JP2011099960A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, image forming apparatus and image forming method - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor having high wear resistance, high ozone and NOx resistances and good electrical properties and capable of achieving higher image quality over a long period of time, and to provide a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus and an image forming method. <P>SOLUTION: The electrophotographic photoreceptor has a photosensitive layer and a surface layer on a support, wherein the surface layer contains a filler, a crosslinkable resin and an amine compound represented by general formula (I), wherein A and B represent any one of -CH<SB>2</SB>X and -CH<SB>2</SB>CH<SB>2</SB>Y (X and Y each represent an aromatic residue which may have a substituent). The arithmetic average waviness Wa of the surface layer obtained from a waviness curve from which a roughness component and a wavelength component longer than waviness have been cut off by a λc contour curve filter=0.25 mm and a λf contour curve filter=2.5 mm, respectively, is 0.05-0.3 μm, and an average length WSm of contour curve elements is 0.5-1.5 mm. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter referred to as “photosensitive member”, “photosensitive member”, “high-resistance”, high ozone resistance and NOx resistance, good electrical characteristics, and high image quality over a long period of time. The present invention also relates to a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus, and an image forming method using the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

  In recent years, organic photoreceptors (OPC) have been widely used in copying machines, facsimile machines, laser printers, and composite machines in place of inorganic photoreceptors because of their good performance and various advantages. The reasons are, for example, (i) optical characteristics such as the light absorption wavelength range and the amount of absorption, (ii) electrical characteristics such as high sensitivity and stable charging characteristics, and (iii) material selection range. (Iv) ease of production, (v) low cost, (vi) non-toxicity, and the like.

  On the other hand, the diameter of the photoconductor has recently been reduced due to the downsizing of the image forming apparatus, and the high speed of the machine and the maintenance-free movement have been added to increase the durability of the photoconductor. From this point of view, organophotoreceptors are generally soft because the surface layer is mainly composed of low-molecular charge transport materials and inert polymers, and when used repeatedly in electrophotographic processes, they are mechanically driven by development systems and cleaning systems. There is a drawback that wear is likely to occur due to a typical load. In addition, due to the demand for higher image quality, the cleaning blade's rubber hardness and contact pressure must be increased for the purpose of improving the cleaning property as the particle size of the toner is reduced. This is also a factor that promotes the wear of the photoreceptor. It has become. Such abrasion of the photoreceptor deteriorates electrical characteristics such as sensitivity deterioration and chargeability, and causes abnormal images such as image density reduction and background stains. In addition, scratches in which wear locally occurs result in streak-like stain images due to poor cleaning. Under the present circumstances, the wear and scratches are rate-determined and the life of the photoconductor has been replaced.

  Therefore, it is indispensable to reduce the amount of wear as described above in order to increase the durability of the organic photoreceptor, and an organic photoreceptor having a good surface property is required in order to impart excellent cleaning properties and transferability. These are the most pressing issues in the field.

  Examples of techniques for improving the abrasion resistance of the photosensitive layer in the photoreceptor include (1) using a curable binder for the surface layer (see Patent Document 1) and (2) using a polymer charge transport material. (Refer to Patent Document 2), (3) a surface layer in which an inorganic filler is dispersed (refer to Patent Document 3), and the like. Among these techniques, those using the curable binder (1) have poor compatibility with the charge transport material, and therefore the residual potential increases due to impurities such as polymerization initiators and unreacted residues. There is a tendency for concentration reduction to occur easily. In addition, those using the polymer type charge transport material of (2) and those in which the inorganic filler of (3) is dispersed can improve wear resistance to some extent, but are required for organic photoreceptors. The durability has not been fully satisfied. Furthermore, in the case where the inorganic filler (3) is dispersed, the residual potential increases due to traps present on the surface of the inorganic filler, and the image density tends to decrease. These technologies (1), (2), and (3) are sufficient to satisfy the overall durability including the electrical durability and mechanical durability required for the organic photoreceptor. Has not reached.

  There is also known a photoreceptor containing a polyfunctional curable acrylate monomer in order to improve the abrasion resistance and scratch resistance of (1) (see Patent Document 4). However, in this photoreceptor, there is a description that the protective layer provided on the photosensitive layer contains a polyfunctional curable acrylate monomer, but the protective layer may contain a charge transport material. There is no specific description. Moreover, when a low molecular charge transport material is simply contained in the surface layer, there is a problem of compatibility with the cured product, which causes precipitation of the low molecular charge transport material and generation of cracks. In some cases, the strength also decreased. Moreover, although there is description that a polycarbonate resin is contained for improving compatibility, the content of the curable acrylic monomer is reduced, and as a result, sufficient wear resistance cannot be achieved. In addition, regarding a photoconductor that does not include a charge transport material in the surface layer, there is a description that the surface layer is a thin film in order to lower the potential of the exposed portion, but the life of the photoconductor is short because the film is thin. In addition, the environmental stability of the charging potential and the exposure portion potential is poor, and the value fluctuates greatly due to the influence of the temperature and humidity environment, and a sufficient value has not been maintained.

  As an anti-wear technique for the photosensitive layer instead of these, a charge transport layer formed by using a coating solution comprising a monomer having a carbon-carbon double bond, a charge transport material having a carbon-carbon double bond, and a binder resin. It is known to provide (refer patent document 5). This binder resin includes those having a carbon-carbon double bond and having reactivity to the charge transport material, and those having no double bond and not having reactivity. Although this photoreceptor is remarkably compatible with wear resistance and good electrical properties, when a non-reactive binder resin is used, the binder resin, the monomer, and the charge transport material are used. The compatibility with the cured product produced by this reaction was poor, and surface irregularities were generated during cross-linking from layer separation, and a tendency to cause poor cleaning was observed. In this case, the binder resin hinders the curing of the monomer, and what is specifically described as the monomer used in the photoreceptor is a bifunctional monomer, and the bifunctional monomer has a number of functional groups. A small and sufficient crosslinking density could not be obtained, and it was not yet satisfactory in terms of wear resistance. Further, even when a reactive binder is used, it is difficult to achieve both the binding amount and the crosslinking density of the charge transport material due to the low number of functional groups contained in the monomer and the binder resin, and the electrical characteristics and The abrasion resistance was not sufficient.

  A photosensitive layer containing a compound obtained by curing a hole transporting compound having two or more chain polymerizable functional groups in the same molecule is also known (see Patent Document 6). However, in this photosensitive layer, the bulky hole-transporting compound has two or more chain-polymerizable functional groups, so that the cured product is distorted and the internal stress is increased, resulting in rough surface layers and cracks over time. It may be easy to do and does not have sufficient durability.

  Furthermore, a crosslinked charge transport layer obtained by curing a trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport structure and a monofunctional radical polymerizable compound having a charge transport structure is also known (Patent Document 7, (See Patent Document 8 and Patent Document 9). Further, by using a monofunctional radically polymerizable compound having a charge transporting structure and curing the surface layer, cracking of the photosensitive layer is suppressed simultaneously with mechanical and electrical durability. Also known is a cross-linked surface layer cured with a radically polymerizable compound and filler on the surface layer of the photoconductor, and a photoconductor with higher wear resistance is formed by the crosslinkable resin and high-hardness filler. (See Patent Document 10).

  However, although the life of the photoconductor is improved by strengthening the surface layer of the photoconductor, the cleaning blade that contacts the photoconductor is subjected to a mechanical hazard more than the conventional photoconductor. For this reason, the cleaning blade is likely to be deteriorated, and the cleaning blade is often turned over and the edge portion is chipped, and the toner slips through the turned-up portion and the chipped portion. Such toner slip-through may occur as an abnormal image such as streaks.

  Many methods for improving the cleaning property have been disclosed, and in particular, many methods for roughening the surface of the photoreceptor have been proposed. For example, a method of roughening the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member into a crushed skin shape by controlling the drying conditions when forming the surface layer has been proposed (see Patent Document 11). Further, a technique for roughening the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by incorporating particles in the surface layer has been proposed (see Patent Document 12). Further, a method for mechanically roughening the surface has been proposed, and a technique for roughening the surface of the photoreceptor by polishing the surface of the surface layer using a film-like abrasive is proposed ( (See Patent Document 13). In addition, a technique for roughening the peripheral surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by blasting has been proposed (see Patent Document 14). However, these surface roughening techniques initially show good cleaning properties, but there is a problem that the photoreceptor is worn by long-term use and the cleaning effect due to surface roughening is reduced.

  From the above, it cannot be said that all the electrophotographic photosensitive members described in the prior art documents have excellent overall characteristics with respect to mechanical characteristics, electrical characteristics, and cleaning properties. Currently, development is desired.

  An object of the present invention is to solve various problems in the prior art and achieve the following objects. That is, the present invention is excellent in wear resistance and electrical characteristics, can reduce the deterioration of the cleaning blade, can maintain good cleaning properties for a long period of time, and has strong ozone resistance and NOx resistance, and has a long period of time. Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member that does not cause abnormal images even when used for a long time, and an image forming method, an image forming apparatus, and a process cartridge that can realize excellent cleaning properties for a long period of time using the electrophotographic photosensitive member. For the purpose.

As a result of intensive studies by the present inventors to solve the above problems, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a crosslinkable resin and a filler, so that the surface layer becomes very strong and imparts high durability. It was found that a fine uneven shape by a filler can be formed and the cleaning property is improved. Also, the arithmetic mean waviness Wa obtained from the waviness curve obtained by blocking the roughness component with the λc contour curve filter 0.25 mm and the wavelength component longer than the waviness with the λf contour curve filter 2.5 mm on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Is a large waviness shape in which the average length WSm of the contour curve element is 0.5 mm or more and 1.5 mm or less, and a fine concavo-convex shape by a filler contained in the surface layer It has been found that by providing both of the above, the cleaning property can be greatly improved, the deterioration of the cleaning blade can be suppressed, and the good cleaning property can be maintained for a long period of time.
In addition, due to the fine uneven shape and the large waviness shape of the surface layer, the cleaning blade that contacts the electrophotographic photosensitive member in the cleaning step during the image forming process causes slight vibration on the surface of the photosensitive member, and It is possible to improve the wiping off of residual toner. Furthermore, the contact area between the photosensitive member and the blade can be reduced by the wavy shape, and the deterioration of the cleaning blade can be suppressed. It was also found that the crosslinkable resin and filler contained in the surface layer make the surface layer very strong, prevent wear and scratches on the photoreceptor, and maintain a large waviness shape over a long period of time.

The present invention is based on the above findings by the present inventors, and means for solving the above problems are as follows. That is,
<1> In an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a support and a photosensitive layer and a surface layer on the support,
The surface layer contains a filler, a crosslinkable resin, and an amine compound represented by the following general formula (I),
Arithmetic mean waviness Wa obtained from a waviness curve in which the surface layer blocks a roughness component with a λc contour curve filter of 0.25 mm and a wavelength component longer than the waviness with a λf contour curve filter of 2.5 mm is 0.05 μm or more. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is 0.3 μm or less and has an average length WSm of contour curve elements of 0.5 mm or more and 1.5 mm or less.
However, the formula (I), A and B may be the same as each other or different, _-CH 2 X, and _-CH 2 _CH 2 Y (provided that, X and Y, Each represents an aromatic residue which may have a substituent.
<2> The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to <1>, wherein the content of the amine compound is 1% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less based on the total solid content in the surface layer.
<3> The aforementioned <1, wherein the crosslinkable resin contains a cured product obtained by curing a radically polymerizable compound having a charge transporting structure and a trifunctional or higher functional radically polymerizable monomer having no charge transporting structure. > To <2>.
<4> The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <3>, wherein the filler is an inorganic filler.
<5> The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <4>, wherein the filler is alumina.
<6> The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <5>, wherein the surface layer is cured by light energy irradiation.
<7> The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <6>, wherein the surface layer is applied by a spray coating method.
<8> The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <7>, a charging unit for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and exposing the charged surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to electrostatic An exposure unit that forms a latent image; a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a visible image; a transfer unit that transfers the visible image to a recording medium; and the electrophotographic photosensitive member. An image forming apparatus comprising at least cleaning means for removing toner remaining on the body.
<9> The image forming apparatus according to <8>, wherein the cleaning unit has a blade shape and is in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
<10> A charging step for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <7>, and an exposure step for exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member surface to form an electrostatic latent image. A developing step for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a visible image, a transfer step for transferring the visible image to a recording medium, and a toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member. And a cleaning step for removing the image forming method.
<11> At least one means selected from charging means, exposure means, developing means, transfer means, and cleaning means, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of <1> to <7>. Is a process cartridge.

  According to the present invention, conventional problems can be solved, wear resistance and electrical characteristics are excellent, deterioration of the cleaning blade can be reduced, good cleaning performance can be maintained for a long period of time, and ozone resistance is further improved. In addition, an electrophotographic photosensitive member that has strong NOx resistance and does not cause abnormal images even when used for a long period of time, and an image forming method and an image that can realize excellent cleaning properties for a long period of time using the electrophotographic photosensitive member Forming devices and process cartridges can be provided.

FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram when the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is spray-coated. FIG. 2A is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 2B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing an example of the process cartridge of the present invention.

(Electrophotographic photoreceptor)
The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention comprises a support, a photosensitive layer and a surface layer on the support, and further comprises other layers as necessary.

<Surface layer>
In the present invention, the surface layer has an arithmetic mean waviness Wa obtained from a waviness curve in which a roughness component is cut off with a λc contour curve filter 0.25 mm and a wavelength component longer than the waviness is cut off with a λf contour curve filter 2.5 mm. Is 0.05 μm or more and 0.3 μm or less, and the average length WSm of the contour curve elements is 0.5 mm or more and 1.5 mm or less. This improves the cleaning performance.
When the arithmetic average waviness Wa exceeds 0.3 μm, the thickness difference of the surface layer becomes large, so that density unevenness and dot dust may occur in the image forming process. On the other hand, if the Wa is less than 0.05 μm, the surface layer has a small undulation, so that the cleaning blade is less vibrated and good cleaning properties may not be obtained. When the average length WSm of the contour curve element exceeds 1.5 mm, the amplitude of the undulation becomes large, so that the fine vibration of the cleaning blade is reduced, and the cleaning effect is reduced. On the other hand, if the WSm is less than 0.5 mm, the cleaning blade does not vibrate and the cleaning performance is lowered, and the cleaning blade is likely to be turned up.
The waviness shape of the surface layer is preferably such that the arithmetic average waviness Wa is 0.10 μm or more and 0.27 μm or less, and the average length WSm of the contour curve elements is 0.6 mm or more and 1.3 mm or less, and Wa is More preferably, it is 0.13 μm or more and 0.25 μm or less, and WSm is 0.7 mm or more and 1.2 mm or less.

The arithmetic average waviness Wa and the average length WSm of the contour curve elements are parameters obtained from a waviness curve obtained by removing a short wavelength roughness component of 0.25 mm or less and a wavelength component of 2.5 mm or more. The arithmetic average waviness Wa and the average length WSm of the contour curve element are in conformity with JIS B 0601: 2001 standard. It is possible to obtain and measure a waviness curve in which a wavelength component longer than the waviness at 5 mm is cut off.
In the present invention, measurement is performed using a surface roughness meter (Surfcom 1400D, manufactured by Tokyo Seimitsu Co., Ltd.), but any measurement is possible as long as it is compliant with JIS standards and can be equivalently measured. An apparatus may be used.
Further, the measurement position and the number of measurements are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. However, it is preferable to measure a plurality of points in order to reduce measurement errors. For example, in the case of a cylindrical photoconductor, measurement is performed at a total of 12 points, that is, three points at the upper end, the center, and the lower end in the longitudinal direction, and four points every 90 ° in the circumferential direction. A value can be obtained.
In the present invention, measurement was performed at a reference length of 2.5 mm, a measurement length of 12.5 mm, and a measurement speed of 0.6 mm / s.

Regarding the shape control of the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, for example, (1) a method of adding a filler and adjusting the surface roughness according to the particle size or amount of the filler (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 52-026226, patent) No. 4056097), (2) A method of polishing after forming a coating film on the surface layer (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-139666, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-301092), (3) Mechanical surface roughness by sandblasting, etc. And the like (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-150850, Japanese Patent No. 3938210). However, although fine irregularities are formed by surface control with a filler, it is difficult to form large waviness as in the present invention, and even in the method of mechanically forming surface roughness, streaks are formed. It was difficult to form a swell due to the surface shape or dimple shape. In addition, as a general method for forming the surface layer, there are a dip coating method, a ring coating method, a roll coating method, a spray coating method, and the like. In order to form a surface layer having large undulations, it is necessary to devise.
Therefore, as a result of extensive studies by the present inventors, it has been found that a surface layer having a large swell can be formed by appropriately controlling the prescription of the coating liquid and the coating conditions using the spray coating method. did. The swell shape control in the spray coating method can control the swell according to the spray application conditions such as the atomizing air pressure and discharge amount during spray coating, the distance between the spray gun and the substrate, and the number of times of coating. It is also possible to form a swell by spraying a solvent or air after spray coating or immediately after dip coating. When the swell is controlled by the formulation of the coating liquid, the swell can be controlled by the type and amount of the leveling agent and the solvent in the coating liquid and the solid content concentration of the coating liquid. It is also possible to control the swell more effectively by combining these coating liquid formulations and coating methods.

An example of a method for controlling the swell will be described below, but the method for controlling the swell in the present invention is not limited to this.
For example, when the surface layer is formed by spray coating and waviness is controlled, any spray gun can be used during spray coating, but the discharge rate of the coating liquid, the atomizing air flow rate, the atomizing air pressure, etc. are controlled. What can be done is preferred. Examples of the spray gun include air spray, airless spray, electrostatic spray and the like. The spray may be vertical or horizontal. In the embodiment of the present invention, coating is performed using an air spray A100 manufactured by Meiji Machinery Co., Ltd.

  Here, in FIG. 1, the schematic of the spray coating used by this invention is shown. Reference numeral 21 denotes a spray gun, and 22 denotes a substrate to be coated. In FIG. 1, a substrate 22 is a photoreceptor production stage product in which a photosensitive layer is coated on a support, and a cylindrical support is used for the support. The substrate 22 is rotated in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 1 by the driving means, and the spray gun 21 applies the surface layer coating liquid onto the substrate 22 while atomizing. The spray gun 21 moves slowly in the direction of the arrow from the left end of the substrate 22 to apply the surface layer coating liquid over the entire surface of the substrate 22. The number of coatings of the surface layer coating solution is arbitrary.

The moving speed of the spray gun and the rotational speed of the substrate are arbitrary, but from the viewpoint of suppressing the occurrence of coating unevenness, the moving speed of the spray gun is preferably 10 mm / s or less, and the rotational speed of the substrate is preferably 80 rpm or more. The distance between the spray gun and the substrate is preferably 20 mm to 100 mm, more preferably 30 mm to 70 mm. If the distance between the spray gun and the substrate is less than 20 mm, the distance between the spray gun and the substrate is too close, and therefore coating unevenness exceeding the swell range of the present invention is likely to occur. Although it depends on the type of gun, adhesion efficiency generally decreases. Further, when the distance between the spray gun and the base is increased, the solvent in the atomized droplets discharged from the spray gun is likely to evaporate, and the droplets are reduced, so that undulation is difficult to form.
The discharge amount of the coating liquid is preferably 0.02 ml / s or more. When the discharge amount is less than 0.02 ml / s, since the discharge amount is small, the droplets become fine and undulation is difficult to be formed. The discharge amount can be controlled by the nozzle opening of the spray gun, the push-out amount of the syringe pump, and the like.

It is also possible to form swells by spraying the surface layer coating liquid with a solvent or air in a wet state immediately after the coating film. When the solvent is sprayed, the type of the solvent is arbitrary, but a solvent having a low boiling point is preferable so as not to remain on the coating film surface after spraying.
Moreover, in this invention, since the coating liquid for surface layers contains crosslinkable resin, the process of bridge | crosslinking a coating film is needed after spray coating. The touch drying time from spray coating to crosslinking is preferably within 10 minutes. When the touch drying time is long, the coating film is leveled, the waviness shape becomes small and may disappear.

  By providing the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with the waviness shape, it is possible to cause fine vibration of the cleaning blade and to provide good cleaning properties. At this time, by using a crosslinkable resin in the surface layer and further containing a filler, it is possible to increase the mechanical strength of the photoreceptor, dramatically improve the wear resistance, and maintain the undulation structure of the surface layer. Become. In addition, since the filler forms fine irregularities, the fine vibration of the cleaning blade is made more effective. When a crosslinkable resin or filler is not used, the photoconductor is scraped by long-term use and the waviness shape disappears, so that the cleaning property is gradually deteriorated. Therefore, in the present invention, by including a crosslinkable resin and a filler, the waviness shape can be maintained for a long period of time, and good cleaning properties can be provided for a long period of time.

  The surface layer contains at least a filler, a crosslinkable resin, and an amine compound represented by the following general formula (I), and further contains other components as necessary.

-Amine compound represented by formula (I)-
However, the formula (I), A and B may be the same as each other or different, _-CH 2 X, and _-CH 2 _CH 2 Y (provided that, X and Y, Each represents an aromatic residue which may have a substituent.
Examples of the aromatic residue include phenyl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, biphenyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, phenanthryl group, and the like.
Examples of the substituent include an alkyl group, an alkoxyl group, a halogen atom, and a cyano group.

  As described above, it is possible to greatly improve the cleaning property by giving the surface of the photoconductor a wavy shape, but the resolution of the image is more likely to be reduced compared to a photoconductor that does not have a wavy shape on the surface over a long period of use. It has been found. This is presumed to be due to the fact that the specific surface area of the surface of the photosensitive member increases due to the wavy shape, and is thus easily affected by ozone and NOx generated from the charger. Therefore, by including the amine compound represented by the general formula (I) in the surface layer, it is possible to reduce the influence of ozone and NOx even when the surface layer has a wavy shape. . Since the amine compound represented by the general formula (I) does not cause a change in the surface shape due to poor crosslinking, the surface undulation shape can be favorably formed, and a residual potential that is likely to occur when an additive is added. Deterioration of electrical characteristics such as an increase in the resistance is unlikely to occur.

  The content of the amine compound represented by the general formula (I) is preferably 1% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, and preferably 3% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less with respect to the total solid content in the surface layer. More preferably. When the content is less than 1% by mass, since the content of the amine compound represented by the general formula (I) is small, there may be little improvement in ozone resistance and NOx resistance, If it exceeds 20% by mass, the residual potential increases, which may cause a decrease in image density.

Specific examples of the amine compound represented by the general formula (I) are shown below, but are not limited thereto. By using these compounds, an electrophotographic photosensitive member having high ozone resistance and NOx resistance and showing stable performance can be provided.

-Crosslinkable resin-
The crosslinkable resin is a cured product obtained by curing a mixture of a radical polymerizable monomer (i) having three or more functional groups having no charge transporting structure and a radical polymerizable compound (ii) having a charge transporting structure. It is preferable to contain.

  By using the trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer (i) having no charge transport structure, a three-dimensional network structure is developed, and a high hardness surface layer having a very high crosslink density can be obtained. Moreover, by containing the radically polymerizable compound (ii) having a charge transporting structure, these are simultaneously polymerized and cured in a short time to form a high-hardness cross-linked bond, thereby improving durability. Furthermore, the radically polymerizable compound (ii) having a charge transporting structure and the radically polymerizable monomer (i) having three or more functional groups having a large number of reactive functional groups and a high curing speed and having no charge transporting structure are cured. Thus, it is possible to form a uniform crosslinked film with less distortion in the surface layer. As a result, the unreacted portion of the charge transport material is reduced in the surface layer, and the homogeneity inside the surface layer is greatly improved. As a result, it is possible to achieve both the improvement of the wear resistance and the stable electrostatic characteristics and the electrophotographic photoreceptor free from cracks.

  Hereinafter, for a surface layer containing a tri- or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer (i) having no charge transport structure and a radical polymerizable compound (ii) having a charge transport structure, which can be used in the present invention. The constituent materials of the coating liquid will be described.

-Trifunctional or higher functional radically polymerizable monomer (i) having no charge transporting structure-
Examples of the tri- or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer (i) having no charge transport structure include hole transport structures such as triarylamine, hydrazone, pyrazoline, carbazole, such as condensed polycyclic quinone, diphenoquinone, A monomer that does not have an electron transport structure such as an electron-withdrawing aromatic ring having a cyano group or a nitro group and has three or more radically polymerizable functional groups. The radical polymerizable functional group may be any group as long as it has a carbon-carbon double bond and is capable of radical polymerization. Examples of these radical polymerizable functional groups include 1-substituted ethylene functional groups and 1,1-substituted ethylene functional groups shown below.

As said 1-substituted ethylene functional group, the functional group represented by the following general formula (1) is mentioned suitably, for example.
However, in said general formula (1), X < ₁ > is arylene groups, such as phenylene group which may have a substituent, a naphthylene group, alkenylene group which may have a substituent, -CO- group, —COO— group, —CON (R ₃₀ ) — group (wherein R ₃₀ represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group such as a methyl group or an ethyl group, an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group, a naphthylmethyl group or a phenethyl group, a phenyl group, Represents an aryl group such as a naphthyl group), or -S- group.
Specific examples of these substituents include a vinyl group, a styryl group, a 2-methyl-1,3-butadienyl group, a vinylcarbonyl group, an acryloyloxy group, an acryloylamide group, and a vinyl thioether group.

As said 1,1-substituted ethylene functional group, the functional group represented by following General formula (2) is mentioned suitably, for example.
In the general formula (2), Y represents an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, a phenyl group which may have a substituent, or naphthyl. An aryl group such as a group, an alkoxy group such as a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, a methoxy group or an ethoxy group, a —COOR ₃₁ group (where R ₃₁ is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted methyl group) , An alkyl group such as an ethyl group, an optionally substituted benzyl, an aralkyl group such as a phenethyl group, an optionally substituted phenyl group, an aryl group such as a naphthyl group), or —CONR ₃₂ R ₃₃ (wherein R ₃₂ and R ₃₃ are each a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted methyl group, an alkyl group such as an ethyl group, an optionally substituted benzyl group, a naphthylmethyl group, Or phenethyl Aralkyl group such as or a substituent a phenyl group which may have a represents an aryl group such as a naphthyl group, may be the same or different from each other.) Further, X ₂ is the formula of (1) X ₁ represents the same substituent, single bond, and alkylene group as those described above.
However, at least one of Y and X ₂ is an oxycarbonyl group, a cyano group, an alkenylene group, and an aromatic ring.

Examples of these substituents include an α-acryloyloxy chloride group, a methacryloyloxy group, an α-cyanoethylene group, an α-cyanoacryloyloxy group, an α-cyanophenylene group, and a methacryloylamino group.
In addition, examples of the substituent further substituted on the substituents for X ₁ , X ₂ , and Y include, for example, halogen groups, nitro groups, cyano groups, methyl groups, ethyl groups and other alkyl groups, methoxy groups, ethoxy groups, and the like. And an aryloxy group such as a phenoxy group, an aryl group such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, and an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group and a phenethyl group.

  Among these radical polymerizable functional groups, an acryloyloxy group and a methacryloyloxy group are particularly useful, and a compound having three or more acryloyloxy groups includes, for example, a compound having three or more hydroxyl groups in the molecule. It can be obtained by an ester reaction or a transesterification reaction using acrylic acid (salt), acrylic acid halide, and acrylic ester. A compound having three or more methacryloyloxy groups can be obtained in the same manner. Further, the radical polymerizable functional groups in the monomer having three or more radical polymerizable functional groups may be the same or different.

Specific examples of the trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer (i) having no charge transporting structure include the following, but are not limited to these compounds.
Examples of the radical polymerizable monomer (i) used in the present invention include trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, HPA modified (alkylene modified) trimethylolpropane triacrylate, EO modified (ethyleneoxy modified). ) Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, PO modified (propyleneoxy modified) trimethylolpropane triacrylate, caprolactone modified trimethylolpropane triacrylate, HPA modified trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETTA), glycerol Triacrylate, ECH modified (epichlorohydrin modified) glycerol triacryl EO modified glycerol triacrylate, PO modified glycerol triacrylate, tris (acryloxyethyl) isocyanurate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (DPHA), caprolactone modified dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, dipentaerythritol hydroxypentaacrylate, alkyl modified Dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, alkyl-modified dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, alkyl-modified dipentaerythritol triacrylate, dimethylolpropane tetraacrylate (DTMPTA), pentaerythritol ethoxytetraacrylate, EO-modified phosphate triacrylate, 2, 2, 5, 5, -Tetrahydroxymethylcyclopentanone tetraacrylate And the like. The reason for the modification is to lower the viscosity of the monomer and make it easier to handle.

  These radical polymerizable monomers may be used alone or in combination, and it is preferable to use a mixture of a plurality of monomers having different numbers of functional groups. In particular, mixing a trifunctional monomer and a hexafunctional monomer is relatively effective in terms of electrical characteristics and mechanical characteristics. Further, the mass ratio is preferably 7: 3 to 3: 7, and more preferably 10:10. The mechanism by which the electrical properties and mechanical properties are improved by changing the number of functional groups is not clear, but by changing the number of functional groups, the crosslink density of the film changes and the charge transporting ability of the radical polymerizable compound having a charge transporting function is improved. It is speculated that it will change. When a radically polymerizable monomer having a small number of functional groups is used alone, the crosslink density is increased, so that the surface hardness is increased and the filming and the like tend to be reduced. There is a tendency to increase. On the other hand, when a polyfunctional polymerizable compound is used alone, the residual potential is reduced and the electrostatic characteristics tend to be improved, but side effects such as filming increase. Moreover, gas permeability becomes high and the tendency for gas resistance to fall a little is also seen. By combining a plurality of polymerizable compounds having different numbers of functional groups, the residual potential is reduced, the potential is stabilized over time, high wear resistance and scratch resistance are maintained, and abnormalities such as filming can be prevented. As a result, the effect of stabilizing the image quality can be obtained even after repeated use over a long period of time.

  The trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer (i) having no charge transporting structure has a molecular weight ratio (molecular weight / functional group number) to the functional group number in the monomer in order to form a dense cross-linked bond in the surface layer. ) Is preferably 250 or less. Further, when this ratio is larger than 250, the surface layer is soft and wear resistance is somewhat lowered. Therefore, among monomers exemplified above, monomers having a modifying group such as HPA, EO, and PO are extremely long modified. It is not preferable to use a group having a group alone.

  The component ratio of the tri- or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer (i) having no charge transport structure used in the surface layer is preferably 20% by mass to 80% by mass, and preferably 30% by mass to 70% by mass with respect to the total amount of the surface layer. % Is more preferable. When the proportion of the monomer component is less than 20% by mass, the three-dimensional cross-linking density of the surface layer is small, and a drastic improvement in wear resistance is not achieved as compared with the case of using a conventional thermoplastic binder resin. On the other hand, when the proportion of the monomer component exceeds 80% by mass, the content of the charge transporting compound is lowered, and the electrical characteristics are deteriorated. Since the required wear resistance and electrical characteristics differ depending on the process used, it cannot be generally stated, but the range of 30% by mass to 70% by mass is most preferable in consideration of the balance of both characteristics.

-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transporting structure (ii)-
The radically polymerizable compound (ii) having a charge transporting structure includes, for example, a hole transporting structure such as a triarylamine structure, a hydrazone structure, a pyrazoline structure, and a carbazole structure, such as a condensed polycyclic quinone, diphenoquinone, a cyano group, and a nitro group. A compound having an electron transport structure such as an electron-withdrawing aromatic ring having a group and having a radical polymerizable functional group. Examples of the radical polymerizable functional group include those previously shown for the radical polymerizable monomer, and acryloyloxy group and methacryloyloxy group are particularly useful. Further, as the charge transporting structure, a triarylamine structure is preferable because of its high effect.

Furthermore, when a compound represented by the structure of the following general formula (3) or (4) is used, electrical characteristics such as sensitivity and residual potential are favorably maintained.

In the general formulas (3) and (4), R ₁ may have a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. Good aryl group, cyano group, nitro group, alkoxy group, —COOR ₂ (R ₂ has a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. Aryl group), halogenated carbonyl group or CONR ₃ R ₄ (R ₃ and R ₄ are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent) Or an aryl group which may have a substituent, which may be the same or different from each other), Ar ₁ and Ar ₂ each represent a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, May be different. Ar _{3 and} Ar ₄ represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and may be the same or different. X represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene ether group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a vinylene group, and Z represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene. Represents a group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene ether group or an alkyleneoxycarbonyl group. m and n each represent an integer of 0 to 3.

In the general formulas (3) and (4), examples of the alkyl group in R ₁ include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and a butyl group. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. As benzyl group, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, and alkoxy groups include methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group, etc., which are halogen atom, nitro group, cyano group, methyl group, ethyl group, respectively. May be substituted with an alkyl group such as methoxy group, ethoxy group, etc., aryloxy group such as phenoxy group, aryl group such as phenyl group, naphthyl group, aralkyl group such as benzyl group, phenethyl group, etc. . Particularly preferred among R ₁ are a hydrogen atom and a methyl group.

Ar ₃ and Ar ₄ each represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. In the present invention, the aryl group includes a condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon group, a non-condensed cyclic hydrocarbon group, and a heterocyclic group, and includes the following groups.
The condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon group preferably has 18 or less carbon atoms forming a ring, for example, a pentanyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptaenyl group, a biphenylenyl group, an As-indacenyl group. , S-indacenyl group, fluorenyl group, acenaphthylenyl group, preadenyl group, acenaphthenyl group, phenalenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, acephenanthrenyl group, aceanthrylenyl group, triphenylyl group, pyrenyl group , Chrycenyl group, naphthacenyl group and the like.

Examples of the non-condensed cyclic hydrocarbon group include monovalent groups of monocyclic hydrocarbon compounds such as benzene, diphenyl ether, polyethylene diphenyl ether, diphenyl thioether, and diphenyl sulfone, or biphenyl, polyphenyl, diphenylalkane, diphenylalkene, and diphenyl. A monovalent group of a non-condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon compound such as alkyne, triphenylmethane, distyrylbenzene, 1,1-diphenylcycloalkane, polyphenylalkane or polyphenylalkene, or a ring such as 9,9-diphenylfluorene And monovalent groups of aggregated hydrocarbon compounds.
Examples of the heterocyclic group include monovalent groups such as carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, oxadiazole, and thiadiazole.

The aryl group represented by Ar ₃ and Ar ₄ may have a substituent as shown below, for example.
(1) A halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, etc. are mentioned.
(2) An alkyl group. Preferably, C ₁ -C ₁₂ especially C ₁ -C _8, more preferably a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group of C ₁ -C _4, in these alkyl groups, a fluorine atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group , C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy group, phenyl group or halogen atom, C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl group or C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy group substituted phenyl group. Specifically, methyl group, ethyl group, n-butyl group, i-propyl group, t-butyl group, s-butyl group, n-propyl group, trifluoromethyl group, 2-hydroxyethyl group, 2-ethoxy Examples include ethyl group, 2-cyanoethyl group, 2-methoxyethyl group, benzyl group, 4-chlorobenzyl group, 4-methylbenzyl group, 4-phenylbenzyl group and the like.

(3) an alkoxy group _(-OR a). R _a represents an alkyl group defined in (2). Specifically, methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, i-propoxy group, t-butoxy group, n-butoxy group, s-butoxy group, i-butoxy group, 2-hydroxyethoxy group, benzyloxy group And a trifluoromethoxy group.
(4) Aryloxy group. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. It may contain an alkoxy group having C ₁ -C _4, alkyl group, or a halogen atom C ₁ -C ₄ as a substituent. Specific examples include a phenoxy group, a 1-naphthyloxy group, a 2-naphthyloxy group, a 4-methoxyphenoxy group, and a 4-methylphenoxy group.
(5) Alkyl mercapto group or aryl mercapto group. Specific examples include a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, a phenylthio group, and a p-methylphenylthio group.

(6) A group represented by the following formula (α).
In the formula, R ₁₀ and R ₁₁ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group defined in (2) above, or an aryl group. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group, biphenyl group or a naphthyl group, and these may contain an alkoxy group of C ₁ -C _4, alkyl group, or a halogen atom C ₁ -C ₄ as a substituent. R ₁₀ and R ₁₁ may form a ring together.
Specifically, amino group, diethylamino group, N-methyl-N-phenylamino group, N, N-diphenylamino group, N, N-di (tolyl) amino group, dibenzylamino group, piperidino group, morpholino group And pyrrolidino group.

(7) An alkylenedioxy group or an alkylenedithio group such as a methylenedioxy group or a methylenedithio group.
(8) Substituted or unsubstituted styryl group, substituted or unsubstituted β-phenylstyryl group, diphenylaminophenyl group, ditolylaminophenyl group, and the like.

The arylene group represented by Ar ₁ or Ar ₂ is a divalent group derived from the aryl group represented by Ar ₃ or Ar ₄ .
X represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene ether group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a vinylene group.
The alkylene group for X is a C _{1 to} C ₁₂ , preferably C _{1 to} C ₈ , more preferably C _{1 to} C ₄ linear or branched alkylene group. atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, optionally having a C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy group, a phenyl group or a halogen atom, C ₁ -C phenyl group substituted by ₄ alkyl or alkoxy group of C ₁ -C ₄ Also good. Specifically, methylene group, ethylene group, n-butylene group, i-propylene group, t-butylene group, s-butylene group, n-propylene group, trifluoromethylene group, 2-hydroxyethylene group, 2-ethoxyethylene. Group, 2-cyanoethylene group, 2-methoxyethylene group, benzylidene group, phenylethylene group, 4-chlorophenylethylene group, 4-methylphenylethylene group, 4-biphenylethylene group and the like.

The cycloalkylene group in X is a C _{5 to} C ₇ cyclic alkylene group, and these cyclic alkylene groups include a fluorine atom, a hydroxyl group, a C _{1 to} C ₄ alkyl group, a C _{1 to} C ₄ alkoxy group, and the like. You may have the substituent of. Specific examples of the cycloalkylene group include a cyclohexylidene group, a cyclohexylene group, and a 3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene group.
Examples of the alkylene ether group in X include ethyleneoxy, propyleneoxy, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, and tripropylene glycol. The alkylene group of the alkylene ether group includes a hydroxyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, and the like. You may have a substituent.

The vinylene group in X is represented by the following two structural formulas.
However, R ₁₂ is hydrogen, an alkyl group (same as the alkyl group defined in (2) above), an aryl group (same as the aryl group represented by Ar ₃ or Ar ₄ above), a is 1 or 2, b Represents 1-3.

  Z represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene ether group, or an alkyleneoxycarbonyl group. Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group include the same alkylene groups as those described above for X. Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene ether group include the alkylene ether group represented by X. Examples of the alkyleneoxycarbonyl group include a caprolactone-modified group.

As the radically polymerizable compound (ii) having the charge transport structure, a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (5) is more preferable.
However, the general formula (5), p, q, and o are each an integer of 0 or 1, R ₅ is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, R _6, and R ₇ are substituents other than hydrogen atoms Represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and a plurality thereof may be different. s and t represent an integer of 0 to 3. Z ₂ represents a single bond, a methylene group, an ethylene group, or a group represented by the following structural formula.
The compound represented by the general formula (5) is particularly preferably a compound having a methyl group or an ethyl group as a substituent for R ₆ and R ₇ .

  Since the radically polymerizable compound (ii) having the charge transport structure represented by the general formulas (3) and (4), particularly (5), is polymerized by opening a carbon-carbon double bond on both sides, In a polymer that does not become a terminal structure, is incorporated in a chain polymer, and is crosslinked by polymerization with a radically polymerizable monomer having three or more functions, it exists in the main chain of the polymer, and the main chain- Present in a cross-linked chain between main chains (this cross-linked chain includes an inter-molecular cross-linked chain between one polymer and another polymer, and a site with a main chain folded in one polymer) There is an intramolecular cross-linked chain that is cross-linked with another site derived from the polymerized monomer at a position away from this in the main chain). Even if present, the triarylamine structure suspended from the chain moiety is It has at least three aryl groups arranged in the radial direction and is bulky, but it is not directly bonded to the chain part and is suspended from the chain part via a carbonyl group, etc. Since these triarylamine structures can be spatially arranged adjacent to each other in the polymer, there is little structural distortion in the molecule, and the electrophotographic photoreceptor In the case of the surface layer, it is presumed that an intramolecular structure that is relatively free from interruption of the charge transport pathway can be taken.

In the present invention, the specific acrylic ester compound represented by the following general formula (6) can also be favorably used as a radical polymerizable compound having a charge transporting structure.
_{B 1 -Ar 5 -CH = CH-} Ar 6 -B 2 ··· Formula (6)
However, in the general formula (6), Ar ₅ represents a monovalent group or a divalent group having a substituent or an unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon skeleton. Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon skeleton include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl, and the like. Examples of the substituent include an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a benzyl group, and a halogen atom. The alkyl group and alkoxy group may further have a halogen atom or a phenyl group as a substituent.

Ar ₆ is a monovalent group or divalent group composed of an aromatic hydrocarbon skeleton having at least one tertiary amino group, or a monovalent group composed of a heterocyclic compound skeleton having at least one tertiary amino group. Alternatively, it represents a divalent group. Here, the aromatic hydrocarbon skeleton having a tertiary amino group is represented by the following general formula (7).
In the general formula (7), R ₁₃ and R ₁₄ represent an acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. Ar ₇ represents an aryl group. w represents an integer of 1 to 3.
Examples of the acyl group for R ₁₃ and R ₁₄ include an acetyl group, a propionyl group, and a benzoyl group.
The substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group for R ₁₃ and R ₁₄ is the same as the alkyl group described for the substituent for Ar ₅ .
The substituted or unsubstituted aryl group for R ₁₃ and R ₁₄ is phenyl group, naphthyl group, biphenylyl group, terphenylyl group, pyrenyl group, fluorenyl group, 9,9-dimethyl-2-fluorenyl group, azulenyl group, anthryl group, In addition to the triphenylenyl group and the chrycenyl group, a group represented by the following general formula (8) can be exemplified.

In the general formula (8), B is selected from —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO ₂ —, —CO—, and the following divalent groups.
Here, R ₂₁ is a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group defined by Ar ₅ , an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group defined by R ₁₃ , an amino group, a nitro group, Represents a cyano group, R ₂₂ represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group defined by Ar ₅ , a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group defined by R ₁₃ , i is an integer of 1 to 12, j represents an integer of 1 to 3.

Examples of the alkoxy group of R ₂₁ include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group, an i-propoxy group, an n-butoxy group, an i-butoxy group, an s-butoxy group, a t-butoxy group, and a 2-hydroxyethoxy group. , 2-cyanoethoxy group, benzyloxy group, 4-methylbenzyloxy group, trifluoromethoxy group and the like.
Examples of the halogen atom for R ₂₁ include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
Examples of the amino group of R ₂₁ include a diphenylamino group, a ditolylamino group, a dibenzylamino group, and a 4-methylbenzyl group.

Examples of the aryl group of Ar ₇ include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a biphenylyl group, a terphenylyl group, a pyrenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a 9,9-dimethyl-2-fluorenyl group, an azulenyl group, an anthryl group, a triphenylenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. Can be mentioned.
Ar ₇ , R ₁₃ and R ₁₄ may have an alkyl group, alkoxy group or halogen atom defined by Ar ₅ as a substituent.

Examples of the heterocyclic compound skeleton having a tertiary amino group include amine structures such as pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, dioxazole, indole, isoindole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, benzisoxazine, carbazole, and phenoxazine. The heterocyclic compound which has is mentioned. These may have an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a halogen atom defined by Ar ₅ as a substituent.

B ₁ and B ₂ represent an acryloyloxy group, a methacryloyloxy group, a vinyl group, an acryloyloxy group, a methacryloyloxy group, an alkyl group having a vinyl group, an acryloyloxy group, a methacryloyloxy group, or an alkoxy group having a vinyl group. As the alkyl group and alkoxy group, those described for Ar ₅ are similarly applied. Only _{one of} these B ₁ and B ₂ is present, and the presence of both is excluded.

Similarly to the acrylic ester compound of the general formula (6), a compound of the following general formula (9) can also be used favorably.
In the general formula (9), R ₈ and R ₉ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, or a halogen atom, and Ar ₇ and Ar ₈ represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. Or an arylene group and a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group are represented. As the alkyl group, alkoxy group, and halogen atom, those described for Ar ₅ are similarly applied.
The aryl group is the same as the aryl group defined by R ₁₃ and R ₁₄ in the general formula (7). An arylene group is a divalent group derived from the aryl group.
B _{1 to} B ₄ represent the same groups as B ₁ and B ₂ in the general formula (6), and only one of them exists, and the presence of two or more is excluded. u represents an integer of 0 to 5, and v represents an integer of 0 to 4.

  The specific acrylic ester compound has the following characteristics. It is a tertiary amine compound having a stilbene-type conjugated structure, and has a developed conjugated system. By using such a charge transporting compound with a conjugated system, the charge injection at the interface of the surface layer becomes very good, and even when it is immobilized between crosslinks, intermolecular interaction is inhibited. It has a good characteristic with respect to charge mobility. Further, it has an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group having high radical polymerizability in the molecule, so that it rapidly gels during radical polymerization and does not cause excessive crosslinking distortion. The double bond at the stilbene structure in the molecule partially participates in the polymerization, and the polymerization is lower than the acryloyloxy group or methacryloyloxy group. In addition, since the number of cross-linking reactions per molecular weight can be increased due to the use of double bonds in the molecule, the cross-linking density can be increased, and further improvement in wear resistance can be realized. It was. In addition, the degree of polymerization of this double bond can be adjusted depending on the crosslinking conditions, and an optimum crosslinked film can be easily produced. Such cross-linking participation in radical polymerization is a specific feature of the acrylate compound and does not occur in the α-phenylstilbene type structure as described above.

  In view of the above, the use of a charge transporting compound having a radical polymerizable functional group represented by the general formula (6), particularly the general formula (9), while maintaining good electrical characteristics and generating cracks and the like. Films with extremely high crosslink density can be formed without causing them, thereby satisfying various characteristics of the photoconductor, preventing silica fine particles from sticking into the photoconductor, and reducing image defects such as white spots. be able to.

  The radically polymerizable compound (ii) having a charge transporting structure used in the present invention is important for imparting the charge transport performance of the surface layer, and this component is 20% by mass to 80% by mass with respect to the total amount of the surface layer. The content of the coating liquid component is adjusted so that it is preferably 30% by mass to 70% by mass. If this component is less than 20% by mass, the charge transport performance of the surface layer cannot be maintained sufficiently, and deterioration of electrical characteristics such as a decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential appear with repeated use. On the other hand, if it exceeds 80% by mass, the content of the tri- or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transport structure is lowered, resulting in a decrease in the crosslink density, and high wear resistance is not exhibited. Although the electrical characteristics and wear resistance required by the process used are different, it cannot be said unconditionally. However, in consideration of the balance of both characteristics, the range of 30% by mass to 70% by mass is most preferable.

-Filler-
The surface layer preferably contains a filler in order to form fine irregularities and improve mechanical durability.
As the filler, either an organic filler or an inorganic filler can be used, but it is preferable to use a high-hardness inorganic filler in order to form a stronger film.

Examples of the organic filler include fluorine resin powder such as polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone resin powder, and carbon fine particles.
The carbon fine particles are particles having a structure mainly composed of carbon. Particles having a structure such as amorphous, diamond, graphite, amorphous carbon, fullerene, zeppelin, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, and the like. Among these structures, particles containing hydrogen-containing diamond-like carbon or amorphous carbon structure have good mechanical and chemical durability. The diamond-like carbon or amorphous carbon film containing hydrogen is a particle in which similar structures such as a diamond structure having an SP ₃ orbit, a graphite structure having an SP ₂ orbit, and an amorphous carbon structure are mixed. Diamond-like carbon or amorphous carbon fine particles are not composed only of carbon, but may contain other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, boron, phosphorus, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Absent.

  Examples of the inorganic filler include metal powders such as copper, tin, aluminum, and indium, metal oxides such as silicon oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, indium oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide, and potassium titanate. Can be mentioned. Among these, metal oxides are good, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide (alumina), and titanium oxide are more preferable, and alumina is particularly preferable. Also, fine particles such as colloidal silica and colloidal alumina can be used effectively.

If the filler content in the surface layer is too high, the residual potential may increase, the writing light transmittance of the cross-linked surface layer may decrease, and side effects may occur. Accordingly, it is preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, based on the total solid content.
The particle size of the filler is preferably 0.1 μm or more and 1.0 μm or less, and more preferably 0.1 μm or more and 0.5 μm or less in order to form a fine uneven shape. When the particle diameter of the filler is smaller than 0.1 μm, fine irregularities may not be formed because the particle diameter is too small. On the other hand, when the particle size of the filler is larger than 1.0 μm, the convex shape due to the filler becomes large, and the behavior of the cleaning blade may become unstable, leading to deterioration of the blade and poor cleaning.
The particle diameter of the filler means an average particle diameter of primary particles representing a particle group, and is expressed as a number average diameter. Specifically, it can be obtained by directly cutting a filler or a photoreceptor including a surface layer containing the filler and directly observing the cross section with an electron microscope or the like.

  The surface layer can obtain a good cleaning property by forming a fine uneven shape with a filler. However, if the filler is not uniformly dispersed, the cleaning property is impaired, and further, the residual potential may increase, the transparency of the coating film may decrease, the occurrence of coating film defects, and the wear resistance may decrease. . In order to suppress this, an organic compound having a carboxyl group in the structure may be employed as the dispersion medium. In order to reduce the residual potential, a dispersion medium having an acid value of 10 mgKOH / g to 400 mgKOH / g is preferably employed. Of these, polycarboxylic acid derivatives are particularly preferably used. The acid value is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize free fatty acids contained in 1 g.

Moreover, even if the acid value of the dispersant is not in the range of 10 mgKOH / g to 400 mgKOH / g, a mixture of a resin or additive having an acid value of 10 mgKOH / g to 400 mgKOH / g may be employed. . As such a resin or additive, for example, an organic fatty acid, a high acid value resin, or the like can be employed.
The dispersant (dispersion medium) employed for forming the surface layer is not particularly limited, and any known dispersant may be used, but has a structure containing at least one carboxyl group in the polymer or copolymer. A polycarboxylic acid derivative that preferably employs an organic compound having improved dispersibility is particularly preferred.

The carboxylic acid site in the dispersant plays an important role of giving an acid value and improving dispersibility. The hydrophilic inorganic filler has a low affinity with an organic solvent or a binder resin, and as such is not dispersed well by any dispersing means. In contrast, the dispersant has a high affinity with the inorganic filler at the carboxylic acid site, and a high affinity with the binder resin or organic solvent at the other polymer sites. Affinity with resin and the like can be increased. This makes it possible to greatly increase the dispersibility of the filler.
The dispersant is effective even if it has one carboxyl group, but the polycarboxylic acid derivative having more carboxyl groups improves the dispersibility of the filler and reduces the residual potential. Etc. are effective. Not only the affinity between the dispersant and the filler is increased, but also by having an affinity between the dispersants, the dispersibility of the filler is improved, and at the same time, the effect is maintained and the sedimentation property of the filler is suppressed. This is because an effect can be obtained.

  The acid value of the dispersant is preferably 10 mgKOH / g to 400 mgKOH / g, more preferably 30 mgKOH / g to 200 mgKOH / g. If the acid value is higher than necessary, image blurring may appear. If the acid value is too low, the amount added must be increased, and the effect of reducing the residual potential will be insufficient. It is necessary to determine the acid value of the dispersant by a balance with the amount added. The acid value of the dispersant does not directly affect the residual potential reduction effect, but is influenced by the structure, molecular weight, filler type, and dispersibility of the dispersant used. In some cases, the effect of reducing the residual potential may be increased by mixing these materials with organic fatty acids and the like.

The added amount of the dispersant preferably satisfies the following relational expression.
0.1 <(addition amount of dispersing agent × acid value of dispersing agent) / (addition amount of filler) <20
In particular, in the above relational expression, it is preferable to set the required minimum amount.
If the amount added is larger than necessary, the effect of image blur may appear, and if it is too small, the effect of improving dispersibility and reducing the residual potential will not be sufficiently exerted, causing the occurrence of abnormal images. Become.

  The filler can be dispersed by using a conventional method such as a ball mill, attritor, sand mill, or ultrasonic wave together with at least an organic solvent and, if necessary, a dispersant. As the material of the media used, conventionally used media such as zirconia, alumina, and agate can be used, but it is more preferable to use alumina from the viewpoint of filler dispersibility and residual potential reduction effect. Α-type alumina having excellent wear resistance is particularly preferable. Zirconia has a large amount of media wear at the time of dispersion, and not only does the residual potential increase significantly due to the mixing of these media, but also the dispersibility decreases due to the mixing of the wear powder, and the sedimentation of the filler significantly decreases. On the other hand, when alumina is used as the medium, the wear amount of the medium during dispersion can be kept low, and the influence of the mixed wear powder on the residual potential is very small. Even if wear powder is mixed, the influence on dispersibility is small compared to other media. Therefore, it is more preferable to use alumina as a medium used for dispersion.

The dispersant is preferably added together with the filler and the organic solvent before dispersion because it suppresses aggregation of the filler in the coating liquid and further suppresses the sedimentation of the filler and remarkably improves the dispersibility of the filler.
On the other hand, the binder resin and the charge transport material can be added before the dispersion, but in this case, the dispersibility is slightly lowered. Therefore, the binder resin and the charge transport material are preferably added after being dispersed in a state dissolved in an organic solvent.

The surface layer is formed by reacting and curing a tri- or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer (i) having no charge transport structure and a radical polymerizable compound (ii) having a charge transport structure, Besides this, monofunctional and bifunctional radically polymerizable monomers, functional monomers and radically polymerizable oligomers for the purpose of imparting functions such as viscosity adjustment during coating, stress relaxation of the surface layer, low surface energy and friction coefficient reduction. Can be used in combination. Known radical polymerizable monomers and oligomers can be used.
When a large amount of monofunctional and bifunctional radically polymerizable monomers and radically polymerizable oligomers are contained, the three-dimensional cross-linking density of the surface layer is substantially lowered, and wear resistance may be lowered. Therefore, the content of these monomers and oligomers is preferably 50 parts by mass or less and more preferably 30 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the tri- or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer.

The surface layer used in the present invention is formed by applying a coating liquid containing a monomer of a crosslinkable resin, polymerizing and curing the coating liquid, and this crosslinking reaction proceeds efficiently as necessary. Therefore, a polymerization initiator (for example, a thermal polymerization initiator or a photopolymerization initiator) may be used in the coating solution.
Examples of the thermal polymerization initiator include 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, t-butylcumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5- Di (peroxybenzoyl) hexyne-3, di-t-butyl peroxide, 2,2-bis (4,4-di-t-butylperoxycyclohexyl) propane, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydrobell Peroxide initiators such as oxide and lauroyl peroxide; azobisisobutyronitrile, azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile, methyl azobisisobutyrate, azobisisobutylamidine hydrochloride, 4,4'-azobis-4-cyanovaleric acid, etc. And azo initiators. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  Examples of the photopolymerization initiator include diethoxyacetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethane-1-one, 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl- (2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone, 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1- (4-morpholinophenyl) butanone-1, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, Initiation of acetophenone or ketal photopolymerization of 2-methyl-2-morpholino (4-methylthiophenyl) propan-1-one, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione-2- (o-ethoxycarbonyl) oxime, etc. Agent, benzoin, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin isobuty Benzoin ether photopolymerization initiators such as ether, benzoin isopropyl ether, benzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, methyl o-benzoylbenzoate, 2-benzoylnaphthalene, 4-benzoylbiphenyl, 4-benzoylphenyl ether, acrylated benzophenone, Benzophenone photopolymerization initiators such as 1,4-benzoylbenzene, thioxanthone series such as 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2,4-dimethylthioxanthone, 2,4-diethylthioxanthone, 2,4-dichlorothioxanthone As photopolymerization initiators and other photopolymerization initiators, ethyl anthraquinone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl Phenylethoxyphosphine oxide, bis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide, bis (2,4-dimethoxybenzoyl) -2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide, methylphenylglyoxyester, 9,10 -Phenanthrene, an acridine type compound, a triazine type compound, an imidazole type compound is mentioned. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  Moreover, what has a photopolymerization acceleration effect can also be used individually or in combination with the said photoinitiator. Examples include triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, isoamyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, (2-dimethylamino) ethyl benzoate, 4,4′-dimethylaminobenzophenone, and the like.

  The content of the polymerization initiator is preferably 0.5 parts by mass to 40 parts by mass and more preferably 1 part by mass to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total content having radical polymerizability.

The surface layer coating liquid may contain additives such as various plasticizers (for the purpose of stress relaxation and adhesion improvement), leveling agents, and low molecular charge transport materials having no radical reactivity, as necessary. Known additives can be used as these additives, and as the plasticizer, those used in general resins such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate can be used, and the amount used is a coating for the surface layer. 20 mass% or less is preferable with respect to the total solid of a liquid, and 10 mass% or less is more preferable.
As the leveling agent, for example, silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil, polymers or oligomers having a perfluoroalkyl group in the side chain can be used, and the amount used is the total solids of the surface layer coating solution. 3 mass% or less is preferable with respect to a minute.

The surface layer coating method is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include a spray coating method, a dip coating method, a ring coating method, and a bead coating method. Among these, when controlling undulation at the time of coating, it is preferable to apply by spray coating.
The surface layer coating solution can be diluted with a solvent and applied. At this time, the solvent used is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, methanol, Alcohols such as ethanol, propanol and butanol, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone, esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and propyl ether, dichloromethane, dichloroethane and trichloroethane And halogen series such as chlorobenzene, aromatic series such as benzene, toluene and xylene, and cellosolv series such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve and cellosolve acetate. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
The solid content concentration of the surface layer coating liquid varies depending on the solubility of the composition and the target thickness, and is arbitrary. However, when the solid content concentration is low, it is difficult to form a wavy shape. Is preferably 15% by mass or more.

  The thickness of the surface layer is preferably 1 μm to 8 μm, and more preferably 2 μm to 6 μm. Since the surface layer has undulations, if the thickness is less than 1 μm, the undulation valley portion becomes thinner, and therefore the surface layer may be peeled off by use in the image forming process. May increase and cause a decrease in image density.

-Curing method-
The surface layer is formed by applying energy from the outside after being applied with the surface layer coating liquid, and then curing the surface layer coating liquid. At this time, the external energy includes heat, light, and radiation. The heat energy is applied by heating from the coating surface side or the support side using air, a gas such as nitrogen, steam, various heat media, infrared rays, or electromagnetic waves. The heating temperature is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 170 ° C. or lower. When the heating temperature is lower than 100 ° C., the reaction rate is slow and the reaction is not completely completed. When the temperature is higher than 170 ° C., the reaction proceeds non-uniformly and a large strain is generated in the surface layer. In order to advance the curing reaction uniformly, it is also effective to complete the reaction by heating at a relatively low temperature of less than 100 ° C. and then heating to 100 ° C. or more. As the energy of light, a UV irradiation light source such as a high-pressure mercury lamp or a metal halide lamp having an emission wavelength mainly in ultraviolet light can be used, but a visible light source can also be selected according to the absorption wavelength of the radical polymerizable substance or photopolymerization initiator. Is possible.
The amount of irradiation light is preferably 50 mW / cm ² or more, more preferably 500 mW / cm ² or more, and still more preferably 1,000 mW / cm ² or more. By using irradiation light having an illuminance greater than 1,000 mW / cm ² , the progress rate of the polymerization reaction is significantly increased, and a more uniform surface layer can be formed. Examples of radiation energy include those using electron beams. Among these energies, curing with heat energy may cause the crosslinkable resin to be leveled by heat during the curing reaction and cause the undulation of the surface layer to disappear. What was there is useful.

  When the surface layer is cured by the light energy or radiation energy, it is preferable to perform drying in order to remove the residual solvent after curing. The drying temperature and time can be arbitrarily selected depending on the boiling point of the solvent used in the coating solution for the surface layer, but are preferably about 100 to 150 ° C. and about 10 to 30 minutes.

<Layer structure of electrophotographic photoreceptor>
The layer structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B.
2A and 2B are partial cross-sectional views showing the layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. FIG. 2A shows a photoreceptor in which a surface layer 33 is laminated on a photosensitive layer having a single layer structure in which a photosensitive layer 32 having a charge generation function and a charge transport function is provided on a support 31 at the same time. FIG. 2B shows a photosensitive layer in which a surface layer 33 is laminated on a photosensitive layer having a laminated structure in which a charge generation layer 34 having a charge generation function and a charge transport layer 35 having a charge transport material function are laminated on a support 31. Is the body.

<< Support >>
As the support, one having a volume resistance of 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm or less, for example, metal such as aluminum, nickel, chromium, nichrome, copper, gold, silver, platinum, metal oxide such as tin oxide, indium oxide, etc. Vapor deposition or sputtering, film or cylindrical plastic, paper coated, or a plate of aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, stainless steel, etc. Pipes with surface treatment such as super finishing and polishing can be used. Further, an endless nickel belt and an endless stainless steel belt disclosed in JP-A-52-36016 can also be used as a support.

  In addition, those in which conductive powder is dispersed in an appropriate binder resin and coated on the support can also be used as the support. Examples of the conductive powder include carbon black, acetylene black, metal powder such as aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc and silver, or metal oxide powder such as conductive tin oxide and ITO. Can be mentioned. The binder resin used at the same time is polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer. , Polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyarylate resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl toluene, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, Thermoplastic, thermosetting resin or photo-curing resin such as melamine resin, urethane resin, phenol resin, alkyd resin and the like can be mentioned. Such a conductive layer can be provided by dispersing and coating these conductive powder and binder resin in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, methyl ethyl ketone, and toluene.

  Conductive layer by heat-shrinkable tube containing conductive powder in materials such as polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyester, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, chlorinated rubber, Teflon (registered trademark) on a suitable cylindrical substrate Those provided with can also be used favorably as a conductive support.

  Next, the photosensitive layer will be described. The photosensitive layer may have a laminated structure or a single layer structure. In the case of a laminated structure, the photosensitive layer is composed of a charge generation layer having a charge generation function and a charge transport layer having a charge transport function. In the case of a single layer structure, the photosensitive layer is a layer having a charge generation function and a charge transport function at the same time. Hereinafter, each of the photosensitive layer having a laminated structure and the photosensitive layer having a single layer structure will be described.

<< Photosensitive layer of laminated structure >>
-Charge generation layer-
The charge generation layer is a layer mainly composed of a charge generation material having a charge generation function, and a binder resin can be used in combination as necessary. As the charge generation material, inorganic materials and organic materials can be used.

  Examples of the inorganic material include crystalline selenium, amorphous selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-tellurium-halogen, selenium-arsenic compound, and amorphous silicon. As the amorphous silicon, those in which dangling bonds are terminated with hydrogen atoms or halogen atoms, or those in which boron atoms or phosphorus atoms are doped are preferably used.

  A known material can be used as the organic material. For example, phthalocyanine pigments such as metal phthalocyanine and metal-free phthalocyanine, azulenium salt pigments, squaric acid methine pigments, azo pigments having carbazole skeleton, azo pigments having triphenylamine skeleton, azo pigments having diphenylamine skeleton, dibenzothiophene skeleton Azo pigments having a fluorenone skeleton, azo pigments having an oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigments having a bis-stilbene skeleton, azo pigments having a distyryl oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigments having a distyrylcarbazole skeleton, perylene Pigments, anthraquinone or polycyclic quinone pigments, quinoneimine pigments, diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane pigments, benzoquinone and naphthoquinone pigments, cyanine and azomethine pigments, indigo Id based pigments, and bisbenzimidazole pigments. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the binder resin used for the charge generation layer as needed include polyamide, polyurethane, epoxy resin, polyketone, polycarbonate, silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl ketone, polystyrene, and poly-N-vinyl. Examples thereof include carbazole and polyacrylamide. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
In addition to the binder resin described above, the charge generating layer binder resin may be a polymer charge transport material having a charge transport function, such as an arylamine skeleton, a benzidine skeleton, a hydrazone skeleton, a carbazole skeleton, a stilbene skeleton, or a pyrazoline. A polymer material such as a polycarbonate, polyester, polyurethane, polyether, polysiloxane, or acrylic resin having a skeleton, a polymer material having a polysilane skeleton, or the like can be used.

The charge generation layer may contain a low molecular charge transport material. Low molecular charge transport materials that can be used in the charge generation layer include hole transport materials and electron transport materials.
Examples of the electron transport material include chloroanil, bromoanil, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2, 4,5,7-tetranitroxanthone, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, 2,6,8-trinitro-4H-indeno [1,2-b] thiophen-4-one, 1,3,7- Examples thereof include electron-accepting substances such as trinitrodibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide and diphenoquinone derivatives. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  Examples of the hole transporting material include the electron donating materials shown below and are used favorably. As hole transport materials, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, monoarylamine derivatives, diarylamine derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, α-phenylstilbene derivatives, benzidine derivatives, diarylmethane derivatives, triaryls Examples thereof include methane derivatives, 9-styrylanthracene derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, divinylbenzene derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, indene derivatives, butadiene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, bisstilbene derivatives, enamine derivatives, and distyryl derivatives. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the method for forming the charge generation layer include a vacuum thin film preparation method and a casting method from a solution dispersion system.
For the vacuum thin film preparation method, a vacuum deposition method, a glow discharge decomposition method, an ion plating method, a sputtering method, a reactive sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like is used, and the above-described inorganic materials and organic materials are formed well. it can.
In order to provide the charge generation layer by the casting method from the solution dispersion, the inorganic or organic charge generation material described above, together with a binder resin, if necessary, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dioxolane, toluene, dichloromethane, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone. , Using a solvent such as cyclopentanone, anisole, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc., by dispersing with a ball mill, attritor, sand mill, bead mill, etc. Can be formed. Moreover, leveling agents, such as a dimethyl silicone oil and a methylphenyl silicone oil, can be added as needed. The application can be performed by dip coating, spray coating, bead coating, ring coating, or the like.
The thickness of the charge generation layer provided as described above is preferably 0.01 μm to 5 μm, more preferably 0.05 μm to 2 μm.

-Charge transport layer-
The charge transport layer is a layer having a charge transport function, wherein a charge transport material having a charge transport function and a binder resin are dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate solvent, and this is coated on the charge generation layer and dried. To form.

  As the charge transport material, the electron transport material, hole transport material and polymer charge transport material described in the charge generation layer can be used. Of these, distyryl derivatives are preferably used. The distyryl derivative refers to a material having two styryl groups. Since these materials have large π conjugation and high movement, charge movement is likely to occur. As a result, compared to a hole transport material having an equivalent ionization potential, it is considered that there is an effect of suppressing an increase in the bright portion potential.

Further, among the distyryl derivatives, a distyrylbenzene derivative represented by the following general formula (10) is particularly preferable. The distyrylbenzene derivative represented by the general formula (10) has a plurality of triarylamine structures having a high charge transport function and a large π conjugation via an aromatic ring group at the center of the structural formula. In addition, since the molecular skeleton is large and the triarylamine structures are separated from each other, charge transfer is likely to occur between molecules.
<General formula (10)>
In the general formula (10), R _{1 to} R ₃₀ represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and they may be the same or different. May be.

However, when a distyryl derivative is used, since the molecular weight per molecule is large and the planarity is high, aggregation is easily caused by π-π stacking. As a result, since the film is not sufficiently compatible with the resin and the film is formed with a high internal stress, a thermoplastic resin having a low film strength is formed on the charge transport layer using the distyryl derivative. When the surface layer is used, cracks may be generated from the charge transport layer.
With respect to this problem, since the charge transport layer can be firmly pressed by using a cross-linked surface layer having a high cross-linking density and a very strong film strength as the surface layer, cracks can be prevented. This effect is further enhanced by including a filler in the cross-linked surface layer. The reason for this is not clear, but it is thought that the inclusion of the filler increases the contact area of the interface between the surface layer and the charge transport layer, and thus the total adhesive strength becomes stronger.

  The binder resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester , Polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyarylate resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl toluene, poly-N -Thermoplastic or thermosetting resins such as vinyl carbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, urethane resin, phenol resin, alkyd resin. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

The content of the charge transport material is preferably 20 parts by mass to 300 parts by mass, and more preferably 40 parts by mass to 150 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. However, when a polymer charge transport material is used, it can be used alone or in combination with a binder resin.
As the solvent used for coating the charge transport layer, the same solvent as the charge generation layer can be used, but a solvent that dissolves the charge transport material and the binder resin well is suitable. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The charge transport layer can be formed by the same coating method as that for the charge generation layer.

If necessary, a plasticizer and a leveling agent can be added to the charge transport layer. As the plasticizer that can be used in combination with the charge transport layer, those used as plasticizers for general resins such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate can be used as they are, and the amount used is 30 with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. It is preferable that it is below mass parts.
As the leveling agent that can be used in combination with the charge transport layer, silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil, and polymers or oligomers having a perfluoroalkyl group in the side chain are used. It is preferable that it is 1 mass part or less with respect to 100 mass parts of resin.
The thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 5 μm to 40 μm, more preferably 10 μm to 30 μm.

<< Photosensitive layer with a single layer structure >>
The photosensitive layer having the single-layer structure is a layer having a charge generation function and a charge transport function at the same time. It can be formed by dissolving or dispersing in a solvent, coating and drying. Moreover, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, etc. can also be added as needed. As the charge generation material dispersion method, the charge generation material, the charge transport material, the plasticizer, and the leveling agent may be the same as those already described in the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer.
As the binder resin, in addition to the binder resin mentioned in the description of the charge transport layer, the binder resin mentioned in the charge generation layer may be mixed and used. The charge generation material contained in the photosensitive layer having a single layer structure is preferably 1% by mass to 30% by mass with respect to the total amount of the photosensitive layer, and the binder resin contained in the photosensitive layer is 20% by mass to 80% by mass of the total amount 10% by mass to 70% by mass of the charge transport material is preferably used.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular in the thickness of the photosensitive layer of the said single layer structure, According to the objective, it can select suitably, 5 micrometers-30 micrometers are preferable, and 10 micrometers-25 micrometers are more preferable.

-Undercoat layer-
An undercoat layer may be provided between the support and the photosensitive layer as necessary. The undercoat layer is provided for the purpose of improving adhesiveness, preventing moire, improving the coatability of the upper layer, and reducing residual potential.

The undercoat layer contains at least a resin and fine powder, and further contains other components as necessary.
Examples of the resin include water-soluble resins such as polyvinyl alcohol resin, casein, and sodium polyacrylate; alcohol-soluble resins such as copolymer nylon and methoxymethylated nylon; polyurethane resins, melamine resins, alkyd-melamine resins, and epoxy resins. And a curable resin that forms a three-dimensional network structure.
Examples of the fine powder include metal oxides such as titanium oxide, silica, alumina, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, and indium oxide, metal sulfides, and metal nitrides.
Moreover, what contains a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, a chromium coupling agent etc. can also be used as said undercoat layer. Further, as the undercoat layer, an anodized layer of Al ₂ O ₃ , an organic material such as polyparaxylylene (parylene), and an inorganic material such as SiO ₂ , SnO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ITO, and CeO ₂ are vacuumed. Those provided by a thin film manufacturing method can also be used.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular about the thickness of the said undercoat layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, 0.1 micrometer-50 micrometers are preferable, and 0.5 micrometer-20 micrometers are more preferable.

  In the present invention, for the purpose of improving the environmental resistance, in particular, for the purpose of preventing a decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential, a surface layer, a photosensitive layer having a single layer structure, a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer, an undercoat layer, An antioxidant can be added to each layer such as an intermediate layer.

  The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention described above is not only used in electrophotographic copying machines, but also in image forming apparatuses for electrophotographic applications such as laser beam printers, CRT printers, LED printers, liquid crystal printers, and laser plate making. It can be used widely.

(Image forming apparatus and image forming method)
The image forming apparatus according to the present invention includes at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, and a fixing unit. Means, for example, cleaning means, static elimination means, recycling means, control means, and the like.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor is the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
The image forming method of the present invention includes at least a charging step, an exposure step, a development step, a transfer step, and a fixing step, and further other steps appropriately selected as necessary, for example, a cleaning step and a charge eliminating step. A recycling process, a control process, and the like.

  The image forming method of the present invention can be preferably carried out by the image forming apparatus of the present invention, the charging step can be performed by the charging unit, the exposure step can be performed by the exposing unit, The developing step can be performed by the developing unit, the transferring step can be performed by the transferring unit, the fixing step can be performed by the fixing unit, and the cleaning step can be performed by the cleaning unit. The other steps can be performed by the other means.

-Charging step and charging means-
The charging step is a step of charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and is performed by the charging unit.
The charging means is not particularly limited as long as it can uniformly apply a voltage to the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. A non-contact charging means for charging the photoconductor in a non-contact manner is used.
The non-contact charging means includes, for example, a non-contact charger and a needle electrode device using a corona discharge, a solid discharge element; a conductive or semiconductive material disposed with a small gap with respect to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. And a charging roller. Among these, corona discharge is particularly preferable.

The corona discharge is a non-contact charging method that gives positive or negative ions generated by corona discharge in the air to the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and has a characteristic of giving a certain amount of charge to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. There are a charger and a scorotron charger having a characteristic of giving a constant potential.
The coroton charger is composed of a casing electrode that occupies a half space around the discharge wire, and a discharge wire placed almost at the center thereof.
The scorotron charger is obtained by adding a grid electrode to the corotron charger, and the grid electrode is provided at a position 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm away from the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

-Exposure process and exposure means-
The exposure can be performed, for example, by exposing the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member imagewise using the exposure unit.
The optical system in the exposure is roughly classified into an analog optical system and a digital optical system. The analog optical system is an optical system that directly projects an original onto an electrophotographic photosensitive member by an optical system, and the digital optical system receives image information as an electrical signal, converts this into an optical signal, and converts it into an electrophotographic image. It is an optical system that exposes a photoreceptor to form an image.
The exposure unit is not particularly limited as long as the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member charged by the charging unit can be exposed like an image to be formed, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. However, various exposure devices such as a copying optical system, a rod lens array system, a laser optical system, a liquid crystal shutter optical system, and an LED optical system can be used.
In the present invention, an optical backside system that performs imagewise exposure from the backside of the electrophotographic photosensitive member may be employed.

-Development process and development means-
The developing step is a step of developing the electrostatic latent image using a toner or a developer to form a visible image.
The visible image can be formed, for example, by developing the electrostatic latent image using the toner or the developer, and can be performed by the developing unit.
The developing unit is not particularly limited as long as it can be developed using, for example, the toner or the developer, and can be appropriately selected from known ones. For example, the toner or developer is accommodated. Preferred examples include those having at least a developing unit capable of bringing the toner or developer into contact or non-contact with the electrostatic latent image.

  The developing unit may be a dry developing type, a wet developing type, a single color developing unit, or a multi-color developing unit. For example, a toner having a stirrer for charging the toner or the developer by frictional stirring and a rotatable magnet roller is preferable.

  In the developing device, for example, the toner and the carrier are mixed and agitated, and the toner is charged by friction at that time, and held on the surface of the rotating magnet roller in a raised state to form a magnetic brush. . Since the magnet roller is disposed in the vicinity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member (photosensitive member), a part of the toner constituting the magnetic brush formed on the surface of the magnet roller is caused by an electric attractive force. It moves to the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. As a result, the electrostatic latent image is developed with the toner, and a visible image is formed with the toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

  The developer accommodated in the developing device is a developer containing the toner, but the developer may be a one-component developer or a two-component developer.

-Transfer process and transfer means-
The transfer step is a step of transferring the visible image onto a recording medium. After the primary transfer of the visible image onto the intermediate transfer member using an intermediate transfer member, the visible image is transferred onto the recording medium. A primary transfer step of forming a composite transfer image by transferring a visible image onto an intermediate transfer body using two or more colors, preferably full color toner as the toner, and a composite transfer image; A mode including a secondary transfer step of transferring the transfer image onto the recording medium is more preferable.
The transfer can be performed, for example, by charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member with the visible image using a transfer charger, and can be performed by the transfer unit. The transfer means includes a primary transfer means for transferring a visible image onto an intermediate transfer member to form a composite transfer image, and a secondary transfer means for transferring the composite transfer image onto a recording medium. Embodiments are preferred.
The intermediate transfer member is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known transfer members according to the purpose. For example, a transfer belt and the like are preferable.

The transfer unit (the primary transfer unit and the secondary transfer unit) includes at least a transfer unit that peels and charges the visible image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member toward the recording medium. preferable. There may be one transfer means or two or more transfer means. Examples of the transfer device include a corona transfer device using corona discharge, a transfer belt, a transfer roller, a pressure transfer roller, and an adhesive transfer device.
The recording medium is typically plain paper, but is not particularly limited as long as it can transfer an unfixed image after development, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. PET for OHP A base or the like can also be used.

-Fixing Step and Fixing Unit The fixing step is a step of fixing the visible image transferred to the recording medium using a fixing unit, and may be performed each time the toner of each color is transferred to the recording medium. Alternatively, the toners of the respective colors may be simultaneously formed in a state where they are laminated.

The fixing unit is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. A fixing unit and a heat source for heating the fixing member are used.
Examples of the fixing member include a combination of an endless belt and a roller, a combination of a roller and a roller, etc., but the warm-up time can be shortened, and in terms of realizing energy saving, A combination of an endless belt and a roller having a small heat capacity is preferable in terms of expansion of the fixable width.

The neutralization step is a step of performing neutralization by applying a neutralization bias to the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and can be suitably performed by a neutralization unit.
The neutralizing means is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known neutralizers as long as it can apply a neutralizing bias to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. For example, a neutralizing lamp is preferably used. Can be mentioned.

The cleaning step is a step of removing the toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and can be suitably performed by a cleaning unit. In addition, it is also possible to employ a method in which the charge of the residual toner is made uniform by the rubbing member and collected by the developing roller without using the cleaning means.
The cleaning means is not particularly limited, and may be selected from known cleaners as long as the electrophotographic toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member can be removed. For example, a magnetic brush cleaner Suitable examples include electrostatic brush cleaners, magnetic roller cleaners, blade cleaners, brush cleaners, web cleaners, and the like.

  The recycling step is a step of recycling the toner removed by the cleaning step to the developing unit, and can be suitably performed by the recycling unit. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said recycling means, A well-known conveyance means etc. are mentioned.

The control step is a step of controlling each of the steps, and can be suitably performed by a control unit.
The control means is not particularly limited as long as the movement of each means can be controlled, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include devices such as a sequencer and a computer.

  Here, FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. A charging charger 3 is used as a means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 on average. As the charging means, a corotron device, a scorotron device, a solid discharge element, a needle electrode device, a roller charging device, a conductive brush device, or the like is used, and a known method can be used.

  Next, the image exposure unit 5 is used to form an electrostatic latent image on the uniformly charged electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. As the light source, all luminescent materials such as a fluorescent lamp, a tungsten lamp, a halogen lamp, a mercury lamp, a sodium lamp, a light emitting diode (LED), a semiconductor laser (LD), and an electroluminescence (EL) can be used. Various types of filters such as a sharp cut filter, a band pass filter, a near infrared cut filter, a dichroic filter, an interference filter, and a color temperature conversion filter can be used to irradiate only light in a desired wavelength range.

Next, the developing unit 6 is used to visualize the electrostatic latent image formed on the photoreceptor 1. Development methods include a one-component development method using a dry toner, a two-component development method, and a wet development method using a wet toner. When the photosensitive member is positively (negatively) charged and image exposure is performed, a positive (negative) electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photosensitive member. If this is developed with toner of negative (positive) polarity (electrodetection fine particles), a positive image can be obtained. Further, when developing with positive (negative) polarity toner, a negative image can be obtained.
Next, a transfer charger 10 is used to transfer the toner image visualized on the photoreceptor 1 onto the recording medium 9. In addition, a pre-transfer charger 7 may be used for better transfer. As these transfer means, a transfer charger, an electrostatic transfer method using a bias roller, a mechanical transfer method such as an adhesive transfer method and a pressure transfer method, and a magnetic transfer method can be used. As the electrostatic transfer method, the charging means can be used.

Next, a separation charger 11 and a separation claw 12 are used as means for separating the recording medium 9 from the photoreceptor 1. As other separation means, electrostatic adsorption induction separation, side end belt separation, tip grip conveyance, curvature separation, and the like are used. As the separation charger 11, the charging means can be used.
Next, a cleaning brush 14 and a cleaning blade 15 are used to clean the toner remaining on the photoconductor after transfer. In addition to the residual toner, the developer and paper dust adhere to the photoreceptor after transfer, and these are important steps because they may cause abnormal images in the next image forming process. In order to satisfactorily remove the adherence of the photoreceptor mainly including the residual toner, a cleaning blade in contact with the photoreceptor is effective, and the cleaning performance becomes more effective by using the photoreceptor of the present invention.

Further, a pre-cleaning charger 13 may be used in order to perform cleaning more efficiently. Other cleaning means include a web method, a magnet brush method, and the like, but each may be used alone or in combination.
Next, a neutralizing unit is used for the purpose of removing the latent image on the photoreceptor as required. As the charge removal means, the charge removal lamp 2 and the charge removal charger are used, and the exposure light source and the charging means can be used respectively.
In addition, known processes can be used for reading, feeding, fixing, paper discharge and the like that are not close to the photoconductor.

(Process cartridge)
The process cartridge of the present invention has at least one means selected from a charging means, an exposure means, a developing means, a transfer means, a cleaning means, and a static elimination means, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and is attached to and detached from the image forming apparatus main body. It is possible.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor is the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 4, the process cartridge includes a photosensitive member 101, and further includes at least one of a charging unit 102, a developing unit 104, a transfer unit 106, a cleaning unit 107, and a charge eliminating unit (not shown). And an apparatus (part) that is detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus.

  Here, the image forming process using the process cartridge illustrated in FIG. 4 will be described. The photosensitive member 101 is turned into an exposure image on the surface by charging by the charging unit 102 and exposure 103 by the exposure unit while rotating in the direction of the arrow. A corresponding electrostatic latent image is formed, and the electrostatic latent image is developed with toner by the developing unit 104, and the toner development is transferred to the recording medium 105 by the transfer unit 106 and printed out. Next, the surface of the photoconductor 101 after the image transfer is cleaned by the cleaning unit 107 and is further neutralized by a neutralizing unit (not shown), and the above operation is repeated again.

  The image forming method, the image forming apparatus, and the process cartridge of the present invention have excellent wear resistance and electrical characteristics, reduce deterioration of the cleaning blade, make good cleaning properties sustainable for a long period of time, Since the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention having strong NOx resistance and no abnormal image even when used for a long period of time is used, a good image can be formed over a long period of time.

  Examples of the present invention will be described below, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

(Synthesis Example 1)
<Synthesis of a radical polymerizable compound having a charge transporting structure>
A radical polymerizable compound having a charge transporting structure was synthesized as follows with reference to the method described in Japanese Patent No. 3164426.

-Synthesis of radically polymerizable compounds having a triarylamine structure-
(1) Synthesis of hydroxy group-substituted triarylamine compound (the following structural formula (B)) 113.85 g (0.3 mol) of a methoxy group-substituted triarylamine compound (the following structural formula (A)) and 138 g of sodium iodide ( 0.92 mol) was added 240 ml of sulfolane and heated to 60 ° C. in a nitrogen stream. In this solution, 99 g (0.91 mol) of trimethylchlorosilane was added dropwise over 1 hour and stirred at a temperature of about 60 ° C. for 4 and a half hours to complete the reaction. About 1.5 L of toluene was added to the reaction solution, cooled to room temperature, and washed repeatedly with water and an aqueous sodium carbonate solution. Thereafter, the solvent was removed from the toluene solution and purified by column chromatography (silica gel as the adsorption medium and toluene: ethyl acetate = 20: 1 as the developing solvent). Cyclohexane was added to the obtained pale yellow oil to precipitate crystals. In this way, 88.1 g of white crystals represented by the following structural formula (B) (yield = 80.4%, melting point: 64.0-66.0 ° C., elemental analysis value (%): shown in Table A .)

<Structural formula A>

<Structural formula B>

(2) Synthesis of triarylamino group-substituted acrylate compound 82.9 g (0.227 mol) of the hydroxy group-substituted triarylamine compound (Structural Formula B) obtained in (1) above was dissolved in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran, and the nitrogen stream was used. The aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH: 12.4 g, water: 100 ml) was added dropwise. The solution was cooled to 5 ° C., and 25.2 g (0.272 mol) of acrylic acid chloride was added dropwise over 40 minutes. Then, it stirred at 5 degreeC for 3 hours, and reaction was complete | finished. The reaction solution was poured into water and extracted with toluene. This extract was repeatedly washed with an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and water. Thereafter, the solvent was removed from the toluene solution and purified by column chromatography (silica gel as an adsorption medium and toluene as a developing solvent). N-Hexane was added to the obtained colorless oil to precipitate crystals. In this way, 80.73 g (yield = 84.8%, melting point: 117.5 to 119.0 ° C.) of white crystals represented by the following structural formula (C) was obtained. Table B shows the elemental analysis results (%).
<Structural formula (C)>

Example 1
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
A coating liquid for an undercoat layer, a coating liquid for a charge generation layer, and a coating liquid for a charge transport layer are sequentially applied onto an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 100 mm and dried to obtain a thickness of 3.0 μm. An undercoat layer, a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.2 μm, and a charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 μm were formed.

<Coating liquid for undercoat layer>
・ Alkyd resin (Beckosol 1307-60-EL, manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.) ... 6 parts by mass Melamine resin (Super Becamine G-821-60, manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.)・ 4 parts by mass ・ Titanium oxide: 40 parts by mass ・ Methyl ethyl ketone: 50 parts by mass

<Coating liquid for charge generation layer>
-Titanyl phthalocyanine pigment represented by the following structural formula (D): 1.5 parts by mass
-Polyvinyl butyral (BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.)-1.0 part by mass-Methyl ethyl ketone-80 parts by weight

<Coating liquid for charge transport layer>
-Bisphenol Z polycarbonate (Panlite TS-2050, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.) ... 10 parts by mass-Low molecular charge transport material represented by the following structural formula (II) ... 10 parts by mass
Tetrahydrofuran: 100 parts by mass Tetrahydrofuran solution of 1% silicone oil (KF50-100CS, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.2 parts by mass

<Preparation of surface layer coating solution>
A surface layer coating solution having the following composition was prepared as follows.
For dispersion of the filler, an alumina ball having a diameter of 5 mm was placed in a 70 cc glass pot, and the following filler, polycarboxylic acid compound, and cyclopentanone were further placed, and dispersion (150 rpm) was performed for 24 hours by a ball mill. Thereafter, a mill base obtained by adding tetrahydrofuran and stirring was mixed with a solution in which other materials were mixed in advance to prepare a surface layer coating solution.

-Millbase-
Alumina filler (Sumicorundum AA03, average primary particle size: 0.3 μm, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) 8 parts by mass Polycarboxylic acid compound (low molecular weight unsaturated polycarboxylic acid polymer solution, BYK-P104, Non-volatile content 50%, acid value 180 mgKOH / g, manufactured by BYK Chemie) 0.2 mass parts Cyclopentanone 8 mass parts Tetrahydrofuran 12 mass parts

-Coating liquid for surface layer-
-Millbase-6.5 parts by mass-Radical polymerizable compound having a charge transporting structure (compound represented by structural formula (C) in Synthesis Example 1)-10 parts by weight-Charge transporting structure Trifunctional or higher-functional radical polymerizable monomer (trimethylolpropane triacrylate, KAYARAD TMPTA, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., molecular weight: 296, number of functional groups: trifunctional) ... 5 parts by mass ・ Charge transporting structure Trifunctional or higher-functional radical polymerizable monomer (dipentaerythritol caprolactone-modified hexaacrylate, KAYARAD DPCA-120, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., molecular weight: 1947, functional group number: 6 functional) ... 5 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, Irgacure 184, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Molecular weight: 204) 1 part by mass leveling agent (BYK-UV3570, manufactured by BYK Chemie) amine compounds represented by ... 0.2 parts by mass structural formula (Ia) ... 2 parts by weight
・ Solvent (tetrahydrofuran): 115 parts by mass

Next, the surface layer coating solution prepared by the above formulation was applied onto the charge transport layer by spraying. The spray gun was coated using A100 manufactured by Meiji Machinery Co., Ltd. The spray application conditions are shown below.
[Spray application conditions]
Nozzle-support distance: 50 mm
Atomization air pressure: 0.7 kg / cm ²
Air flow rate: 15.0L / min
Discharge rate: 0.06 ml / s
Spray gun moving speed: 3.5mm / s
Drum rotation speed: 150 rpm
Touch drying time: 5 minutes

Next, after coating the surface layer coating solution, UV irradiation was carried out using an ultraviolet irradiation device (manufactured by Fusion, UV lamp system) while rotating the coated photoconductor at 30 rpm, and cured. A V bulb was used as the ultraviolet irradiation lamp, the distance between the ultraviolet lamp and the surface of the photosensitive member was 53 mm, the irradiation intensity was 500 mW / cm ^2, and ultraviolet irradiation was performed for 60 seconds to cure the coating film. After the ultraviolet irradiation, drying was performed at 130 ° C. for 20 minutes to provide a surface layer having a thickness of 3 μm, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced.

(Example 2)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, except that the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution was changed to the amine compound represented by the following structural formula (Ib), the same as in Example 1. Then, a surface layer was provided to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Example 3)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, except that the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution was changed to an amine compound represented by the following structural formula (Ic), the same procedure as in Example 1 was performed. Then, a surface layer was provided to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Example 4
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, the same procedure as in Example 1 was conducted except that the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution was changed to an amine compound represented by the following structural formula (Id). Then, a surface layer was provided to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Example 5)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, the same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution was changed to an amine compound represented by the following structural formula (Ie). Then, a surface layer was provided to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Example 6)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, the solvent of the surface layer coating solution (tetrahydrofuran) was changed to 80 parts by mass, and the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 0.6 kg / cm ^2. Then, a surface layer was provided to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Example 7)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, the solvent of the surface layer coating solution (tetrahydrofuran) was changed to 80 parts by mass, and the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 0.6 kg / cm ^2. Then, a surface layer was provided to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Example 8)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 0.9 kg / cm ² to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Example 9
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 0.9 kg / cm ² to produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

(Example 10)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the amount of the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ib) in the surface layer coating solution was changed to 5 parts by mass. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced.

(Example 11)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the addition amount of the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ib) in the surface layer coating liquid was changed to 7 parts by mass. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced.

(Example 12)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, the surface layer was changed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the addition amount of the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ib) in the surface layer coating liquid was changed to 1.0 part by mass. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared.

(Example 13)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, the surface layer was changed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the addition amount of the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ib) in the surface layer coating solution was changed to 0.5 parts by mass. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared.

(Example 14)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, the surface layer was changed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the addition amount of the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ib) in the surface layer coating solution was changed to 0.2 parts by mass. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared.

(Example 15)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 2 except that an antioxidant represented by the following structural formula was added to the coating solution for the surface layer, and the coating was applied. The body was made.
・ Antioxidant (DP-45, manufactured by ADEKA) ... 1 part by mass

(Example 16)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 2 except that an antioxidant having the following structural formula was added to the surface layer coating solution, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared. did.
Antioxidant (2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) ... 1 part by mass

(Example 17)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
Example 2 except that the filler added to the mill base of the surface layer coating liquid in Example 2 was changed to silica fine particles (KMPX-100, average primary particle size: 0.1 μm, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.). In the same manner as above, a surface layer was provided to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Example 18)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, except that the filler added to the mill base of the surface layer coating liquid was changed to Eposter S6 (melamine / formaldehyde condensed organic fine particles, average primary particle size: 0.6 μm, manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.) In the same manner as in Example 2, a surface layer was provided to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Comparative Example 1)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, the surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the surface layer was formed without adding the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced.

(Comparative Example 2)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, the amine compound represented by the above structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution was not added, the surface layer solvent (tetrahydrofuran) was 80 parts by mass, and the mist at the time of spray coating A surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the surface layer was formed by changing the chemical air pressure to 0.6 kg / cm ² to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Comparative Example 3)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution was not added, and the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 1.5 kg / cm ^2. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced by providing a surface layer in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the surface layer was formed.

(Comparative Example 4)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, except that the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution was not added, and the surface layer was formed by ring coating instead of spray coating, Example 1 In the same manner as above, a surface layer was provided to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Comparative Example 5)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, Example 1 except that the antioxidant represented by the following structural formula was added without adding the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution. Similarly, a surface layer was provided to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
・ Antioxidant (2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) ... 2 parts by mass

(Comparative Example 6)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, Example 1 except that the antioxidant represented by the following structural formula was added without adding the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution. Similarly, a surface layer was provided to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
・ Antioxidant (DP-45, manufactured by ADEKA) ... 2 parts by mass

(Comparative Example 7)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, Example 1 except that the antioxidant represented by the following structural formula was added without adding the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution. Similarly, a surface layer was provided to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
・ Antioxidant (Sanol LS-2626, Sankyo Co., Ltd.) 2 parts by mass

(Comparative Example 8)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, Example 1 except that the antioxidant represented by the following structural formula was added without adding the amine compound represented by the structural formula (Ia) in the surface layer coating solution. Similarly, a surface layer was provided to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
・ Antioxidant (Sanol LS-744, Sankyo Co., Ltd.) ... 2 parts by mass

(Comparative Example 9)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 0.5 kg / cm ² to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Comparative Example 10)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, the solvent (tetrahydrofuran) in the surface layer coating solution was changed to 60 parts by mass, and the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 0.5 kg / cm ^2. Then, a surface layer was provided to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Comparative Example 11)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 1.5 kg / c ² to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Comparative Example 12)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 1.5 kg / cm ² to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

(Comparative Example 13)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 1, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the surface layer was applied by ring coating instead of spray coating, to produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

(Comparative Example 14)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, a surface layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the surface layer was formed without adding the mill base to the surface layer coating solution, to prepare an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

(Comparative Example 15)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Example 2, the surface was applied in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mill base was not added to the surface layer coating liquid and the atomizing air pressure during spray coating was changed to 1.5 kg / cm ^2. A layer was provided to produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

(Comparative Example 16)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
The charge transport layer was provided in the same manner as in Example 1. Next, a thermoplastic surface layer coating solution having the following composition is prepared, sprayed onto the charge transport layer, dried at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes, and provided with a surface layer having a thickness of 5 μm. Was made.
[Coating liquid for thermoplastic surface layer]
・ Filler (alumina fine particles, Sumiko Random AA03, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) ... 2 parts by mass
Polycarbonate (Z Polyca, manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.) ... 6 parts by mass Amine compound represented by the following structural formula (Ia): 1 part by mass
・ Tetrahydrofuran ・ ・ ・ 220 parts by mass ・ Cyclohexanone ... 80 parts by mass

(Comparative Example 17)
-Production of electrophotographic photoreceptor-
In Comparative Example 16, a coating solution for the thermoplastic surface layer was prepared without adding a filler, applied onto the charge transport layer by spraying, and dried at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a surface layer having a thickness of 5 μm. An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 16 except that it was provided.

  Next, for each of the produced electrophotographic photosensitive members, the arithmetic average waviness Wa and the average length WSm of the contour curve elements were measured, image evaluation, and scratches on the cleaning blade were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

<Measurement of Arithmetic Average Waviness Wa and Average Length WSm of Contour Curve Element>
The arithmetic average waviness Wa of the surface layer and the average length WSm of the contour curve element were measured using a surface roughness meter (manufactured by Tokyo Seimitsu Co., Ltd., Surfcom 1400D) according to JIS B 0601: 2001 standard. . The measurement was 12.5 mm in measurement length, λc contour curve filter 0.25 mm, λf contour curve filter 2.5 mm, cross-section curve was measured at a measurement speed of 0.6 mm / s, and slope correction was selected as least squares linear approximation. . Measurement points were measured at a total of 12 points, 3 points at the upper end, the center, and the lower end in the longitudinal direction of the photoconductor, and 4 points every 90 ° in the circumferential direction, and the average value of 12 points was taken as the value.

<Image evaluation and cleaning blade scratch evaluation>
Using imgio MP 110 manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd., each electrophotographic photosensitive member is attached to a process cartridge, and 100,000 sheets of paper with an image density of 100% are passed in a 15% RH environment at 10 ° C. where cleaning defects are likely to occur. The image was evaluated according to the following criteria. The paper used was MyPaper A4 size manufactured by NBS Ricoh, and genuine toner and cleaning blades were used.
Further, after passing the 100,000 sheets, the cleaning blade was taken out from the process cartridge, the edge portion of the cleaning blade was observed with a microscope, and the scratch on the edge portion was evaluated according to the following criteria.
[Image Evaluation Criteria]
○: No abnormality ×: Abnormal [Cleaning blade scratch evaluation criteria]
◎: No scratch ○: Small scratch (no effect on image)
Δ: Scratched (the image is affected)
×: Major scratches

From the results of Table 1, the surface layer contains at least a filler and a crosslinkable resin, the surface layer blocks the roughness component with a λc contour curve filter of 0.25 mm, and is longer than the waviness with a λf contour curve filter of 2.5 mm. Examples 1 to 3 wherein the arithmetic average waviness Wa obtained from the waviness curve in which the wavelength component is cut off are 0.05 μm or more and 0.3 μm or less, and the average length WSm of the contour curve elements is 0.5 mm or more and 1.5 mm or less. 18 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 5 to 8, and 14 show almost no scratches on the cleaning blade even in a paper passing test in a 15% RH environment at 10 ° C., and abnormal images such as streaks and density unevenness are generated. Was also not recognized.
On the other hand, in Comparative Examples 3, 4, 9 to 13 and 15 in which one or both of the arithmetic average waviness Wa and the average length WSm of the contour element do not satisfy this, the cleaning blade is damaged, and streaks are generated. Or uneven density occurred.
In Comparative Examples 16 and 17 containing no crosslinkable resin or filler, the cleaning blade was deteriorated after the paper was passed, and streaks were generated.

  Next, an ozone exposure test and a NOx exposure test were performed on each electrophotographic photoreceptor as follows. The results are shown in Table 2.

<Ozone exposure test>
The electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 1 to 18 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 5 to 8 were exposed to an ozone concentration of 5 ppm and an exposure time of 5 days with an ozone exposure test apparatus (manufactured by Directec). A Kapton tape (manufactured by Sumitomo 3M Co., Ltd.) was applied to the photoconductor to provide an unexposed portion. Immediately after exposure to ozone, the photoconductor is mounted on a remodeled imagio MP 1100 manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd., and a halftone image (2 by 2) is output in a room temperature environment at a temperature of 23 ° C. and a humidity of 50% RH. The image density difference (ΔID = unexposed part ID−exposed part ID) of the exposed part was measured with a Macbeth densitometer. Further, the output halftone image was observed, and the dot shape was evaluated according to the following criteria.
[Dot shape evaluation criteria]
◎: The dots are clearly formed. ○: The dots are slightly diffused, but there is no effect on the image quality. △: The dots are blurred and the resolution is reduced. ×: The dots are not formed. Not resolved

<NOx exposure test>
Each electrophotographic photoreceptor subjected to the ozone exposure test was placed in a NOx exposure test apparatus (manufactured by Directec) and exposed for 4 days at a NO concentration of 40 ppm and a NO ₂ concentration of 10 ppm. Immediately after the NOx exposure, the same image output as that after the ozone exposure test was performed, the image density was measured in the same manner, and the dot shape was evaluated in the same manner.

From the results of Table 2, Examples 1 to 18 containing the amine compound represented by the general formula (I) have almost no change in density even after the ozone exposure test and the NOx exposure test, and the dot formation is also good. there were. On the other hand, Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 5 to 8 that do not contain the amine compound represented by the general formula (I) cause a change in concentration in the ozone exposure test or the NOx exposure test, and dot formation is not good. It was clear and a decrease in resolution was confirmed.

(Example 19)
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 2 was used, an image MP 10 made by Ricoh Co., Ltd. was used, the electrophotographic photosensitive member was mounted on a process cartridge, and an image with an image density of 10% in an environment of 55% RH at 23 ° C. was 900,000. Sheets were passed through and image evaluation was performed. As a result, no streak-like stain was observed, and no scratches on the cleaning blade were observed. Also, no reduction in resolution was observed. In addition, the wear amount of a total of 1,000,000 paper passing evaluations was measured as follows. As a result, the amount of wear after passing 1 million sheets was 0.29 μm, and it was confirmed to have high wear resistance.

<Abrasion amount>
The amount of wear was measured by using an eddy current thickness meter (Fischerscope MMS, manufactured by Fischer), measuring 30 points at 10 mm intervals in the central axis direction and 4 points at 90 ° intervals in the circumferential direction, and taking the average value as the thickness. The thickness was obtained from the difference in thickness before and after passing the paper.

(Comparative Example 18)
Using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Comparative Example 1, the same evaluation as in Example 19 was performed. In the image evaluation after the paper was passed, no streak-like stains were confirmed, but no dots were formed, and a clear decrease in resolution was confirmed. The amount of wear after passing 1 million sheets was 0.30 μm.

(Comparative Example 19)
Using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Comparative Example 5, the same evaluation as in Example 19 was performed. In the image evaluation after the paper was passed, no streak-like stains were confirmed, but the dots were blurred and a decrease in resolution was confirmed. The amount of wear after passing 1 million sheets was 0.27 μm.

From the above results, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains at least a filler, a crosslinkable resin, and an amine compound represented by the general formula (I), and the surface layer is rough with a λc contour curve filter of 0.25 mm. The arithmetic mean waviness Wa obtained from the waviness curve in which the wavelength component longer than the waviness is cut off by the λf contour curve filter 2.5 mm is 0.05 μm or more and 0.3 μm or less, and the average length of the contour curve element The electrophotographic photosensitive member having a WSm of 0.5 mm or more and 1.5 mm or less has no deterioration of the cleaning blade, has a good cleaning property over a long period of time, and is excellent in ozone resistance and NOx resistance. Was confirmed.
Further, it has been clarified that the image forming method, the image forming apparatus, and the process cartridge using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention have high performance and high reliability.

  The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has excellent wear resistance and electrical characteristics, can reduce deterioration of the cleaning blade, can maintain good cleaning properties for a long period of time, and has strong ozone resistance and NOx resistance. Since abnormal images do not occur even when used for a long period of time, it is widely used not only in electrophotographic copying machines but also in electrophotographic application fields such as laser beam printers, CRT printers, LED printers, liquid crystal printers and laser plate making. It can be done.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Photoconductor 2 Static elimination lamp 3 Charger charger 4 Eraser 5 Image exposure part 6 Developing unit 7 Charger before transfer 8 Registration roller 9 Transfer paper 10 Transfer charger 11 Separation charger 12 Separation claw 13 Charger before cleaning 14 Fur brush 15 Cleaning blade 31 Support body 33 Photosensitive layer 35 Charge generation layer 37 Charge transport layer 101 Photosensitive drum 102 Charging device 103 Exposure device 104 Development device 105 Transfer body 106 Transfer device 107 Cleaning blade

JP 56-48637 A JP-A 64-1728 JP-A-4-281461 Japanese Patent No. 3262488 Japanese Patent No. 3194392 JP 2000-66425 A JP 2004-302450 A JP 2004-302451 A JP 2004-302452 A JP-A-1-230055 JP-A-3-172852 JP 2002-333731 A JP-A-4-56866 JP 2009-42564 A

Claims (11)

In an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a support and a photosensitive layer and a surface layer on the support,
The surface layer contains a filler, a crosslinkable resin, and an amine compound represented by the following general formula (I),
Arithmetic mean waviness Wa obtained from a waviness curve in which the surface layer blocks a roughness component with a λc contour curve filter of 0.25 mm and blocks a wavelength component longer than the waviness with a λf contour curve filter of 2.5 mm is 0.05 μm or more. An electrophotographic photosensitive member characterized by being 0.3 μm or less and having an average length WSm of contour curve elements of 0.5 mm or more and 1.5 mm or less.
However, the formula (I), A and B may be the same as each other or different, _-CH 2 X, and _-CH 2 _CH 2 Y (provided that, X and Y, Each represents an aromatic residue which may have a substituent.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the content of the amine compound is 1% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less based on the total solid content in the surface layer.   The crosslinkable resin contains a cured product obtained by curing a radical polymerizable compound having a charge transporting structure and a trifunctional or higher functional radical polymerizable monomer having no charge transporting structure. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of the above.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the filler is an inorganic filler.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the filler is alumina.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer is cured by light energy irradiation.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer is applied by a spray coating method.   8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, charging means for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and exposure for exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member surface to form an electrostatic latent image. Developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a visible image, transfer means for transferring the visible image to a recording medium, and toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member An image forming apparatus comprising: at least a cleaning unit that removes water.   The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the cleaning unit has a blade shape and is in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member.   A charging step for charging the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 7, an exposure step for exposing the charged surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image, and the electrostatic latent image. A development step of developing the image with toner to form a visible image, a transfer step of transferring the visible image to a recording medium, a cleaning step of removing the toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, An image forming method comprising:   A process cartridge comprising: at least one means selected from a charging means, an exposure means, a developing means, a transfer means, and a cleaning means; and the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 7. .