JP2011191678A - Developing device, assembly and image forming device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a developing device and an image forming device, capable of maintaining in a proper state the ratio of a developing agent added to a first developing member rotated so that the moving direction of a portion facing an image carrier corresponds to the reverse direction of the image carrier, and a second developing member rotated so that the former direction corresponds to the same direction. <P>SOLUTION: A distributing part 70 can move in the orthogonal direction (direction of arrow F). Urging makes the pressure of the developing agent G of a gap GP3 same as that of a gap GP4 and the ratio of the developing agent G added to a first development roll 52 (first development member) and to a second development roll 56 (second development member) is maintained in the proper state (for example, if the circumferential speed of the first development roll 52 is the same as that of the second development roll 56, the developing agent G is evenly distributed to the first development roll 52 and the second development roll 56). <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a developing device, an assembly, and an image forming apparatus.

  The developing device described in Patent Document 1 is provided with a regulating roll that regulates the layer thickness of the developer attached to the surface of the developing roll. The regulating roll is supported so as to be movable in the normal direction of the developing roll.

JP 2008-145798 A

  An object of the present invention is to provide a first developing member that rotates so that a moving direction of a portion facing the image holding member is opposite to the image holding member, and a second developing member that rotates so as to be in the same direction. The ratio of the developer to be adhered is maintained in an appropriate state.

  The developing device according to the first aspect of the present invention is disposed so as to face the surface of the rotating image carrier, and rotates so that the moving direction of the portion facing the image carrier is opposite to the image carrier. A first developing member and a portion provided downstream of the first developing member in the rotation direction of the image holding member, disposed opposite the surface of the image holding member, and opposed to the image holding member; A second developing member rotating so that the moving direction is the same as the moving direction of the image carrier, and between the first developing member and the second developing member, The surface of the first developing member is supported so as to be movable relative to the closest portion at the downstream side in the rotation direction of the first developing member with respect to the closest portion to which the second developing member is closest. Developer between the first developing member and the second developing member. Characterized in that it comprises a sorting member to sort on the image member, and a biasing member for biasing the sorting member on the upstream side in the rotation direction of the first developing member.

  The developing device according to a second aspect of the present invention is the developing device according to the first aspect, wherein the urging member urges the distributing member toward the closest portion.

  The developing device according to a third aspect of the present invention is the developing device according to the first or second aspect, wherein the distribution member is configured such that when viewed from an axial direction of the first developing member, the rotation shaft of the first developing member and the first 2 Guided by a guide member that guides the allocating member along an orthogonal direction orthogonal to a straight line connecting a rotation axis of the developing member, and the urging member is arranged along the orthogonal direction. The spring member is an elastically deformable spring member that biases the spring.

  An assembly according to a fourth aspect of the present invention includes the developing device according to any one of the first to third aspects, and an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface thereof is visualized as a toner image by the developing device. And an image holding body, and is detachably assembled to the main body.

  An image forming apparatus according to a fifth aspect of the present invention includes the assembly according to the fourth aspect, and a transfer member that transfers a toner image formed on the surface of an image holding member provided in the assembly to a transfer target. It is characterized by providing.

  According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an image forming apparatus comprising: the developing device according to any one of the first to third aspects; and the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface is visualized as a toner image by the developing device. And a transfer member that transfers a toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to a transfer object.

  According to the developing device of the first aspect of the present invention, as compared with the case where the distributing member is fixed, the moving direction of the portion facing the image holding member is rotated in the direction opposite to the image holding member. The ratio of the developer to be adhered to the first developing member and the second developing member rotating so as to be in the same direction can be maintained in an appropriate state.

  According to the developing device of the second aspect of the present invention, the first developing member and the second developing member are effectively compared with the case where the biasing member does not bias the sorting member toward the closest portion. The ratio of the developer adhered to the toner can be kept in an appropriate state.

  According to the developing device of the third aspect of the present invention, the guide member moves along the orthogonal direction orthogonal to the straight line connecting the distributing member with the rotation axis of the first developing member and the rotation axis of the second developing member. The ratio of the developer adhered to the first developing member and the second developing member can be effectively maintained in an appropriate state as compared with the case where no guide is provided.

  According to the assembly of the fourth aspect of the present invention, the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the image holding member is compared with the case where the developing device according to any one of the first to third aspects is not provided. An image can be developed while suppressing unevenness. According to the image forming apparatus of the fifth aspect of the present invention, the density unevenness of the output image can be suppressed as compared with the case where the assembly according to the fourth aspect is not provided.

  According to the image forming apparatus of the sixth aspect of the present invention, the density unevenness of the output image can be suppressed as compared with the case where the developing device according to any one of the first to third aspects is not provided. .

FIG. 2 is a side view illustrating a developing roll, a sorting member, and the like of the developing device according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 1 is a side view showing a developing device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. It is the perspective view which showed the distribution member etc. which were used for the image development apparatus concerning 1st Embodiment of this invention. (A) (B) It is the side view which showed the distribution member used for the image development apparatus concerning 1st Embodiment of this invention. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an image forming apparatus, an assembly, and the like according to a first embodiment of the present invention. It is the perspective view which showed the distribution member etc. which were used for the image development apparatus concerning 2nd Embodiment of this invention. It is the perspective view which showed the distribution member etc. which were used for the image development apparatus concerning 3rd Embodiment of this invention.

  An example of the developing device, the assembly, and the image forming apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. In addition, arrow UP shown in a figure shows the vertical direction upper direction.

(overall structure)
As shown in FIG. 5, the image forming apparatus 10 includes an image holding body 12 in which an electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface by irradiating laser light after being uniformly charged, and the image holding body 12. A charging device 14 that uniformly charges the surface, an exposure device 16 that forms an electrostatic latent image by irradiating the image carrier 12 with a laser beam based on image data, and a toner is selectively applied to the electrostatic latent image. A transfer device 22 for transferring the toner image on the surface of the image carrier 12 to a sheet member P as a recording medium supplied along the conveyance path 20, and a sheet member. A fixing device 24 that heats and pressurizes the toner image on P and fixes the toner image on the sheet member P, and a cleaning device 26 that cleans the toner remaining on the image carrier 12 after the toner image is transferred. Details of the developing device 18 will be described later.

  The image forming apparatus 10 is covered with a main body side cover 10B and a top plate 10A. A shaft 10C that rotatably connects the top plate 10A to the main body side cover 10B is provided at the upper end corner of the main body side cover 10B. The top plate 10A is centered on the shaft 10C in the direction of arrow A. By rotating, the inside of the image forming apparatus 10 is opened.

  Here, the charging device 14 and the cleaning device 26 are configured as a single charging unit 28, and the developing device 18 and the image carrier 12 are an exchange cartridge 30 as an assembly. By opening the top plate 10A of the image forming apparatus 10, the charging unit 28 and the replacement cartridge 30 can be attached to and detached from the main body frame (not shown) inside the image forming apparatus 10, respectively.

  Further, on the side of the image forming apparatus 10, a manual sheet feeding table 32 that can manually feed the sheet member P to the image forming unit 31 formed by the image carrier 12 and the transfer roll 22. The manual feed tray 32 is provided with a half-moon shaped delivery roll 34. Further, a separation roll 36 is provided with the sheet member P sandwiched between the delivery roll 34.

  The separation roll 36 is pivotally supported by a support member (not shown) provided at both ends, and is further biased toward the delivery roll 34 by a biasing force of a coil spring provided inside the support member. . With this configuration, when the delivery roll 34 rotates, the sheet member P placed on the manual paper feed tray 32 is sent to the image forming unit 31 one by one by the delivery roll 34 and the separation roll 36.

  A sheet feeding device 40 that feeds the sheet members P one by one is provided below the image forming apparatus 10. The sheet feeding device 40 includes a sheet feeding member 41 on which a plurality of sheet members P are stacked. The sheet members P stacked on the sheet feeding member 41 are sequentially taken out by a take-out roll 42 and further driven to rotate. The sheet feeding roller 44 and the separation roll 46 provided on the sheet feeding member 41 are configured to be conveyed one by one.

  Further, a plurality of conveyance rolls 48 are provided along the conveyance path 20 of the sheet member P, and the sheet member P moves downstream along the conveyance path 20 in the conveyance direction of the sheet member P (hereinafter simply referred to as downstream). It is designed to be transported.

  Further, the fixing device 24 described above is provided on the downstream side of the image forming unit 31, and the fixing device 24 includes a heating roll 24H and a pressure roll 24N. Then, the sheet member P passes between the heating roll 24H and the pressure roll 24N, so that the toner image on the sheet member P is fixed to the sheet member P.

  Further, on the downstream side of the fixing device 24, a discharge roll 38 for discharging the sheet member P on which the toner image is fixed to the upper surface of the top plate 10A is provided.

  In the image forming apparatus 10 configured as described above, an image is formed as follows.

  First, the charging device 14 to which a voltage has been applied uniformly charges the surface of the image carrier 12 with a predetermined potential. Subsequently, the exposure device 16 exposes the charged surface of the image carrier 12 based on image data read by a scanner (not shown) or data input from the outside, and an electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the image carrier 12. Form.

  That is, an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the image data is formed on the image carrier 12 by turning on and off the laser of the exposure device 16 based on image data supplied from a control device (not shown). Further, the electrostatic latent image is visualized as a toner image by the developing device 18 having a developing member to which a voltage is applied.

  Therefore, the sheet member P taken out from the paper feed member 41 by the take-out roll 42 is delivered to the transport roll 48 one by one by the paper feed roll 44 and the separation roll 46 and sent out to the transport path 20. The sheet member P sent to the conveyance path 20 passes through a transfer portion 31 formed between the image carrier 12 holding the developed image and the transfer roll 22, and the toner image is transferred to the sheet member P. The transferred toner image is fixed on the sheet member P by passing between a heating roll 24H and a pressure roll 24N provided in the fixing device 24, and is discharged onto the top surface of the top plate 10A by the discharge roll 38. The

(Main part configuration)
Next, the configuration of the developing device 18 will be described.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the developing device 18 includes a housing 50 having an opening 50 </ b> A at a position facing the image carrier 12. Inside the housing 50, a part GP <b> 1 that faces the surface (outer peripheral surface) of the image carrier 12, rotates in the same direction as the image carrier 12 that rotates in the direction of arrow B, and faces the image carrier 12. Is moved in a direction opposite to the moving direction of the image carrier 12 (in the direction of arrow C), and the first developing roller 52 as an example of a first developing member that holds the developer G on the surface (outer peripheral surface) is accommodated. Has been.

  Further, inside the housing 50, a part GP <b> 2 is disposed below the first developing roller 52 so as to face the surface of the image carrier 12, rotates in the opposite direction to the image carrier 12, and faces the image carrier 12. Is moved in the same direction (arrow D direction) as the moving direction of the image carrier 12, and a second developing roller 56 as an example of a second developing member that holds the developer G on the surface (outer peripheral surface) is accommodated. Has been.

  Furthermore, a first agitating / conveying auger 58 that is arranged in the horizontal direction in the accommodating chamber 50B that accommodates the developer G provided in the lower part of the housing 50 and conveys the developer G to the first developing roll 52. And the 2nd stirring conveyance auger 60 is provided.

  The first agitating / conveying auger 58 and the second agitating / conveying auger 60 are arranged side by side so as to circulate and convey the developer G on the lower side (lower right side in the figure) of the second developing roll 56. By rotating the auger 58 and the second agitating / conveying auger 60, the developer G is conveyed along the rotation axis direction of the second developing roll 56 while being agitated, and the developer G is supplied to the second developing roll 56. It is like that. The developer G used in the developing device 18 is made of resin toner and magnetic carrier particles.

  Further, the first developing roll 52 disposed above the second developing roll is disposed so as to face the surface of the image holding body 12 so that the rotation axis direction is along the rotation axis direction of the image holding body 12. A cylindrical first developing sleeve 52A in which the moving direction at a part GP1 facing the body 12 is opposite to the image holding body 12, and an inner side of the first developing sleeve 52A and an outer side of the first developing sleeve 52A. And a cylindrical first magnet roll 52B that forms a magnetic field distributed in the circumferential direction. As a result, the first developing roller 52 develops the latent image on the image carrier 12 with the developer G at the part GP1 facing the image carrier 12.

  On the other hand, the second developing roller 56 rotates the image carrier 12 more than the first developing roller 52 in the rotational direction of the image carrier 12 so that the rotational axis direction is along the rotational axis direction of the image carrier 12. A cylindrical shape is disposed opposite to the surface of the image carrier 12 on the downstream side in the direction, and the moving direction at the part GP2 facing the image carrier 12 is the same direction as the image carrier 12 (arrow D direction). A second developing sleeve 56A and a cylindrical second magnet roll 56B which is disposed inside the second developing sleeve 56A and forms a magnetic field distributed in the circumferential direction outside the second developing sleeve 56A. As a result, the second developing roller 56 develops the latent image on the image carrier 12 with the developer G at the part GP2 facing the image carrier 12.

  Further, the first developing roller 52 and the second developing roller 56 are arranged to face each other so that a gap is formed between the outer periphery of the first developing sleeve 52A and the outer periphery of the second developing sleeve 56A. A closest portion 54 is formed between 52A and the second developing sleeve 56A (the portion with the minimum spacing).

  Further, on the upstream side in the rotation direction of the second developing roll 56 with respect to the closest portion 54, the surface of the second developing roll 56 is disposed oppositely, and the height of the developer G layer held by the second developing roll 56 is high. A layer forming member 62 for adjusting the thickness is provided. The layer forming member 62 is a plate member having a rectangular cross-sectional shape along the normal direction of the outer periphery of the second developing roll 56, and one side surface of the rectangular cross section is disposed to face the surface of the first developing roll 52. The other side surface is fixed to a guide plate 64 provided in the housing 50.

  The guide plate 64 is disposed so that the tip portion thereof faces the first developing roll 52 and the other end portion extends downward toward the first stirring / conveying auger 58. The guide plate 64 is configured to drop the developer G dropped from the first developing roll 52 toward the storage chamber 50B. That is, the developer G that has fallen off from the first developing roll 52 falls toward the storage chamber 50 </ b> B without directly adhering to the second developing roll 56.

  On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 1, five permanent magnets having S or N poles formed on the surface side along the circumferential direction of the second developing sleeve 56A are radially arranged in the second magnet roll 56B. Is provided. The S1 pole, which is a development pole, is disposed at a position facing the image carrier 12. Further, a pole N1 for carrying the developer is arranged next to the developing pole S1 along the rotation direction D of the second developing sleeve 56A, and a pole S2 for picking up the developer, a pole S3 for picking up, and carrying the developer next to the pole N1. The magnetic poles are arranged in the order of the pole N2.

  On the other hand, five permanent magnets having S poles or N poles formed on the surface side along the circumferential direction of the first developing sleeve 52A are also provided radially inside the first magnet roll 52B. The N3 pole, which is the development pole, is disposed at a position facing the image carrier 12. In addition, a pole S4 for transporting and a pole N4 for pickoff are arranged next to the development pole N3 along the rotation direction C of the first developing sleeve 52A, and N5 having the same polarity as the pole for pickoff is arranged next to the pole S4. ing. Next to N5, a pole S6 facing the pole N2 provided in the second magnet roll 56B is disposed.

  On the other hand, a distribution member 68 that distributes the developer G to the first developing roll 52 and the second developing roll 56 is disposed downstream of the closest portion 54 in the rotation direction of the first developing roll 52. And along the longitudinal direction of the second developing roll 56.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the distribution member 68 has a semicircular cross section, and the curved surface 70 </ b> C hits the developer G (see FIG. 1) and distributes the developer G. And a prismatic support portion 72 that supports the portion 70. The semicircular portion is perpendicular to the straight line connecting the axes of the first developing member and the second developing member, and is supported by the semicircular portion so that the straight line passing through the closest portion of the first developing member surface and the second developing member surface is movable. The part 72 is provided so as to protrude from both end faces in the longitudinal direction of the distribution part 70 and is supported by a guide member 76 fixed to the housing 50 (see FIG. 2) so as to be movable.

  Specifically, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the guide member 76 is a rectangular parallelepiped, and when viewed from the axial direction of the rotation shaft 52 </ b> C of the first developing roll 52, The second developing roll 56 is provided to extend in an orthogonal direction (arrow F direction: hereinafter simply referred to as an orthogonal direction) perpendicular to a straight line connecting the rotation shaft 56C of the second developing roll 56. Further, the guide member 76 is provided with a guide hole 76A extending in the orthogonal direction, and the support portion 72 of the sorting member 68 is inserted into the guide hole 76A. Further, the distal end 72A of the support portion 72 protrudes from the guide hole 76A, and the elastically deformable coil-shaped spring member that urges the distributing member 68 toward the closest portion 54 is projected to the protruding distal end 72A. One end of 80 is fixed.

  With this configuration, the distribution member 68 is supported by the guide member 76 so as to be movable in the orthogonal direction, and is urged toward the closest portion 54 by the spring member 80.

(Function)
Next, the conveyance state of the developer G in the developing device 18 will be described.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in the developing device 18, the developer G is supplied to the second developing roll 56 by the first stirring / conveying auger 58 and the second stirring / conveying auger 60. The developer G supplied to the second developing roll 56 is attracted to the surface of the second developing sleeve 56A by the pole S3 that performs pick-up and trimming, and is distributed to the first developing roll 52 and the second developing roll 56 by the sorting member 68. The developer distributed to the first developing roll in the developer G thus conveyed is conveyed along the surface of the first developing sleeve 52A as the first developing sleeve 52A rotates along the rotation direction C. . Then, the toner on the magnetic brush is developed on the image carrier 12 in the vicinity of the developing pole N3. Further, in the vicinity of the pole N4 where pick-off is performed, the developer G falls from the surface of the first image sleeve 52A, is guided by the guide plate 64, and is returned to the storage chamber 50B.

  The developer G held on the surface of the second developing sleeve 56A is transported along the surface of the second developing sleeve 56A as the second developing sleeve 56A rotates along the rotation direction D. Then, the toner is conveyed in this order to the developing electrode S1, the conveying electrode N1, and the picking-off electrode S2. Then, the toner on the magnetic brush is developed on the image carrier 12 in the vicinity of the developing pole S1, and the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier 12 is visualized. The second developing roller 56 moves in the same direction with respect to the image carrier 12 at the portion GP2 facing the image carrier 12, and the image developed by the first developing sleeve is corrected to obtain a high-quality output image. Further, in the vicinity of the pole S2 where pickoff is performed, the developer G falls from the surface of the second developing sleeve 56A and is returned to the storage chamber 50B.

  Here, as described above, the distribution member 68 is supported so as to be movable in the orthogonal direction, and is biased toward the closest portion 54 by the spring member 80. Therefore, when the distributing member 68 is pushed by the developer G and the developer G is distributed to the first developing roll 52 and the second developing roll 56, the distributing portion is lightly urged and the closest portion 54 And a gap GP3 formed between the curved surface 70C of the distribution unit 70 and the surface of the second developing roll 56, and a gap GP4 formed between the curved surface 70C and the surface of the first developing roll 52. The developer pressure in the area is equal.

  As described above, by making the pressure of the developer G in the region surrounded by the closest portion 54, the gap GP3, and the gap GP4 equal, the development that adheres to the first developing roll 52 and the second developing roll 56. The ratio of the agent G is maintained in an appropriate state. (For example, when the first developing roll 52 and the second developing roll 56 have the same peripheral speed, the developer G is equally distributed to the first developing roll 52 and the second developing roll 56).

  In addition, the developer that adheres to the first developing roller 52 and the second developing roller 56 is maintained in an appropriate ratio of the developer G that adheres to the first developing roller 52 and the second developing roller 56. The ratio of the conveyance amount per unit area of G is always controlled appropriately.

  In addition, since the ratio of the developer transport amount per unit area attached to the first developing roll 52 and the second developing roll 56 is always appropriately controlled, the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the image holding body 12 is controlled. It is developed evenly.

  In addition, since the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the image carrier 12 is developed without unevenness, uneven density of the output image is suppressed.

  Although the present invention has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments, the present invention is not limited to such embodiments, and various other embodiments are possible within the scope of the present invention. It is clear to the contractor. For example, in the above-described embodiment, the spring member 80 is used to bias the distributing unit 70. However, the spring member 80 is not particularly limited to the spring member 80, and the distributing unit 70 may be biased by an elastic member that is elastically deformed. That's fine.

  Next, an example of the developing device and the image forming apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. In addition, about the same member as 1st Embodiment, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected and the description is abbreviate | omitted.

  As shown in FIG. 6, the distribution member 88 according to the second embodiment includes a distribution unit 90 that has a triangular cross section and a vertex 90 </ b> C that contacts the developer G and distributes the developer G, and a distribution unit. And a support portion 92 that supports 90. The support portion 92 is provided so as to protrude from both end surfaces of the distribution portion 90 in the longitudinal direction, and is supported movably by a guide member 76 fixed to the housing. In this way, by distributing the developer G at the vertex 90, the developer G is efficiently distributed.

  Next, an example of a developing device, an assembly, and an image forming apparatus according to the third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. In addition, about the same member as 1st Embodiment, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected and the description is abbreviate | omitted.

  As shown in FIG. 7, the sorting member 94 of the third embodiment has a trapezoidal cross section, and a top surface 96 </ b> C hits the developer G to sort the developer G. And a support portion 98 that supports the minute portion 96. The support portion 98 is provided so as to protrude from both end surfaces of the distribution portion 96 in the longitudinal direction, and is supported movably by a guide member 76 fixed to the housing. Thus, the rigidity of the distribution part 96 improves by making the cross section of the distribution part 96 into a trapezoid shape.

  Although the present invention has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments, the present invention is not limited to such embodiments, and various other embodiments are possible within the scope of the present invention. It is clear to the contractor. For example, in the above-described embodiment, the cross section of the distributing unit 96 is trapezoidal, but the shape is not particularly limited to a trapezoid and may be other shapes.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Image forming apparatus 12 Image holding body 18 Developing apparatus 22 Transfer roll (transfer member)
30 Replacement cartridge (assembly)
52 1st developing roll (first developing member)
54 Nearest portion 56 Second developing roll (second developing member)
68 Distributing member 76 Guide member 80 Spring member (biasing member)
88 Sorting member 94 Sorting member

Claims (6)

A first developing member that is disposed to face the surface of the rotating image carrier and rotates so that a moving direction of a portion facing the image carrier is opposite to the image carrier;
Provided on the downstream side of the rotation direction of the image carrier with respect to the first developing member, and disposed opposite to the surface of the image carrier, the moving direction of the portion facing the image carrier is the image holding A second developing member that rotates to be in the same direction as the body moving direction;
Downstream in the rotational direction of the first developing member between the first developing member and the second developing member, and closest to the closest portion where the first developing member and the second developing member are closest to each other The developer is supported on the side so as to be movable with respect to the closest portion, and contacts the developer between the surface of the first developing member and the surface of the second developing member, and the developer is brought into contact with the first developing member. And a distribution member that distributes to the second developing member;
An urging member for urging the distributing member to the upstream side in the rotation direction of the first developing member;
A developing device comprising:   The developing device according to claim 1, wherein the biasing member biases the sorting member toward the closest portion. The distribution member is along an orthogonal direction orthogonal to a straight line connecting the rotation axis of the first development member and the rotation axis of the second development member when viewed from the axial direction of the first development member. Guided by a guide member for guiding the distribution member,
The developing device according to claim 1, wherein the urging member is an elastically deformable spring member that urges the distributing member along the orthogonal direction. The developing device according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
An image carrier on which an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface is visualized as a toner image by the developing device;
An assembly that is detachably assembled to the main body. An assembly according to claim 4;
A transfer member for transferring a toner image formed on the surface of an image carrier provided in the assembly to a transfer object;
An image forming apparatus comprising: The developing device according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
An image carrier on which an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface is visualized as a toner image by the developing device;
A transfer member for transferring a toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier to a transfer object;
An image forming apparatus comprising:

Images