JP2010504733A - Hybrid power generation and energy storage system - Google Patents

Abstract

【Task】
An integrated, hybrid energy supply and storage system that increases energy efficiency and minimizes greenhouse gas emissions, particularly systems such as plug-in hybrid vehicles that use energy in a discontinuous and discontinuous manner. Is provided. The system provides an automated means for generating power, preferably distributing locally generated power to multiple energy storage devices arranged in a dynamic manner. When using dynamic algorithms, systems often meet the complex demands of conflicting energy storage devices and real-time load demands related to dynamic switching between energy storage devices to aggregate energy efficiency and individualize each energy storage device. It would be desirable to improve performance and efficiency that is beneficial to both owners' demands.
[Selection] Figure 1

Description

The present invention relates to a hybrid generator comprised of a thermally driven generator, an energy storage device, and a combustion generator, and more particularly to a distributed energy system coupled to a plug-in hybrid transport device.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Various embodiments relate to modes of operation for power generation, optimizing energy efficiency and generating power by meeting both real-time and predicted demand of individual and / or energy storage devices. Minimize process-related emissions. Energy storage is both primary energy types including electricity, compressed air, flow and / or heat flow, etc., and thermal energy resulting from the generation of primary energy types. In order to be able to meet the discreet and unconnected power demand typical of hybrid plug-in “plug'n” vehicles, especially fleet vehicles, the energy supplier is particularly concerned with respect to peak demand and aggregate energy efficiency. Make quite a request.

  U.S. Pat. No. 7,013,205 issued March 14, 2006 and invented by Hafner et al. And entitled “System and Method for Minimizing Energy Consumption in Hybrid Vehicles” Means are disclosed that only reduce the operating costs of the hybrid vehicle. However, whether power is supplied by built-in power generation means or power is supplied by an external plug-in power supply, it does not reveal energy efficiency or generation of emissions during power generation. The 7,013,205 patent does not reveal that the built-in power source or power supply from an external source changes so that the by-product exhaust heat is stored or used simultaneously.

  By-product waste heat, both for the cost of power generation and thus the opportunity to apply dynamic pricing to plug-in hybrid vehicles (most distributed power generation systems It is useful to consider that the best integrated power generation system still has over 35% of total fuel in the form of waste heat, which is a by-product) It is.

  The term “wireless” refers to a strategy other than wire establishing communication. This includes, but is not limited to, infrared, radio frequency, cellular, radar, and power line carriers.

  The term “wired” refers to physical electrical or optical connectivity that establishes communication. This includes, but is not limited to, serial connections, parallel connections, USB, Firewire, Ethernet, optical fiber, and RS-485 port connections.

  The term “algorithm” refers to operations, formulas, and parameter values that are used to determine state changes in a determined manner.

  The terms “transport device” and “vehicle” have the meaning of a movable device that has the essential capability that either may be used and both are not fixed.

  The term “HyGaSS” is an acronym for Hybrid Energy Generation and Storage System.

  The terms “home” and “house” may be used, and both have the meaning of a place where people live. For example, it may be a collection of individual households, essentially as a condominium, apartment, house, townhouse or neighborhood or community.

  The terms “plug-in hybrid” and “plug'n hybrid” may be used either, meaning both of which mean a device that can directly obtain useful energy generated from an external source or generated internally. Have. One such example is the use of electricity from a self-contained combustion engine that drives a power system and a DC generator.

  The term “flow” energy refers to storing and / or transmitting power using a pressurized fluid that is normally incompressible.

The term “heat flow” refers to the use of a pressurized fluid, and the pressure increases with increasing temperature. Heat flowing fluid is a compressible fluid, its typical example is a supercritical CO _2. Another example is a dual fluid, whereby CO ₂ is absorbed by the absorbent.

  Various embodiments of the present invention relate to energy generation, and more particularly to power generation using dynamic switches in an array of energy storage devices having unique priorities and energy demand profiles.

  Further embodiments further include means for utilizing the by-product waste heat in a manner that allows asynchronous use and generation of primary energy type and thermal energy.

  Further embodiments further include stored energy from either compressed air or a working fluid such as a pure gas such as carbon dioxide, or a thermal fluid that is collected simultaneously with heat generation or from a thermal energy storage device. Using means to increase the enthalpy of the working fluid.

  A further embodiment describes generating both the pressurization of the working fluid by the primary engine and the subsequent heating by the exhaust heat of the primary engine to increase enthalpy.

  Further embodiments provide a method for controlling the discharge rate of pressurized working fluid as a function of the distance to the destination, the calculated energy consumption to the destination, and the accumulated energy of the working fluid. .

  A further embodiment is directed to a method of controlling the discharge rate of pressurized working fluid to a minimum of two stages. In the preferred first stage, the discharge pressure and temperature generation occur within the working fluid and gas separation range. In the preferred second stage, the discharge pressure and temperature generation occurs before the phase transition from gas to liquid in the second to third stages.

  Further embodiments include using a relatively hot source to remove the working fluid from the absorbent surrounded by the various heat exchangers, the previous heat exchanger serving as a preheat stage and the subsequent heat exchanger Serves as a heat recovery device, minimizing the demand for relatively hot sources.

  Various embodiments provide a novel and efficient means of applying power to an energy storage device and methods of use.

  Additional features and advantages of the various embodiments are described herein and will be apparent from the detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments. It will be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its attendant advantages. Accordingly, such changes and modifications are within the scope of the appended claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A highly efficient and environmentally friendly power generation process is provided. The process combines the primary energy generator and the thermal waste heat recovery device together to increase overall efficiency. In addition, the incorporation of a thermodynamic flow pump eliminates a significant portion of the energy used for compression prior to combustion, reducing energy loss associated with conventional combustion power cycles, and thus, particularly in the combustion power cycle. Will improve.

  One aspect of the various embodiments is to integrate the heat generating fluid and integral power generation function as a means of increasing the total power conversion and performance count.

It is the schematic which shows the waste heat generation which is the energy input accumulate | stored from an energy supplier in a plug-in hybrid apparatus, and a main product and a by-product. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating elements essential to demand control and its functionality. It is the schematic which shows the flow of the waste heat which is a by-product. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing elements essential for data optimization and heat transfer fluid connections, as well as a communication link between an energy supplier and a plug-in hybrid. It is the schematic which shows the integration of an energy supplier and a plug-in hybrid apparatus, and the range of an indispensable element. It is a table | surface which shows the typical relationship between many parameters with respect to a predetermined practical parameter. 4 is a table showing a typical relationship between a number of parameters for a given energy storage device. It is a table | surface which shows the log | history of energy use. 9A, 9B, and 9C are various schematic diagrams illustrating a thermal fluid energy storage device in which an increase in enthalpy is essential by a thermal energy source. It is a figure which shows the heat | fever fluidization type engine in which thermal energy recovery is indispensable. 6 is a flowchart of a control method for maximizing total energy efficiency. 5 is a flowchart of a control method that minimizes the total energy operating cost. FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B are schematic views showing two stages of expansion of the thermal fluid energy conversion device. It is the schematic which shows the expansion | swelling 2 step | paragraph of the heat | fever fluid type | mold energy converter with which the heat pipe was integrated. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an energy storage controller and energy generator, energy consumer, heat generator and heat consumer network; FIG. It is a table | surface of the thermophysical characteristic about one expansion | swelling 2 stage of a heat | fever fluid type | mold energy converter. It is the schematic which shows the expansion | swelling 2 step | paragraph of the heat | fever type | mold energy conversion apparatus provided with two typical non-thermal separation processes. It is the schematic which shows the expansion | swelling 2 step | paragraph of the heat | fever type | mold energy conversion apparatus provided with two typical non-thermal separation processes. It is the schematic which shows the heat storage apparatus of variable quantity and constant pressure. It is the schematic which shows the phase separation of the 2 type | mold mixed fluid in the expansion | swelling 2 stage of the energy conversion process of an absorption system. It is the schematic which shows the phase separation of the 2 type | mold mixed fluid provided with two elements which are not absorbed in the expansion | swelling 2 steps of an energy conversion process. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing two stages of the expansion stage of the energy conversion process, with two stages having a half air temperature between the two stages.

Detailed Description of the Invention Charging an energy storage device presents significant opportunities and challenges for most energy consumers. The first and most important feature is when both the energy supplier and the energy storage device are completely off-grid. The result avoids many expensive elements, including phase synchronizers, AC-DC converters and voltage regulators, which are eliminated or greatly simplified.
The elimination of such elements also contributes to reducing the associated energy inefficiencies, thereby reducing emissions, operating costs and maintenance costs.
These advantages further lower the hurdles of on-site production, which leads to many more opportunities to distribute the product.

The HyGaSS or hybrid energy generation and storage system described herein optimizes the combination of both energy production for energy storage devices and waste heat, which is a useful by-product, and provides electrical or fluid energy. And the by-product waste heat is operable to control generation, transfer, and storage in multiple energy storage devices.
The HyGaSS further includes a control system operable to change the energy flow into the energy storage device, and a multiplexer that selectively and individually initiates the energy supply to the energy storage device.
HyGaSS further specifically determines the power generation plan and profile as integrated according to both the primary energy storage demand and the secondary thermal energy storage demand.
A typical single cycle power generation that is about 30% efficient produces about 60% efficiency and adds heat energy, and thus the product of primary energy is actually the overall energy efficiency. Is less important than secondary thermal energy by-products.

  As described in co-pending US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 161,144, optimal generation of energy is primarily achieved by the energy storage device having the ability to store energy, and secondly, the energy of the waste heat byproduct. It is necessary to have both the ability to accumulate. The HyGaSS is further operable to control the production of the main energy, with about 1 percent of the generated main energy being used in the energy storage device and the remainder of the power is distributed energy storage system, energy Preferably it is conveyed to a transmission system or a combination thereof. The integration of the functions of both storage and distribution of the primary energy source is a further alternative in performing energy generation and energy utilization asynchronously.

  One embodiment of the HyGaSS provides an integral coupling of the power system to the DC converter, which is capable of minimizing a number of parameters for power system demand peaks and hourly charges, and further DC- It operates as a means of reducing operating costs in accordance with a DC exhaust heat power generation system through a DC converter. Thereby, the input DC voltage and current operate in a variable state, supplying energy to battery storage devices, energy storage devices including ultra-capacitor storage devices, and thermal loads.

HyGaSS further calculates a target power requirement for a target completion time using a combination of energy consumption history for weekdays and holidays, battery charge capacity, charge rate information, and the like. The resulting power generation plan and profile are predicted to be connected within a previously planned time window, whether the hybrid vehicle is actually connected or not, in order to generate an optimal battery charge profile. Regardless, it is based on an aggregate of all plug-in hybrid vehicles in the plug-in hybrid client's network.
The means for predicting the planned time window may be based in part on the real-time global positioning system “GPS” position of the individual vehicle, so that the vehicle energy storage device matches the predicted time window arrival time. Determine sex.

In other embodiments, the HyGaSS can further operate according to a coupled system (ie, power system and DC exhaust heat power generation system), and emissions (ie, carbon dioxide “CO ₂ ”) are minimized. In other words, the operating mode of HyGaSS results in the lowest emission level, lowest energy input cost, or a combination of lowest emission costs, lowest emission avoidance cost, and lowest energy input cost, fuel input and maintenance. Produces both primary and secondary energy compared to the lowest simple operating cost.
One typical example of the inventive step is the possibility of discrepancies between the off-peak demands of the power system from coal, which has lower electrical costs than the local primary generation where the input fuel is natural gas. Clearly, the sum of emission and avoidance costs from using secondary power generation is offset by the benefits of fuel and maintenance costs.
Other more comprehensive examples include peak demand, energy storage charging performance (i.e., pulse charging, charging / storage device cooling allowance, lowest total cost (including waste heat from distributed products)) Electricity system power (demand, peak, off-peak cost, CO ₂ emissions) vs. DC generator operating cost (demand, peak, off-peak, maintenance, CO ₂ emissions, etc.), exhaust heat demand (absorption cooling, liquid desiccant Recharge, hot water at home) and energy storage device priority rate code (first charge, first end, give relative priority as a function of stored charge within a given time window) An optimal operating profile revealing at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of:

In other embodiments, the HyGaSS is operable to control the generation, transfer and storage of electrical and / or flow energy, which includes at least one energy supplier, at least one electrical and / or electrical and / or flow energy. Operable in a fluid energy storage device and operable to store by-product waste heat in at least one thermal energy storage device and to alter the energy flow into the energy storage device Operable by a control system, the energy generation can be changed by means of optimizing the integration of energy generation into the energy storage device and the use of by-product waste heat.
As previously described, many energy generators produce more by-product energy than primary energy.
In this way, in another embodiment of HyGaSS, the energy supplier transmits “primary” energy and by-product exhaust heat flow outside the plug-in hybrid vehicle and the energy storage device built into the plug-in hybrid vehicle. It is operable to change for both heat storage devices.

A typical American home has at least two vehicles, and thus the home is more likely than the home to use, whether energy is in the form of “primary” energy or by-product waste heat. It generates a lot of energy.
US Department of Energy (DOE) annual report on the US energy outlook shows that residential and commercial buildings account for 36% of total US energy use and 30% of US greenhouse gas emissions . Approximately 65% of the energy consumed in the residential and commercial sectors is for heating (46%), cooling (9%), and refrigeration (10%). In principle, this energy is decentralized. Can be supplied by solar thermal system. Based on population density and land, DOE reports the conclusion that 75% of residential and commercial buildings in the United States are good candidates for decentralized solar water systems. Similar conclusions can be reached for HyGaSS due to the considerable production of waste heat, a byproduct.

  As is often the case with waste heat power generation, the available amount of by-product waste heat exceeds the generation of electricity. In this way, an ideal complimentary energy storage system directly integrates low-temperature endotherm and reversible reaction (i.e., thermochemical) as a means to convert by-product exhaust heat into chemical action, The action can be returned to its original form at an appropriate demand consumption period, preferably using a fuel cell type device as a means of generating electricity.

Generating energy has many distinct advantages, and thus can generate unnecessary power using the vehicle's surplus capacity, thereby reducing unnecessary surplus capital costs. More importantly, waste heat, a byproduct generated by either or both of vehicle power generation or energy storage device cooling, is at least a significant part of the thermal energy used on the host side (eg, home). Take over.
The HyGaSS is preferably operable to change the flow of the heat transfer fluid as a means of actively cooling the energy storage device during charging and recovering by-product exhaust heat.
This energy is stored in a built-in thermal energy storage device, transferred to an external energy storage device, or used to supply a heated heat transfer fluid to an external consumer of the thermal energy.
Further embodiments of HyGaSS further contemplate operating the energy generating device with the vehicle from time to time when the vehicle is at least partially stopped to meet the host's primary energy requirements.
In this way, one embodiment further includes a distributed energy generator that is actually a transportable transport device (i.e., a vehicle) and locally connects primary energy (e.g., electrical energy) to a connected energy storage device. ) And hot water (ie, the vehicle supplies hot water or built-in phase change material “PCM” and electricity to the dwelling).
The energy generator supplies electricity to the built-in energy storage device and / or the real-time usage demand of the host device or to the predicted energy storage device of the host device.
One preferred embodiment determines which device is initially charged or determines the optimal energy charger profile as a function of parameters including real-time cost differences, expected costs, CO ₂ emissions, etc. Including non-linear algorithms.

One preferred embodiment of HyGaSS operates to change the energy flow to both the built-in energy storage device and the externally fixed energy storage device by means of a multiplexer that selectively and individually drives the energy supply to the energy storage device. Have a possible control system.
One particularly preferred embodiment further provides by-product waste heat to at least one thermal energy storage device selected from the group consisting of a built-in heat storage device, an externally fixed heat storage device, and combinations thereof. It has a means to do.

In order to realize the fullest benefits of HyGaSS, HyGaSS may be operable to control the generation and storage of multiple energy storage devices, including energy storage devices in multiple plug-in hybrid vehicles. .
HyGaSS further includes both local and distributed network control systems operable to change the flow of energy into the energy storage device, and multiplexers that selectively and individually operate the energy supply to the energy storage device. And the control system generates an optimal energy storage device charger profile.
A profile is generated by having parameters and inputs as a means of predicting a vehicle's predicted arrival time and likelihood, energy demand upon arrival, and combinations thereof, wherein the parameters and inputs are global positioning systems And at least one selected from the group consisting of historical data and real-time performance data.

HyGaSS's distributed network control system includes an automatic real-time controller and network communications known in the art to communicate with the automatic real-time controller (eg, wireless, broadband, DSL, etc.) to coordinate complex strategies And an energy storage device charger that minimizes at least one policy target selected from the group consisting of peak energy demand, total energy generation costs and emissions generated during energy generation, and combinations thereof Generate a profile for
Alternatively or additionally, the HyGaSS optimal energy storage device charger profile is at least one selected from the group consisting of energy generation, energy efficiency integration, and energy usage integration, and revenue resulting from their combination. It is preferable to maximize the strategy.

The optimal location for the energy generation and supply is where the use of waste heat heat load, a byproduct, can be maximized. This feature is similar to exhaust heat power generation known in the art.
However, waste heat power generation facilities can operate based solely on demand for primary energy sources (i.e., electricity) or more complex strategies rather than by-product waste heat. The ideal host for HyGaSS is a facility with significant heat load requirements.
Thermal loads that are easily stored using means known in the art (e.g., phase change material "PCM") to enable asynchronous generation and use include heating, domestic hot water, and heating processes including heating processes. Loads can be changed to non-traditional heat loads including absorption cooling, liquid drying cooling, bottom cycle power generation and preheating for solar thermal systems, but traditional and recent heat loads are limited to these Not.

FIG. 1 shows various energy sources including at least one of the group consisting of sunlight (10) or fuel. The sunlight (10) passes through either the photovoltaic cell (20) or the solar thermal conversion device (30), and then is a gas generator (50) / DC-DC converter DC generator or thermal drive DC generator (60), respectively. ) Is converted into useful energy. The fuel contains natural gas (40) and can drive a generator such as a gas driven DC generator (50).
Fuel references include natural gas, and may include, for example, biomass, hydrogen, gasoline or other combustibles. Additional fuels further include modern fuels such as nanoscale magnesium, which produce an exothermic reaction when reacting with oxygen in the oxide.
The energy produced by either the gas driven or heat driven DC generator is stored in a DC energy storage device (100). The category of the device includes a capacitor, a large capacity capacitor, a battery and the like.
Waste heat that is a by-product from any DC generator is stored in a heat storage device (90), which directly heats cold water (70) from a source of cold water, or waste heat built into a plug-in vehicle. It is stored either by further preheating from the recovery device (80) and raising the temperature. The cold water further recovers the exhaust heat generated from the battery charger or battery before actively cooling the plug-in hybrid vehicle (110). The cold water finally exits HyGaSS from point “4”.
Numbered displays (1), (2) and (3) are connection points and are given to clean up the drawing, eliminating too many related lines.

  In addition, another ideal host category is the traditional gathering point (i.e. where plug-in hybrid vehicles are frequently visited), which is a shipping company (e.g. USPS, UPS, FedEx (TM), etc.), Service companies that manufacture equipment (eg telephones, utilities, cables, contractors, etc.), supermarkets, shopping malls, condominiums / apartments, parking lots, car rental companies, carriers (eg airlines, buses, etc.) and conventional fuels Including points to supply (eg gas / gas station).

HyGaSS not only allows for the generation of by-product exhaust heat, but also allows both primary energy and by-product exhaust heat to be "non-synchronous" with each other, and in fact primary energy and by-products. Either / both consumers of a certain energy are completely out of sync with each other.
With integrated and inherent energy storage capabilities, the control strategy can allow for more sophisticated and complex controls. In one embodiment, the HyGaSS comprises a control system operable to dynamically change energy flow into the at least one energy storage device, the control system comprising at least one parameter selected from the following group: Determining an optimal charger profile with inputs based on the energy storage device requirements, the earliest start time of the energy storage device, the latest end time of the energy storage device, the priority code of the energy storage device, and Consists of revenue codes for energy storage devices. At least one parameter is selected from the group consisting of a demand for by-product waste heat energy, a real-time demand for by-product waste heat, the real-time demand being absorption cooling, recharging liquid desiccant, domestic hot water, It includes at least one user selected from the group consisting of a by-product waste heat storage capacity and combinations thereof.

The complexity of the control system strategy is that for both real-time and historical data, access to the data is a direct function. Access is largely determined by its ability to communicate both partially and entirely.
As more data is obtained, more powerful results are obtained by using advanced modeling techniques known in the art, including neural networks, nonlinear analysis, artificial intelligence, prophetic modeling, and the like.
Thus, in one embodiment, the HyGaSS further includes a control system capable of communicating between at least one electrical storage device and at least one energy supplier.
A more preferred embodiment further comprises a connector having an integrated and automated means for obtaining at least one electrical storage device parameter, wherein the electrical storage device parameter comprises identification information, model, owner profile, maximum energy storage. Selected from the group consisting of speed, maximum charging temperature, minimum voltage, maximum voltage, and combinations thereof.

With reference to FIG. 2, a representative scheme of an energy demand manager that limits the peak load of an energy supplier is shown as a power system (200).
Subsequently, the demand controller (210) monitors various sensors (230) including demand, kilowatt hours, gas flow, hot water flow, cold water flow, and the AC energy source is converted to DC by the AC-DC rectifier (220). After ensuring that the various loads (250) are controlled.
The output from the AC-DC rectifier drives various devices that require DC energy, such as DC lighting (260), frequency variable devices “VFDs”, DC computer (270), or (100) in FIG. It includes any DC energy storage device via point “5” shown, or a plug-in hybrid vehicle shown at (110) in FIG.

A particularly preferred embodiment of HyGaSS operates to minimize the collection of at least one parameter selected from the group, which group uses energy utilization, energy generation emissions, energy storage device energy costs, It includes charging time for the currently connected energy storage device, time for storing the energy level of the fixed energy storage device to a predetermined energy level percentage, or a combination thereof.
A particularly preferred embodiment of HyGaSS operates to maximize a collection of at least one parameter selected from a group, which group has a fixed energy storage as a means of predicting energy efficiency, revenue and short-term demand Includes energy levels stored in the device, utilization of waste heat as a by-product, or a combination thereof.

  Once the identification information is known, HyGaSS uses automated means to make real-time energy charger requirements for each energy storage device as a function of data including at least one data set selected from the group. Operable to determine, the group includes performance history data, energy requirements predicted prior to subsequent energy charging opportunities, energy storage device owner profile to energy cost to emission minimum ratio, and Including a combination of

Once comprehensive data is known at an individual level, HyGaSS further includes an automated means for determining the optimal production schedule for the energy supplier to each energy storage device assembly, the automated means comprising: Minimize the cost of aggregate energy and by-product waste heat, change real-time energy generation levels, use multiplexers to change energy flow into the energy storage device, and at least one energy supply parameter As a function, a means for selectively and individually operating the energy supply to the energy storage device.
Optimizing these factors requires a significant number of unique parameters. Some of these additional operating parameters and modes are used for both energy storage devices and energy suppliers.

  FIG. 3 shows the flow of exhaust heat as a by-product, starting from point “4” in FIG. This waste heat is temporarily stored in the heat storage device (90) or by thermal energy including heating process (310), absorption cooling (320), liquid drying cooling (330) and mere domestic hot water (350). Used by various devices to be driven. An optional waste heat recovery point changes the city's cold water (340) from the liquid dry cooling system as a means of further supplying domestic hot water.

Further preferred parameters include parameters that define Boolean users and operate at local maximum generation levels and power system input maximum levels, which are independent of peak demand yes / no. Is similar to, but within, and / or similar to the previously established peak requirement level yes / no Makes it possible to take into account.
Within the context of the collection of all elements, the ability to combine individual elements gives the optimal solution to be realized, while respecting the individual's purpose to the maximum possible (or possible).

  In one embodiment, the HyGaSS is operable to charge a predetermined energy storage device, each individual energy storage device having a predetermined charging mode selected from a group, wherein the group is instant A full charge, an immediate partial charge to a predetermined energy storage percentage or level, a predetermined energy storage percentage or level for a predetermined time, a first charge intended for a predetermined minimum energy storage percentage within a predetermined time, and A second charge aimed at a predetermined maximum energy storage percentage within a predetermined time, a minimum cost per energy unit charging the energy storage device, minimizing emissions resulting from energy generation to the energy storage device, an alternative Including maximizing the use of energy supplied by the energy source, and combinations thereof.

  In another embodiment, the HyGaSS is operable to charge a given energy storage device, each individual energy storage device having a designated priority mode selected from: (a) the energy storage device Charging to minimize the cost per unit of energy to the owner of the storage device (b) Charging to minimize the cost of generating per unit of energy to the owner of the energy supplier that operates to minimize the charging time (c) Charging to maximize charging and / or (d) Charging with highest priority.

  The preferred embodiment of HyGaSS provides a parameter input means including a method that is fast, secure and automatically identifies hybrid storage devices. The means includes a user interface, the user interface comprising at least one device selected from a group, the group comprising a user interface built into the plug-in hybrid, a plug-in connector between the energy supplier and the energy storage device And a user interface fixed to the energy supplier.

The energy storage device and the energy generator supplier preferably have means for communicating with each other using network communication. One preferred communication means is preferably resistant to electrical noise such as an infrared transceiver.
Particularly preferred communication means are incorporated as an integral connector element between the electrical storage device and the electrical supply. One particularly preferred integral element has automated means for linking the electrical storage device transceiver and the electrical supply. Further wireless and wired means are conceivable as possible devices including power line carriers, RF transceivers, RFID, USB ports, etc. The preferred energy supplier controller further establishes two-way communication with the controller of the energy storage device. A particularly preferred energy supplier controller allows the controller of the energy storage device to be a node in the communication system. A particularly preferred energy supplier controller provides equal access to energy storage device sensors, real-time data, and historical performance data.

Preferred controllers further comprise means for identifying connections with individually connected energy storage devices using automated means. Particularly preferred connectors have the identification means incorporated in the connector. Particularly preferred connectors in the control system have means to access the data, which includes at least performance history data, data including parameters that predict at least the energy demands expected until the next energy charge (various Charge fixed service fees to manage between distributed billing amounts and manage cost / emission / total energy availability according to owner preference).
The connector preferably further includes means for applying a heat transfer fluid as means for actively cooling the energy storage device and recovering waste heat as a by-product during the charging process. Another preferred feature of the connector is a further means for extracting hot heat transfer fluid for active cooling from the plug-in vehicle as a means of utilizing the exhaust heat generated from the vehicle (ie, the transport device). The vehicle further reduces by-product exhaust heat, particularly or, more broadly, by-product exhaust energy storage, such as from an auxiliary fuel consuming engine / fuel cell, when the energy storage device is recharged. As a means, it comprises a device of phase change material.

In various embodiments, additional features include: The connector includes means for integrally communicating communication and energy flow between the electrical storage device and the energy supplier. The energy storage device controller establishes two-way communication with the energy storage device controller by automated means that become active communication nodes on the same network as the energy supplier.
The controller of the energy storage device has means for communicating with the energy storage device sensors, real-time data and performance history data. The connector is operable to draw hot active cooling heat transfer fluid from the plug-in hybrid vehicle as a means of utilizing waste heat that is a byproduct generated from the vehicle.

With respect to FIG. 4, various preferred communication and connection methods using HyGaSS are shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the energy controller 400 is the primary node for both communication and control at the local level. The energy controller obtains data via broadband communication (410) methods and short range protocols known in the art and obtains real-time and performance data from the sensor (420), the method is RS-485, Echelon, Methods known in the art such as a back net are included.
In the broadband communication method, the database (430) and the network (440) are accessed and the history and performance data, the location of the storage device, the plan, etc. are given respectively (that is, in the plug-in hybrid vehicle of (110) in FIG. like). The energy controller uses an integrated energy storage device connector, shown here as DC storage device connector (470). The connector of the DC storage device has an integrated communication device, here shown as an infrared LED transceiver “IR-XCVR” and a fluid carrying “Xfer” connector. The LED transceiver sends data directly to the connected DC storage device (100) via the LED transceiver (460) and automatically includes data including history, performance, command instructions, built-in vehicle user interface, etc. It is preferable to provide the actual device ID # that serves as a reference value for accessing the.
The fluid Xfer connector (490) conveys the heat transfer fluid to the DC storage device (480) via the fluid Xfer connector (500). In the preferred embodiment, the connector (500) of the DC storage device is a node on the plug-in vehicle communication bus that directly accesses the plug-in transport controller (510). The result is direct access to performance data (520) that enables real-time data, performance history data, energy storage device specifications, etc., and is part of the optimal scenario for HyGaSS.

  Significant transfer and transfer of thermal energy is best achieved with a heat transfer fluid having a significant energy storage capacity. For cooling the energy storage device and / or cooling the thermal energy storage device, preferred heat transfer fluids include microemulsion or nanoemulsion phase change material, non-phase change material, non-phase change material is water, high sensible heat level / heat transfer fluid with kg, and combinations thereof. Particularly preferred heat transfer fluids are ionic liquids, combinations of ionic liquids and as a cycling of electricity generators, or cooling of large capacitors, or fluid circulation into electrical storage devices and / or charger circuits and Selected from the group consisting of poly (ionic fluid) polymers. A particularly preferred heat transfer fluid is comprised of a heat transfer fluid composed of at least one ionic liquid and at least one poly (ionic liquid) polymer.

A preferred embodiment of the heat transfer fluid is used as a means for at least one function selected from the group comprising bottoming cycle energy generation, active cooling of the energy storage device, charger cooling of the energy storage device, and combinations thereof. , And a means for recovering exhaust heat as a by-product.
The HyGaSS further includes a phase change heat storage device as a means of promoting the use of waste heat, a byproduct resulting from the recharging of the energy storage device.

  Preferred embodiments of the energy storage device include a thermal fluid energy storage device, a battery storage device, an electrochemical energy storage device, a heat storage device, a fluid energy storage device, a magnetic energy storage device, a flywheel power generation device or a combination thereof. An energy storage device in which energy is generated by either distributed or centralized means including.

FIG. 5 shows an integrated scenario where a wide range of energy suppliers and storage devices may be combined to perform optimally. Each of the following represents a number of devices within all devices that are in one physical location, distributed within the region, or registered as clients.
It is a general agreement that an energy supplier described as an electricity supplier (530) supplies energy to the plug-in hybrid vehicle (110). The plug-in hybrid vehicle (110) has a built-in plug-in transport controller (565), a DC energy storage device (570), a heat storage device (575), and further other energy that is fluid, compressed air or the like. It has a built-in distributed generator (580) with a storage device (585).
Also in this situation, the electrical supply (530) used interchangeably as a fixed host for the plug-in transport device preferably has at least one local controller, an energy storage controller (535).
The preferred embodiment has a fixed energy storage device, described herein as a DC storage device (540). It further comprises a stationary heat storage device (545).
It further comprises a distributed generator (550) that locally supplies waste heat, a by-product used locally, as a means of improving overall efficiency. The fixed distributed generator (550) further comprises a different type of energy storage facility, such as compressed air, incidentally described here as another energy storage device (555).

  The combined features of HyGaSS allow the price to be dynamic, so that the price of the output energy supplied to the energy storage device integrates the energy efficiency of the energy supplier and the minimization of emissions. It is preferable to change dynamically.

With respect to FIG. 6, a representative relationship between a number of parameters for a given practical feeder is shown. The peak demand parameter is the economic cost per peak unit of energy supplied. The peak demand often has an associated start time and end time, indicated as a start time zone and an end time zone, respectively.
Each unit of energy supplied also has at least an energy rate, expressed as equivalent energy to $ / kwh.
For instances where time of day rates are available, it may further have separate start and end periods. Each utility utility supplier, which is an energy generator, has varying degrees of CO ₂ emissions per energy unit produced as described as a standard number CO ₂ emission factor. Each power system supplier can be given a specific form of energy, such as electricity, and stored for future use.
The energy storage device changes the degree of energy loss, which is indicated as the storage efficiency factor, whereby the unit is stored without loss. Each power system supplier produces by-product waste heat, which is a thermal efficiency factor (i.e., how much useful thermal energy is generated per unit of fuel input) and the output temperature expressed as thermal efficiency light rate. Shown in both.
Finally, FIG. 6 provides communication parameters indicating communication methods and nodes. The main indicates a wired broadband internet connection, the parameter indicates a local parameter of the controller, and the outdoor indicates a wireless connection.

With respect to FIG. 7, a representative relationship between a number of parameters for a given energy storage device is shown. The type / SN # energy storage device parameters provide the necessary information to ensure safe and efficient energy storage. The types shown include batteries and large capacitors. If more identifiers are indicated, more specificities as required, such as manufacturer and model #, are given. The sequence number # gives a unique identifier that is optimal for linking the energy storage device to a given plug-in hybrid vehicle, owner class or percentage code class.
The charge rate limit kwh / hour parameter indicates the maximum rate of energy input as a function of time, such that the battery is significantly slower than the large capacitor and the charge rate is slower. The current charge kwh tracks real time to the extent possible and the energy accumulation level in absolute terms (with model type) provides sufficient capacity, while the # in the sequence number indicates the charge cycle All levels will be de-rated with an account for #.
The real-time charge rate indicates the current charge rate that will be slower than the charge limit rate. The target accumulation request indicates the desired energy level that is expected to start at the expected start time and must be completed by the required end time.
The GPS location provides the real-time physical location of the plug-in hybrid device, which either returns to a specific charging point before the vehicle needs to be recharged, or a specific charging point (i.e. away from home). Used to determine a realistic prediction of whether or not to return to a vacation or business trip.
Rate code / rank # provides a means of identifying different revenue sizes (eg, wholesale, retail, discount, etc.). Rank also provides further distinction. The purpose code / rank # allows differentiation between owners who want to minimize costs, emissions, etc., again, rank again provides further distinction.

  With respect to FIG. 8, an example of an energy usage history that is used to predict energy demand in generating an optimal profile is provided. Energy is described in the form of energy required and stored in a plug-in hybrid vehicle. Weekdays or holidays can identify obvious weekdays, weekdays, obvious holidays, or provide any means known in the art for tracking execution history. The peak demand indicates the maximum consumption rate for a specific time in the start time zone and a specific time in the end time zone, while energy equivalence indicates cumulative energy consumption.

  A number of additional parameters can be used. In practice, the HyGaSS control system may actually have significantly more data points than those shown in FIGS.

9A-9C illustrate a modified high efficiency fluid energy storage system. The preferred embodiment “charges” the fluid energy storage system during off-peak hours by using off-peak energy rates in preparation for the next “expansion” (ie, power generation) other than during peak hours. A particularly preferred fluid energy storage system uses a heat fluid fluid.
A particularly preferred thermal fluid is composed of two elements selected from at least one absorber and one refrigerant, although the use of a binary mixture is also possible. The heat-fluid fluid is connected to the heat exchanger as a means for carrying heat energy into the heat-fluid fluid so that the fluid can come and go, resulting in an increase in enthalpy.

FIG. 9A shows an external off-peak energy source (800) spanning a heat-fluid pump (850) driven by off-peak electricity or wind / solar / geothermal to pressurize (ie increase pressure) the working fluid. . The generated high-pressure heat-fluidized fluid is stored in an accumulator including a heat-fluid-type high-pressure storage device (990). This scenario has a number of advantages starting with an arbitrage position that stores off-peak energy in preparation for peak consumption, which in many cases the off-peak rate can be part of the peak rate. .
Moreover, more importantly, the peak period is often related to the peak level of sunlight, thereby allowing solar energy to be used to increase the enthalpy of the stored thermal fluid. .

FIG. 9B illustrates one exemplary scenario in which an external heat source, such as a gasoline combustor (910), is used to increase the enthalpy of the heat fluid within the heat fluid high pressure storage device (990). Other methods place the liquid to the liquid heat flow heat exchanger (960) in a heat flow high pressure accumulator (990) or even a boiler or furnace. A thermofluid having a higher enthalpy generates electrical power through the expansion phase of a thermofluid expansion motor (970).
Under the scenario where the heat fluid is reused, the expansion fluid is stored in a heat fluid low pressure accumulator (980). In other scenarios, particularly where the heat fluid is compressed air, it involves the expansion fluid being released to the atmosphere.

FIG. 9C shows a binary mixed fluid as a thermofluidic fluid composed of elements comprising an ionic liquid / polycarbonate / polymer having a lower critical dissolution temperature and absorbed CO ₂ . The high-pressure energy storage device 700 for the two-type mixed fluid stores the two-type mixed fluid at a high pressure. Two mixed fluid is separated into its two principal components of the absorbent driven by a working fluid and the heat flow-type heat exchanger (960), preferably obtained heat energy from CO ₂ neutral (canceled) source .
The resulting diluent, referred to as an absorbent having a relatively low concentration of working fluid (i.e., CO ₂ ), generates power by recovering fluid pressure by the diluent volumetric engine (710), Engines range from gerotor (internal gear) pumps, pumps with bent shafts, piston pumps and other displacement pumps.
The separated CO ₂ generated by separating the working fluid is subsequently heated by the heat fluid heat exchanger (730) to increase the enthalpy. Electric power is generated by the subsequent expansion of the thermofluid fluid in a thermofluid expansion motor (970), which includes a gerotor pump, a pump with a bent shaft, a piston pump and a conventional expansion device (i.e., Turbine). The expanded fluid is then stored in a heat flow low pressure storage device (980).

FIG. 10 shows another embodiment in which the pressure of the heat fluid is increased using an engine that directly drives the pump. Preferred engines are powered by other categories of energy sources including sunlight, geothermal, wind, tide, and biomass combustion. Another energy source that is particularly preferred produces exhaust heat. The resulting waste heat is used directly to increase the enthalpy of the thermal fluid, or is stored in a thermal energy storage device for later and / or necessary energy generation.
One typical scenario is the use of an external fuel source including gasoline (900), which is preferably extracted from biomass such as ethanol / butanol / biodiesel, and is a gasoline-driven heat fluid pump ( 950). An external combustion engine that directly drives the fluid type pump is suitable for the heat fluid type pump.
The direct drive fluid pump is more efficient than the direct drive electricity generator or transmitter due to the exhaust heat recovery device (80) that increases the enthalpy of the heat fluid as previously described. If the power consumption is a process that is not synchronized with power generation, the thermal energy is incidentally stored in the heat storage device (545). This stored thermal energy is used to increase the enthalpy through the heat flow heat exchanger (960). Electric power is generated by subsequent expansion of the heat flow fluid in a heat flow expansion motor (970). The expanded fluid is then stored in a heat flow low pressure storage device (980).

FIG. 11 is a flowchart for controlling the discharge of high pressure (ie, charged) heat fluid to maximize total energy efficiency. Further anticipated goals include minimizing the total amount of CO ₂ emissions, taking into account all energy sources used to charge the heat fluid.
For example, a biofuel driven thermal fluid engine is a primary engine that includes CO ₂ emissions from biofuel combustion, while a wind driven turbine has zero emissions in the first stage. .
Maximizing the total energy efficiency is responsible for the primary engine energy efficiency, the known / calculated energy efficiency of the heat fluid engine, and the known / calculated energy consumption until the next heat fluid fluid charge. This is accomplished by ensuring that the thermal fluid expansion takes place at a rate determined to reach enthalpy gain by transferring heat from the exhaust heat source into the working fluid.
An important success factor of this method is the input range that includes the user's electronic calendar keyboard entry in the transport device, the global positioning system process settings, or the historical data of either the transport device driver or the transport device itself. Is to determine the exact destination.
Maximizing the total energy efficiency further includes at least one parameter that tracks the capacity of the heat flow fluid accumulator.
Preferably, one of the most important goals is to ensure adequate reserve capacity in the accumulator and charge from regenerative braking, in other words, a conventional heat-fluid hybrid system. A simple dendrogram can determine whether there is enough stored energy (600) in the heat storage high pressure storage device (990) to reach the destination in sufficient storage device.
And when adequate thermal energy is available to reach the desired destination, when there is sufficient heat accumulation (610) to arrive at the destination, the stored energy is gained by off-peak energy consumption. Assuming that the power is generated, the power is generated by directly expanding the heat flow fluid in the heat flow expansion motor (970).
The expanded fluid is then stored in a heat flow type low pressure accumulator (980). Assuming that the improperly stored energy is within the existing enthalpy value and that a suitable supply of thermal energy is available, assuming that the thermal energy is hotter than the thermal fluid, the enthalpy of the thermal fluid Is increased by using the thermal energy stored in the heat storage device (545) through the heat fluid heat exchanger (960), and then the heat fluid in the heat fluid expansion motor (970) is removed. By inflating, power is generated again.
The expanded fluid is then stored in a heat flow type low pressure accumulator (980). When an inappropriate amount of both energy stored in a combined form of flow and heat energy is available to reach the destination, the gasoline drive (950), an external fuel heat flow pump, Additional power is generated that is used directly or stored in a high pressure storage device (990), preferably of a heat flow type, and waste heat that is a by-product is recovered by the exhaust heat recovery device (80).

FIG. 12 is a flow chart describing controlling the discharge of high pressure heat fluid to achieve a minimum operating cost. One typical application is to charge a heat flow system at night off-peak energy, which is traditionally part of the cost of peak energy and / or the cost of virtually all fuel sources. .
The preferred embodiment has a number of dendrograms, one representative dendrogram showing that the energy stored in the heat-fluid accumulator can be transmitted to the destination without using the primary engine of the transport device. If it is inappropriate to arrive at. Under such a scenario, the discharge of the thermal fluid only occurs when thermal energy is stored or available to increase the enthalpy of the thermal fluid.
Another example is that the energy stored in the heat flow accumulator is sufficient to reach the destination. Using this scenario, the discharge rate is the maximum of the accumulator, assuming that the operating cost of heat flow energy is significantly lower than the primary engine, with or without the additional gain efficiency obtained from the heat storage device. Decided to reach decline.
Another simple dendrogram determines whether there is sufficient accumulation (600) to reach the destination in the heat flow high pressure accumulator (990). If the current heat storage device is available so that the thermal energy increases the enthalpy (630), power is generated by directly expanding the thermal fluid in the thermal fluid expansion motor (970). The expanded fluid is then stored in a heat flow type low pressure accumulator (980). If an improper stored energy exists at the existing enthalpy value and an adequate supply of thermal energy is available, the thermal fluid enthalpy is assumed assuming that the thermal energy is hotter than the thermal fluid. Is increased by using the thermal energy stored in the heat storage device (545) through the heat fluid heat exchanger (960), and then the heat fluid in the heat fluid expansion motor (970) is removed. By inflating, power is generated again.
The expanded fluid is then stored in a heat flow type low pressure accumulator (980). When an inappropriate amount of both energy stored in the combined form of fluid and heat energy is available to arrive at the destination, the gasoline drive (950), which is an external fuel heat flow pump, Additional power is generated that is used directly or preferably stored in a heat fluidized high pressure storage device (990), and the by-product exhaust heat is recovered by the exhaust heat recovery device (80).

  Various embodiments may use various representative parameters and typical values for the parameters. These parameters include the following with their respective definitions:

  Energy cost of heat fluid per kg, which is the average cost per kg paid to obtain heat fluid in a charged state.

  The cost of exchanging heat fluid energy per kg, which is the expected cost per kg to charge the fluid.

  The energy gain of an enthalpy thermal fluid expressed as either a thermodynamic equation of state or a non-linear equation as a function of temperature and pressure.

  Capacity of thermal fluid accumulator.

  The charge level of the thermal fluid accumulator.

  The temperature of the primary engine thermal energy source.

  Primary engine fuel cost per kW, which is the average cost per kW paid to get fuel.

  Regenerative energy gain of the transport device expressed as either force / mass or non-linear equation as a function of travel speed and deceleration speed.

  Acceleration energy gain of the transport device expressed as either force / mass or non-linear equation as a function of travel speed and deceleration speed.

  Primary engine refueling cost per kW expected to fill the fuel tank.

  Real-time sensors are used to monitor pressure, temperature, accumulator level, fuel level, expander energy generation, transport device travel speed, transport device position, and estimated transport device mass.

With respect to FIG. 13A, a method of controlling the rate at which pressurized working fluid is discharged to a minimum of two stages is shown. The discharge pressure and temperature from the preferred first stage heat fluidized high pressure accumulator (990) occurs in the separation of the various working fluids and the gas is expanded in the heat fluidized expansion motor (970).
The preferred second stage exhaust pressure and temperature occurs before the gas phase transitions from the second stage to the third stage and before the heat flow fluid enters the gas / liquid transition (640).
Further energy is extracted by expanding the working fluid into a liquid in a positive displacement engine (650), which is then expanded into a heat flow type low pressure accumulator (980). Stored.

With reference to FIG. 13B, a particularly preferred implementation of increasing the enthalpy of a thermal fluid using atmospheric energy in the same way that a conventional heat pump obtains a performance factor greater than one (ie, 1) using atmospheric energy. An example is shown.
This atmospheric energy is a “free” energy source, but, like any thermodynamic cycle, this atmospheric energy is only available when the working fluid temperature is below ambient temperature. This is accomplished by using a two-stage expansion using a heat fluid that has been previously pressurized from a heat fluidized high pressure accumulator (990).
The first stage of expansion energy is converted to mechanical energy by a heat flow expansion motor (970). The starting temperature of the high pressure heat fluid is preferably low enough to produce a fluid with an equal (or roughly equal) entropy and well below the ambient temperature (just like an air conditioning or refrigeration unit). Ideally, refrigeration capacity is used as a further method of reducing energy consumption.
Atmospheric energy is conveyed into the thermal fluid by an atmospheric energy heat exchanger (660). Additional energy is recovered by the exhaust heat absorber (80), conveyed directly to the heat fluid by hot thermal energy, or via a heat fluid heat exchanger (960) to the heat storage device (545). Stored in.
The higher enthalpy heat flow fluid is expanded and generates power by the heat flow type second expansion motor (670), and the expanded fluid is then stored in the heat flow type low pressure accumulator (980). .

  One example is an energy generation system having at least two separate expansion stages, where the two expansion stages result in the temperature of the thermal fluid being lower than the current atmospheric temperature, increasing the enthalpy of the thermal fluid. A first expansion stage followed by a heating process, and a second expansion stage that results in a performance count greater than one expansion stage in the system.

The energy generation system preferably includes a two-component fluid composed of at least one absorbent and at least one absorbent material. A preferred method of removing absorbent material from the absorbent is by at least one non-thermal method, such as magnetic refrigeration, vapor compression heat pump condenser, solar activated direct spectral light absorption, electrodialysis , Electrostatic field, thin film separation, electron separation, permeation method, gas centrifuge, swirl tube CO ₂ -liquid absorber, decanting, or combinations thereof. Particularly preferred energy for removing the absorbent material is derived from off-peak electricity, stored electricity, or a combination thereof.

FIG. 14 shows another embodiment of the energy generation system in which the heat-fluid fluid (the binary fluid) is stored in the high-pressure energy storage device 700 for the binary fluid. The two-mixed fluid separates the thermal fluid from the thermal energy high temperature source (1020) (also used to drive the heat pipe around the absorbent material via the thermal fluid heat exchanger (730)). The absorbent material (720) and the fluidized heat exchanger (960) into the absorbent are separated using a conventional thermal method by reversibly connecting the fluid, and the temperature of the thermal energy source is The boiling point is equal to or higher than the boiling point, and the boiling point is a diluent recovered in the heat pipe condenser (1000) by the heat pipe evaporator (1010), and the absorptivity recovered in the heat pipe condenser (1040) by the heat pipe evaporator (1050). It has a significant portion (at least 80%) of both the thermal energy of the material, or a combination thereof, which is the flow energy of the absorbent by the diluent positive displacement engine (710), the thermal fluid expansion motor (970 ) Expansion energy of the absorbent material or We are collected before generating the electric power by the dynamic energy or a combination thereof.
In addition to the expanded diluent and absorbent material being finally discharged into a heat flow low pressure storage device (980) to generate energy asynchronously and then be absorbed, the system Will bring additional benefits to accumulate temporarily.
This is the preferred method because it minimizes the requirement for thermal energy from a higher quality heat source. The enthalpy of the absorbent material is increased by a low-quality heat source, which is an HVAC / R sink (1070) connected to a heat-fluid heat exchanger (1060) and fluid, and a heat energy cold source (1030). ) And / or the heat-fluid heat exchanger (730) and the HVAC sink (1080) in fluid communication with the fluid.
This is particularly preferred for solar applications, where high temperatures often require a main and intensive solar collector that tracks the collector. The use of non-tracking standard collectors balances thermal energy and lower cost per kW.
One excellent method of recovering energy known in the art is the use of heat pipes, but generally for the purpose of dehumidification, heat energy is transferred from a high-quality heat source to a two-component heat fluid fluid. Various heat exchanger devices surrounding a propagating heat exchanger. Another method is a rotating heat exchanger wheel.

Another example is referred to with respect to FIG. 17A, in which during the off-peak time, the absorbent (720) is removed from the concentrated solution and the difference between the off-peak energy and peak energy rates is taken (arbitraging). There are advantages to increasing the actual total efficiency and reducing the cost per kW. A particularly preferred example is the use of a non-thermal separation device (1090) such as electrode separation during off-peak hours.
Electron separation energy often yields substantial costs per kilogram when combined with the off-peak energy rate often well below the peak energy rate, often well below thermal separation energy. The cost is often deleted to the extent of 10% of the peak energy per kilogram in other cases.
By further using a dual fluid high pressure energy storage device (700) that stores the separated absorbent material, the diluent is expanded within the diluent volumetric engine (710) and the stored energy is peaked. HVAC / R sink (1070), thermal energy cold source (1030) and / or heat fluid heat exchanger that can be used during the period and fluidly connected to the heat fluid heat exchanger (1060) The separated absorbent material whose enthalpy has been increased by the HVAC sink (1080) in which the fluid is movably connected to (730) is expanded through the thermal fluid expansion motor (970).
The expanded fluid is then stored in any heat flow type low pressure storage device (980) which stores the recombined absorber and absorbent, or alternatively the required absorbent. Only the expanded absorbent material is stored to minimize the amount of
Another advantage of this method is that the daytime temperature is higher (mostly coincident with the peak time) compared to the nighttime temperature and is considerably cooled by the expansion of the absorbent material, so that the HVAC / There is a further advantage of offsetting the electricity consumption required by the R device.

FIG. 17B illustrates another embodiment that utilizes an off-peak shift in energy consumption and a peak in energy generation. This example uses a thermofluidized low pressure accumulator (980) with a “consumable” absorbent that is absorbed in a diluent (exclusion of heat absorption is not shown in the figure), and the diluent has an off-peak time. The heat fluid type pump (1100) is pressurized into the high-pressure energy storage device (700) of the two-type mixed fluid. The two mixed fluids are separated into diluents and reused to absorb the above absorbent material in the absorber (1120) and the separator absorbent material (720) by the non-thermal separator (1090) method. The
The high pressure absorbent material is stored in a heat flow type high pressure storage device (1110). During peak operation, the enthalpy of the stored absorbent material is increased by the fluid flowable heat exchanger (730) and fluid communicatively connected, followed by expansion by the heat flow expansion motor (970). Is done.

Another particularly preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 21 is an energy generation system in which the extracted absorbent material (720) is expanded in at least two separate expansion stages, the first expansion stage being a heat flow stage. In the first expansion motor (1310), the temperature of the heat fluid is lower than the current atmospheric temperature, and then the enthalpy of the heat fluid contained in the heating process is converted into heat fluid heat exchange. HVAC / R sink (1070) in which fluid is connected to the heat exchanger (1060), thermal energy low temperature source (1030) and / or HVAC in which fluid is connected to the heat flow type heat exchanger (730) in a flowable manner Increased by a sink (1080) and incidentally stored in a heat flow type intermediate pressure accumulator (1500) to separate the first expansion stage and the second expansion stage. The second expansion stage is the first expansion stage. The discharged absorbent material flows to the heat fluid heat exchanger (1530). Enhancing the enthalpy first by applying cooling stored (or used immediately) in the tank of the heat HVAC accumulator (1510) to which the body is releasably connected, followed by other heat flows An atmospheric temperature source (1520) with fluid flow to the mold heat exchanger (1540) results in a system performance count greater than one. A high enthalpy absorbent material is incidentally stored in a heat flow low pressure storage device (980), which in conjunction with the first expansion stage separates cooling from power generation. It is well known in the heat pump art that conventional non-absorbing heat pumps (i.e., vapor compression) have a performance factor greater than 1, often as high as 4-6.
A particularly preferred embodiment, in part, expands the absorbent material while capturing the expanded energy and drives the heat flow motor (1310), where the starting pressure and temperature are exhausted after the first expansion stage. It is set with the specific pressure obtained where the temperature is lower than the current atmospheric temperature being reduced.
This mode of operation allows for free energy, meaning that free energy is obtained, for example, without any solar collector, and the partially expanded absorbent material before the second expansion stage. Increases enthalpy.
The second expansion stage also comprises a heat flow type fluid expansion motor, thus producing more substantial energy than the start energy required to raise the pressure by the flow type pump to a high start pressure PO. This particular example clearly shows the advantage that the performance factor is greater than 1, and thus uses a heat fluid as an energy storage medium compared to a standard fluid. The basic advantages are clearly shown.

  FIG. 16 referred to is one representative thermodynamic cycle showing actual US National Institute of Standards and Technology “NIST” data, which is before the first expansion phase, after the first expansion phase, and after the second expansion phase. Before, the carbon dioxide at the four state points after the second expansion stage. Further data is from a spreadsheet that calculates the isentropic temperature for the above pressure expansion ratio.

  Particularly preferred thermal fluid fluids include at least one absorbent having partial miscibility with the absorbent material, the absorbent having a low critical dissolution temperature “LCST” and separated as a supercritical fluid. At least one absorbent material. The advantage of such a thermal fluid is a performance factor significantly greater than 1, often between 2 and 20. Typical absorbents exhibiting “LCST” are acrylamides such as poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) and poly (N-acryloyl-valine), and poly (methyl metaalkylic acid) and for example ethyl, propyl, isopropyl Larger aliphatic esters, and those shown as petroleum-based polymers including esters such as aromatic esters, but are not limited to these.

FIG. 18 shows a further addition of at least one variable volume constant pressure accumulator (1210) using a constant pressure load balancer (ie, spring (1200)). The force of the constant pressure load balancer has a resistance force of at least about 85% of the flowing fluid pressure on the inner surface of the variable volume constant pressure accumulator.
Compared to standard accumulators, the variable volume constant pressure accumulator (1210) produces many advantages, including greater actual energy storage per unit quantity, and more stable accumulator operating pressure, which stabilizes the operating pressure This allows the entire energy storage system to operate in a more stable equilibrium state.
Extracted by adding an additional energy storage controller (400) that dynamically changes the inflation and discharge pressure to maintain within about 10% of the variable pressure constant pressure accumulator (1220), which is a relatively low pressure accumulator. The power energy can be the maximum amount.

FIG. 15 shows another embodiment of an energy storage controller (535), a demand controller / scheduler & source management device (210) that is an energy demand controller, and an energy storage system comprising a heat fluid fluid. 535) adjusts the mass flow rate into the flow energy supply (1150) of the thermal fluid pump and the mass flow exiting from the fluid energy high pressure storage device (1100) for thermal fluid storage, and is at least one selected from the group It outputs a constant final output energy generation consisting of energy parameters, the group consisting of a power system (200) supply, a distributed energy supply distributed generator (550), and a demand and energy storage supply.
Use of conventional electrical energy storage devices such as flywheels and batteries (e.g., DC energy storage device (540)) and conventional fluid storage devices, high pressure storage device (1100) of fluid energy (e.g., flow Although it is well known that accumulators can make power generation asynchronous from power consumption, all these methods have a performance factor of less than one.
In other words, the process of converting electricity to another form of energy storage and then back converting to electricity results in significant conversion losses. The fundamental benefit of a thermofluid is that a low quality thermal energy source can overcome conversion losses as a whole.
The integration of the atmospheric temperature heat exchange device (1130), the geothermal temperature heat exchange device (1140), the low temperature heat storage device (1120), and the HVAC temperature storage device (1160) leads to the flow of heat fluid. It is a typical heat source that increases its enthalpy.
The energy storage controller (535) utilizes a combination of a sensor (420) with real-time operational and performance data and a database (430) with operational history and performance data to maximize the final energy efficiency. To do. One of the most important operating scenarios for which a thermal fluid energy storage system provides significant benefits is a solar power plant. One representative example is a solar photovoltaic power plant, where the energy produced is immediately disrupted due to intermittent cloud cover.
This non-constant energy output limits the power plant to become the base power plant, limiting the economic value of the power plant. One advantage of this embodiment is a solar concentrating photovoltaic power plant, which operates a higher photovoltaic cell produced by the remaining solar energy that is not converted to electricity. It is adversely affected by temperature and has a high conversion efficiency by actively cooling below ambient temperature when integrated into a two-stage expansion cycle.
The two-stage expansion cycle reduces the operating temperature of the photovoltaic cell by a minimum of about 5 degrees Fahrenheit to a maximum of about 200 degrees Fahrenheit. The two-stage expansion cycle has the further advantage of converting the remaining solar energy that is not converted by the photovoltaic cell, which eventually becomes exhaust heat, into thermal energy, increasing the enthalpy of the thermofluid.
Another important advantage is that the combined system has a more stable and predictable energy generation output by utilizing stored thermal and flow energy. Another exemplary scenario uses a two-stage expansion cycle to accout for real-time generation fluctuations in energy generated from wind turbines, wave energy, and geothermal or solar powered thermodynamic cycles. To stabilize the final production of energy.
A further exemplary scenario is a non-replaceable energy source, such as a combustion engine, that is in a heat flow pump that generates flow energy having power W1 in a pressurized heat flow fluid. A mechanically connected exhaust heat recovery heat exchanger, engine oil cooler, or a combination thereof that is communicably connected to the combustion engine exhaust, transfers thermal energy into the pressurized fluid fluid. And the scenario includes a heat flow motor that generates energy having power W2, which is greater than power W1.

The two-stage expansion cycle is best characterized as an energy storage system, which is a heat fluid fluid, a heat fluid accumulation system with pressure P1, a heat fluid accumulation system with pressure P2, a heat fluid pump, a heat fluid motor. And a heat exchanger in which the heat-fluid fluid and the fluid are connected to each other before the heat-fluid motor, and the pressure P1 is at least about 15% higher than the pressure P2.
A particularly preferred embodiment uses a thermal fluid that is a two-component fluid containing an absorbent and an absorbent material, where the absorbent and absorbent material are separated, and the separated absorbent material is further separated by a thermal energy source, The heated and separated absorbent material generates power by reducing the pressure to P2, pressure P2 is lower than pressure P1, the absorbent is placed at pressure P1, and the absorbent is reduced by reducing the pressure to P3. Electric power is generated, pressure P1 is higher than pressure P3, and pressure P2 is higher than pressure P3.
The operation of this two-stage expansion cycle, especially when the absorbent temperature produces unacceptably high viscosity or worse solids, limits the expansion of the absorbent to a pressure higher than the expansion of the absorbent material to maximize energy generation. It is necessary to do. With further use of the heat storage device, the heat generation operation can be made asynchronous by transferring heat energy into the heat fluid by connecting the heat storage device and the fluid so that they can come and go.
One exemplary scenario is a combination of a heat flow energy generation system and any conventional thermodynamic cycle, where the waste heat energy of the bottoming cycle is stored and used to increase the enthalpy of the heat flow fluid.

Another method of obtaining asynchronous power generation, power consumption, and heat generation is a heat flow motor connected to an electricity generator and an electricity storage device, and the energy storage controller is a mass flow that exits the heat flow energy storage device and The electrical flow is regulated within the electrical storage device to minimize energy consumption by reducing the total electricity consumption.
Thermal energy generated as a by-product of power generation, and also exhaust heat resulting from charging of the electrical storage device, is recovered by the heat fluid while cooling the electrical storage device. The thermofluid fluid is expanded and at the same time using a thermofluid motor to convert the energy of the first expansion stage into electricity.

A further example of an asynchronous power generation and power consumption process is achieved by using an energy storage controller with a heat flow motor connected to an electrical generator and a heat flow energy storage device to heat mass flow. Regulate within a fluid-type energy storage device to maximize the efficiency of electricity generation from power sources, heat sources, and exhaust heat recovery. The power source includes an electric power system, an electric source including an electric storage device, and distributed energy. The heat source includes solar heat, active cooling of photovoltaic cells, geothermal heat, and heat storage. During the second expansion phase, the heat flow fluid enthalpy is increased while simultaneously using excess real-time capacity of available electricity from the power system and distributed energy.
A particularly preferred embodiment has a heat flow energy storage device that operates as a distributed energy device as much as the next expansion results in cooling, and in many cases this is the required power peak. Are the primary electrical users that produce a significant amount of daily fluctuations (ie, cooling days occur during the summer).
A particularly preferred embodiment uses network communication to accurately adjust the actual time that a heat-fluid energy storage device is “charged”.

Another embodiment of the two-stage expansion cycle is controlled to maximize the total energy generated, which is conventionally calculated from the sum of the energy generated from the first and second expansion stages. Cumulative energy minus the avoidance energy required for the operation of this cooling system, the conventional cooling system includes a steam compressor in the air conditioning, refrigeration equipment, and combinations thereof.
Prior to the second expansion stage, a series of refrigeration heat exchangers, air conditioning heat exchangers, which are further integrated into the exhaust heat recovery heat exchanger at the same time, can be used for refrigeration and / or air conditioning type cooling While increasing the enthalpy of the thermofluid and increasing the energy produced in the second expansion stage. Generating energy is not always synchronized with using cooling, and thus further integrating the heat storage device, so that the energy storage controller exits the heat flow energy storage device and the mass flow and heat storage device. The mass flow into it can be adjusted, by increasing the thermal fluid enthalpy before the second expansion stage, and by increasing the effective cooling after the first expansion stage in the asynchronous process. Total energy efficiency is maximized.

  Further integration of the energy storage controller controls the heat flow fluid expansion by monitoring in real time a heat flow storage device having a heat flow fluid storing energy KWH1 and a heat storage device storing energy KWH2. . The thermal energy stored using the heat storage device is selected from the group consisting of a thermal energy source, a combustion engine, and an exhaust heat recovery system that recovers thermal energy from the combustion engine.

The energy storage controller of the preferred embodiment comprises: (a) a mass flow of heat fluid flowing out of the heat fluid storage device; and (b) at least one thermal energy selected from the group consisting of a thermal energy storage system and an exhaust heat recovery system. Regulate the mass flow of the heat fluid into the source.
A particularly preferred embodiment is to calculate the available heat fluid with accumulated energy KWH1 in real time and compare it to the expected energy KWH3 required to reach either the destination or the next off-peak time, By controlling at least one energy source selected from the group consisting of an engine and an exhaust heat recovery system, the emission of carbon dioxide is minimized, and the exhaust heat recovery system is used when KWH3 is greater than the sum of KWH1 and KWH2. Recover thermal energy from the combustion engine.
It is important to avoid or minimize the combustion of fuel that produces CO ₂ by utilizing effectively stored energy. If that is not possible, actuate the power generating element that results in CO ₂ emissions when the exhaust heat from that cycle is subsequently used by a two-stage expansion cycle, resulting in a final increase in energy efficiency. Is the best.

FIG. 19 illustrates another embodiment of a two-stage expansion cycle energy generation system having a first expansion stage discharge pressure and discharge temperature that yields a thermal fluid enthalpy H1. The thermofluid fluid has enthalpy H2 at the transition point from gas to liquid. Many expansion devices, such as conventional turbines, have a small amount of liquid in the exhaust state and expand further beyond the gas-to-liquid transition point that occurs in other expansion devices that are not adversely affected by many fluids. Thus, the energy generation system has a first stage discharge pressure and discharge temperature, and H1 is less than about 105% of H2 (ie, before the gas to liquid transition point). ).
The second stage inflator would be an inflator, typically a positive displacement engine. One exemplary scenario of a two-stage expansion cycle begins with a thermal fluid pump (850), followed by pressurization of a binary fluid stored in a thermal fluid type high pressure accumulator (990). The stored fluid is then expanded in a heat flow first stage expansion motor (1310) to convert heat / flow energy into electrical energy. The binary fluid is then separated in the binary fluid separator (1300) by the various separation methods described above and known in the art to provide a diluent (ie, a high concentration absorbent). The absorbent material (720) is separated, and the separated absorbent material is incidentally stored in the high-pressure storage device (1350) of the absorbent material. The flow energy of the diluent is recovered and transferred by the pressure exchanger (1330) to partially increase the flow energy of the concentrated solution obtained from the concentrated solution low pressure containment device (1340).
Alternatively, the diluent is expanded by the diluent positive displacement engine (710) to generate electrical energy and concomitantly low pressure accumulation of diluent before being combined with the absorbent material in the absorber (1390). It is stored in the device (1370). The absorbed heat is stored in a heated storage tank (1380) and used for various purposes known in the art. The separated absorbent material proceeds along a parallel path with the minimum processing steps accumulatively stored in the heat fluid intermediate pressure storage tank (1400) and is absorbed by the heat fluid second stage expansion motor (1320). Expand the absorbent material, generate additional electrical energy (or mechanical energy as expected) and absorb the expanded absorbent material before regulating the flow in the absorber (1390) It accumulatively accumulates in the low pressure accumulation device (1360) of the substance.

FIG. 20 begins with a thermal fluid pump (850) to pressurize the two-component fluid (but not an absorbent and an absorbent, one example being CO ₂ and propane), followed by the thermal fluid type Figure 2 shows another representative scenario of a two-stage expansion cycle stored in a high pressure storage device (990).
The stored fluid is then expanded in a heat flow first stage expansion motor (1310) to convert the heat / flow energy into electrical energy. The binary mixed fluid is then separated in the binary mixed fluid separator (1300) by a variety of separation methods including membrane filtration (eg, nanofiltration, electrodialysis, etc.) known in the art, and the components Is stored in the first phase in the separated first phase storage device (1410) and stored in the first stage high pressure storage device (1460).
The second phase element of the flow energy of the original binary mixed solution is recovered and / or transferred to the pressure injector and exchanger (1440) to separate the first phase low pressure accumulator (1420) and the separation, respectively. Of the first and second phases in the absorber (1390) (some heat is likely to be absorbed, but in reality it is a mixer) obtained from the stored second phase storage device (1430) Increase the flow energy of recombining the solution at least partially.
The separated absorbent material proceeds along a parallel path with the minimum processing steps accumulatively stored in the heat fluid intermediate pressure storage tank (1400) and is absorbed by the heat fluid second stage expansion motor (1320). Before inflating the sex material, generating additional electrical energy (or mechanical energy as expected) and regulating the flow into the absorber (1390) by the pressure injector and exchanger (1440), The expanded absorbent material is incidentally stored in a separate first phase low pressure storage device (1420).

Another embodiment of the energy generation system uses a two-component heat fluid, non-thermal separation method to separate the absorbent and the absorbent material, and the separation pressure of the heat fluid is P1, the temperature The maximum boiling point pressure at T1 is P2, and P1 uses a heat flow type fluid motor larger than P2. The energy storage of any flowing fluid, including heat flowing fluids, is maximized by storing the fluid at the maximum possible pressure P1 above P2. By using a non-thermal separation method, the absorptive substance can be absorbed under pressures where the boiling point does not occur at either temperature T1 or pressure P1.
Diluent positive displacement pumps that operate as expansion motors and the enthalpy of the dilute portion of the thermofluid fluid (when the diluent has sufficient absorbent material to expand upon heating) prior to expansion in the expansion motor Further integration of the heat source to increase, allows additional energy to be generated and required when the heat fluid is pumped to pressure P1.
Additional integration of absorbent material storage device, expansion motor for absorbent material flow, and heat source that increases the enthalpy of the heat fluid fluid before expansion in the absorbent material expansion motor makes it a standard fluid storage system In comparison, the final energy output is produced. Again, additional energy can be generated and required when the heat flow fluid is pumped to pressure P1 by the expansion motor.

  Yet another embodiment is a hybrid absorption system as an energy generation system that uses a dual heat transfer fluid having components A1 and A2 and has at least two separate expansion stages, which are heat transfer fluids A first expansion stage that includes a phase separation step that results in a higher temperature than the liquid phase transition of component A1, followed by splitting the heat flow fluid into a second stream that is less than about 10% of component A1 on a weight basis; , A second expansion stage that generates additional energy in the second flow. There are at least two distinct advantages realized by this implementation, which are further energy savings (up to at least about 80%) by greatly reducing heat absorption when A1 and A2 are reabsorbed during the expansion phase. And the final discharge pressure of the expansion stage is lowered by avoiding the liquid phase transition of A1.

  The invention has been described with reference to various preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and changes will be apparent to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. The present invention is intended to be construed to include all such modifications and variations as long as they fall within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (61)

An energy controller and multiplexer for selectively and individually regulating energy flow within at least one energy storage device, the energy controller operatively maximizing the integrated energy and byproduct waste heat generated within the energy storage device Energy storage system. The system is further operable to control energy generation, with at least about 1% of the generated energy being used in the energy storage device, with the remainder of the generated energy being distributed energy storage device, energy transfer The energy storage system of claim 1, wherein the energy storage system is delivered to at least one consumer selected from the group consisting of the system and combinations thereof. The energy storage system of claim 1, further comprising a heat transfer fluid comprised of at least one ionic liquid and at least one poly (ionic fluid) polymer. The system further includes means for recovering exhaust heat as a by-product as at least one function selected from the group consisting of bottoming cycle energy generation, energy storage active cooling, energy storage device charger cooling, and combinations thereof. The energy storage system of claim 1, comprising a heat transfer fluid used. Operable to control the generation, transfer, and storage of energy by at least one energy supplier in at least one energy storage device and waste heat that is a by-product in the at least one thermal energy storage device;
A control system operable to change the flow of energy into the at least one energy storage device;
Energy storage system wherein energy generation is variable as a means of optimizing at least one energy storage device energy generation consolidation and by-product exhaust heat utilization. The energy supplier changes the flow of energy and by-product exhaust heat to both the energy storage device built into the plug-in hybrid vehicle and one or more energy and heat storage devices external to the plug-in hybrid vehicle. The energy storage system of claim 5, wherein the energy storage system is operable. Operable to control the generation and storage of a plurality of energy storage devices including energy storage devices in a plurality of plug-in hybrid vehicles;
A control system operable to alter the energy flow into the energy storage device, and a multiplexer for selectively and individually driving the energy supply to the energy storage device;
The control system consists of global positioning data, historical data, real-time performance data as a means to predict both predicted arrival time and similarly vehicle arrival time, energy required upon arrival, and combinations thereof An energy storage system for generating an optimal energy storage device charging profile having an input comprising at least one selected from a group. An optimal energy storage device charging profile minimizes at least one selected from the group consisting of peak energy demand, aggregation of energy generation costs, emissions generated during energy generation, and combinations thereof; The energy storage system of claim 7. 8. The energy storage system of claim 7, wherein the optimal energy storage device charging profile maximizes at least one selected from the group consisting of revenue from energy generation, aggregation of energy utilization, and combinations thereof. . A control system operable to dynamically change energy flow into the at least one energy storage device;
The control system is at least selected from the group consisting of the energy requirements of the energy storage device, the earliest start time of the energy storage device, the latest end time of the energy storage device, the priority code of the energy storage device and the revenue code of the energy storage device. Determining an optimal charge profile having an input based on at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of one parameter and the energy demand of the by-product waste heat, the heat demand of the real-time by-product waste heat;
The real-time by-product waste heat demand is at least one selected from the group consisting of absorption cooling, liquid desiccant recharge, domestic hot water, by-product waste heat storage capacity, and combinations thereof Energy storage system including users. A control system operable to communicate between at least one electrical storage device and at least one energy supplier;
The communication is via a connector having integrated and automated means to obtain at least one electrical storage device parameter, the electrical storage device parameters including identification information, model, owner profile, maximum energy storage rate, An energy storage system selected from the group consisting of maximum charging temperature, minimum voltage, maximum voltage and combinations thereof. 12. The energy storage system of claim 11, wherein the connector has an integrated array means for communication means and energy flow means between the electrical storage device and the energy supplier. 12. The energy storage system of claim 11, wherein the controller of the energy storage device establishes two-way communication with the controller of the energy storage device by an automated means that becomes a dynamic communication node on the same network as the energy supplier. 12. The energy storage system according to claim 11, wherein the controller of the energy storage device comprises means for communicating with the energy storage device sensor, real-time data, and execution history data. An energy controller operable with an energy generator, a number of energy storage devices, and automated means to determine real-time energy charger requirements as a function of data including at least one data setting for each energy storage device. Prepared,
Data settings are selected from a group consisting of execution history data, anticipated energy requirements prior to the next energy charging opportunity, energy storage device owner profile for energy cost to emission minimization ratio, and combinations thereof Energy storage system. In addition, a multiplexer that selectively and individually regulates the energy flow to one or more energy storage devices and an energy generator's energy generation schedule is determined to supply and generate energy to each energy storage device Maximizing the collection of energy and by-product waste heat, the energy generation schedule is at least one function selected from the group consisting of energy utilization, energy efficiency, energy generation emissions, and combinations thereof;
The system further minimizes energy generator emissions, maximizes energy generator revenue, minimizes energy costs for each energy storage device owner, and reduces energy storage charge time for currently connected energy storage devices. Minimizing, maximizing the stored energy level of a fixed energy storage device as a means of predicting short-term demand, and up to a predetermined energy storage percentage within a fixed energy storage device within a predetermined time 16. The energy storage system of claim 15, comprising an actuating object that includes maximizing normal termination of stored energy. The system is operable to charge a given energy storage device, each individual energy storage device having a specified charging mode selected from a group of modes;
The group of modes includes immediate full charge, immediate partial charge to a predetermined energy storage percentage or level, charge to a predetermined energy storage percentage or level within a predetermined time, a predetermined minimum energy storage percentage within a predetermined time. Or a second charge intended for a predetermined maximum energy storage percentage or level within a predetermined time following a first charge intended for level, minimization of cost per energy unit for charging the energy storage device, energy 16. The energy storage system of claim 15, comprising minimizing emissions resulting from energy generation to the storage device, maximizing utilization of energy supplied by an alternative energy source, and combinations thereof. The system is operable to charge a given energy storage device, each individual energy storage device has a designated priority mode selected from the group, and the group is a unit of energy storage device owner. Charge to minimize cost per energy, operate to minimize charging time, charge to minimize generation cost per unit energy for owners of energy suppliers that operate to maximize charge, high The energy storage system of claim 15, selected from priorities and combinations thereof. An energy generator, a heat transfer fluid, at least one energy storage device and an energy controller, the energy controller as a means for active cooling of the energy storage device and charging of the energy storage device, and by-products during the charging process An energy storage system operable to alter the energy produced and the flow of heat transfer fluid in the energy storage device as a means of recovering some waste heat. 20. The system of claim 19, further comprising a connector operable to extract hot heat transfer fluid that actively cools from the plug-in hybrid vehicle as a means of using waste heat that is a by-product generated from the vehicle. Energy storage system. The energy storage system of claim 19, further comprising a heat storage device that phase converts as a means of facilitating utilization of waste heat that is a byproduct resulting from recharging of the energy storage device. An energy supplier, the energy supplier being an on-board plug-in hybrid vehicle with a control system that selectively and individually activates the energy supply to one or more energy storage devices An energy storage system operable by a multiplexer to change energy flow into both an on-board energy storage device and an externally fixed energy storage device. The energy supplier further includes means for supplying waste heat, which is a byproduct, to at least one thermal energy storage device selected from the group consisting of an onboard heat storage device, a heat storage device fixed externally, and a combination thereof. The energy storage system of claim 22, comprising: The energy generation schedule by the on-board energy supply is a means of predicting short-term demand, as a means of predicting short-term demand, the energy level stored in a fixed energy storage device, and a fixed energy level up to a predetermined energy level percentage within a predetermined time. Maximize energy levels stored in the storage device, use of waste heat as a by-product, and combinations thereof, energy use, energy efficiency, discharge of energy generation, discharge from energy supply, to owner of energy storage device 23. The energy storage system of claim 22, operable to minimize a parameter of at least one energy supplier selected from the group consisting of: an energy cost of: and a charging time for a currently connected energy storage device. . 6. The energy storage system according to claim 5, further comprising a heat source and a heat source that increases the enthalpy of the heat fluid. 26. The energy storage system of claim 25, wherein the thermal fluid is expanded in at least two expansion stages. The at least two separate expansion stages are a system than the first expansion stage and the first expansion stage, where the temperature of the thermal fluid is lower than the ambient temperature, followed by a heating step that increases the enthalpy of the thermal fluid 27. The energy storage system of claim 26, comprising a second expansion stage that results in an increased performance factor. The first expansion stage has at least two separate expansion stages, wherein the two expansion stages result in a first heating step in which the temperature of the thermal fluid is lower than the current ambient temperature, followed by an increase in the enthalpy of the thermal fluid. An energy generation system comprising an expansion stage and a second expansion stage that results in a higher system performance factor than one expansion stage. 30. The energy generation system of claim 28, wherein the thermal fluid is comprised of at least one absorbent and at least one absorbent material. The absorbing material of the thermofluid is separated by at least one non-thermal method, which includes magnetic refrigeration, vapor compression heat pump condenser, solar activated direct spectral light absorption, electrodialysis, electrostatic field , thin film separation, electron separation, osmosis, gas centrifuge, spiral tube CO ₂ - liquid absorber, decanting or is selected from the group consisting of a combination thereof, the energy generation system of claim 29,. 32. The energy generation system of claim 30, wherein the at least one energy source for separation is derived from off-peak energy, stored energy, or a combination thereof. The absorbent material of the thermal fluid is separated by at least one thermal method, the temperature of the thermal energy source exceeds the boiling point, and the thermal energy is the fluid flow energy of the absorbent, the expansion energy or flow energy of the absorbent material, or 30. The energy generation system of claim 29, wherein the energy generation system is recovered from at least one thermal fluid absorbent, thermal fluid fluid absorbent, or a combination thereof prior to generating electrical power by a combination thereof. Consuming the source of thermal energy beyond the boiling point to separate the absorbent material is further minimized by including a heat exchanger device including a heat pipe as a way to reduce the demand for high quality thermal energy. The energy generation system of claim 32. At least one absorbent, at least one absorbent, at least one heat-fluid pump, at least one absorbent storage tank, and at least one non-heat separator, a heat-fluid pump and non-heat separator Is an energy generation system that operates during off-peak energy consumption periods. The absorbent material is expanded in at least two separate expansion stages, the two expansion stages being a heating step in which the temperature of the thermofluid fluid is lower than the current atmospheric temperature and subsequently the enthalpy of the thermofluid fluid is increased. 35. The energy generation system of claim 34, wherein the energy generation system comprises: a first expansion stage that results in a second expansion stage that results in a higher system performance factor than one expansion stage. An energy generating system comprising at least one absorbent that is partially miscible with the absorbent material, the absorbent having a low critical solution temperature, wherein the at least one absorbent material is separated as a supercritical fluid. An energy storage system comprising at least one variable volume constant pressure accumulator having a constant pressure load balancer, wherein the force of the constant pressure load balancer has a resistance force of at least about 85% of the fluid flow pressure on the inner surface of the variable pressure constant pressure accumulator . 38. The energy storage system of claim 37, further comprising an energy storage controller that dynamically changes the inflation discharge pressure to maintain within about 10% of the accumulator pressure. An energy storage controller, an energy demand controller, a heat flow fluid, the energy storage controller coordinating the mass flow and heat flow storage device to the heat flow pump to supply and demand the power system, distributed energy supply And an energy storage system that outputs a constant total output energy production consisting of at least one energy parameter selected from the group consisting of demand and energy storage supply. Constant total output energy production is achieved by preventing real-time production fluctuations in energy production from solar cells, wind turbines, wave energy, and at least one other energy source including geothermal or solar driven thermodynamic cycles. 40. The energy storage system of claim 39, which stabilizes the generation of total energy. 41. The energy storage system of claim 40, wherein the enthalpy of mass flow rate exiting the heat-fluid storage device is increased by reversibly connecting the thermal energy and fluid obtained by cooling the solar cell. . 41. The energy storage system of claim 40, wherein the total energy production of the photovoltaic cell is increased by operating at a temperature below ambient temperature using the cooling capacity resulting from the expansion of the heat fluid fluid. Heat-fluid fluid, heat-fluid accumulation system having pressure P1, heat-fluid accumulation system having pressure P2, heat-fluid pump, heat-fluid motor, heat exchange in which heat-fluid and fluid are connected in front of the heat-fluid motor An energy storage system, wherein the pressure P1 is at least about 15% higher than the pressure P2. Combustion engine mechanically connected to a thermal fluid pump that generates fluid energy having electric power W1 in a pressurized thermal fluid, and an exhaust heat recovery heat exchanger in which exhaust gas and fluid of the combustion engine are connected to each other A heat flow motor comprising an engine oil cooler or a combination thereof for transferring heat energy into the pressurized heat flow fluid and generating energy having power W2, where power W2 is greater than power W1. Generation system. 45. The thermal fluid pump for generating flow energy, further comprising a thermal fluid storage device, is activated during off-peak hours, and the thermal fluid motor for generating energy is activated during off-peak hours. Energy generation system. The thermofluid is a two-component mixed fluid containing an absorbent and an absorbent material at a pressure P1, wherein the absorbent and the absorbent material are separated, and the separated absorbent material is further heated by a thermal energy source and separated. The generated absorbent material generates power by reducing the pressure to P2, pressure P2 is lower than pressure P1, the absorbent is placed at pressure P1, and the absorbent generates power by reducing the pressure to P3, 45. The energy generation system of claim 44, wherein the pressure P1 is higher than the pressure P3 and the pressure P2 is higher than the pressure P3. 46. The energy generation system of claim 45, further comprising a heat storage device to produce a power generation operation that is not synchronized with the transfer of thermal energy from the heat storage device into the thermal fluid. At least one expansion stage selected from the group consisting of the first expansion stage and the second expansion stage operates to maximize the total energy generated, the total energy generated being the first expansion stage and the second expansion stage. 29. The sum of energy generated by adding energy generated from two expansion stages and subtracting avoidance energy required for operation of a steam compressor in air conditioning, refrigeration or a combination thereof. Energy generation system. An energy storage system further comprising: an energy storage controller, a heat fluid, a heat fluid expansion motor, a heat fluid storage device having a heat fluid fluid storing energy KWH1, and a heat storage device storing energy KWH2. 51. The energy storage system of claim 50, further comprising a thermal energy source, a combustion engine, and an exhaust heat recovery system that recovers thermal energy from the combustion engine. The energy storage controller
(a) the mass flow of the thermal fluid flowing out of the thermal fluid storage device, and
(b) adjusting the mass flow of the thermal fluid into at least one thermal energy source selected from the group consisting of thermal energy storage and exhaust heat recovery systems;
The energy storage controller uses the stored energy KWH1 to calculate the thermal fluid flow available in real time and compares it with the predicted energy KWH3 required to reach either the destination or the next off-peak time; By controlling at least one energy source selected from the group consisting of a combustion engine and an exhaust heat recovery system, carbon dioxide emissions are minimized, and the exhaust heat recovery system is used when KWH3 is greater than the sum of KWH1 and KWH2. 51. The energy storage system of claim 50, recovering thermal energy from a combustion engine. The discharge pressure and temperature of the first expansion stage results in the enthalpy H1 of the thermofluid fluid, the enthalpy H2 of the thermofluid fluid is the thermofluid fluid gas to the liquid transition point, and the exhaust pressure and temperature of the energy generation system is H1. 29. The energy generation system of claim 28, wherein is selected at less than about 105% of H2. 53. The energy generation system of claim 52, wherein the second expansion stage is a positive displacement engine. Furthermore, towards the heat exchanger for exhaust heat recovery prior to the second expansion stage, the energy generation system is equipped with various refrigeration heat exchangers, heat exchangers with air conditioner heat exchangers. 29. The energy generation system of claim 28, wherein the energy generation system cools in the form of air conditioning while increasing the energy generated in the second expansion stage by increasing the enthalpy of the thermal fluid. In addition, an energy storage controller and a heat storage device are provided that regulate the mass flow exiting the energy storage device and into the heat storage device to provide an enthalpy of the heat flow fluid prior to the second expansion stage. 29. The energy generation system of claim 28, wherein the energy efficiency is maximized by increasing and increasing the cooling available after the first expansion stage. In addition, an energy storage controller, a heat flow motor connected to the electricity generator, and an electricity storage device, the energy storage controller regulates the mass flow exiting the heat flow energy storage device and the electricity flow into the electricity storage device. Thus, the heat flow fluid is expanded to minimize the energy consumption required for cooling, while simultaneously using the heat flow motor to convert the energy of the first expansion stage to electricity. 30. The energy generation system of claim 28. And a heat flow motor connected to the energy storage controller, the electricity generator and the heat flow energy storage device, the energy storage controller adjusting the mass flow into the heat flow energy storage device to Maximizing the efficiency of electricity generation from a power source selected from the group consisting of an electrical storage device, a distributed energy source and a heat source, the heat source using solar heat, active cooling of solar cells, geothermal, heat storage, and heat source 29. Energy generation according to claim 28, wherein the enthalpy of the thermal fluid is subsequently increased during the second expansion stage, while simultaneously using excess electricity of real-time capacity from the power system and the distributed energy. system. A heat-fluid fluid, a non-thermal separation method for separating the absorbent and absorbent material, and a heat-fluid fluid motor are provided. The separation pressure of the heat-fluid is P1, and the boiling point at temperature T1 is The maximum pressure is P2, and P1 is an energy generation system greater than P2. 59. The energy generating system of claim 58, further comprising a diluent positive displacement pump, an expansion motor, and a heat source, wherein the heat source increases the enthalpy of the thermal fluid before expanding in the expansion motor. 59. The energy generating system of claim 58, further comprising an absorbent material storage device, an expansion motor, and a heat source, wherein the heat source increases the enthalpy of the heat fluid before expanding in the expansion motor. Comprising a two-part heat-fluid with component A1 and A2 and having at least two separate expansion stages, which results in the temperature of the heat-fluid being higher than the liquid phase transition of component A1, A first expansion stage that includes a phase separation process that divides the thermal fluid fluid into a second stream of less than about 10% of component A1 on a weight basis, and a second expansion stage that generates additional energy in the second stream. Energy generation system.

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