JP2011170019A - Electrophoretic display device, method for manufacturing the same, and electronic equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve resistance of an electrophoretic display device to a shock or the like given from the outside. <P>SOLUTION: The electrophoretic display device (1) is configured by holding an electrophoretic element between a pair of first and second substrates (10 and 20). The electrophoretic display device includes: a plurality of pixel electrodes (14) formed on a first surface being a surface on a side of the first substrate opposed to the second substrate; cushioning members (210, 220, 230 and 240) arranged on the first surface; and a common electrode (22) formed so as to be opposed to the plurality of pixel electrodes on a second surface being a surface on a side of the second substrate opposed to the first substrate. The height of the cushioning member is equal to or above the half of a diameter of the electrophoretic element, and equal to or under a distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophoretic display device, a method for manufacturing the same, and a technical field of an electronic apparatus such as electronic paper that includes the electrophoretic display device.

  As an electronic device including this type of device, a chip card including a display device including an electrophoretic display has been proposed (see Patent Document 1).

Special Table 2002-510101

  When the electrophoretic display device is applied to the chip card as described above, the resistance of the electrophoretic display device to an impact or bending applied from the outside to the electrophoretic display device becomes a problem. However, in the background art described above, the member that protects the electrophoretic display is only a plastic plate. Then, there is a technical problem that the electrophoretic display may be damaged when an external impact is applied to the chip card.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and an object thereof is to propose an electrophoretic display device that is relatively resistant to externally applied impacts, a manufacturing method thereof, and an electronic apparatus.

  In order to solve the above problems, an electrophoretic display device of the present invention is an electrophoretic display device in which an electrophoretic element is sandwiched between a pair of first and second substrates. A plurality of pixel electrodes formed on a first surface which is a surface facing the two substrates, a buffer member disposed on the first surface, and a side of the second substrate facing the first substrate A common electrode formed on the second surface that is opposed to the plurality of pixel electrodes, and the height of the buffer member is one half or more of the diameter of the electrophoretic element, And less than or equal to the distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode.

  According to the electrophoretic display device of the present invention, the electrophoretic display device is configured by sandwiching an electrophoretic element between a pair of first and second substrates. Here, the electrophoretic element means, for example, a microcapsule containing electrophoretic particles.

  On the first surface, which is the surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate, a plurality of pixel electrodes are formed and a buffer member is disposed. On the other hand, a common electrode is formed on the second surface, which is the surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate, so as to face the plurality of pixel electrodes. The pixel electrodes are made of, for example, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) or the like, and are arranged in a matrix on the first surface. On the other hand, the common electrode is made of, for example, ITO or the like, and is formed in a solid shape on the second surface.

  In the present invention, in particular, the height of the buffer member is configured to be not less than one half of the diameter of the electrophoretic element and not more than the distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. The buffer member is made of, for example, an acrylic or epoxy resin material, and has a wall shape, a columnar shape, a spherical shape, or the like. When the buffer member has a wall shape, the buffer member is typically formed in the same layer as the plurality of pixel electrodes and at least in a part between each of the plurality of pixel electrodes. For this reason, when the wall-shaped buffer member is viewed on a plane on the first substrate, the buffer member has a mesh shape.

  According to the inventor's research, the following matters have been found. In other words, the electrophoretic display device has a property close to that of paper, and is being developed as a display device intended for reading. In the electrophoretic display device, the thickness and weight are reduced, and at the same time, the electrophoretic display device is required to have high physical impact resistance. However, if the electrophoretic display device is to be made thinner and lighter, it is difficult to sufficiently protect the element substrate and the electrophoretic sheet including the electrophoretic element. Then, an externally applied impact, bending, or a self-falling impact of the electrophoretic display device causes the element substrate to break or the electrophoretic element is damaged (for example, the microcapsules containing the electrophoretic particles are crushed). There is a risk. On the other hand, when the electrophoretic display device is applied to, for example, an IC card, the thickness of the member that protects the electrophoretic display device is limited because the size of the IC card is standardized by ISO or JIS. The

  However, in the present invention, the buffer member having a height equal to or more than half the diameter of the electrophoretic element and equal to or less than the distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode is disposed on the first surface of the first substrate. For this reason, even if an external impact is applied to the electrophoretic display device, the gap between the pixel electrode and the common electrode is secured by the buffer member, so that damage to the electrophoretic element can be suppressed. it can. In addition, since the buffer member is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the buffer member does not prevent the electrophoretic display device from being thinned, which is very advantageous in practice.

  As a result, according to the electrophoretic display device of the present invention, it is possible to improve the resistance of the electrophoretic display device to impact and the like.

  In order to solve the above problems, an electrophoretic display device according to the present invention is an electrophoretic display device in which an electrophoretic element is sandwiched between a pair of first and second substrates, and the first substrate. A plurality of pixel electrodes formed on a first surface which is a surface facing the second substrate, a buffer member disposed on the first surface, and the first substrate of the second substrate, A common electrode formed on the second surface, which is a surface on the opposite side, so as to face the plurality of pixel electrodes, and the height of the buffer member is ½ of the diameter of the electrophoretic element A method of manufacturing an electrophoretic display device that is one or more and equal to or less than a distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, the buffer member disposing step of disposing the buffer member on the first surface; The electrophoretic element is held on the first substrate and the second substrate. And a bonding step of bonding the plate to each other.

  According to the method for manufacturing an electrophoretic display device of the present invention, as in the electrophoretic display device of the present invention described above, it is possible to improve the resistance of the electrophoretic display device to an impact or the like.

  In order to solve the above problems, an electronic apparatus according to the present invention includes the above-described electrophoretic display device according to the present invention (including various aspects thereof).

  According to the electronic apparatus of the present invention, since the electrophoretic display device of the present invention described above is provided, the electrophoretic display device is relatively resistant to external impact applied to the electrophoretic display device, such as a wristwatch, electronic paper, and electronic notebook. Various electronic devices such as mobile phones and portable audio devices can be realized.

  The effect | action and other gain of this invention are clarified from the form for implementing demonstrated below.

1 is a plan view showing a schematic configuration of an electrophoretic display device according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is an expanded sectional view which expands and shows a part of AA 'line cross section of FIG. It is the enlarged plan view which looked at the BB 'line cross section of FIG. 2 from the transparent film side. It is process sectional drawing which shows a part of manufacturing process of the electrophoretic display device which concerns on embodiment of this invention. It is the enlarged plan view which looked at the electrophoretic display device which concerns on the 1st modification of embodiment of this invention of the same meaning as FIG. 3 from the transparent film side. It is the enlarged plan view which looked at the electrophoretic display device which concerns on the 2nd modification of embodiment of this invention of the same meaning as FIG. 3 from the transparent film side. It is process sectional drawing which shows a part of manufacturing process of the electrophoretic display device which concerns on the 3rd modification of embodiment of this invention of the same meaning as FIG. It is a perspective view which shows the structure of the electronic paper as an example of the electronic device to which the electrophoretic display apparatus is applied. It is a perspective view which shows the structure of the electronic notebook as another example of the electronic device to which an electrophoretic display apparatus is applied.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of an electrophoretic display device, a method for manufacturing the same, and an electronic apparatus according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings, the scales are different for each layer and each member so that each layer and each member can be recognized on the drawing.

<Electrophoretic display device>
(Configuration of electrophoretic display device)
The electrophoretic display device according to this embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a schematic configuration of the electrophoretic display device according to the present embodiment, and FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a part of a cross section taken along the line AA ′ of FIG. FIG. 3 is an enlarged plan view of the cross section taken along line BB ′ of FIG. 2 as seen from the transparent film side.

  1 and 2, an electrophoretic display device 1 is a microcapsule that is an electrophoretic element included in an electrophoretic layer 24 that is sandwiched between an element substrate 10 and a transparent film 20 that are arranged to face each other. Reference numeral 50 denotes an electrophoretic display device capable of performing display in the display area 10a by applying a voltage according to an image signal.

  The “element substrate 10” and the “transparent film 20” according to the present embodiment are examples of the “first substrate” and the “second substrate” according to the present invention, respectively.

  The element substrate 10 is a substrate made of, for example, glass or plastic. On the element substrate 10, a stacked structure in which a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) pixel circuit 30 and the like are formed is formed. On this laminated structure, pixel electrodes 14 made of, for example, ITO are provided for each pixel arranged in a matrix in the display area 10a.

  The TFT pixel circuit 30 includes a semiconductor layer formed on the base insulating film 12, a gate electrode disposed via a gate insulating film 41 so as to overlap a channel region of the semiconductor layer, an interlayer insulating film 42, and And a plurality of electrodes electrically connected to the source region or drain region of the semiconductor layer through contact holes formed in the gate insulating film 41. The pixel electrode 14 is electrically connected to an electrode electrically connected to the source region or the drain region of the semiconductor layer through a contact hole formed in the interlayer insulating film 43.

  Around the display area 10 a on the element substrate 10, a conductive portion (not shown) for supplying a common potential to a common electrode 22 formed on the transparent film 20 described later is provided. The conductive portion is electrically connected to the common electrode 22 via a conductive material 110 provided so as to extend along one side of the display region 10a.

  Here, the conductive material 110 is made of a conductive material such as a conductive tape or a silver paste. The conductive portion is made of the same film as the pixel electrode 14 (that is, a film formed on the same occasion in the manufacturing process). Further, the conductive portion is electrically connected to a common potential line that supplies a common potential when the electrophoretic display device 1 operates.

  The transparent film 20 is made of a resin such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate). The transparent film 200 is disposed so as to face the element substrate 10 with the electrophoretic layer 24 interposed therebetween. On the surface of the transparent film 20 facing the element substrate 10, the common electrode 22 is formed in a solid shape so as to face the plurality of pixel electrodes 14 provided on the element substrate 10. The common electrode 22 is formed of a transparent conductive material such as magnesium silver (MgAg), ITO, or indium zinc oxide (IZO).

  The electrophoretic layer 24 includes a plurality of microcapsules 50 each containing electrophoretic particles, and is fixed between the element substrate 10 and the transparent film 20 by a binder 24a made of, for example, a resin and an adhesive layer 26. ing. The electrophoretic layer 24 is provided in a region including the display region 10 a and is surrounded by the sealing member 120.

  Here, the sealing member 120 is made of a resin such as an epoxy resin, a silicon resin, or an acrylic resin, and seals the side surface side of the electrophoretic layer 24 (in other words, seals the outer edge or the outer peripheral side of the electrophoretic layer 24). And has a function of preventing moisture from entering the electrophoretic layer 24 from the outside.

  The sealing member 120 also has a function of bonding the element substrate 10 and the transparent film 20 together. In addition, inorganic fine particles such as silica and alumina may be dispersed in the resin constituting the sealing member 120. In this case, it is possible to further reliably prevent moisture from entering the electrophoretic layer 24 from the outside via the sealing member 120.

  One or a plurality of microcapsules 50 are sandwiched between the pixel electrode 14 on the element substrate 10 and the common electrode 22 on the transparent film 20 (in other words, with respect to one pixel electrode). Has been placed.

  The microcapsule 50 includes therein a dispersion medium, a plurality of white particles that are electrophoretic particles, and a plurality of black particles. The microcapsule 50 is formed in a spherical shape having a particle size of about 30 μm (micrometer), for example.

  The coating film functioning as the outer shell of the microcapsule 50 is formed of a translucent polymer resin such as an acrylic resin such as polymethyl methacrylate or polyethyl methacrylate, a urea resin, or gum arabic.

  The dispersion medium is a medium in which white particles and black particles are dispersed in the microcapsule 50 (in other words, in the coating). As a dispersion medium, water, alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, octanol and methyl cellosolve, various esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone, Aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane and octane, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, hexylbenzene, hebutylbenzene, octylbenzene, nonylbenzene, decylbenzene, undecylbenzene , Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzenes having a long-chain alkyl group such as dodecylbenzene, tridecylbenzene, tetradecylbenzene, and halogens such as methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane Hydrocarbons, carboxylate or other oils may be used singly or as a mixture. Further, a surfactant may be blended in the dispersion medium.

  The white particles are particles (polymer or colloid) made of a white pigment such as titanium dioxide, zinc white (zinc oxide), and antimony trioxide, and are negatively charged, for example. On the other hand, the black particles are particles (polymer or colloid) made of a black pigment such as aniline black or carbon black, and are positively charged, for example.

  For this reason, the white particles and the black particles can move in the dispersion medium by the electric field generated by the potential difference between the pixel electrode 14 and the common electrode 22.

  These pigments include electrolytes, surfactants, metal soaps, resins, rubbers, oils, varnishes, charge control agents composed of particles such as compounds, titanium-based coupling agents, aluminum-based coupling agents, silanes as necessary. A dispersant such as a system coupling agent, a lubricant, a stabilizer, and the like can be added.

  When a voltage is applied between the pixel electrode 14 and the common electrode 22 so that the potential of the common electrode 22 is relatively high, the positively charged black particles are contained in the microcapsule 50 by Coulomb force. While attracted to the pixel electrode 14 side, the negatively charged white particles are attracted to the common electrode 22 side in the microcapsule 50 by Coulomb force. As a result, white particles gather on the display surface side (that is, the common electrode 22 side) in the microcapsule 50, and this is applied to the display surface (that is, the display region 10 a on the surface of the transparent film 20 that does not face the element substrate 10). The color of white particles (ie, white) can be displayed.

  Conversely, when a voltage is applied between the pixel electrode 14 and the common electrode 22 so that the potential of the pixel electrode is relatively high, the negatively charged white particles are generated by the Coulomb force. At the same time, the positively charged black particles are attracted to the common electrode 22 side by Coulomb force. As a result, the black particles gather on the display surface side of the microcapsule 50, so that the color of the black particles (that is, black) can be displayed on the display surface.

  Depending on the distribution state of the white particles and the black particles between the pixel electrode 14 and the common electrode 22, it is also possible to display gray such as light gray, gray, and dark gray, which is an intermediate gradation between white and black. Further, by replacing the pigment used for the white particles and the black particles with pigments such as red, green and blue, for example, color display such as red, green and blue can be performed.

  A protective wall 210 made of, for example, an acrylic or epoxy resin material is formed on the surface of the element substrate 10 facing the transparent film 20 and in the same layer as the pixel electrode 14. As shown in FIG. 3, the protective wall 210 is formed in a mesh shape between the pixel electrodes 14 when viewed in plan on the element substrate 10.

  The “same layer” means that the pixel electrode and the protective wall 210 are formed on the same interlayer insulating film. The “protective wall 210” according to the present embodiment is an example of the “buffer member” according to the present invention.

  In particular, in the present embodiment, the height of the protective wall 210 is set to be not less than one half of the diameter (for example, 30 μm) of the microcapsule 50 and not more than the distance (for example, 50 μm) between the pixel electrode 14 and the common electrode 22. Has been. For this reason, even if an external impact is applied to the electrophoretic display device 1, the protective wall 210 secures a gap between the pixel electrode 14 and the common electrode 22 to some extent, thereby preventing damage to the microcapsule 50. Can do.

  The cross section of the protective wall 210 may be wedge-shaped as shown in FIG. 2 or may be columnar. When the cross section of the protective wall 210 is wedge-shaped, for example, (i) after forming a resin layer to be the protective wall 210, a resist pattern is formed by photolithography, and a plurality of layers having different areas are etched. So that the cross section of the protective wall 210 may be wedge-shaped, or (ii) when the protective wall 210 is formed by applying resin by screen printing or the like, the area of each other By forming a plurality of different layers, the cross section of the protective wall 210 may be a wedge shape.

(Method for manufacturing electrophoretic display device)
Next, a method for manufacturing the electrophoresis apparatus 1 according to this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 4 is a process cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the manufacturing process of the electrophoretic display device according to this embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 4, in the electrophoretic display device 1, in the manufacturing process, after the protective wall 210 is formed on the element substrate 10 and in the same layer as the pixel electrode 14, the electrophoretic layer 24 is previously formed on the transparent film 20 side. The electrophoretic sheet fixed to the substrate 24 by the binder 24a is formed by being adhered to the element substrate 10 on which the protective wall 210 and the like are formed by the adhesive layer 26.

  In the present embodiment, since the cross section of the protective wall 210 is wedge-shaped, the number of microcapsules 50 damaged by the protective wall 210 when the element substrate 10 and the electrophoretic sheet are bonded to each other is determined. Can be reduced. Here, according to the research of the present inventor, even if a part of the microcapsule 50 located between the pixels is broken, it is found that the display is hardly affected if it is sufficiently small with respect to the area of the pixel. ing.

  As a method for reducing the number of microcapsules 50 that are damaged when the element substrate 10 and the electrophoretic sheet are bonded to each other, the viscosity of the binder 24a in the electrophoretic sheet is lowered and the microcapsules 50 are compared. You may make it easy to move.

<First Modification>
Next, a first modification of the electrophoretic display device according to this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 5 is an enlarged plan view of the electrophoretic display device according to the first modification of the present embodiment having the same meaning as in FIG. 3, as viewed from the transparent film side.

  In this modification, instead of the protective wall 210, a protective pillar 220 is formed on the surface of the element substrate 10 facing the transparent film 20 and in the same layer as the pixel electrode 14. If comprised in this way, when the element board | substrate 10 and an electrophoretic sheet will adhere | attach each other, the number of the microcapsules 50 which are damaged can be reduced more.

  Since the protection column 220 occupies a smaller area than the protection wall 210, even if the protection column 220 is disposed on the pixel electrode 14, the display quality of the electrophoretic display device 1 is hardly affected. This has been clarified by research of the present inventor. For this reason, since the range of the positional accuracy at the time of forming the protection pillar 220 can be expanded, manufacturing cost can be suppressed and it is very advantageous practically.

  Note that the size of the protective column 220 when viewed in plan on the element substrate 10 is set to 100 μm square or less (preferably 50 μm square or less) so as not to affect the display of the electrophoretic display device 1. ing. Further, the “protection column 220” according to the present modification is another example of the “buffer member” according to the present invention.

<Second Modification>
Next, a second modification of the electrophoretic display device according to this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 6 is an enlarged plan view of the electrophoretic display device according to the second modification of the present embodiment having the same meaning as in FIG. 3, as viewed from the transparent film side.

  In this modification, instead of the protective wall 210, a protective pillar 230 having a shape obtained by removing a part of the protective wall 210 is on the surface of the element substrate 10 facing the transparent film 20 and the pixel electrode 14. It is formed in the same layer. With this configuration, the microcapsule 50 is damaged when the element substrate 10 and the electrophoretic sheet are bonded to each other while maintaining a certain degree of resistance to external impact applied to the electrophoretic display device 1. Can be further reduced.

  The “protection column 230” according to the present modification is another example of the “buffer member” according to the present invention.

<Third Modification>
Next, a third modification of the electrophoretic display device according to this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 7 is a process cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the manufacturing process of the electrophoretic display device according to the third modification of the embodiment of the present invention having the same concept as in FIG. 4.

  In this modification, resin balls 240 are disposed on the surface of the element substrate 10 facing the transparent film 20 instead of the protective wall 210. Here, the diameter of the resin ball 240 (that is, equivalent to the height of the protective wall 210) is set to be not less than one half of the diameter of the microcapsule 50 and not more than the distance between the pixel electrode 14 and the common electrode 22. Yes.

  If comprised in this way, when the element board | substrate 10 and an electrophoretic sheet will adhere | attach each other, the number of the microcapsules 50 which are damaged can be reduced more.

  As shown in FIG. 7, in the manufacturing process of the electrophoretic display device 1, after the resin balls 240 are arranged on the element substrate 10, the electrophoretic layer 24 is previously fixed to the transparent film 20 side by a binder 24a. The electrophoretic sheet is formed by adhering to the element substrate 10 on which the resin balls 240 are arranged by the adhesive layer 26.

  The resin balls 240 are arranged by being sprinkled (that is, beaten) on the element substrate 10 in the manufacturing process of the electrophoretic display device 1. The resin balls 240 may be sprinkled on the surface of the electrophoretic sheet adhesive layer 26 facing the element substrate 10 instead of or in addition to being disposed on the element substrate 10.

  The “resin ball 240” according to the present modification is another example of the “buffer member” according to the present invention.

<Electronic equipment>
Next, electronic devices to which the above-described electrophoretic display device is applied will be described with reference to FIGS. Below, the case where the electrophoretic display device described above is applied to electronic paper and an electronic notebook is taken as an example.

  FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating a configuration of the electronic paper 400.

  As illustrated in FIG. 8, the electronic paper 400 includes the electrophoretic display device according to the above-described embodiment as a display unit 401. The electronic paper 400 has flexibility, and includes a main body 402 made of a rewritable sheet having the same texture and flexibility as conventional paper.

  FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing the configuration of the electronic notebook 500.

  As shown in FIG. 9, an electronic notebook 500 is one in which a plurality of electronic papers 400 shown in FIG. 8 are bundled and sandwiched between covers 501. The cover 501 includes display data input means (not shown) for inputting display data sent from an external device, for example. Thereby, according to the display data, the display content can be changed or updated while the electronic paper is bundled.

  Since the electronic paper 400 and the electronic notebook 500 described above include the electrophoretic display device according to the above-described embodiment, the electronic paper 400 and the electronic notebook 500 are relatively resistant to external impacts and the like and can perform high-quality image display.

  The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and can be appropriately changed without departing from the gist or concept of the invention that can be read from the claims and the entire specification, and an electrophoretic display with such a change. The apparatus, the manufacturing method thereof, and the electronic apparatus are also included in the technical scope of the present invention.

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Electrophoretic display device, 10 ... Element substrate, 14 ... Pixel electrode, 20 ... Transparent film, 22 ... Common electrode, 24 ... Electrophoresis layer, 26 ... Adhesion layer, 30 ... TFT pixel circuit, 50 ... Microcapsule, 210 ... Protective walls, 220, 230 ... Protective pillars, 240 ... Resin balls

Claims (5)

An electrophoretic display device in which an electrophoretic element is sandwiched between a pair of first and second substrates,
A plurality of pixel electrodes formed on a first surface which is a surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate;
A cushioning member disposed on the first surface;
A common electrode formed on a second surface, which is a surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate, to be opposed to the plurality of pixel electrodes;
The height of the buffer member is not less than one half of the diameter of the electrophoretic element and not more than the distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode.   The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein the buffer member is formed in the same layer as the plurality of pixel electrodes and at least a part between each of the plurality of pixel electrodes.   The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein the buffer member is formed in a mesh shape when viewed in plan on the first substrate. An electrophoretic display device in which an electrophoretic element is sandwiched between a pair of first and second substrates, and is formed on a first surface which is a surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate. A plurality of pixel electrodes, a buffer member disposed on the first surface, and a second surface, which is a surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate, facing the plurality of pixel electrodes. An electrophoretic display having a height of the buffer member equal to or more than half the diameter of the electrophoretic element and not more than a distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. A device manufacturing method comprising:
A buffer member arranging step of arranging the buffer member on the first surface;
An electrophoretic display device manufacturing method comprising: an adhesion step of bonding the first substrate and the second substrate to each other in a state where the electrophoretic element is held on the common electrode.   An electronic apparatus comprising the electrophoretic display device according to claim 1.

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