (meth) acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate and polyacrylonitrile. Resin; Polyamide resin, polycarbonate resin, polyether resin and copolymer resins thereof may be used. Among these, it is desirable to use a polyester resin having a high surface smoothness of a fixed image and capable of realizing further glitter.
In the following, polyester resins that are particularly preferably used will be described.

The polyester resin according to this embodiment is obtained, for example, mainly by condensation polymerization of polyvalent carboxylic acids and polyhydric alcohols.
Examples of the polyvalent carboxylic acid include terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and other aromatic carboxylic acids; maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, succinic acid, Examples thereof include aliphatic carboxylic acids such as alkenyl succinic anhydride and adipic acid; alicyclic carboxylic acids such as cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and one or more of these polycarboxylic acids are used.
Among these polycarboxylic acids, aromatic carboxylic acids are preferably used, and trivalent or higher carboxylic acids (trimellitic acid) together with dicarboxylic acids to form a crosslinked structure or a branched structure in order to ensure good fixing properties. And acid anhydrides thereof) are preferably used in combination.

Examples of the polyhydric alcohol include aliphatic diols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, neopentylglycol, and glycerin; cyclohexanediol, cyclohexanedimethanol, hydrogenated bisphenol And alicyclic diols such as A; aromatic diols such as ethylene oxide adduct of bisphenol A and propylene oxide adduct of bisphenol A. One or more of these polyhydric alcohols are used.
Among these polyhydric alcohols, aromatic diols and alicyclic diols are preferable, and among these, aromatic diols are more preferable. In order to secure better fixability, a trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohol (glycerin, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol) may be used in combination with the diol in order to form a crosslinked structure or a branched structure.

As described above, the toner according to the exemplary embodiment preferably contains a crystalline polyester resin as a binder resin. Of the crystalline polyester resins, aromatic crystalline resins are generally higher than the melting point range described later, and are preferably aliphatic crystalline polyester resins.
The content of the crystalline polyester resin in the toner according to the exemplary embodiment is preferably 2% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and more preferably 4% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less.

  The melting point of the crystalline polyester resin is preferably in the range of 50 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower, preferably in the range of 55 ° C. or higher and 95 ° C. or lower, and more preferably in the range of 60 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower. .

  Note that the “crystalline polyester resin” according to the present embodiment is not a stepwise endothermic change in differential scanning calorimetry (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “DSC”). It has an endothermic peak. The crystalline polyester resin is a polymer obtained by copolymerizing other components with respect to the main chain. When the other components are 50% by mass or less, the copolymer is also called crystalline polyester.

  The crystalline polyester resin is synthesized from an acid (dicarboxylic acid) component and an alcohol (diol) component. In the following, the “acid-derived constituent component” refers to a polyester resin before the synthesis of the polyester resin. Refers to a component that was an acid component, and “alcohol-derived component” refers to a component that was an alcohol component before the synthesis of the polyester resin.

[Acid-derived components]
Examples of the acid for forming the acid-derived constituent component include various dicarboxylic acids, but the acid-derived constituent component in the crystalline polyester resin according to this embodiment is preferably a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid.
For example, succinic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelic acid, sebacic acid, 1,9-nonanedicarboxylic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid, 1,11-undecanedicarboxylic acid Acid, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,13-tridecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,14-tetradecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,16-hexadecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,18-octadecanedicarboxylic acid, etc., or lower alkyl esters thereof, An acid anhydride may be mentioned, but not limited thereto. Among these, adipic acid, sebacic acid, and 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid are preferable.

As the acid-derived constituent component, other constituent components such as a dicarboxylic acid-derived constituent component having a double bond and a dicarboxylic acid-derived constituent component having a sulfonic acid group may be contained.
Examples of the dicarboxylic acid having a sulfone group include, but are not limited to, 2-sulfoterephthalic acid sodium salt, 5-sulfoisophthalic acid sodium salt, and sulfosuccinic acid sodium salt. Moreover, these lower alkyl esters, acid anhydrides, etc. are also mentioned. Among these, 5-sulfoisophthalic acid sodium salt and the like are preferable.
Content of acid-derived components other than these aliphatic dicarboxylic acid-derived components (dicarboxylic acid-derived components having double bonds and / or dicarboxylic acid-derived components having sulfonic acid groups) in the acid-derived components Is preferably 1 component mol% or more and 20 component mol% or less, more preferably 2 component mol% or more and 10 component mol% or less.

  In the present specification, “constituent mol%” means that the acid-derived constituent component in the entire acid-derived constituent component in the polyester resin or the alcohol constituent component in the entire alcohol-derived constituent component is 1 unit (mol). ) Indicates the percentage.

[Alcohol-derived components]
As the alcohol to be an alcohol-derived constituent component, an aliphatic diol is desirable, for example, ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol. 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-dodecanediol, 1,12-undecanediol, 1,13-tridecanediol 1,14-tetradecanediol, 1,18-octadecanediol, 1,20-eicosanediol, and the like, but are not limited thereto. Among these, ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol are preferable.

(Production method of polyester resin)
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a manufacturing method of a polyester resin, It manufactures with the general polyester polymerization method which makes an acid component and an alcohol component react. For example, direct polycondensation, transesterification, and the like are used depending on the type of monomer. The molar ratio (acid component / alcohol component) at the time of reacting the acid component with the alcohol component varies depending on the reaction conditions and the like, and thus cannot be generally described. However, in order to increase the molecular weight, it is usually 1/1. The degree is preferred.

  Catalysts that can be used in the production of the polyester resin include alkali metal compounds such as sodium and lithium; alkaline earth metal compounds such as magnesium and calcium; metals such as zinc, manganese, antimony, titanium, tin, zirconium, and germanium Compound; phosphorous acid compound; phosphoric acid compound; and amine compound.

  The molecular weight (weight average molecular weight; Mw) of the binder resin is preferably from 15,000 to 300,000, and more preferably from 25,000 to 130,000.

In this embodiment, the weight average molecular weight of the binder resin is obtained in the same manner as the weight average molecular weight of the toner.
The weight average molecular weight of the toner depends on the weight average molecular weight of the binder resin. Therefore, the weight average molecular weight of the binder resin may be adjusted to adjust the weight average molecular weight of the toner.

-Release agent-
The toner according to the exemplary embodiment may contain a release agent as necessary. Examples of the release agent include paraffin wax such as low molecular weight polypropylene and low molecular weight polyethylene; silicone resin; rosins; rice wax; carnauba wax; The melting point of these release agents is preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 60 ° C. or higher and 95 ° C. or lower.
The content of the release agent in the toner is desirably 0.5% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, and more desirably 1.0% by mass or more and 12% by mass or less.

-Other additives-
In addition to the components described above, various components such as an internal additive, a charge control agent, inorganic powder (inorganic particles), and organic particles may be added to the toner according to the exemplary embodiment as necessary. .

  Examples of the charge control agent include quaternary ammonium salt compounds, nigrosine compounds, dyes composed of complexes of aluminum, iron, chromium, and triphenylmethane pigments.

  As the inorganic particles, for example, known inorganic particles such as silica particles, titanium oxide particles, alumina particles, cerium oxide particles, or those obtained by hydrophobizing the surface thereof may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds. Good. Among these, silica particles having a refractive index smaller than that of the binder resin are preferably used. Further, the silica particles may be subjected to various surface treatments, and for example, those subjected to surface treatment with a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, a silicone oil or the like are preferably used.

-Toner characteristics-
・ Average maximum thickness C and average equivalent circle diameter D
As shown in (1) above, the toner according to the exemplary embodiment preferably has an average equivalent circle diameter D longer than an average maximum thickness C thereof. The ratio (C / D) of the average maximum thickness C to the average equivalent circle diameter D is preferably in the range of 0.001 to 0.500, and more preferably in the range of 0.010 to 0.200. A range of 0.050 or more and 0.100 or less is particularly preferable.
When the ratio (C / D) is 0.001 or more, the strength of the toner is ensured, breakage due to stress during image formation is suppressed, charging is reduced due to exposure of the pigment, and fog is generated as a result. Is suppressed. On the other hand, when it is 0.500 or less, excellent glitter can be obtained.

The average maximum thickness C and the average equivalent circle diameter D are measured by the following methods.
The toner is placed on a smooth surface, and is vibrated and dispersed so that there is no unevenness. For 1000 toners, the color laser microscope “VK-9700” (manufactured by Keyence Corporation) was magnified 1000 times to measure the maximum thickness C and the equivalent circle diameter D of the surface viewed from above, and the arithmetic average of them. Calculate by finding the value.

The angle between the major axis direction in the cross section of the toner and the major axis direction of the pigment particles As shown in (2) above, when the cross section in the thickness direction of the toner is observed, the major axis direction in the cross section of the toner and the pigment The number of pigment particles whose angle with the major axis direction of the particles is in the range of −30 ° to + 30 ° is preferably 60% or more of the total pigment particles observed. Furthermore, the number is more preferably 70% or more and 95% or more, and particularly preferably 80% or more and 90% or less.
When the number is 60% or more, excellent glitter can be obtained.

Here, a method for observing the cross section of the toner will be described.
After embedding the toner with a bisphenol A liquid epoxy resin and a curing agent, a cutting sample is prepared. Next, the cutting sample is cut at −100 ° C. using a cutting machine using a diamond knife (in this embodiment, a LEICA ultramicrotome (manufactured by Hitachi Technologies)) to prepare an observation sample. A cross section of the toner particles is observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at a magnification of about 5000 times. Using the image analysis software, the number of pigment particles in which the angle between the major axis direction of the toner cross section and the major axis direction of the pigment particles is in the range of −30 ° to + 30 ° is counted for the 1000 toners observed. Calculate the percentage.

  The “major axis direction in the cross section of the toner” means a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction of the toner having an average equivalent circle diameter D longer than the above average maximum thickness C, and “the major axis direction of the pigment particles”. "Represents the length direction of the pigment particles.

  The volume average particle size of the toner according to the exemplary embodiment is preferably 1 μm or more and 30 μm or less, more preferably 3 μm or more and 20 μm or less, and further preferably 5 μm or more and 10 μm or less.

The volume average particle diameter D _50v is _smaller than the particle size range (channel) divided based on the particle size distribution measured by a measuring instrument such as Multisizer II (manufactured by Coulter). Drawing the cumulative distribution from the side, the particle size to be accumulated 16% is the volume D _16v , the number D _16p , the particle size to be accumulated 50% is the volume D _50v , the number D _50p , the particle size to be accumulated 84% is the volume D _84v , number D _84p . Using these, the volume average particle size distribution index (GSDv) is calculated as ( _D84v / _D16v ) ^1/2 .

<Toner production method>
The toner according to the exemplary embodiment is manufactured by a known method such as a wet method or a dry method, but it is particularly preferable that the toner is manufactured by a wet method. Examples of the wet method include a melt suspension method, an emulsion aggregation method, a dissolution suspension method, and the like.
Here, the emulsion aggregation method is to prepare each dispersion (emulsion, pigment dispersion, etc.) containing components (binder resin, colorant, etc.) contained in the toner, and mix and mix these dispersions. And then the aggregated particles are higher than the melting point or glass transition temperature of the binder resin (in the case of producing a toner containing both the crystalline resin and the non-crystalline resin, the non-crystalline In this method, the toner components are aggregated and united by heating to a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the resin.

As described above, in the present embodiment, a toner having the above requirements (1) to (2) is preferable. If the toner is manufactured by an emulsion aggregation method, it can be prepared by the following manufacturing method, for example.
First, pigment particles are prepared, and the pigment particles and a binder resin having a weight average molecular weight of 15000 or more and 300000 or less are dispersed and dissolved in a solvent and mixed. By dispersing this in water by phase inversion emulsification or shear emulsification, bright pigment particles coated with a resin are formed. Other compositions (for example, a release agent, a shell resin having a weight average molecular weight of 15,000 to 300,000 or the like) are added to this, a flocculant is further added, and the temperature is changed while stirring with the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin. To close to form aggregated particles. In this step, for example, by using a stirring blade that forms a laminar flow having two paddles and stirring is performed at a high stirring speed (for example, 500 rpm or more and 1500 rpm or less), the glitter pigment particles are contained in the aggregated particles. Thus, the orientation in the major axis direction is aligned, and the agglomerated particles also aggregate in the major axis direction, so that the toner thickness is reduced (that is, the requirement (1) is satisfied). Finally, after making the particles alkaline for particle stabilization, the temperature is raised to the glass transition temperature (Tg) or higher and the melting point (Tm) or lower of the toner to coalesce the aggregated particles. In this coalescing step, coalescence is performed at a lower temperature (for example, 60 ° C. or more and 80 ° C. or less), so that the movement accompanying the rearrangement of the material is reduced, and the orientation of the pigment is maintained. A full toner is obtained.

  In addition, as said stirring speed, 650 rpm or more and 1130 rpm or less are further preferable, and 760 rpm or more and 870 rpm or less are especially preferable. Further, the coalescence temperature in the coalescence step is more preferably 63 ° C. or more and 75 ° C. or less, and particularly preferably 65 ° C. or more and 70 ° C. or less.

-External additive-
In the present embodiment, an external additive such as a fluidizing agent or an auxiliary agent may be added to the surface of the toner particles. Examples of external additives include known particles such as silica particles whose surfaces have been hydrophobized, titanium oxide particles, alumina particles, cerium oxide particles, inorganic particles such as carbon black, and polymer particles such as polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and silicone resin. Can be used.

<Developer>
The toner according to the exemplary embodiment may be used as it is as a one-component developer, or may be mixed with a carrier and used as a two-component developer.

  The carrier that can be used in the two-component developer is not particularly limited, and a known carrier is used. Examples thereof include magnetic metals such as iron oxide, nickel and cobalt, magnetic oxides such as ferrite and magnetite, resin-coated carriers having a resin coating layer on the surface of the core material, and magnetic dispersion carriers. Further, a resin-dispersed carrier in which a conductive material or the like is dispersed in a matrix resin may be used.

  Coating resins and matrix resins used for carriers include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl ketone, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene-acrylic. Examples include, but are not limited to, acid copolymers, straight silicone resins composed of organosiloxane bonds or modified products thereof, fluororesins, polyesters, polycarbonates, phenol resins, epoxy resins, and the like.

  Examples of the conductive material include metals such as gold, silver, and copper, carbon black, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, barium sulfate, aluminum borate, potassium titanate, and tin oxide, but are not limited thereto. .

  Examples of the core material of the carrier include magnetic metals such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, magnetic oxides such as ferrite and magnetite, and glass beads. However, in order to use the carrier for the magnetic brush method, it is a magnetic material. It is preferable. The volume average particle size of the core material of the carrier is generally in the range of 10 μm to 500 μm, and preferably in the range of 30 μm to 100 μm.

  In order to coat the surface of the core material of the carrier with a resin, there may be mentioned a method of coating with a coating layer forming solution obtained by dissolving the coating resin and, if necessary, various additives in an appropriate solvent. The solvent is not particularly limited, and may be selected in consideration of the coating resin to be used, coating suitability, and the like.

  Specific resin coating methods include an immersion method in which the carrier core material is immersed in the coating layer forming solution, a spray method in which the coating layer forming solution is sprayed onto the surface of the carrier core material, and the carrier core material is fluidized air. A fluidized bed method in which the coating layer forming solution is sprayed in a state of being suspended by the above, a kneader coater method in which the carrier core material and the coating layer forming solution are mixed in a kneader coater and the solvent is removed.

  The mixing ratio (mass ratio) of the toner according to the exemplary embodiment and the carrier in the two-component developer is preferably in the range of toner: carrier = 1: 100 or more and 30: 100 or less, and 3: 100 or more and 20: 100. The following ranges are more preferable.

<Image forming apparatus>
FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an embodiment of an image forming apparatus including a developing device to which the toner according to the present embodiment is applied.
In FIG. 1, the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment has a photosensitive drum 20 as an image holding body that rotates in a predetermined direction, and the photosensitive drum 20 is charged around the photosensitive drum 20. The charging device 21, the exposure device 22 as a latent image forming device for forming the electrostatic latent image Z on the photosensitive drum 20, and the electrostatic latent image Z formed on the photosensitive drum 20 are visible. A developing device 30 that forms an image, a transfer device 24 that transfers a toner image visualized on the photosensitive drum 20 to a recording paper 28 that is a transfer target, and residual toner on the photosensitive drum 20 are cleaned. The cleaning device 25 is sequentially arranged.

In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, the developing device 30 has a developing housing 31 in which a developer G containing toner 40 is accommodated, and the developing housing 31 is developed to face the photosensitive drum 20. A developing roll (developing electrode) 33 serving as a toner holding member facing the developing opening 32 and applying a predetermined developing bias to the developing roll 33. A developing electric field is formed in the developing region between the photosensitive drum 20 and the developing roll 33. Further, a charge injection roll (injection electrode) 34 as a charge injection member is provided in the development housing 31 so as to face the development roll 33. In particular, in this embodiment, the charge injection roll 34 also serves as a toner supply roll for supplying the toner 40 to the developing roll 33.
Here, the rotation direction of the charge injection roll 34 may be selected. However, in consideration of the toner supply property and the charge injection characteristic, the charge injection roll 34 has the same direction at the portion facing the developing roll 33. In addition, it is preferable that the rotation is performed with a peripheral speed difference (for example, 1.5 times or more), the toner 40 is sandwiched between regions where the charge injection roll 34 and the development roll 33 are sandwiched, and the charge is injected while being rubbed.

Next, the operation of the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment will be described.
When the image forming process is started, first, the surface of the photosensitive drum 20 is charged by the charging device 21, and the exposure device 22 writes the electrostatic latent image Z on the charged photosensitive drum 20, and the developing device 30 then The electrostatic latent image Z is visualized as a toner image. Thereafter, the toner image on the photoconductive drum 20 is conveyed to a transfer site, and the transfer device 24 electrostatically transfers the toner image on the photoconductive drum 20 to a recording paper 28 that is a transfer target. The residual toner on the photosensitive drum 20 is cleaned by the cleaning device 25. Thereafter, the toner image on the recording paper 28 is fixed by a fixing device (not shown) to obtain an image.

<Process cartridge, toner cartridge>
FIG. 3 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an example of a process cartridge according to the present embodiment. The process cartridge according to the present embodiment is characterized in that the toner according to the present embodiment described above is accommodated, and a toner holder that holds and conveys the toner is provided.

  A process cartridge 200 shown in FIG. 3 includes a photoconductor 107 as an image carrier, a charging roller 108, a developing device 111 that stores the toner according to the above-described embodiment, a photoconductor cleaning device 113, and an opening for exposure. 118 and an opening 117 for static elimination exposure are combined and integrated using a mounting rail 116. The process cartridge 200 is detachable from an image forming apparatus main body including a transfer device 112, a fixing device 115, and other components not shown. It constitutes. In FIG. 3, reference numeral 300 denotes a transfer target.

  The process cartridge 200 shown in FIG. 3 includes a charging device 108, a developing device 111, a cleaning device 113, an opening 118 for exposure, and an opening 117 for static elimination exposure. May be combined. In the process cartridge according to the present embodiment, in addition to the developing device 111, the photosensitive member 107, the charging device 108, the cleaning device (cleaning means) 113, the opening 118 for exposure, and the opening for static elimination exposure. 117, at least one selected from the group consisting of 117.

  Next, the toner cartridge according to this embodiment will be described. The toner cartridge according to this embodiment is detachably attached to the image forming apparatus, and at least the toner cartridge that stores toner to be supplied to the developing unit provided in the image forming apparatus is described above. The toner according to the present exemplary embodiment is characterized. Note that the toner cartridge according to the present embodiment only needs to contain at least toner, and may contain developer, for example, depending on the mechanism of the image forming apparatus.

  The image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 2 is an image forming apparatus having a configuration in which a toner cartridge (not shown) can be freely attached and detached, and the developing device 30 is connected to the toner cartridge by a toner supply pipe (not shown). . Further, when the amount of toner stored in the toner cartridge is low, this toner cartridge may be replaced.

  Hereinafter, although an example and a comparative example are given and this embodiment is described more concretely, the present invention is not limited to the following examples. Unless otherwise specified, “part” and “%” are based on mass.

[Example 1]
<Synthesis of Binder Resin (1)>
Bisphenol A ethylene oxide 2 mol adduct: 216 parts Ethylene glycol: 38 parts Tetrabutoxy titanate (catalyst): 0.037 parts
The above components are placed in a heat-dried two-necked flask, and nitrogen gas is introduced into the container and heated while stirring in an inert atmosphere, and then subjected to a copolycondensation reaction at 160 ° C. for 7 hours, and then gradually to 10 Torr. The temperature was raised to 220 ° C. while reducing the pressure to 4 hours. Once the pressure was returned to normal pressure, 9 parts of trimellitic anhydride was added, the pressure was gradually reduced again to 10 Torr, and maintained at 220 ° C. for 1 hour to synthesize binder resin (1).

<Preparation of resin particle dispersion (1)>
・ Binder resin (1): 160 parts ・ Ethyl acetate: 233 parts ・ Sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (0.3N): 0.1 part The above ingredients were placed in a 1000 ml separable flask and heated at 70 ° C. A resin mixture was prepared by stirring with Shinto Kagaku Co., Ltd. While further stirring this resin mixture, 373 parts of ion exchange water was gradually added, phase-inversion emulsified, and solvent removal was performed to obtain a resin particle dispersion (1) (solid content concentration: 30%).

<Preparation of resin particle dispersion (2)>
-Styrene (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.): 325 parts-n-butyl acrylate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.): 75 parts-Beta carboxyethyl acrylate (Rhodia Nikka Co., Ltd.): 9 parts-1,10 Decanediol diacrylate ( Shin-Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd.): 1.5 parts Dodecanethiol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.): 2.7 parts The above components are mixed in advance and dissolved to prepare a solution, and an anionic surfactant (Dow) A surfactant solution prepared by dissolving 4 parts of Dowfax A211) in Chemical Exchange and 960 parts of ion-exchanged water is placed in a flask, and 413.2 parts of the above solution is added, dispersed, emulsified, and stirred slowly for 10 minutes. -While mixing, 50 parts of ion-exchanged water in which 6 parts of ammonium persulfate was dissolved was added.
Next, after sufficiently replacing the inside of the flask with nitrogen, the flask was heated with an oil bath while stirring the flask until it reached 70 ° C., and emulsion polymerization was continued as it was for 5 hours to continue the resin particle dispersion (2) (solid Partial concentration: 30%).

<Preparation of release agent dispersion>
Carnauba wax (Toa Kasei Co., Ltd., RC-160): 50 parts Anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Neogen RK): 1.0 parts Ion-exchanged water: 200 parts The above was mixed and heated to 95 ° C. and dispersed using a homogenizer (Ultra Turrax T50, manufactured by IKA), and then dispersed for 360 minutes with a Manton Gorin high-pressure homogenizer (Gorin) to obtain a volume average particle size. A release agent dispersion (solid content concentration: 20%) prepared by dispersing release agent particles having a diameter of 0.23 μm was prepared.

<Preparation of glitter pigment particle dispersion>
Aluminum pigment (Showa Aluminum Powder Co., Ltd., 2173EA): 100 parts Anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku, Neogen R): 1.5 parts Ion-exchanged water: 900 parts From aluminum pigment paste After removing the solvent, the above is mixed and dissolved, and dispersed for about 1 hour using an emulsifying and dispersing machine Cavitron (CR1010, manufactured by Taiheiyo Kiko Co., Ltd.) to disperse the glitter pigment particles (aluminum pigment). The resulting bright pigment particle dispersion (solid content concentration: 10%) was prepared.

<Production of toner>
-Resin particle dispersion (1): 450 parts-Release agent dispersion: 50 parts-Bright pigment particle dispersion: 21.74 parts-Nonionic surfactant (IGEPAL CA897): 1.40 parts The mixture was placed in a 2 L cylindrical stainless steel container, and dispersed and mixed for 10 minutes while applying a shearing force at 4000 rpm with a homogenizer (manufactured by IKA, Ultra Lalux T50). Next, 1.75 parts of a 10% nitric acid aqueous solution of polyaluminum chloride as a flocculant was gradually dropped, and the homogenizer was rotated at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes and mixed to obtain a raw material dispersion.
Thereafter, the raw material dispersion was transferred to a polymerization vessel equipped with a stirring device using two paddle stirring blades for forming a laminar flow, and a thermometer, and started to be heated with a mantle heater at a stirring speed of 810 rpm. The growth of aggregated particles was promoted at 54 ° C. At this time, the pH of the raw material dispersion was controlled in the range of 2.2 to 3.5 with 0.3N nitric acid or 1N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The agglomerated particles were formed by maintaining the above pH range for about 2 hours.
Next, 100 parts of the resin particle dispersion (1) was additionally added, and the resin particles of the binder resin (1) were adhered to the surface of the aggregated particles. The temperature was further raised to 56 ° C., and aggregated particles were prepared while confirming the size and form of the particles with an optical microscope and Multisizer II. Thereafter, the pH was raised to 8.0 in order to fuse the aggregated particles, and then the temperature was raised to 67.5 ° C. After confirming that the aggregated particles were fused with an optical microscope, the pH was lowered to 6.0 while maintaining the temperature at 67.5 ° C., and the heating was stopped after 1 hour, followed by cooling at a rate of temperature decrease of 1.0 ° C./min. Thereafter, the mixture was sieved with a 20 μm mesh, washed repeatedly with water, and then dried with a vacuum dryer to obtain toner particles. The obtained toner particles had a volume average particle diameter of 12.2 μm.
To 100 parts of the obtained toner particles, 1.5 parts of hydrophobic silica (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., RY50), 1.0 part of hydrophobic titanium oxide (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., T805), And blended for 30 seconds at 10,000 rpm. Thereafter, the toner was prepared by sieving with a vibrating sieve having an opening of 45 μm.

<Creation of carrier>
Ferrite particles (volume average particle size: 35 μm): 100 parts Toluene: 14 parts Perfluoroacrylate copolymer (critical surface tension: 24 dyn / cm): 1.6 parts Carbon black (trade name: VXC-72 , Manufactured by Cabot Corporation, volume resistivity: 100 Ωcm or less): 0.12 parts, crosslinked melamine resin particles (average particle size: 0.3 μm, toluene insoluble): 0.3 parts First, carbon is added to the perfluoroacrylate copolymer. Black was diluted in toluene and dispersed with a sand mill. Next, the above components other than the ferrite particles were dispersed therein with a stirrer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating layer forming solution. Next, this coating layer forming liquid and ferrite particles were put into a vacuum degassing type kneader and stirred at a temperature of 60 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then the pressure was reduced and toluene was distilled off to form a resin coating layer to obtain a carrier. .

<Production of developer>
36 parts of the toner and 414 parts of the carrier were put in a 2 liter V blender, stirred for 20 minutes, and then sieved at 212 μm to prepare a developer.

[Examples 2 to 15, Comparative Examples 1 to 3]
A toner and a developer were produced according to the method described in Example 1 except that the method for producing the glittering toner described in Example 1 was changed as follows.

[Example 2]
A toner was prepared by a kneading pulverization method.
Binder resin (1): 470 parts Carnauba wax (manufactured by Toa Kasei Co., Ltd., RC-160): 30 parts Aluminum pigment (Showa Aluminum Powder Co., Ltd., 2173EA): 2.2 parts After weighing, it was mixed with a ball mill. The obtained mixture was heated and melted with a screw extruder (extruder), a roll mill, a kneader or the like, and further kneaded. After completion of the kneading, the obtained kneaded product was cooled and solidified. The solidified kneaded material was first coarsely pulverized by a coarse pulverizer such as a hammer mill or a cutter mill, and then finely pulverized by a fine pulverizer such as a jet mill to obtain finely pulverized particles. After completion of the fine pulverization, fine pulverized particles obtained by elbow jet or the like were classified in order to remove fine particles and coarse particles.
Since the average maximum thickness of the particles after classification and the average equivalent circle diameter are about the same, in order to obtain a desired average maximum thickness and average equivalent circle diameter, particles after classification and zirconia beads having a particle diameter of 2 mm are used. A dispersion liquid was prepared and stirred using a bead mill disperser or the like. Desired average maximum thickness and average equivalent circle diameter can be obtained by deformation of the particles by contact with the beads. The dispersion can contain water, a surfactant, and the like. The rotating disk of the bead mill was processed at about 5000 rpm for about 50 minutes. The particles were separated from the obtained dispersion, repeatedly washed with water, and then dried with a vacuum dryer to obtain toner particles. To 100 parts of the obtained toner particles, 1.5 parts of hydrophobic silica (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., RY50), 1.0 part of hydrophobic titanium oxide (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., T805), And blended for 30 seconds at 10,000 rpm. Thereafter, the toner was prepared by sieving with a vibrating sieve having an opening of 45 μm.
A developer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using the obtained toner.

[Example 3]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 470 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 81 ° C.

[Example 4]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 560 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 79.5 ° C.

[Example 5]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 980 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 73.5 ° C.

[Example 6]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 1350 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 62 ° C.

[Example 7]
The amount of trimet anhydride added in the step of synthesizing the binder resin (1) of Example 1 was changed to 1 part.

[Example 8]
The amount of trimet anhydride added in the step of synthesizing the binder resin (1) of Example 1 was changed to 13 parts.

[Example 9]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 1550 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 81.5 ° C.

[Example 10]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 1400 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 78 ° C.

[Example 11]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 500 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 61.5 ° C.

[Example 12]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 450 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 59.7 ° C.

[Example 13]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 780 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 70 ° C.

[Example 14]
The stirring rotation speed in the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles in Example 1 was changed from 810 rpm to 730 rpm, and the temperature in the step of fusing the aggregated particles was changed from 67.5 ° C. to 71 ° C.

[Example 15]
The step of changing the resin particle dispersion (1) of Example 1 to the resin particle dispersion (2), changing the stirring rotation speed of the step of promoting the growth of the aggregated particles from 810 rpm to 780 rpm, and fusing the aggregated particles The temperature was changed from 67.5 ° C to 68 ° C.

[Comparative Example 1]
The two paddles in the step of promoting the growth of aggregated particles in Example 1 are changed to four paddles, the rotation speed of stirring is changed from 810 rpm to 500 rpm, and the temperature of the step of fusing the aggregated particles is changed from 67.5 ° C. to 90 ° C. Changed to ° C.

[Comparative Example 2]
The addition amount of trimetic anhydride in the step of synthesizing the binder resin (1) of Example 1 was changed to 0.5 part.

[Comparative Example 3]
The amount of trimet anhydride added in the step of synthesizing the binder resin (1) of Example 1 was changed to 16 parts.

[Measurement]
“Ratio (A / B)”, “Ratio of average maximum thickness C of toner to average equivalent circle diameter D (C / D)”, “observed when observing cross section in thickness direction of toner” Among all the pigment particles, the number of pigment particles in which the angle between the major axis direction of the cross section of the toner and the major axis direction of the pigment particles is in the range of −30 ° to + 30 ° (hereinafter, simply “pigment particles in the range of ± 30 °”). And the “weight average molecular weight of the toner” were measured by the methods described above. The results are shown in Table 1 below.

〔Evaluation test〕
-Glossiness A solid image was formed by the following method.
A developer as a sample is filled in a developing device of DocuCentre-III C7600 manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., and is fixed on a recording paper (rough paper, manufactured by Oji Paper Co., Ltd.) at a fixing temperature of 200 ° C. and a fixing pressure of 4 A solid image having a toner loading of 4.5 g / cm ² was formed at 0.0 kg / cm ² and a process speed of 220 mm / s.
For the obtained solid image, illumination for color observation according to JIS K 5600-4-3: 1999 “Paint general test method—Part 4: Visual characteristics of coating film—Section 3: Visual comparison of colors” (natural The brightness was visually evaluated under daylight illumination. The obtained results are shown in Table 1.
The evaluation was carried out by evaluating the particle feeling (the effect of glittering glitter) and the optical effect (the change in hue depending on the viewing angle), and the following stages. Two or more are actually usable levels.
5: Particle feeling and optical effect are harmonized.
4: Slight particle feeling and optical effects.
3: Normal feeling.
2: I feel blurred.
1: No particle feeling or optical effect.

2 Toner 4 Pigment particle 20 Photosensitive drum 21 Charging device 22 Exposure device 24 Transfer device 25 Cleaning device 28 Recording paper 30 Developing device 31 Developing housing 32 Developing opening 33 Developing roll 34 Charge injection roll 40 Toner 107 Photosensitive member (image carrier) )
108 Charging roller 111 Developing device (developing means)
112 Transfer device 113 Photoconductor cleaning device (cleaning means)
115 Fixing device (fixing means)
116 Mounting rail 117 Opening portion 118 for static elimination exposure Opening portion 200 for exposure Process cartridge 300 Recording paper (transfer object)
Z electrostatic latent image

Claims (7)

  When a solid image is formed, the reflectance A at a light receiving angle of + 30 ° and a light receiving angle at −30 ° are measured when the image is irradiated with incident light having an incident angle of −45 ° by a goniophotometer. A toner having a ratio (A / B) to reflectance B of 2 or more and 100 or less and a weight average molecular weight of 15000 or more and 300000 or less. A toner containing pigment particles,
The average equivalent circle diameter D is longer than the average maximum thickness C of the toner,
When the cross section in the thickness direction of the toner is observed, the number of pigment particles in which the angle between the major axis direction of the toner and the major axis direction of the pigment particles is in the range of −30 ° to + 30 °. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner is 60% or more of all observed pigment particles.   The toner according to claim 2, wherein the ratio (C / D) of the average maximum thickness C to the average equivalent circle diameter D is in the range of 0.001 to 0.500.   A developer comprising at least the toner according to any one of claims 1 to 3.   A toner cartridge containing the toner according to any one of claims 1 to 3.   A process cartridge comprising a toner holding body that holds the toner according to any one of claims 1 to 3 and holds and conveys the toner. An image carrier,
A charging device for charging the surface of the image carrier;
A latent image forming apparatus for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image carrier;
A developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image as a toner image with the toner according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
A transfer device for transferring the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to the surface of a recording medium;
An image forming apparatus.