JP2012014012A - Liquid crystal display element - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve viewing angle characteristics of a vertical alignment type ECB (electrically controlled birefringence) mode liquid crystal display element.SOLUTION: The liquid crystal display element includes a first substrate 1, second substrate 2, liquid crystal layer 3, first optical plate 6, second optical plate 7, first polarizing plate 4, third optical plate 8, fourth optical plate 9, and second polarizing plate 5. The first polarizing plate and the second polarizing plate are arranged with the respective absorption axes almost perpendicular to each other, and one of the absorption axes is approximately parallel to an aligning direction of liquid crystal molecules in an approximately center in the layer thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer. The first optical plate and the second third optical plate are arranged in such a manner that the respective optical axes are inclined in an angle range larger than 0° to 15° or smaller with respect to the normal line of the plate planes and the inclination directions of the optical axes are arranged to be antiparallel to each other, and that the inclination direction of each optical axis is arranged to be approximately perpendicular or parallel to the absorption axis of one of the first polarizing plate and the second polarizing plate.

Description

  The present invention relates to a viewing angle compensation technique in a liquid crystal display element.

  A vertical alignment type liquid crystal display element is known as a liquid crystal display element capable of obtaining good black display characteristics. The vertical alignment type liquid crystal display element includes two substrates and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between them, and the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer are aligned vertically or substantially perpendicular to the surface of each substrate. It is a display element. When such a vertical alignment type liquid crystal display device is arranged between two polarizing plates arranged substantially in crossed Nicols and observed from the normal direction of the substrate, its optical characteristics are almost the same as those in a polarizing plate of crossed Nicols arrangement. Become. That is, since the transmittance when no voltage is applied can be made very low, a high contrast can be realized relatively easily.

  However, it cannot be said that the vertical alignment type liquid crystal display element has good steepness in electro-optical characteristics. For this reason, in order to maintain a good contrast when operated under a multiplex drive condition with a relatively high duty ratio (for example, 1/64 duty or more), it is necessary to reduce the transmittance during bright display.

  On the other hand, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-355032 (Patent Document 1) describes good dark display characteristics when no voltage is applied to a vertical alignment type liquid crystal display element and electro-optical characteristics of a horizontal alignment STN type liquid crystal display element. A vertical alignment type ECB mode liquid crystal display element that achieves both good steepness is disclosed.

  In the liquid crystal display element disclosed in Patent Document 1 described above, the pretilt angle at the interface between the liquid crystal layer and the upper and lower substrates is set to 85 ° or less and 60 ° or more, and the easy alignment axes of the upper and lower substrates are 180 ° or more and 270 °. The ratio d / p of the liquid crystal layer thickness d to the pitch p of the liquid crystal material is set to 0 ≦ d / by twisting and aligning the liquid crystal layer as follows and adding a chiral material to the liquid crystal material arranged in the liquid crystal layer. p ≦ 0.7. Further, polarizing plates arranged in crossed Nicols are provided on the outer sides of the upper and lower substrates, and the transmission axis of each polarizing plate is parallel to the alignment direction at the time of voltage application of liquid crystal molecules at the approximate center in the layer thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer. It is set to about 45 °.

  The operation principle of this liquid crystal display element is described in detail in Patent Document 1, and the greatest feature thereof is the steepness of alignment deformation with respect to external field application by increasing the elastic free energy in the liquid crystal layer when no voltage is applied. Is to increase. More specifically, in the liquid crystal display element, the tilt angle when no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal molecules at the approximate center in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer, although the pretilt angle is 85 ° or less as described above. It is almost 90 °. This is because the tilt angle when no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal molecules at the approximate center in the layer thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer in spite of the pretilt angle being several degrees in a general horizontal alignment STN type liquid crystal display element. It is considered that the tendency is similar to that of being close to. Due to such characteristics, the vertical alignment type ECB mode liquid crystal display element is considered to have good steepness.

  The above-described vertical alignment type ECB mode liquid crystal display element still has room for improvement in viewing angle characteristics of dark display when no voltage is applied. On the other hand, the inventors of the present application examined applying a conventional viewing angle compensation technique as disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent No. 2047880 (Patent Document 2). Specifically, the viewing angle compensation technique described above is based on an optical plate having negative uniaxial optical anisotropy or negative biaxial optical anisotropy between one or both of the upper substrate and the upper polarizing plate and between the lower substrate and the lower polarizing plate. An optical plate having the property is arranged. However, it has been found that sufficient viewing angle characteristics cannot be obtained even when the viewing angle compensation technique described above is applied to a vertical alignment type ECB mode liquid crystal display device.

  An optical plate (optical film) having negative uniaxial optical anisotropy is generally called a C plate, and has an in-plane refractive index of nx, ny (with the nx direction as a slow axis), and a thickness direction. When the refractive index is nz, the relationship is nx = ny> nz. An optical plate (optical film) having negative biaxial optical anisotropy is generally called a biaxial plate (biaxial film), and has an in-plane refractive index of nx, ny (nx direction as slow axis). And nx> ny> nz, where nz is the refractive index in the thickness direction.

JP 2004-355032 A Japanese Patent No. 2047880

  A specific aspect of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of improving the viewing angle characteristics of a vertical alignment type ECB mode liquid crystal display element.

  A liquid crystal display element according to an aspect of the present invention includes: (a) a first substrate and a second substrate disposed to face each other; (b) a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; (C) a first optical plate disposed outside the first substrate; (d) a second optical plate disposed outside the first substrate across the first optical plate; A first polarizing plate disposed outside the first substrate across the first optical plate and the second optical plate; (f) a third optical plate disposed outside the second substrate; ) A fourth optical plate disposed outside the second substrate across the third optical plate; and (h) disposed outside the second substrate across the third optical plate and the fourth optical plate. A second polarizing plate. In the first polarizing plate and the second polarizing plate, the respective absorption axes are arranged substantially orthogonal to each other, and any one of the absorption axes is aligned with the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules at the approximate center in the layer thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer. It arrange | positions substantially parallel. The first optical plate and the third optical plate have their optical axes tilted in a range of greater than 0 ° and 15 ° or less with respect to the plate surface normal, and the tilt directions of the optical axes are opposite to each other. They are arranged in parallel, and the inclination directions of the respective optical axes are arranged substantially orthogonally or substantially parallel to the absorption axis of either the first polarizing plate or the second polarizing plate. The liquid crystal layer is given a pretilt angle in the range of 83 ° to 70 ° with respect to the liquid crystal molecules, with respect to the substrate surface of the first substrate and the substrate surface of the second substrate, and the first substrate. And the second substrate are given a twist angle in the range of 180 ° to 270 °, the natural twist pitch of the liquid crystal molecules is p, and the distance between the first substrate and the second substrate is d. The chiral material is added so as to satisfy the relationship of 0.5 ≦ d / p ≦ 0.7.

  In the above liquid crystal display element, the liquid crystal molecules existing in the vicinity of the interface between the first substrate and the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer are inclined more than 90 °, but at the approximate center in the layer thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer. The existing liquid crystal molecules are considered to have an angle close to 90 °. For this reason, by providing two optical plates having different characteristics between the first substrate and the first polarizing plate as described above and providing two optical plates having different characteristics between the second substrate and the second polarizing plate, the first substrate is provided. The retardation based on the director distribution in the vicinity of the interface between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer and the retardation based on the director distribution at the approximate center in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer can be separately compensated. Specifically, by using the first optical plate and the third optical plate, retardation in the vicinity of the interface between the first substrate and the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer is compensated, and the second optical plate and the fourth optical plate. This compensates for the retardation near the center of the liquid crystal layer in the layer thickness direction. Therefore, it is possible to improve the viewing angle characteristics of the vertically aligned ECB mode liquid crystal display element when no voltage is applied.

  In the above liquid crystal display element, each of the first optical plate and the third optical plate has, for example, a plurality of surfaces that are inclined at substantially the same angle with respect to the plate surface and arranged in one direction. It has an uneven part and an optical film that covers the uneven part and exhibits negative uniaxial optical anisotropy.

  According to the above configuration, the first optical plate and the third optical plate having good characteristics can be obtained.

  In the above liquid crystal display element, for example, each of the second optical plate and the fourth optical plate may be a C plate. Further, one of the second optical plate and the fourth optical plate may be a C plate, and the other may be a biaxial plate. Further, both the second optical plate and the fourth optical plate may be biaxial plates.

It is typical sectional drawing which shows the structure of the liquid crystal display element of one Embodiment. It is a figure for demonstrating the refractive index distribution (refractive index ellipsoid) of each inclination C plate shown in FIG. It is a figure for demonstrating "the inclination of an optical axis" in each inclination C plate. It is a perspective view which shows the specific structural example of each inclination C plate. It is a figure which shows the arrangement | positioning state of the optical axis in the liquid crystal display element shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows the arrangement state of the optical axis in the liquid crystal display element of the structure which replaced one C plate with the biaxial plate. It is a figure which shows the arrangement state of the optical axis in the liquid crystal display element of the structure which replaced two C plates with the biaxial plate. It is a figure which shows the equal transmittance | permeability curve obtained by calculation of the viewing angle characteristic at the time of the voltage non-application of the liquid crystal display element of each embodiment. It is a figure which shows the arrangement | positioning state of the optical axis in the liquid crystal display element of a 1st comparative example. It is a figure which shows the arrangement state of the optical axis in the liquid crystal display element of a 2nd comparative example. It is a figure which shows the arrangement state of the optical axis in the liquid crystal display element of a 3rd comparative example. It is a figure which shows the equal transmittance | permeability curve obtained by calculation of the viewing angle characteristic at the time of no voltage application of the liquid crystal display element of each comparative example. It is a figure for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing method of an inclination C plate. It is a figure which shows the example which measured the retardation characteristic of the inclination C plate.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

  FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of a liquid crystal display element according to an embodiment. The liquid crystal display element (liquid crystal display device) of the present embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is disposed between a first substrate (upper substrate) 1 and a second substrate (lower substrate) 2 that are disposed opposite to each other, and both substrates. The liquid crystal layer 3 is mainly provided. A first polarizing plate 4 is disposed outside the first substrate 1, and a second polarizing plate 5 is disposed outside the second substrate 2. A first inclined C plate 6 and a first C plate 7 are disposed between the first substrate 1 and the first polarizing plate 4. A second inclined C plate 8 and a second C plate 9 are disposed between the second substrate 2 and the second polarizing plate 5. The periphery of the liquid crystal layer 3 is sealed with a sealing material interposed between the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2. The first inclined C plate 6 corresponds to the “first optical plate”, the first C plate 7 corresponds to the “second optical plate”, and the second inclined C plate 8 corresponds to the “third optical plate”. The second C plate 9 corresponds to a “fourth optical plate”.

  The first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2 are transparent substrates such as a glass substrate and a plastic substrate, respectively. Between the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, spacers (granular bodies) are arranged in a dispersed manner. By these spacers, the gap between the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, that is, the cell thickness is maintained at a predetermined value (about 5 μm in this embodiment). Although not shown, each of the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2 is provided with an electrode for applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer 3. Each electrode is configured by appropriately patterning a transparent conductive film such as indium tin oxide (ITO), for example. A portion where the electrode of the first substrate 1 and the electrode of the second substrate 2 overlap in a plan view is a display portion in the liquid crystal display element. Each of the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2 is provided with an alignment film for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer 3. In the present embodiment, as each alignment film, a film (vertical alignment film) that regulates the alignment state of the liquid crystal layer 3 in the initial state (when no voltage is applied) to a substantially vertical alignment state is used. Each alignment film is subjected to an alignment process such as a rubbing process.

  The liquid crystal layer 3 is provided between the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2. In the present embodiment, the liquid crystal layer 3 is configured using a liquid crystal material (nematic liquid crystal material) having a negative dielectric anisotropy Δε (Δε <0). In this embodiment, the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal layer 3 is set to about 80 ° with respect to the substrate surface. The birefringence Δn of the liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer 3 is 0.226, and the retardation of the liquid crystal layer 3 is 1130 nm. Further, a right-twisted chiral agent is added to the liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer 3, and the d / p value is set to 0.6. The easy alignment axes (alignment processing directions) of the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2 are arranged so that the twist angle of the liquid crystal layer 3 is a right twist of 250 °.

  The first inclined C plate 6 is disposed between the first substrate 1 and the first polarizing plate 4 and closer to the first substrate 1 than the first C plate 7. The optical axis of the first inclined C plate 6 is inclined at a predetermined angle (for example, about 10 °) from the normal direction. The inclination of the optical axis will be described in detail later. The first inclined C plate 6 of the present embodiment has a retardation Rth in the thickness direction of 220 nm, for example.

  The first C plate 7 is disposed between the first substrate 1 and the first polarizing plate 4 and closer to the first polarizing plate 4 than the first inclined C plate 6. The first C plate 7 is ideally a retardation plate having a relationship of nx = ny> nz between the refractive indexes nx, ny, and nz. Note that it is difficult to make the in-plane retardation Re completely zero in a currently available C plate, for example, a C plate made of a norbornene-based cyclic olefin subjected to sequential biaxial stretching. Therefore, in this embodiment, a retardation plate having Re of less than 5 nm is used as the first C plate 7. The first C plate 7 of the present embodiment has a retardation in the thickness direction of 220 nm, for example.

  The second inclined C plate 8 is disposed between the second substrate 2 and the second polarizing plate 5 and closer to the second substrate 2 than the second C plate 9. The optical axis of the second inclined C plate 8 is inclined at a predetermined angle (for example, about 10 °) from the normal direction. The inclination of the optical axis will be described in detail later. In the second inclined C plate 8 of the present embodiment, for example, the retardation Rth in the thickness direction is 220 nm.

  The second C plate 9 is disposed between the second substrate 2 and the second polarizing plate 5 and closer to the second polarizing plate 5 than the second inclined C plate 8. Ideally, the second C plate 9 is also a retardation plate having a relationship of nx = ny> nz between the refractive indexes nx, ny, and nz. In practice, however, the in-plane retardation Re is completely reduced. It is difficult to make it zero. For this reason, a retardation plate having Re of less than 5 nm is used as the second C plate 9. The second C plate 9 of the present embodiment has a retardation in the thickness direction of 220 nm, for example.

  The retardation in the thickness direction of each of the first C plate 7 and the second C plate 9 is defined by a calculation formula of ((nx + ny) / 2−nz). Here, nx and ny are the respective refractive indexes in the x direction and the y direction, and d is the thickness of each plate. Moreover, about each of the 1st inclination C plate 6 and the 2nd inclination C plate 8, retardation is evaluated by an optical axis direction (axial direction in which refractive index anisotropy does not arise). In the present embodiment, the retardation in the optical axis direction of each of the first inclined C plate 6 and the second inclined C plate 8 is, for example, about 220 nm.

  FIG. 2 is a view for explaining the refractive index distribution (refractive index ellipsoid) of each inclined C plate shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2A, an optical element generally called a C plate has a refractive index nx corresponding to each coordinate direction when the in-plane of the optical element is an XY plane and the thickness direction is Z. , Ny and nz have a relationship of nx≈ny> nz, the optical axis is in the nz direction, and has an elliptical shape like a flat meteorite. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 2B, the inclined C plate of the present embodiment has an optical axis at an angle (inclination angle) θ with respect to the thickness direction, that is, the normal direction (Z direction). It has an inclined ellipsoidal shape.

  FIG. 3 is a view for explaining “the inclination of the optical axis” in each inclined C plate. As shown in FIG. 3, the optical axis of each of the first inclined C plate 6 and the second inclined C plate 8 is inclined as viewed from the observer side. That is, the optical axis is inclined at a constant angle with respect to the plate surface 6a (or 8a). The optical axis tilt angle θ is, for example, about 10 ° from the normal direction of the plate surface 6a (or 8a). A suitable numerical value of the optical axis tilt angle θ will be described later. In the drawing, the direction in which the optical axis is inclined is indicated by an arrow. The direction indicated by this arrow is referred to as “optical axis tilt direction” in the following description.

  FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a specific configuration example of each inclined C plate. Each of the first inclined C plate 6 and the second inclined C plate 8 includes, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, an uneven portion 50 having a sawtooth cross section, and the uneven portion 50. It can comprise including the base part 51 to support and the optical film 52 formed covering the uneven | corrugated | grooved part 50. FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 4A, the uneven portion 50 has a plurality of surfaces 50a each extending in one direction. In the drawing, only one surface 50a is shown as a representative. The uneven portion 50 is made of, for example, a photocurable resin. The uneven portion 50 of the present embodiment has a cross-sectional shape in which a plurality of triangles are arranged in one direction at a predetermined pitch P. Each triangle has an apex angle of 75 ° and base angles of 15 ° and 90 °, for example. In other words, the concavo-convex portion 50 of the present embodiment is formed by arranging a plurality of minute prisms extending in one direction. The pitch P is, for example, 20 μm, and the height of the concavo-convex portion 50 at this time is about 5.2 μm. In addition, each numerical value of apex angle, base angle, pitch P, and height is an example, and is not limited to this. Although it depends on the processing accuracy, the pitch P is preferably 1 to 100 μm and the base angle Φ is greater than 0 ° and not more than 45 ° in consideration of the process after the formation of the concavo-convex portion 50 and the appearance during appearance observation. Accordingly, the height t is expressed by P × tanΦ, and among them, 0.3 to 100 μm is more preferable.

  The base 51 is made of a transparent substrate such as a glass substrate, for example, and has a main surface 51a on the side opposite to the side where the concavo-convex portion 50 is formed. The plurality of surfaces 50a of the concavo-convex portion 50 described above are inclined at substantially the same angle with respect to the main surface 51a of the base portion 51 as shown in the figure, and are arranged in one direction (left-right direction in the figure). . That is, in this example, the main surface 51a corresponds to the “plate surface” described above. In addition, the base part 51 and the uneven | corrugated | grooved part 50 may be united (for example, resin integral molding).

  The optical film 52 is formed so as to cover the concavo-convex portion 50 as shown in FIG. The optical film 52 is made of, for example, a polymer material. For example, in the present embodiment, the optical film 52 is formed using a polymer material having refractive indexes of nx and ny of 1.71 and nz of 1.59, respectively. This polymer material has a thickness direction retardation Rth of about 220 nm when the film thickness is 1.8 μm, Rth of about 440 nm when the film thickness is 3.5 μm, and a film thickness of 5.3 μm. Rth is about 660 nm.

  Although an example in which an optical film is provided so as to cover a minute prism-shaped uneven portion is described as an example of the inclined C plate, the structure of the inclined C plate is not limited to this. For example, each inclined C plate can be produced by providing a difference in the rotational speed of the upper and lower rollers of the stretching roller in the film stretching step by rotating the roller that sandwiches the film from above and below. In addition, for example, a method of tilting a cholesteric liquid crystal or a discotic liquid crystal having a twist pitch shorter than the visible wavelength can be used.

  FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an arrangement state of optical axes in the liquid crystal display element shown in FIG. In FIG. 5, the second polarizing plate 5, the second C plate 9, the second inclined C plate 8, the second substrate 2, the liquid crystal layer 3, the first substrate 1, and the first inclined C from the back side with respect to the observer. The plate 6, the first C plate 7, and the first polarizing plate 4 are arranged in this order. The reference (0 °) of the orientation of each optical axis is as shown in the figure.

  The alignment treatment directions (rubbing directions in this example) of the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2 are 145 ° and 215 °, respectively, and the twist angle of the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer 3 is a right twist of 250 °. The alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules at the approximate center in the layer thickness direction is set to a direction of 270 °.

  The absorption axis of the first polarizing plate 4 is set, for example, in the direction of 90 ° as illustrated. On the other hand, the absorption axis of the second polarizing plate 5 is set, for example, in the direction of 0 ° as illustrated. Corresponding to this, that is, in the present embodiment, the first polarizing plate 4 and the second polarizing plate 5 are arranged in a crossed Nicols arrangement.

  For example, as shown in the drawing, the first inclined C plate 6 is set so that the optical axis inclination direction is 270 °. On the other hand, the second inclined C plate 8 is set such that the optical axis inclination direction is 90 °, for example, as illustrated. As shown in the drawing, the optical axis inclination directions of the first inclined C plate 6 and the second inclined C plate 8 are set to be antiparallel. The inclination angle θ of the optical axis of each of the first inclined C plate 6 and the second inclined C plate 8 is, for example, 10 °.

  The first C plate 7 has its optical axis set in the surface normal direction. Further, the in-plane slow axis slightly present in the first C plate 7 is substantially orthogonal to the absorption axis of the first polarizing plate 4, and is set in the direction of 0 ° as shown. Similarly, the second C plate 9 has its optical axis set in the surface normal direction. Further, the in-plane slow axis slightly present in the second C plate 9 is substantially orthogonal to the absorption axis of the second polarizing plate 5 and is in the direction of 90 ° as shown.

  Incidentally, in the liquid crystal display element shown in FIG. 1, two C plates (the first C plate 7 and the second C plate 9) are used. However, even if one or both of these are replaced with a biaxial plate. Good. The “biaxial plate” here refers to an optical plate having negative biaxial optical anisotropy. Hereinafter, the arrangement state of the optical axes will be described in the case where one C plate is replaced with a biaxial plate, and where two C plates are replaced with a biaxial plate. Since the structure of the liquid crystal display element is the same as that shown in FIG. 1, the description thereof is omitted here.

  FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement state of optical axes in a liquid crystal display element having a configuration in which one C plate is replaced with a biaxial plate. In FIG. 6, the second polarizing plate 5, the biaxial plate 9 a, the second inclined C plate 8, the second substrate 2, the liquid crystal layer 3, the first substrate 1, and the first inclined C from the back side with respect to the observer. The plate 6, the first C plate 7, and the first polarizing plate 4 are arranged in this order. The reference (0 °) of the orientation of each optical axis is as shown in the figure. The liquid crystal display element of this example is configured in the same manner as the liquid crystal display element shown in FIG. 1 except that the second C plate 9 is replaced with a biaxial plate 9a.

  The biaxial plate 9 a is disposed between the second substrate 2 and the second polarizing plate 5 and closer to the second polarizing plate 5 than the second inclined C plate 8. The biaxial plate 9a is a retardation plate having a relationship of nz> ny> nx between the refractive indexes nx, ny, and nz. For example, the biaxial plate 9a of the present embodiment has an in-plane retardation of 55 nm and a retardation in the thickness direction of 220 nm. The retardation in the thickness direction of the biaxial plate 9a is defined by the formula ((nx + ny) / 2−nz) d, and the in-plane retardation of the biaxial plate 9a is (nx−ny) d. It is defined by the calculation formula. Here, nx, ny, and nz are the respective refractive indexes in the x direction, the y direction, and the z direction, and d is the thickness of the plate.

  As shown in FIG. 6, the in-plane slow axis of the biaxial plate 9a is substantially orthogonal to the absorption axis of the adjacent second polarizing plate 5, and is set in the direction of 90 °. Note that each of the first substrate 1, the second substrate 2, the liquid crystal layer 3, the first polarizing plate 4, the second polarizing plate 5, the first inclined C plate 6, the first C plate 7 and the second inclined C plate 8 is used. The arrangement of optical axes is the same as described above.

  FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement state of optical axes in a liquid crystal display element having a configuration in which two C plates are replaced with biaxial plates. In FIG. 7, the second polarizing plate 5, the second biaxial plate 9 a, the second inclined C plate 8, the second substrate 2, the liquid crystal layer 3, the first substrate 1, the first one from the back side with respect to the observer. The inclined C plate 6, the first biaxial plate 7 a, and the first polarizing plate 4 are arranged in this order. The reference (0 °) of the orientation of each optical axis is as shown in the figure. The liquid crystal display element of this example is the liquid crystal shown in FIG. 1 except that the first C plate 7 is replaced with a first biaxial plate 7a and the second C plate 9 is replaced with a second biaxial plate 9a. The configuration is the same as that of the display element.

  The first biaxial plate 7 a is disposed between the first substrate 1 and the first polarizing plate 4 and closer to the first polarizing plate 4 than the first inclined C plate 6. The second biaxial plate 9 a is disposed between the second substrate 2 and the second polarizing plate 5 and closer to the second polarizing plate 5 than the second inclined C plate 8. The detailed structures of the first biaxial plate 7a and the second biaxial plate 9a are the same as described above.

  As shown in FIG. 7, the in-plane slow axis of the first biaxial plate 7a is substantially orthogonal to the absorption axis of the first polarizing plate 4, and is set in the direction of 0 °. The in-plane slow axis of the second biaxial plate 9a is substantially orthogonal to the absorption axis of the second polarizing plate 5 and is set in the direction of 90 °. The first substrate 1, the second substrate 2, the liquid crystal layer 3, the first polarizing plate 4, the second polarizing plate 5, the first inclined C plate 6, and the second inclined C plate 8 are optically similar to the above. The shaft is arranged.

  FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an equitransmittance curve obtained by calculation of viewing angle characteristics when no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal display elements of the above-described embodiments. Specifically, FIG. 8A is the liquid crystal display element of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, FIG. 8B is the liquid crystal display element of the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, and FIG. 3 shows an equitransmittance curve of the liquid crystal display element of the embodiment. In FIG. 8, the center of the circle indicates the transmittance when each liquid crystal display element is observed from the normal direction, and indicates a graph that spreads radially as the observation polar angle increases with respect to each direction. Note that the best viewing direction at the time of voltage application is the 12 o'clock direction (90 ° direction). When calculating the viewing angle characteristics, the in-plane retardation Re of each C plate was assumed to be 4 nm, and the in-plane retardation Re of each biaxial plate was assumed to be 55 nm. For the protective film TAC of each polarizing plate, the thickness direction Rth was assumed to be 50 nm and the in-plane retardation Re was assumed to be 3 nm.

  In each figure of Fig.8 (a)-FIG.8 (c), the transmittance | permeability of the innermost contour line of a circle is 0.02%, and it goes to the outer side of a circle, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0 A contour line for each transmittance of 2% is shown. As shown in these drawings, it can be seen that the liquid crystal display element of each embodiment has a transmittance of less than 0.5% in almost the entire region, and light leakage is clearly suppressed. In particular, the light leakage in the vertical direction is improved, and at the same time, the symmetry of the transmittance distribution in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction is improved.

  Here, the comparative example with respect to each above-mentioned Example is demonstrated.

  FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement state of optical axes in the liquid crystal display element of the first comparative example. The liquid crystal display element of the first comparative example shown in FIG. 9 has the second polarizing plate, two C plates, the second substrate, the liquid crystal layer, the first substrate, the two C plates, the first, One polarizing plate is arranged in this order. The liquid crystal display element of the first comparative example is the liquid crystal shown in FIG. 1 except that two C plates are used as optical compensation elements on the second polarizing plate side and the first polarizing plate side. The configuration is the same as that of the display element. Each C plate arranged on the second polarizing plate side has its optical axis set in the surface normal direction. In addition, these C plates have a slight in-plane slow axis substantially orthogonal to the absorption axis of the second polarizing plate, and are set in a direction of 90 ° as shown. Similarly, the optical axis of each C plate disposed on the first polarizing plate side is set in the surface normal direction. In addition, these C plates have a slight in-plane slow axis substantially orthogonal to the absorption axis of the first polarizing plate, and are set in a direction of 0 ° as shown.

  FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement state of optical axes in the liquid crystal display element of the second comparative example. The liquid crystal display element of the second comparative example shown in FIG. 10 has a second polarizing plate, a biaxial plate, a C plate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a first substrate, and two C plates from the back with respect to the observer. The first polarizing plate is arranged in this order. The liquid crystal display element of the second comparative example is configured in the same manner as the liquid crystal display element of the first comparative example, except that a biaxial plate and a C plate are used as the optical compensation elements on the second polarizing plate side. Yes. The biaxial plate arranged on the second polarizing plate side has an in-plane slow axis substantially perpendicular to the absorption axis of the second polarizing plate, and is set in a 90 ° direction as shown.

  FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement state of optical axes in the liquid crystal display element of the third comparative example. The liquid crystal display element of the third comparative example shown in FIG. 11 has a second polarizing plate, a biaxial plate, a C plate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a first substrate, a C plate, two plates from the back side with respect to the observer. The shaft plate and the first polarizing plate are arranged in this order. The liquid crystal display element of the third comparative example is configured in the same manner as the liquid crystal display element of the second comparative example, except that a biaxial plate and a C plate are used as the optical compensation elements on the first polarizing plate side. Yes. The biaxial plate disposed on the first polarizing plate side has an in-plane slow axis substantially orthogonal to the absorption axis of the first polarizing plate, and is set to a direction of 0 ° as shown.

  FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an equitransmittance curve obtained by calculation of viewing angle characteristics when no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal display elements of the comparative examples described above. Specifically, FIG. 12A shows the liquid crystal display element of the first comparative example, FIG. 12B shows the liquid crystal display element of the second comparative example, FIG. 12C shows the liquid crystal display element of the third comparative example, and the like. The transmittance curve is shown. In FIG. 12, the center of the circle shows the transmittance when each liquid crystal display element is observed from the normal direction, and shows a graph that spreads radially as the observation polar angle increases with respect to each direction. Note that the best viewing direction at the time of voltage application is the 12 o'clock direction (90 ° direction). When calculating the viewing angle characteristics, the in-plane retardation Re of each C plate was assumed to be 4 nm, and the in-plane retardation Re of each biaxial plate was assumed to be 55 nm. For the protective film TAC of each polarizing plate, the thickness direction Rth was assumed to be 50 nm and the in-plane retardation Re was assumed to be 3 nm.

  In each of FIGS. 12 (a) to 12 (c), the transmittance of the innermost contour line of the circle is 0.02%, and 0.05%, 0.1%, 0 toward the outside of the circle. Contour lines for transmittances of .2%, 0.5%, and 1.0% are shown. As shown in these drawings, it can be seen that all of the liquid crystal display elements of the comparative examples show remarkable light leakage in the vertical direction and insufficient viewing angle characteristics. The viewing angle characteristics in the vertical direction are inferior to those of conventional general vertical alignment type liquid crystal display elements.

  As described above, according to the present embodiment, by using the first optical plate and the third optical plate, the retardation in the vicinity of the interface between the first substrate and the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer is compensated, and the second optical plate is used. The plate and the fourth optical plate compensate for the retardation in the vicinity of the center of the liquid crystal layer in the layer thickness direction. Therefore, it is possible to improve the viewing angle characteristics of the vertically aligned ECB mode liquid crystal display element when no voltage is applied.

  Next, an example of the manufacturing method of the above-described inclined C plate will be described with reference to FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 13A, a mold 60 having a shape corresponding to the concavo-convex portion 50 of the optical element is prepared. Next, as shown in FIG. 13B, a photocurable resin material 61 is dropped on the mold 60. For example, an ultraviolet curable resin material is used. A thermosetting resin material may be used.

  Next, as illustrated in FIG. 13C, the glass substrate 62 is overlaid on the mold 60 with the photocurable resin material 61 interposed therebetween, and the glass substrate 62 is pressed. This glass substrate 62 becomes the base 51 of the optical element. Next, the photocurable resin material 61 is cured by irradiating the photocurable resin material 61 with light (in this example, ultraviolet irradiation) through the glass substrate 62. As a result, the photocurable resin material 61 to which the shape of the mold 60 has been transferred is cured, and the concavo-convex portion 50 is formed on the glass substrate 62.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 13 (d), the glass substrate 60 is peeled from the mold 60. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 13 (e), an optical film 52 is formed on the upper side of the concavo-convex portion 50 of the glass substrate 62 as the base portion 51. For example, a liquid material is dropped onto the concavo-convex portion 50, spread to a uniform thickness, and then solidified, whereby the optical film 52 covering the concavo-convex portion 50 is obtained. Thus, the optical element is completed.

  As described above, the above-described inclined C plate is completed. The example which measured the retardation characteristic of this inclination C plate is shown in FIG. In FIG. 14, the horizontal axis represents the measurement angle, and the vertical axis represents the retardation value. The position of Φs = 0 ° on the horizontal axis is retardation when light is incident from the normal direction of the inclined C plate. In the case of a normal C plate, the maximum retardation is shown when Φs = 0. On the other hand, in the inclined C plate of the present embodiment, the retardation shows the maximum value when Φs is a measurement angle larger than 0 or a small measurement angle (in the example shown, Φs = −18 ° vicinity). Therefore, it can be seen that an inclined C plate which is a C plate having an inclined optical axis is obtained. About the magnitude | size of (PHI) s, it can adjust suitably with the shape of the uneven | corrugated | grooved part 50, the optical characteristic of the optical film 52, etc.

  In addition, this invention is not limited to the content of embodiment mentioned above, In the range of the summary of this invention, it can change and implement variously.

  For example, in the above-described embodiment, the twist angle of the liquid crystal layer is set to 250 °. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and can be appropriately set within a range of about 180 ° to 270 °. Further, the pretilt angle is set to 80 °, but is not limited to this, and can be appropriately set within a range of 83 ° to 70 °, more preferably 81 ° to 72 °. Further, the optical axis inclination angle θ of each inclined C plate has a correlation with the pretilt angle, and is preferably set to an angle of about (pretilt angle −90 ° ± 5 °). Also in each embodiment, the retardation in the thickness direction by a layer other than the liquid crystal layer existing between the first polarizing plate and the second polarizing plate is 0.5 times to 1.1 with respect to the retardation Δnd of the liquid crystal layer. It is preferable that the relationship is 0 times.

  Further, the first substrate and the first inclined C plate in the above-described embodiment can be integrated, and similarly, the second substrate and the second inclined C plate can be integrated. In this case, each inclined C plate may be disposed on the side (inner side) in contact with the liquid crystal layer, or may be disposed on the side not in contact with the liquid crystal layer (outer side).

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... 1st board | substrate (upper board | substrate), 2 ... 2nd board | substrate (lower board | substrate), 3 ... Liquid crystal layer, 4 ... 1st polarizing plate, 5 ... 2nd polarizing plate, 6 ... 1st inclination C plate, 7 ... 1C plate, 7a ... biaxial plate, 8 ... second inclined C plate, 9 ... second C plate, 9a ... biaxial plate

Claims (5)

A first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to each other;
A liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate;
A first optical plate disposed outside the first substrate;
A second optical plate disposed outside the first substrate across the first optical plate;
A first polarizing plate disposed outside the first substrate across the first optical plate and the second optical plate;
A third optical plate disposed outside the second substrate;
A fourth optical plate disposed outside the second substrate across the third optical plate;
A second polarizing plate disposed outside the second substrate across the third optical plate and the fourth optical plate,
Including
In the first polarizing plate and the second polarizing plate, the respective absorption axes are arranged substantially orthogonal to each other, and any one of the absorption axes is aligned with the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules at the approximate center in the layer thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer. Are arranged almost in parallel,
The first optical plate and the third optical plate have their optical axes tilted in a range of greater than 0 ° and 15 ° or less with respect to the plate surface normal, and the tilt directions of the optical axes are opposite to each other. Arranged in parallel, and the direction of inclination of each of the optical axes is arranged substantially orthogonally or substantially parallel to the absorption axis of either the first polarizing plate or the second polarizing plate,
The liquid crystal layer is given a pretilt angle in the range of 83 ° to 70 ° with respect to the liquid crystal molecules, with respect to the substrate surface of the first substrate and the substrate surface of the second substrate, and the first substrate. And the second substrate are given a twist angle in the range of 180 ° to 270 °, the natural twist pitch of the liquid crystal molecules is p, and the distance between the first substrate and the second substrate is d. A liquid crystal display element in which a chiral material is added so as to satisfy the relationship of 0.5 ≦ d / p ≦ 0.7. Each of the first optical plate and the third optical plate is
An uneven portion having a plurality of surfaces inclined at substantially the same angle with respect to the plate surface and arranged in one direction;
The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, further comprising an optical film provided so as to cover the uneven portion and exhibiting negative uniaxial optical anisotropy.   The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, wherein each of the second optical plate and the fourth optical plate is a C plate.   3. The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, wherein one of the second optical plate and the fourth optical plate is a C plate and the other is a biaxial plate.   The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, wherein each of the second optical plate and the fourth optical plate is a biaxial plate.

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