JP2012006500A - Rear body structure of motorcycle - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a rear body structure of motorcycle in which an increase in size and weight of a tail cover including a rear fender is restricted and an increase in manufacturing cost is restricted while its structure is formed in such a way that even if the number of models of motorcycle is increased, the same license plate supporters can be fixed in common to these motorcycles.SOLUTION: A license number plate supporting member (22) is fixed to a tail cover (21) forming the rear part of a motorcycle body while being supported at a body frame (FR) through rod-like members (23, 24), wherein the rod-like members (23, 24) are hollow in shape and formed to be separate from the tail cover (21) and the license number plate supporting member (22).

Description

  The present invention relates to a rear body structure of a motorcycle in which a license support having a license plate and an electrical component such as an illumination lamp mounted thereon is attached to a tail cover that forms the rear portion of the vehicle body.

  As a rear vehicle body structure of a motorcycle, there is known a rear fender attached to a lower portion of a tail cover (rear cowl) at the rear of the vehicle body, and a stay portion that supports a license plate, an illumination lamp, and the like are integrally formed (for example, a patent) Reference 1). The rear fender has a two-part structure consisting of a left fender part and a right fender part. By combining these fender parts, a hollow stay part is formed, and electric wires for connecting electrical components are inserted into the space. It is supposed to be.

JP 2009-12642 A

  However, in the rear fender of Patent Document 1, since the stay portion required to have high strength is integrally formed with the rear fender with resin, the rear fender which is a part of the tail cover is increased in size and weight is increased. In addition, because it is necessary to individually manufacture rear fenders with shapes and lengths suitable for each motorcycle with different types of vehicles, the versatility of rear fenders is complicated and the structure is complicated, so there are many types of vehicles. As a result, the manufacturing cost increases.

  The present invention suppresses the increase in size and weight of the tail cover including the rear fender, and has a structure in which the same license support body can be commonly attached to these motorcycles even if the number of vehicle types increases. An object of the present invention is to provide a rear body structure of a motorcycle that can suppress the ascent.

  In order to achieve the above object, the rear vehicle body structure of the motorcycle according to the present invention includes a license support attached to a tail cover that is supported by a vehicle body frame and forms a rear portion of the vehicle body via a rod-like member, The rod-shaped member has a hollow shape and is formed separately from the tail cover and the license support.

  According to the rear vehicle body structure of the motorcycle, the rod-shaped member that is required to have high strength is formed separately from the tail cover including the rear fender, so that an increase in size and weight of the tail cover is suppressed. Therefore, the tail cover can be easily manufactured. Further, by preparing a plurality of types of rod-shaped members having different lengths and curvatures, the same license support can be attached to the tail cover using a rod-shaped member having a required shape for a motorcycle having a different vehicle type. That is, the license support body can be shared. Therefore, the manufacturing cost can be suppressed even if the number of vehicle types increases.

  In the present invention, it is preferable that an electrical component is mounted on the license support, and an electric wire for the electrical component is inserted through the rod-shaped member. As a result, the electric wire is inserted into the rod-shaped member to be protected, and the appearance is improved by not being able to see the electric wire from the outside of the vehicle body, and furthermore, the wiring work can be easily performed without the occurrence of entanglement of the electric wire. it can.

  In the present invention, the rod-shaped member has a plurality of the rod-shaped members, and at least two of the rod-shaped members have different connection rigidity of the connection portion to the tail cover and the license support member, and have low connection rigidity. It is preferable that the electric wire is inserted through the cable. As a result, the license support can be firmly attached to the tail cover by the rod-shaped member having a high connection rigidity of the connection portion, and the rod-shaped member for inserting the electric wire has no problem even if the connection rigidity of the connection portion is lowered. Therefore, since the whole mounting structure can be simplified, the size is not increased.

  In the configuration having two rod-like members having different connection rigidity of the connection portion, both ends of the support-like rod-shaped member having high connection rigidity are fastened and fixed by fastening members, and the rod-like member for inserting an electric wire has both ends thereof It is preferable that the displacement is prevented by the portion contacting the positioning piece formed on the tail cover and the license support. As a result, the supporting rod-like member can be fastened and fixed to the license support and the tail cover by fastening members at both ends thereof, so that a high connection rigidity can be obtained at the connecting portion, while the wire insertion member can be inserted. The rod-shaped member is held in a state where both end portions thereof are in contact with and sandwiched between the positioning pieces of the tail cover and the license support body, so that the connection portion has a simple structure.

  In the configuration having two rod-like members having different connection rigidity of the connecting portion, it is preferable that the support-like rod-like member having a high connection rigidity is disposed above the rod-like member for inserting an electric wire. Normally, since the license support is attached in an obliquely downward and rearward direction from the tail cover, the rod-shaped member for supporting the license support that requires high strength on the tail cover is long by being arranged upward. Since the length can be shortened, the bending rigidity is increased. On the other hand, by arranging the rod-shaped member for inserting the electric wire downward, the electric wire connecting the electric component mounted on the license support and the control unit arranged in the center in the front-rear direction of the vehicle body is not bent upward. Can be inserted easily.

  In the present invention, three or more rod-shaped members are provided, and the third rod-shaped member is arranged at a position different from the virtual plane with respect to a virtual plane including the first rod-shaped member and the second rod-shaped member. It is preferable. As a result, when three rod-shaped members are provided, these three rod-shaped members are arranged in a triangular shape in a cross section along the vehicle width direction, and when four or more rod-shaped members are provided, a quadrangular polygon can be formed. The license support can be firmly supported on the tail cover.

  According to the rear vehicle body structure of the motorcycle of the present invention, since the rod-like member that requires high strength is formed separately from the tail cover, the tail cover is prevented from being large and heavy, and the tail cover is suppressed. Is easy to manufacture. In addition, by preparing multiple types of rod-shaped members with different shapes, the same license support can be attached to the tail cover using a rod-shaped member of the required shape for motorcycles of different vehicle types. Can be

1 is a side view showing a motorcycle equipped with a rear vehicle body structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention. It is the perspective view seen from the diagonally lower part of the rear part body structure same as the above. It is the longitudinal cross-sectional view cut | disconnected by the vehicle width direction center part of the rear part vehicle body structure same as the above. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view along the rod-shaped member for support of a rear vehicle body structure same as the above. It is a bottom view of a rear body structure same as the above. It is a perspective view of the attachment bracket used for a rear part vehicle body structure same as the above. It is a top view of the state which removed the passenger seat of the rear vehicle body structure same as the above. It is a bottom view of the state which removed the bottom cover in the tail cover of a rear vehicle body structure same as the above. It is a cross-sectional view along the IX-IX line of FIG. It is the longitudinal cross-sectional view cut | disconnected in the vehicle width direction center part of the rear vehicle body structure which concerns on 2nd Embodiment of this invention.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a side view showing a motorcycle equipped with a rear vehicle body structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention. A body frame FR of the motorcycle has a main frame 1 that forms a front half portion, and a rear frame 2 that is attached to the rear portion of the main frame 1 and forms the rear half portion of the body frame FR. A front fork 6 is rotatably supported via a steering shaft (not shown) rotatably supported by a head block 4 at the front end of the main frame 1, and a front wheel 8 is attached to the lower end portion of the front fork 6. It has been. A steering handle 7 is attached to the upper end of the front fork 6.

  A swing arm bracket 10 is provided at a rear end portion of the main frame 1 which is a lower center portion of the vehicle body frame FR. A front end portion of the swing arm 11 is swingable up and down via a pivot shaft 12 on the swing arm bracket 10. The rear wheel 13 is supported at the rear end of the swing arm 11. An engine E is attached to the front side of the swing arm bracket 10 at the lower center of the vehicle body frame FR, and the rear wheel 13 is driven by the engine E via a chain or belt 16. The engine E is, for example, a 4-cylinder 4-cycle engine. Further, the exhaust pipe 14 connected to the engine E and the exhaust chamber 15 disposed below and behind the engine E are connected to a muffler 18 disposed on the right side of the rear of the vehicle body.

  A fuel tank 19 is disposed on the upper part of the main frame 1, and a rider's seat 20 is supported on the rear frame 2 behind the fuel tank 19. Further, a cowling 17 that covers a portion from the upper end portion of the front fork 6 to the side of the front portion of the vehicle body is attached to the front portion of the vehicle body.

  A rear vehicle body structure of the present invention located above the rear wheel 13 is attached to the rear frame 2. This rear vehicle body structure is a license in which a tail cover 21 that is supported by the rear frame 2 and forms the rear portion of the vehicle body has a mounting base 26 for a license plate 25, and an illumination lamp 27, a direction indicator 28, and the like are mounted. The support body 22 is attached via the three rod-shaped members 23 and 24 so as to be spaced apart rearward and downward from the tail cover 21.

  The three rod-like members 23 and 24 are formed separately from the tail cover 21 and the license support body 22, and both end portions thereof are detachably connected to the tail cover 21 and the license support body 22, respectively. . Each of the rod-like members 23 and 24 has a hollow shape, and a pipe having a circular cross section is used. The pipe is made of aluminum, iron or synthetic resin. In this embodiment, the bar-like member 23 arranged on the upper side is made of iron and is provided in a pair of left and right in the vehicle width direction to support the license support body 22 on the tail cover 21. One bar-like member 24 arranged below is made of aluminum, and is mainly used for wiring for inserting a later-described electric wire connected to an electrical component such as the illumination lamp 27 and the direction indicator 28 into the hollow portion. . A passenger seat 30 is attached to the upper portion of the tail cover 21.

  Next, the rear vehicle body structure will be described. In FIG. 2 showing the rear vehicle body structure as viewed from obliquely below the vehicle body, the tail cover 21 is connected to a tail cover upper 34 and a tail cover lower 38 by a tail cover main body 39, and the tail cover main body 39 is attached to the bottom of the tail cover main body 39. The rear fender 44 shown in FIG. 3 is arranged, and the lower surface of the rear fender 44 is covered with the bottom cover 40. The three rod-like members 23, 23, 24 of FIG. 2 penetrate the bottom cover 40, and their front end portions are attached to the rear fender 44 (FIG. 3) with a configuration described later. Is hidden from view from below. One lower wiring rod-shaped member 24 is arranged at the center in the vehicle width direction of the upper pair of left and right support rod-shaped members 23, 23.

  As shown in FIG. 9, the three rod-like members 23, 23, and 24 are arranged so as to form a triangle in a cross section along the vehicle width direction. Thereby, the license support 22 of FIG. 1 can be firmly supported on the tail cover 21 with high connection rigidity. Here, the three rod-shaped members 23, 23, and 24 in FIG. 9 are not limited to the triangular arrangement. In short, it is only necessary that the third rod-like member 24 be arranged at a position different from the virtual plane with respect to the virtual plane S including the first rod-like member 23 and the second rod-like member 23, and thereby the license support of FIG. The body 22 can be firmly supported by the tail cover 21.

  As shown in FIG. 3, which is a longitudinal sectional view of the rear body structure cut at the center in the vehicle width direction, a tail lamp 9 is accommodated behind the tail cover 21. The license support 22 has an upper surface, a back surface, and both side surfaces as outer surfaces. The license support 22 has an upper surface, a back surface, and both outer surfaces as outer surfaces. A holding cylinder portion 41 into which the rear end portion of the wiring rod-shaped member 24 is inserted is integrally formed on the upper side of the license support body 22, and the wiring cylinder inserted into the holding cylinder portion 41 is formed on the inner surface of the holding cylinder portion 41. A positioning piece 42 that comes into contact with the end face of the rear end of the rod-shaped member 24 that is opened, and a rotation-preventing projection 43 that fits into a recess 24a formed at the rear end of the wiring rod-shaped member 24 are radially inward. Are integrally formed.

  A rear fender 44 constituting a part of the tail cover 21 is disposed at the bottom of the tail cover 21 and is supported on the rear frame 2 by a bolt 48A. The bolt 48B is screwed into the welding nut 50 of the rear bracket 49 fixed to the rear bracket 49, so that the rear bracket 49 is also supported. The rear fender 44 is integrally formed with a holding cylinder portion 51 into which the front end portion of the wiring rod-shaped member 24 is inserted. The holding cylinder portion 51 has a bottomed cylindrical shape, and a through hole 52 a is formed in the bottom portion 52. The bottom 52 is formed as a positioning piece that comes into contact with the end surface of the front end of the wiring rod-shaped member 24 that is open at the front end.

  Accordingly, both the front and rear ends of the wiring rod-shaped member 24 are inserted into the holding cylinder portions 41 and 51 and come into contact with the positioning pieces 42 and 52, respectively. It is held in a state of being pinched. An electric wire 53 wired from an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) arranged at the center in the front-rear direction of the vehicle body, for example, the lower part of the rider's seat 20, is inserted into the wiring rod-shaped member 24, and the license plate 25 illumination lamps 27 and a direction indicator 28 are connected. Since the wiring rod-shaped member 24 is arranged in the center portion in the vehicle width direction as described above, the electric wire 53 inserted through the wiring rod-like member 24 is easily connected to the illumination lamp 27 located in the center portion in the vehicle width direction. it can.

  As shown in FIG. 4, which is a longitudinal sectional view along the support rod-shaped member 23 of the rear vehicle body structure, the license support body 22 is integrally formed with a support protrusion 54 extending forward, and the support rod-shaped member 23. The rear end portion is arranged such that the support protrusion 54 is inserted into the rear end opening, and a bolt 48D penetrating from above the upper cover 22a of the license support body 22 and the support rod-like member 23 is connected to the license support body 22. It is attached to the license support 22 by being screwed into a welding nut 59 of a separate mounting bracket 58. On the other hand, the front end portion of the support rod-shaped member 23 is placed on the mounting portion 61 in which the insert nut 60 is embedded in the rear fender 44, and the protection member 62 and the support rod-shaped member 23 applied to the front end portion are placed on the support rod-shaped member 23. The bolt 48 </ b> C penetrating from above is screwed into the insert nut 60 to be fixed in a state of being sandwiched between the upper cover 22 a and the mounting bracket 58.

  As described above, the pair of left and right support rod members 23 and 23 are firmly attached to the license support 22 and the rear fender 44 of the tail cover 21 at both ends by fastening bolts 48C. The license support 22 can be firmly supported on the tail cover 21 only by the support rod members 23, 23. As described above, since the connection rigidity of the connection portions of the two support rod members 23, 23 to the license support 22 and the tail cover 21 is high, the wiring rod member 24 of FIG. Good. Therefore, the wiring rod-shaped member 24 is supported by sandwiching both ends from both sides, and the connection rigidity to the connection portion is low, but not only has no trouble, but also does not penetrate the bolt, so that the wiring rod-shaped member 24 24, the electric wire 53 can be easily inserted. Further, since the support bar-like member 23 is fixed by fastening the bolt 48C with the support protrusion 54 inserted in the front end portion and the protective member 61 applied to the rear end portion, the connection rigidity is further increased. Get higher. The protection member 62 in FIG. 4 prevents deformation of the supporting rod-like member 23 due to tightening of the bolt 48C.

  As shown in FIG. 5 which is a bottom view of the rear vehicle body structure, the pair of left and right support bar members 23 are fixed using a single mounting bracket 58 in common. As shown in FIG. 6, the mounting bracket 58 is a U-shaped member holding portion for holding the supporting rod-like member 23 at both ends of the central body portion 58 a by bending a band-shaped metal part. 58b is integrally formed, and a welding nut 59 is fixed to the lower surface of the central portion of these member holding portions 58b. A bolt 48D shown in FIG. 4 is screwed into the welding nut 59 from the outside of the upper cover 22a through the support bar member 23 in the radial direction, thereby licensing the rear end portions of the two support bar members 23. The support 22 is firmly connected. Here, since the single mounting bracket 58 is used to support the two supporting rod-shaped members 23, the number of parts is reduced.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the electric wire 53 led out from the rear end opening of the wiring rod-shaped member 24 arranged at the center in the vehicle width direction is wired to the left and right and connected to a pair of left and right direction indicators 28. ing.

  As shown in FIG. 7, which is a plan view, an opening 65 is formed in the upper surface of the rear portion of the tail cover 21, and the opening 65 is attached to the upper surface of the tail cover 21. 30. The fixing bolts 48 </ b> C of the pair of support bar members 23, 23 shown in FIG. 7 are exposed inside the opening 65 so as to be visible from above. Therefore, the fastening operation of the bolt 48C for fixing the pair of supporting rod-like members 23, 23 can be easily performed from above through the opening 62, so that workability is good. Further, since the wiring hole 63 formed in the rear fender 44 can also be seen from above through the opening 65, the wiring work of the electric wire 53 can be easily performed from above through the opening 62.

  As shown in the bottom view of FIG. 8, when the bottom cover 40 is removed from the tail cover 21, the insert nut 59 and the wiring rod-shaped member for fixing the rear end portions of the two support rod-shaped members 23, 23 are used. The holding cylinder portion 51 and the like that hold the front end portion of 24 can be seen from below, but these members are concealed so that they cannot be seen from the outside by attaching the bottom cover 40, and as shown in FIG. Since the rod-shaped members 23, 23, and 24 are formed through the bottom cover 40, the appearance is excellent. Further, the mounting bracket 58 and the welding nut 59 for fixing the rear end portions of the two support rod members 23, 23 are disposed above the wiring rod member 24 inside the license support body 22. So you can't see it from the outside unless you look up from directly below. Also in this respect, an excellent appearance can be obtained.

  In the above configuration, the rod-like members 23 and 24 that are required to have high strength because the license support 22 shown in FIG. 3 is supported by the tail cover 21 are formed separately from the tail cover 21 including the rear fender 44. Since it is detachably connected to the cover 21, the tail cover 21 can be prevented from increasing in size and weight, so that the tail cover 21 can be easily manufactured. Also, as the rod-like members 23 and 24, by preparing multiple types of shapes having lengths and curvatures suitable for the motorcycles of each vehicle type, the same license support 21 is used as the tail cover of the motorcycle of each vehicle type. It can be attached in common. As a result, an increase in the manufacturing cost of the rear body structure when the number of vehicle types increases can be suppressed. Further, since the rod-like members 23 and 24 are made of steel or aluminum, the luster can be given, so that the structure for attaching the license support 22 to the tail cover 21 has the advantage that it has a good appearance.

  Further, since the license support 22 can be firmly supported on the tail cover 21 by the pair of left and right support rod members 23, 23, the other one rod member 24 is used for inserting the electric wire 53 for electrical components. Therefore, the electric wire 53 is inserted into the rod-shaped member 24 to be protected, and the appearance is improved when the electric wire 53 is not visible from the outside of the vehicle body. Further, the wiring work can be easily performed without causing the electric wire 53 to be entangled. Can be done.

  Also, there are three rod-like members 23, 23, and 24, and the support rod-like member 23 and the wiring rod-like member 24 are different from each other in connection rigidity of the connecting portion to the tail cover 21 and the license support body 22. That is, as described above, the two supporting rod-like members 23 and 23 are fastened with the bolts 48C and 48D in FIG. 4 to firmly support the license support 22 on the tail cover 21 with high connection rigidity. On the other hand, the wiring rod-shaped member 24 of FIG. 3 has a connection rigidity that is low enough to sandwich both ends between the tail cover 21 and the license support 22. In this way, the license support 22 is firmly supported by the tail cover 21 by the two support rod members 23, 23, so that the wiring rod member 24 is supported by a simple structure with low connection rigidity. Therefore, the mounting structure of the wiring rod-like member 24 as a whole can be simplified. Here, if the connection rigidity of at least two rod-shaped members among the plurality of rod-shaped members 23, 23, and 24 is different, it is preferable to insert the electric wire into the rod-shaped member having the lower connection rigidity.

  The pair of left and right support bar members 23, 23, which are required to have high strength because the license support 22 is supported by the tail cover 21, have a shorter length by being disposed above the wiring bar member 24. Thereby, bending rigidity becomes high. On the other hand, an electric wire 53 that connects an electrical component such as an illumination lamp 27 and a direction indicator 28 mounted on the license support 22 and a control unit arranged at the center in the front-rear direction of the vehicle body is a lower part in the tail cover 21. Therefore, the electric wire 53 can be easily inserted into the wiring rod-shaped member 24 without bending upward by arranging the wiring rod-shaped member 24 downward.

  Further, since the three rod-like members 23, 23, 24 are arranged in a triangular shape in a cross section along the vehicle width direction, the license support body 22 can be firmly supported on the tail cover 21 with high connection rigidity. . When four or more rod-shaped members are provided, they can be firmly supported with higher connection rigidity by arranging them in a polygonal shape such as a quadrangle.

  Further, the bolts 48D for fixing the rear end portions of the two support rod members 23, 23 can be fixed by fastening from above the upper cover 22a of the license support 22 shown in FIG. On the other hand, the bolt 48C for fixing the front end portions of the supporting rod-like members 23, 23 can also be fixed by the fastening operation from above through the opening 65 as described in FIG. Further, as shown in FIG. 5, the rear end portions of the two support rod members 23, 23 are fixed to the lower surface of the opened license support body 22 via a single mounting bracket 58. As a result, the number of parts of the mounting structure of the two supporting rod members 23, 23 is reduced, and the operability of fastening the bolts 48C, 48D is improved.

  FIG. 10 is a longitudinal sectional view taken along the center in the vehicle width direction of the rear vehicle body structure relating to the second embodiment of the present invention. In this figure, the same or corresponding parts as those in FIG. In this embodiment, both ends of the wiring rod-like member 24 are fixed to the license support body 22 and the tail cover 21 by fastening means comprising bolts 65A and 65B and nuts 66A and 66B, respectively. Compared to the holding structure by means, the license support 22 and the tail cover 21 are firmly connected with high connection rigidity. Therefore, the wiring bar-like member 24 has a function of firmly supporting the license support 22 on the tail cover 21, similarly to the support bar-like member 23.

  On the other hand, since the wiring rod-shaped member 24 needs to ensure the function of inserting the electric wire 53 into the internal space, an inlet 68 and an outlet 69 of the electric wire 53 are respectively provided at the side portions near the front end portion and the rear end portion. Is open. The electric wire 53 is inserted into the internal space of the rod-shaped member 24 from the inlet 68 and led out of the rod-shaped member 24 from the outlet 69 and then connected to the illumination lamp 27 and the direction indicator 28. Thereby, the electric wire 53 can be easily inserted into the wiring rod-shaped member 24. Since the wiring rod-shaped member 24 is disposed below the pair of supporting rod-shaped members 23, 23, it is particularly difficult to perform the fastening operation of the bolt 65B at the rear end portion from above. 65B is arranged so that fastening work can be performed from below.

  The present invention is not limited to the contents shown in the above embodiment, and various additions, modifications, or deletions are possible within the scope not departing from the gist of the present invention. It is included within the scope of the present invention.

2 Rear frame (body frame)
21 Tail cover 22 License support 23 Support rod-shaped member (first rod-shaped member and second rod-shaped member)
24 Rod member for wiring (third rod member)
27 Lighting lamp (electrical equipment)
28 Direction indicator (electrical equipment)
42 Positioning pieces 48A to 48D Bolt (fastening member)
50, 59 Weld nut (fastening member)
52 Bottom (positioning piece)
53 Electric wire 60 Insert nut (fastening member)
65 Opening FR Body Frame S Virtual Plane

Claims (6)

A license support is attached via a rod-like member to a tail cover that is supported by the body frame and forms the rear part of the body.
The rear body structure of the motorcycle, wherein the rod-shaped member has a hollow shape and is formed separately from the tail cover and the license support.   The rear body structure of the motorcycle according to claim 1, wherein an electrical component is mounted on the license support, and an electric wire for the electrical component is inserted through the rod-shaped member.   3. The bar-shaped member according to claim 2, wherein the bar-shaped member has a plurality of the bar-shaped members, and at least two of the bar-shaped members have different connection rigidity of the connection portion to the tail cover and the license support member. A rear body structure of a motorcycle in which the electric wire is inserted through a member. In claim 3, both ends of the rod-shaped member for supporting with high connection rigidity are fastened and fixed by fastening members,
The rod-like member for inserting an electric wire is a rear vehicle body structure of a motorcycle in which displacement is prevented by having both ends thereof abutting against positioning pieces formed on the tail cover and the license support.   The rear body structure of the motorcycle according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the support-like rod-like member having high connection rigidity is disposed above the rod-like member for inserting electric wires.   In any one of Claims 3-5, the said 3rd rod-shaped member is provided with three or more said rod-shaped members, and the 3rd rod-shaped member is the said virtual plane with respect to the virtual plane containing a 1st rod-shaped member and a 2nd rod-shaped member. Is the rear body structure of a motorcycle that is located at different positions.

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