JP2010205190A - User-led application construction technique needing no program development and prototype model configured by fundamental business processing - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a business application development technology to enable a user himself/herself to easily perform development and maintenance without requesting a system developer to develop a business application in order to eliminate defects belonging to the use of package software and self-development, respectively. <P>SOLUTION: An incorporated module is provided which generalizes main functions such as data access, the preparation of a screen and a business form and the control of input-output data being program coding work performed by a system developer, and a business application can be developed only by the user's adding requirements matched to a business rule and an office processing flow which correspond to self-business to a prototype model and the user's changing the requirements on the basis of the prototype (sample) model applicable to all types of business. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

The present invention provides a mechanism that allows a user who uses a computer to easily develop and maintain a business application (without coding knowledge of a program).

Conventionally, the relationship between the user and the system developer is that the user asks the system developer for a request for systemization, and the system developer develops a business application to achieve the request. Therefore, the system developer must understand the details of the user's request, and work to be implemented in each layer based on the business application's three-tier architecture (presentation layer, business logic layer, data access layer) structure The business application was developed by defining and linking.

In the presentation layer, screen display, transition between screens, processing to pass the contents entered by the user to the business logic layer, etc. are developed. In the business logic layer, processing is developed according to business rules. In the data access layer, The company has been developing data acquisition processing from external recording media, data storage processing on external recording media, and data exchange with external systems.

Note that “users” are different from operators who actually perform operations using computer systems and operators who input data. Here, business users who are familiar with the efficiency of business rules and internal office processing A person who is in a position to present a request to a system developer in systematization of business. A “system developer” refers to a person who specializes in development or maintenance work using a computer, and generally includes an SE (system engineer), a programmer, and the like.

JP 2006-309697 A

Conventionally, when a business application is newly constructed or reconstructed, two methods have been considered. One is to use packaged software, and the other is in-house development. The former requires customization according to the company's business, which reduces development costs, but excessive customization can have a significant impact on the package software itself. In addition, since the license for use is owned by the system development company, problems such as deterioration of services including maintenance may occur. In the latter case, since the system development company entrusts development, a system in accordance with the user's request is completed, but there is a drawback that it takes a development cost and a development period. In either method, the system developer had to develop a business application according to the request from the user. In other words, the user has no expertise and knowledge about the manufacturing part, which is the core of the development of program coding, so it has been left to the system developer.

For this reason, development of normal business applications requires a great deal of development cost and time, and it has often been found that troubles occur after cutover because the user's request is not systemized as expected. This is due to the fact that once a business application is developed, the design cannot be easily changed. Of course, the system developer asks the user to approve a document such as a requirement definition document and a design document before manufacturing, but the user also has a fact that the document is incomplete. System developers test whether the developed business applications have been manufactured as required to improve their quality, but unforeseen problems are often found in production. At that time, the system developer needs to modify the program to repair the problem. In addition, when business rules and external requirements are changed when system operation begins, maintenance of business applications is required. In this case as well, as with development, maintenance of business applications will be expensive and time consuming. Eventually, the user will be dissatisfied with not being able to have a satisfactory system as expected.

The present invention develops business applications so that users can easily develop and maintain them without requesting system developers to develop business applications in order to solve the drawbacks of using packaged software and in-house development. It provides a technique.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a built-in module that generalizes main functions such as data access, screen / form creation, and input / output data control, which are program coding operations performed by a system developer. Business application based on a prototype model that can be applied to all types of business, simply adding and changing to the prototype model the business rules and requirements that match the business process flow. Can be developed. In practice, the user can develop a business application simply by “defining in a work sheet” the contents to be processed in each area divided by the three-tiered architecture shown in FIG. 1 using familiar spreadsheet software.

In the presentation layer, the user first designs the screen / form, but it must be defined in the work sheet instead of the traditional method of directly placing items and command buttons on the screen / form layout form. Enabled to generate screen / form indirectly. Defining in this work sheet is not only the work of generating screens and forms that serve as the user interface between the user and the computer (display), but also the control of screen display and transition between screens, and data entered by the user By describing the process of transferring the data to the business logic layer, an interface with the business logic layer can be obtained, and there is an advantage that work that conventionally required program coding is unnecessary.
The first user creates input / output item names (label names) and input / output fields on the screen, input / output value screens and operations on the screen or work sheet for creating the user interface part of the screen / form. Define link information between sheets, format of items such as font, style, size and background color. By pressing a layout creation button on the work sheet, a screen / form can be generated with the contents defined in the work sheet.

Next, the user can create a user-defined command, which is a control function for executing processing such as screen display, screen transition, data storage and acquisition, in a command creation work sheet. A command button defined by pressing a command creation button on the work sheet can be generated on the screen / form. These user-defined commands include a move command button that controls transitions between screens, a DB access command button that accesses the database to save or retrieve data, a send / receive command button that transfers data to and from an external system, and batch processing. It consists of action command buttons such as command buttons to be executed.

In the business layer, in order to calculate from the input data and display the calculation result as output data on the screen, the data entered in the input field of the screen is defined to be linked to the work sheet, and the calculation result is displayed in the output field of the screen Enabled to be defined in the work sheet. Users can also define business logic in the work sheet using the familiar spreadsheet functions or add-in functions provided in the built-in module. Item check is executed when data access operation is executed, and the contents to check items can be defined in the work sheet. A lookup function that uses the search value as a key for the reference range in the calculation formula can use the functions built into the spreadsheet software, and the user can define the reference range to search in the work sheet. . Batch processing now allows you to define a series of processing contents that can be saved in an output file that is processed with a calculation formula that matches the output conditions based on the data acquired from the specified input file according to the extraction conditions.

In the data access layer, the work sheet stores data in the database (register, change, and delete command buttons for database update processing) and retrieves data that matches the search conditions from the database (inquiry command button) Enabled to be defined. To create a database table or table, define the items to save data in the database in the work sheet, and execute the database generation command (DB creation command button) to create the table in the database. The table structure consists of XML data items and index items to speed up random access in order to maintain data consistency even when existing data exists in the database. “XML data item” means that a plurality of items for storing data defined in a work sheet in a database are defined as one table item in which each item is linked by a tag. This means that when saving data, it will be converted to XML format and saved in a table, and when acquiring data, the XML format data will be expanded from the table into each item and displayed on the screen / form. . The table configuration having the XML format and the index has an advantage that the database table does not need to be reconstructed even when a new item needs to be added due to, for example, a change in business rules. However, if the added item is an index item, it must be reconstructed by executing the DB generation command to add the index item to the database table.

Data exchange with external systems is basically the same as database access. Define data to be sent to the external system and define data to be received from the external system. Here, online batch processing is assumed instead of online real-time (immediate correspondence) processing. Send / receive data or files to / from the other party using send / receive commands (send button and receive button). This is an advantage that data can be exchanged with an external system at an arbitrary timing.

“Define in the work sheet” means that the user is determined on the spreadsheet of the spreadsheet software instead of using a programming language that the computer can understand the business requirements requested by the system developer. An act of describing configuration such as screen / form design, business logic, data access, installation of built-in commands, etc. Through built-in commands that execute the described contents, screen and form layouts are created, and functions for checking items, calculating output results, and accessing external media and external systems are automatically generated.

By using the development technology provided by the present invention, a user who best understands business rules and paperwork requirements can develop a system that includes the best business applications that are satisfactory. Even if business application changes occur due to business rule changes or external requirements, maintenance can be facilitated.

In addition, since a business application can be constructed without entrusting development / maintenance work to the system developer, the development / maintenance cost can be reduced, and the work period can be shortened.

1. Overall Configuration and Outline of Operation (1) Hardware and Software Configuration The system configuration of the present invention shown in FIG. 1 uses a client server model as a system platform. The server has a database that holds data, and the client has a function of accessing the database via spreadsheet software. Further, as a minimum system configuration, it is possible to configure with a single personal computer as a stand-alone model. In a system environment where spreadsheet software and database software can store or retrieve data, it consists of a display that displays screens and a printer that prints forms. In addition, data exchange with an external system is based on the premise that there is a communication means for transmitting / receiving data to / from a partner system connected to the network.

In the system environment, the inventor or a collaborator having this right mounts a built-in module in a spreadsheet software and provides a business application application assuming a basic business as a prototype model to the user. Only users with administrator rights can develop and maintain business applications that meet the requirements of their business by adding and modifying definitions on the work sheet based on the prototype model. The operator can execute the business using the business application developed and maintained.

(2) Basic Configuration of Business Application FIG. 2 shows a basic screen type and work sheet definition configuration of the prototype model of the present invention. The screen type consists of a login screen, main (menu) screen, list (search) screen, details (registration) screen, and form (output image) overlay screen. The user can select these screens according to the business rules and paperwork. Consists of combinations. Each screen is generated with the contents defined in the work sheet. Command buttons consisting of movement commands and action commands are created on the screen with the contents defined in the work sheet. Data access is defined in the work sheet and becomes an interface for data input / output of external media and external systems. The business rule calculation logic is defined in the work sheet using a spreadsheet software function or an add-in function provided by the present invention. The role of each screen is shown below.

The login screen is the first screen displayed when the business application is started. Define input items for login ID and password, and action commands for user-defined commands in the work sheet. The action command (login button) defines in the work sheet a function for determining whether it exists in the reference table or database based on the input user ID and password. When you can sign on, the main (menu) screen is displayed.

The main screen is composed of movement command buttons and action command buttons. Each user-defined command describes the command provided by the built-in module in the work sheet. An action command (end button) for ending the business application is also defined in the work sheet in the same manner as the processing command.

On the list screen, it is used to query data that matches the search conditions. Define search condition input items and output items to be displayed in a list on the work sheet. The action command (inquiry button) acquires the corresponding record from the database based on the search condition and displays it in the output item on the screen. If there are multiple records, multiple lines are displayed within the range defined on the screen.

The details screen is used when saving data to a database. Used when registering new data to save data from the menu, or when changing or deleting existing data selected from the list screen. Define the layout of the input / output items, the format of the items, and the calculation formula in the work sheet. The calculation formula can use the four arithmetic calculations, functions, and add-in functions of spreadsheet software.

The form overlay screen is defined in the work sheet in order to display the output data on the form overlay. An action command (output button) outputs to an output device (printer or external file).

The batch processing instruction screen is a screen for instructing offline processing for creating output data under necessary conditions from input data. Usually, execution conditions such as processing start time, extraction conditions for input data, calculation logic for creating output data, etc. are defined in the work sheet. Input data is acquired from the database under search conditions, and output data is saved in the database or written as an external file.

2. Definition for generating screen (1) Definition of input / output items In order to generate a screen, the user defines a screen title, input / output item labels and input / output fields, and other words necessary for the screen in the work sheet. A command (layout creation button) for generating a screen is executed to generate a screen. If you want to change the design of an already generated screen, you can regenerate the screen simply by changing the work sheet definition and pressing the layout creation button.

FIG. 3 shows a creation procedure and a flowchart for generating an order registration screen. On the order registration screen, the product code is input to display the unit price of the product from the product table, and the quantity is input to output the calculation result (unit price × quantity) to the amount. First, screen ID: “order” and work sheet ID: “Sheet” are defined to link the screen and the work sheet. And each label name to be placed on the screen: “Order registration”, “Product”, “Unit price”, “Quantity”, “Amount”, font format (font, style, size, color), cell background color set To do. Then, cell positions where labels are arranged: “A1”, “A2”, “A3”, “A4”, and “A5” are set in the work sheet. Next, define the input data field of the screen. Enter “B2” and “B4” as the product CD and quantity cell positions as data entry fields on the screen in the input position field of the work sheet, and enter the values entered on the screen so that they can be referenced on the work sheet. Enter the product CD and quantity as “= Order! B2” and “= Order! B4” respectively in the value column. Next, define the output data field. Enter “B3” and “B5” for the cell position of unit price and amount as the output field of the screen in the output position column of the work sheet. Then, describe the unit price and the amount of money as “= Sheet! G5” and “= Sheet! G7” in the output value field so that the output field on the screen can refer to the value calculated in the calculation field of the work sheet. To do. Finally, an order screen is generated by executing the layout creation button. Refer to the font format set on the work sheet, the label including the cell background color, and the value of the output data field: “= Sheet! G5”, “= Sheet! G7 ”is copied to the cell position“ B3 ”and“ B5 ”on the screen. The cells are locked (not input / changeable) except for the input data field. In addition, the contents of the format column defined in the work sheet are used for the item check when the command button (registration button) on the screen is executed.

3. A definition user who generates a form can print on a printer by defining a layout of a form overlay on the work sheet. FIG. 4 is a creation procedure and flowchart for receiving an order from a customer and issuing an order receipt to the customer from the order table. Set the form ID and sheet ID to link the form to the work sheet. Set the label name, font format (font, style, size, color) and cell background color. Then, the display position is determined in the label position column. The output position and output value are set in the output data field, and the format of the value to be output to the form is set in the format. For the output value, refer to the calculation result in the calculation column. A form is created with the layout creation button. The cell of the form is locked. The output condition can be set to “Printer” or “File” on the work sheet, and it is executed with the output button on the form image screen.

4). In online processing of a definition business application that generates command buttons, the screen basically consists of a main screen, a list screen, and a detail screen. Each screen consists of three types of command buttons. The first is an action button (end button) that executes processing, the second is a move button (order registration button, order inquiry button) that transitions to a specified screen, and the third is a DB access button that accesses the database Is done.

FIG. 5 is a work procedure and flowchart for defining a user-defined command on the work sheet on the screen. The main screen is composed of action buttons (end buttons) composed of two types of user-defined commands so that processes necessary for business can be selected, and move buttons (order registration buttons, order inquiry buttons) for transitioning to the screen. The list screen has a DB access button (inquiry button) for inquiring data stored according to search conditions, and an action button (selection button) for selecting one item from a list of multiple data to display the detailed contents ), And a move button (back button) for transitioning to another screen. The registration screen is composed of built-in buttons prepared for saving data to the database. DB access button to register new data (registration button), DB access button to change existing data (change button), DB access button to delete data (delete button), and move button to move to another screen ( Back button). In the work sheet, a user-defined command to be pasted on the screen is defined with a command name, a command type, a screen ID and a cell position on which the command is pasted, and a destination screen ID for a movement command. The button name of the move button can be described freely, but the button names of action commands and DB commands cannot be changed. A user-defined command is generated on a screen in which the contents defined in the work sheet are designated by the command creation button of the base command.

5). Calculation Logic Definition In the calculation logic, two roles are defined in the work sheet. One is to define a calculation formula that calculates the output value based on the value input from the screen, and the other is to define the format of the value displayed on the screen / form of the input / output field.

(1) Calculation formula The calculation logic describes the calculation formula in the calculation column of the work sheet. The calculation formula starts with “=”, and four arithmetic calculations and various functions can be used. The calculation result is returned to the same cell position describing the calculation formula. Then, according to the description of the output position and output value defined in the work sheet, a link that refers to the output value of the work sheet, that is, the calculation result in the calculation column, is set to the designated cell on the screen by executing the layout creation button. FIG. 6 shows an example in which a product order is received from a customer and registered in the database. The order number is a function: Rcrdnum () that is calculated based on the number of records registered in the order table of the database. When the registration button is pressed, the number next to the last record number is returned, and when the change button is pressed, it is selected (or displayed) ) Is returned, and Null is returned when the delete button is pressed. For the order date, Today () of the date function is returned in the order date cell B6 on the order screen. The unit price describes a function Lookup () that searches a product table in which the data range is described in the work sheet with a product CD and returns the unit price of the corresponding product. In this example, the unit price “150000” of the matching B company PC from the product table corresponding to the product CD “1002” is the return value of the calculation formula, and the unit price cell B7 of the order screen refers to the calculation result cell G8 of the work sheet. The amount is calculated from the unit price and the quantity “= G8 × D9”, and the calculation result refers to the amount cell B9 on the order screen.

(2) The format of the item check item defines the attribute, format, and value request of the input / output field of the screen. Each definition is separated by a comma, and the orderer, product CD, and quantity in the input field shown in FIG. 6 are “String, String, M”, “String, ####, M”, “Integer, M ”and the order number, order date, unit price, and amount in the output field are“ Long, Number, M ”,“ Date, yyyy / mm / dd, M ”“ String ,, M ”,“ Long, “Currency, M”, “Long, Currency, M”. The setting of each parameter is generally recognized, the first parameter is the data type, the second parameter is the display format, and the third parameter defines whether it is a value request (M is a required meaning) . When a DB access button such as the registration button is executed, if an error occurs due to the item check logic, the location where it occurred is displayed. For the correlation check between items, the calculation logic is described in the calculation column.

(3) By defining a code table and a search table that do not need to be converted into a reference database for the code conversion function and code table as a reference table in the work sheet, the execution process can be made more efficient. The reference table describes a table ID and describes information in a search target range. The Lookup function shown in FIG. 6 searches the corresponding product name and unit price using the product CD as a search value from the product table, and returns a search result.

6). Data access to the database In order to store or retrieve the definition data on an external medium, the database must be constructed and a table must be generated. In the database access definition of the present invention, the user only needs to describe the table name for generating the table and the item definition contents of the record in the work sheet and execute the DB generation button. Access to store or retrieve data in the database can be defined with the DB access button. The table definition of the database of the present invention is composed of an index part and a data part. The data section has an XML format structure with all items defined in the work sheet as one item in the DB. An item defined as a search key in the work sheet exists in the data portion and becomes a search key item in the index portion. The present invention can flexibly cope with DB reconstruction, data processing change, and new and old data processing when maintenance is required to add DB items by changing business rules or external requirements. This is because when the present invention saves screen data in the DB, it converts to the XML format and updates to the DB, and when acquiring data from the DB, expands the XML format data to display each item data. This is because the built-in module has a function to be displayed on the screen.

(1) Database Table Generation Definition FIG. 7 shows a work procedure and flowchart for generating a database table. First, DB-ID and Table-ID sheet ID are defined to associate the database with the DB access work sheet. Define “item name”, “item number”, “attribute”, “index”, “value request”, “data link”, and “search” as data items to be stored in the database table. Describe as an index key for search in “order number”, “orderer”, and “order date”. Finally, the DB generation button can be executed to generate an order table composed of an order number, an orderer, an order date as an index portion, and a data portion in which all items are in XML format.

(2) Data storage in database When order data is stored in the database, the value displayed on the registration screen needs to be linked to each item in the data link column of the work sheet. Processing to be added to the database is executed by the registration button. If there is an error in the attribute check or value request item check, it is displayed in a dialog box. The processing of the change or delete button is also executed in the same manner as the registration button.

(3) Data acquisition from the database In the list screen shown in FIG. 7, data search by the inquiry button is performed by selecting the search conditions as “search item” field, “position” field, “input position” field, “input position” field, “ Define in the "Input value" field and "Condition" field. The label name of the screen is determined by the search item and position, and the search input field is determined by the input position. The compound condition of search is described in the condition column in the form of AND, OR, NOT. To specify the range of search conditions like the order date, describe the same item name in the search item field and describe OR in the first condition field. The value entered in the search condition of the list screen is linked to the input value field of the search condition in the work sheet. The data display direction of the list display defines “horizontal” and “vertical”, and defines the item name to be output and the first display position of the output field. When the inquiry button is pressed, the database is searched with the input search condition. Search results are output to the list screen. When a plurality of records are searched according to the search condition, they are displayed in a plurality of rows in the horizontal display and in a plurality of columns in the vertical display.

7). Data Communication with External System The communication telegram for transmitting / receiving data to / from the external system of the present invention defines input / output data as a body part of the communication telegram on the work sheet and a header part for transmitting / receiving data. Assuming that data transmission and reception are not performed in online real-time processing, send this data with the send button, and use FTP (file transfer) PUT and GET to receive data from the destination system with the receive button. Assumed. In the example shown in FIG. 8, the company (ABC Trading) is the requester, sends the request for quotation with the parts and quantity entered on the estimate screen to the requestee (DEF industry) using the send button, and the estimate data from the requestee Receive and display the unit price, amount, and total amount on the estimate screen.

Set the sender ID (ABC Trading's communication address), destination address (DEF's communication address), screen ID and sheet ID on the work sheet. Then, a label, an input data field, and an output data field are set in order to define the layout of the quotation request screen. In order to define a message on communication, the data part of the transmission / reception record is set in the “Item” column and the “Data” column. The request button of the communication message is “ABC Trading” and the request destination is “DEF Industrial” with the send button, and the request for quotation is transmitted. Receive data is received with the receive button and displayed on the estimate screen.

8). Batch processing Various types of processing can be considered for batch processing, but basically processing for processing input data or a file to create output data or a file. In order to perform batch processing according to the present invention, input / output files are defined on the work sheet, and processing conditions are defined for processing. FIG. 9 is an example of creating a billing file for account transfer for having the account transfer agency perform the settlement agent from the order data for the previous month (September) ordered by the customer.

First, batch processing screen ID and sheet ID are defined in the work sheet. An input file (customer table, order table) is set, and an external text file (billing file) is set as the output file. In order to create the layout of the batch processing screen, set the input field of the processing condition (billing target month). Define the record format of the output billing file. Create a batch processing screen with the layout creation button. A billing file is created by executing the batch processing button.

9. After the maintenance system is built, there are requests for system changes in various aspects such as changing business rules, changing requirements with external systems, adding new functions, and improving the efficiency of paperwork. In many cases, it is possible to add, change, or delete screen / form items, increase the number of new input / output screens, or change the calculation method. Usually, such changes require program development and there are cases where the structure of the database must be changed. The present invention is characterized in that the user can cope with all aspects of the layout of the screen / form, the calculation formula, and the data structure only by changing the definition of the work sheet.

10. Other Embodiments (1) Only a user (administrator) having access authority and administrator authority can define a work sheet, and the operator only has authority to execute the developed screen / form. The user locks the developed screen / form and the operator can execute only the input field and processing command. Work sheets and reference tables other than screens and forms are hidden and can only be released by the administrator. Embedded modules are only disclosed to the inventor or authorized collaborators.

(2) Using a network that supports web applications, screens and forms may be generated as HTML files for web applications instead of spreadsheets. Also, in the item input field, in addition to text input, it can be changed to object correspondence such as a list or a check box.

(3) Handling of administrative processes divided by business departments Generally, front office and accounting / accounting departments such as sales / sales department, customer service department, marketing department, administrative departments such as production management and inventory management, general affairs / HR department Since the role is different in the back office, etc., it is better to divide the business application from the viewpoint of improving the efficiency of the paperwork. It is desirable to develop a business application separated by department using the development technology of the present invention so that data is transferred between departments.

(4) The prototype model user does not need to develop from the beginning using the development technique of the present invention. By proceeding with development based on a prototype model suitable for the company's business, development costs and work periods can be reduced. The present invention provides a prototype model of a business application including a basic screen and a form that meets the user's needs shown in FIG. 2, and the user can meet the business requirements of the company by simply building up this model. The system can be constructed efficiently.

Business application development techniques in the overall system configuration and three-tier architecture structure Configuration diagram of basic screens and forms for business application development (Outline configuration of prototype model of the present invention) Definition and flowchart to generate screen Definitions and flowcharts for generating forms Definition and flowchart for creating command buttons Defining calculation logic Data access definition and flowchart for database Data exchange definition and flowchart with external system Batch processing definition and flowchart

1 Display 2 Printer 3 Database 4 External system 5 External file 6 Spreadsheet software 7 Spreadsheet 8 User-defined command 9 Base command 10 Screen sheet 11 Form sheet 12 Work sheet

Claims (3)

When developing business applications, users can easily develop and maintain them without having to ask system developers to develop business applications in order to solve the disadvantages of using packaged software and in-house development. In order to be able to do this, a spreadsheet application software and general-purpose database software that users are familiar with use a three-tier architecture to develop business applications. In the presentation layer, the interface between the user and the computer, and in the business logic layer In the data access layer, the user himself / herself describes the processing contents related to the business processing in the spreadsheet of the spreadsheet software according to the procedure of the present invention. Na Development technique, characterized in that the calling can be performed. In order to realize the development technique according to claim 1, a move command button for controlling transition between screens, a DB access command button for accessing a database for storing or retrieving data, and exchanging data with an external system Consists of user-defined commands consisting of action command buttons such as send / receive command buttons, layout creation buttons for generating screens and forms, DB generation buttons for generating database tables, and command creation buttons for generating user-defined commands Built-in module consisting of base commands and add-in functions used in calculations, and consisting of programs that execute these commands and add-in functions. The login screen, the main (menu) screen, the list screen, the detailed screen, and the form overlay including general-purpose components that match the contents of claims 1 and 2 in accordance with the actual business, in accordance with the business process flow This is a created business application model that allows users to develop and maintain their own work according to their needs, work sheets that generate screens and forms including input / output items, work sheets that define business rules, A prototype model consisting of a work sheet that defines an interface with external media or an external system, and a work sheet that defines batch processing.

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