JP2010192823A - Oil-filled electrical equipment and method for preventing sulfidizing corrosion of oil-filled electrical equipment - Google Patents
Oil-filled electrical equipment and method for preventing sulfidizing corrosion of oil-filled electrical equipment Download PDFInfo
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この発明は、油入電気機器における絶縁物への硫化銅の析出を低減することを目的とした油入電気機器に関するものである。 The present invention relates to an oil-filled electrical device intended to reduce deposition of copper sulfide on an insulator in the oil-filled electrical device.
油入変圧器などの油入電気機器は、その絶縁油として硫黄成分を含むものがある。その場合、油入電気機器の銅部品と絶縁油中の硫黄成分の反応により導電性の硫化銅が生成（硫化腐食）し、絶縁破壊を引き起こすために油入電気機器に致命的な損傷を及ぼす場合があることが知られている。 Some oil-filled electrical devices such as oil-filled transformers contain a sulfur component as their insulating oil. In this case, conductive copper sulfide is generated (sulfurization corrosion) due to the reaction between the copper components of the oil-filled electrical equipment and the sulfur component in the insulation oil, causing fatal damage to the oil-filled electrical equipment to cause dielectric breakdown. It is known that there are cases.
これまではジベンジルジスルフィドを用いることにより容易に硫化銅を生成することは知られていたが、その生成メカニズムの詳細は分かっていなかった。しかしながら、昨今、硫化銅生成メカニズムは解明されつつある。現在までの研究で分かっている硫化銅生成メカニズムを図１に示す。硫化銅生成は、第一段階としてジベンジルジスルフィドが銅に配位する反応が起こり、第二段階としてベンジルラジカル及びベンジルスルフェニルラジカルが生成し硫化銅へと分解する反応が起こることが分かり、硫化銅が発生しにくい絶縁油の選定や硫化銅の抑制技術の開発が注目されている。 So far, it has been known that copper sulfide can be easily produced by using dibenzyl disulfide, but details of the production mechanism have not been known. However, recently, the mechanism of copper sulfide formation is being elucidated. Fig. 1 shows the mechanism of copper sulfide formation, which has been known in the studies so far. It can be seen that copper sulfide formation involves a reaction in which dibenzyl disulfide coordinates to copper as the first step, and a reaction in which benzyl radicals and benzylsulfenyl radicals are generated and decomposed to copper sulfide as the second step. Attention has been focused on the selection of insulating oil that does not easily generate copper and the development of copper sulfide control technology.
例えば、非特許文献１に油入電気機器の硫化腐食抑制技術が開示されている。図２に公知先行例１の硫化銅生成抑制メカニズムに関する図を示す。ベンゾトリアゾール（ＢＴＡ：１，２，３−Ｂｅｎｚｏｔｒｉａｚｏｌｅ）もしくはＩｒｇａｍｅｔ３９（Ｎ，Ｎ−ビス（２−エチルヘキシル）−（４または５）−メチル−１Ｈ−ベンゾトリアゾール−１−メチルアミン）は、絶縁油中に添加されることで銅表面に吸着し錯体被膜を形成する。この膜が絶縁油中の硫黄成分と銅との化学反応を阻害することにより、油入電気機器の硫化腐食（絶縁紙上に硫化銅が付着すること）を防ぐことができる。 For example, Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a technique for suppressing sulfidation corrosion of oil-filled electrical equipment. The figure regarding the copper sulfide production | generation suppression mechanism of the well-known prior art example 1 is shown in FIG. Benzotriazole (BTA: 1,2,3-Benzotriazole) or Irgamet 39 (N, N-bis (2-ethylhexyl)-(4 or 5) -methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methylamine) in insulating oil Is added to the copper surface to form a complex film. This film inhibits the chemical reaction between the sulfur component in the insulating oil and copper, thereby preventing sulfidation corrosion of the oil-filled electrical equipment (adhesion of copper sulfide on the insulating paper).
また、特許文献１には、鉄心、巻線より構成される機器本体及び銅または銀より構成される裸導体を絶縁油と共にタンク内に収納して成る油入電気機器において、前記裸導体と同じ材料を主成分とする裸金属を補助タンク内に収納し、この補助タンク内に前記タンク内の絶縁油を循環させて裸金属を接触させるようにした油入電気機器が開示されている。 Further, in Patent Document 1, in an oil-filled electrical device in which a main body composed of an iron core and windings and a bare conductor composed of copper or silver are housed in a tank together with insulating oil, the same as the bare conductor. There is disclosed an oil-filled electrical device in which a bare metal containing a material as a main component is accommodated in an auxiliary tank, and the insulating oil in the tank is circulated in the auxiliary tank so that the bare metal is brought into contact therewith.
しかしながら、非特許文献１における油入電気機器の硫化腐食抑制技術では、硫化腐食の抑制効果は必ずしも十分ということはできず、特に、絶縁油中にＢＴＡが添加されずに使用され、既に銅と絶縁油中の硫黄化合物による銅−硫黄錯体が形成されている既設の油入電気機器では、後からＢＴＡを添加して銅表面を被覆しても、絶縁紙上に硫化銅が生成される可能性がある。 However, in the technology for suppressing sulfidation corrosion of oil-filled electrical equipment in Non-Patent Document 1, the effect of suppressing sulfidation corrosion cannot always be sufficient, and in particular, BTA is used in insulating oil without being added, and already with copper In existing oil-filled electrical equipment in which a copper-sulfur complex is formed by sulfur compounds in insulating oil, copper sulfide may be generated on the insulating paper even if BTA is added later to cover the copper surface. There is.
また、特許文献１における油入電機機器では、この油入電気機器では、補助タンク内の裸金属の表面において硫化腐食減少が積極的に促進されて絶縁油中から硫化腐食の原因となる成分が除去されることで、タンク内の機器本体における硫化腐食現象が低減されるが、別途、補助タンクを設ける必要がある。 Moreover, in the oil-filled electrical equipment in Patent Document 1, in this oil-filled electrical equipment, a component that causes sulfide corrosion from the insulating oil is actively promoted by reducing the sulfide corrosion reduction on the surface of the bare metal in the auxiliary tank. The removal reduces the sulfide corrosion phenomenon in the equipment body in the tank, but it is necessary to provide an auxiliary tank separately.
本発明は、このような従来の問題を解決しようとするものであり、油入電気機器内の絶縁物への硫化銅の析出量を低減し、絶縁物の硫化腐食による不具合を抑制することで、長期の信頼性を有する油入電気機器および油入電気機器の硫化腐食防止方法を提供することを課題とする。 The present invention is intended to solve such a conventional problem, by reducing the amount of copper sulfide deposited on the insulator in the oil-filled electrical equipment, and by suppressing problems caused by sulfide corrosion of the insulator. It is an object of the present invention to provide an oil-filled electrical device having long-term reliability and a method for preventing sulfide corrosion of the oil-filled electrical device.
本発明は、銅と反応するキレート剤を含む絶縁油を有することを特徴とする油入電気機器である。 The present invention is an oil-filled electrical apparatus having an insulating oil containing a chelating agent that reacts with copper.
キレート剤は、エチレンジアミン、エチレンジアミン四酢酸およびアセチルアセトンからなる群から選らばれる少なくとも１種であることが好ましい。 The chelating agent is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and acetylacetone.
絶縁油中のキレート剤の濃度は、１０〜１００ｐｐｍであることが好ましい。
さらに、絶縁油に、１，２，３−ベンゾトリアゾールおよび／またはＮ，Ｎ−ビス（２−エチルヘキシル）−（４または５）−メチル−１Ｈ−ベンゾトリアゾール−１−メチルアミンを添加することが好ましい。
The concentration of the chelating agent in the insulating oil is preferably 10 to 100 ppm.
Furthermore, 1,2,3-benzotriazole and / or N, N-bis (2-ethylhexyl)-(4 or 5) -methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methylamine may be added to the insulating oil. preferable.
本発明は、前記絶縁油中に銅と反応するキレート剤を添加することを特徴とする油入電気機器の硫化腐食防止方法にも関する。 The present invention also relates to a method for preventing sulfidation corrosion of oil-filled electrical equipment, wherein a chelating agent that reacts with copper is added to the insulating oil.
キレート剤は、エチレンジアミン、エチレンジアミン四酢酸およびアセチルアセトンからなる群から選らばれる少なくとも１種であることが好ましい。 The chelating agent is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and acetylacetone.
さらに、絶縁油に、１，２，３−ベンゾトリアゾールおよび／またはＮ，Ｎ−ビス（２−エチルヘキシル）−（４または５）−メチル−１Ｈ−ベンゾトリアゾール−１−メチルアミンを添加することが好ましい。 Furthermore, 1,2,3-benzotriazole and / or N, N-bis (2-ethylhexyl)-(4 or 5) -methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methylamine may be added to the insulating oil. preferable.
本発明によれば、絶縁油中に添加したキレート剤が油中銅（銅（Ｃｕ）−硫黄（Ｓ）錯体）を不活性化することにより、油入電気機器内の絶縁物への硫化銅析出（硫化腐食）を低減する効果を奏する。 According to the present invention, the chelating agent added to the insulating oil inactivates the copper in the oil (copper (Cu) -sulfur (S) complex), so that the copper sulfide to the insulator in the oil-filled electrical device It has the effect of reducing precipitation (sulfidation corrosion).
図３は、本発明における油入電気機器の硫化銅抑制メカニズムを示すものである。図３のように、絶縁油とコイル導体を有する油入電気機器は絶縁油（容器油）中に含有するジベンジルジスルフィド等の硫黄化合物が油入電気機器材料のコイル導体（銅）に配位し、ベンジルラジカル及びベンジルスルフェニルラジカル（銅−硫黄錯体）を形成する。従来は、この銅−硫黄錯体が絶縁油中に溶解し移動することで、絶縁紙等の絶縁物に吸着し、分解することで硫化銅が析出していた。 FIG. 3 shows the copper sulfide suppression mechanism of the oil-filled electrical device according to the present invention. As shown in Fig. 3, in oil-filled electrical equipment with insulating oil and coil conductor, sulfur compounds such as dibenzyl disulfide contained in insulating oil (container oil) are coordinated to the coil conductor (copper) of oil-filled electrical equipment material. To form a benzyl radical and a benzylsulfenyl radical (copper-sulfur complex). Conventionally, when this copper-sulfur complex is dissolved and moved in the insulating oil, it is adsorbed on an insulating material such as insulating paper and decomposed, so that copper sulfide is deposited.
本発明が適用される油入電気機器に含まれる絶縁油としては、例えば、鉱油、合成油などが挙げられ、硫黄成分を含む絶縁油である。 Examples of the insulating oil contained in the oil-filled electrical device to which the present invention is applied include mineral oil and synthetic oil, and the insulating oil contains a sulfur component.
本発明においては、絶縁油中にキレート剤を１種または２種以上添加している。本発明で用いられるキレート剤は、銅に対してキレートを形成し得るキレート剤であることが好ましく、例えば、エチレンジアミン、ビピリジン、エチレンジアミン四酢酸、フェナントロリン、ポルフィリン、クラウンエーテル、アセチルアセトン、アミノトリアゾール、アリザリン−３，１スタビノールＣ３−４２、オキシン、モリン、キナルジン酸、アルミノン、トリエタノールアミン等が挙げられる。この中でも、特にエチレンジアミン、エチレンジアミン四酢酸、アセチルアセトンなどを用いることが好ましい。ただし、油入電気機器のコイル導体が銅以外の金属である場合、そのコイル導体の金属に対してキレートを形成できるキレート剤を選定することが好ましい。 In the present invention, one or more chelating agents are added to the insulating oil. The chelating agent used in the present invention is preferably a chelating agent capable of forming a chelate with respect to copper. For example, ethylenediamine, bipyridine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, phenanthroline, porphyrin, crown ether, acetylacetone, aminotriazole, alizarin- Examples include 3,1 stabinol C3-42, oxine, morin, quinaldic acid, aluminone, triethanolamine and the like. Among these, it is particularly preferable to use ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, acetylacetone or the like. However, when the coil conductor of the oil-filled electrical device is a metal other than copper, it is preferable to select a chelating agent capable of forming a chelate with respect to the metal of the coil conductor.
図３に示すように、上記絶縁油中に添加した銅と反応するキレート剤は、銅−硫黄錯体から銅を奪いキレートを形成するため、その後の絶縁紙上への硫化銅生成反応が停止する。キレートとは、複数の配位座を持つ配位子による金属イオンへの結合をいう。このようにしてできる錯体をキレート錯体といい、キレート錯体でない錯体に対し１０の１０乗倍といったオーダーで配位の平衡定数が向上する。このため絶縁油中にキレート剤を添加すれば、キレート剤は銅−硫黄錯体から銅を奪い、絶縁紙上への硫化銅生成の反応が停止する方向に反応が進行する。 As shown in FIG. 3, the chelating agent that reacts with copper added to the insulating oil deprives copper from the copper-sulfur complex to form a chelate, so that the subsequent copper sulfide formation reaction on the insulating paper stops. A chelate is a bond to a metal ion by a ligand having a plurality of coordination sites. The complex formed in this way is called a chelate complex, and the coordination equilibrium constant is improved on the order of 10 to the 10th power of a complex that is not a chelate complex. For this reason, if a chelating agent is added to the insulating oil, the chelating agent takes copper from the copper-sulfur complex, and the reaction proceeds in a direction in which the reaction of forming copper sulfide on the insulating paper stops.
このように、本発明は添加剤が銅と硫黄化合物の反応により形成された銅−硫黄錯体を不活性化することで硫化腐食を防ぐ技術である。したがって、先行技術は添加剤が銅に被膜を形成し、銅と硫黄化合物の反応を防ぐことで硫化腐食を抑制する技術であり、既設器では、すでに銅と硫黄化合物が反応しており、銅−硫黄錯体が形成されているため、先行技術のように銅と硫黄化合物との反応を防いでも硫化銅が生成する可能性がある。本発明では銅−硫黄錯体を不活性化するため、既設器において効果的に硫化腐食を防ぐことができる。 Thus, the present invention is a technique for preventing sulfidation corrosion by inactivating the copper-sulfur complex formed by the reaction of copper and a sulfur compound. Therefore, the prior art is a technology that suppresses sulfidation corrosion by forming a film on copper and preventing the reaction between copper and sulfur compounds. In existing equipment, copper and sulfur compounds have already reacted. -Since the sulfur complex is formed, even if it prevents reaction with copper and a sulfur compound like a prior art, copper sulfide may produce | generate. In the present invention, since the copper-sulfur complex is inactivated, sulfidation corrosion can be effectively prevented in the existing equipment.
上記キレート剤の添加量は絶縁油に対する重量濃度で１０〜１００ｐｐｍであることが好ましい。キレート剤は、熱による分解もしくは硫化腐食を抑制することによって消費されるため１０ｐｐｍ以下では長期的な硫化腐食の抑制効果は見込めない、また、１００ｐｐｍ以上では絶縁油への溶解が困難である。 The addition amount of the chelating agent is preferably 10 to 100 ppm by weight concentration with respect to the insulating oil. Since the chelating agent is consumed by suppressing thermal decomposition or sulfidation corrosion, if it is 10 ppm or less, a long-term effect of suppressing sulfidation corrosion cannot be expected, and if it is 100 ppm or more, dissolution in insulating oil is difficult.
本発明においては、前記絶縁油中に、さらに、１，２，３−ベンゾトリアゾールおよび／またはＮ，Ｎ−ビス（２−エチルヘキシル）−（４または５）−メチル−１Ｈ−ベンゾトリアゾール−１−メチルアミンを添加することが好ましい。これらの添加剤は、新規の銅−硫黄錯体の形成を抑制する抑制剤として働くため、キレート剤の消費を防ぎ、硫化銅の生成抑制効果をさらに持続させる。 In the present invention, 1,2,3-benzotriazole and / or N, N-bis (2-ethylhexyl)-(4 or 5) -methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1- It is preferable to add methylamine. Since these additives work as an inhibitor that suppresses the formation of a novel copper-sulfur complex, consumption of the chelating agent is prevented and the effect of suppressing the formation of copper sulfide is further maintained.
（有効性検証実験）
本実施例の硫化銅抑制効果の有効性を検証するために行った実験を以下に説明する。
(Effectiveness verification experiment)
Experiments conducted to verify the effectiveness of the copper sulfide suppression effect of this example will be described below.
硫化銅生成の原因物質であるジベンジルジスルフィドを鉱油（絶縁油）に重量濃度で３００ｐｐｍになるように溶解した基油を用意した。通常、油入電気機器の容器油においては、絶縁油に含まれるジベンジルジスルフィドは、多いものでも５０ｐｐｍであるが、ここでは、硫化腐食を促進させるため３００ｐｐｍの濃度で実施した。この油（５０ｍＬ）の中に５枚の銅板（１，５００ｍｇ、５．０ｃｍ×３．０ｃｍ）を封入して１２０℃、２４０時間加熱し、油中に銅−硫黄錯体を生成させたものを基油とした。この基油にキレート剤を添加した油、銅−硫黄錯体の形成を抑制する抑制剤を添加した油および何も添加していない油を作製し、以下の試料１、２および比較試料とした。 A base oil was prepared by dissolving dibenzyl disulfide, which is a causative substance of copper sulfide formation, in mineral oil (insulating oil) to a weight concentration of 300 ppm. Usually, in the container oil of oil-filled electrical equipment, the amount of dibenzyl disulfide contained in the insulating oil is 50 ppm at most, but here, it was carried out at a concentration of 300 ppm in order to promote sulfide corrosion. In this oil (50 mL), five copper plates (1,500 mg, 5.0 cm × 3.0 cm) were sealed and heated at 120 ° C. for 240 hours to produce a copper-sulfur complex in the oil. Base oil was used. An oil in which a chelating agent was added to this base oil, an oil to which an inhibitor that suppresses the formation of a copper-sulfur complex, and an oil to which nothing was added were prepared, and the following samples 1 and 2 and a comparative sample were prepared.
（試料１）
キレート剤としてはエチレンジアミン四酢酸（ＥＤＴＡ）を使用し、これを重量濃度で３０ｐｐｍになるように上記基油に溶解したものを試料１とした。
(Sample 1)
As a chelating agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used, and this was dissolved in the above base oil so as to have a weight concentration of 30 ppm.
（試料２）
抑制剤として１，２，３−ベンゾトリアゾールを重量濃度で３０ｐｐｍになるように溶解したものを試料２とした。
(Sample 2)
Sample 2 was prepared by dissolving 1,2,3-benzotriazole as an inhibitor to a weight concentration of 30 ppm.
（比較試料）
何も添加していない上記基油を比較試料とした。
(Comparative sample)
The above base oil to which nothing was added was used as a comparative sample.
（実験例１）
上記試料１、２および比較試料（５０ｍＬ中）に銅板（１，５００ｍｇ、５．０ｃｍ×３．５ｃｍ）と絶縁紙（１．０ｃｍ×１．９ｃｍ）を封入し、１２０℃の温度で１４４時間加熱する試験を行った。加熱１４４時間後のそれぞれの油中に封入した絶縁紙上に析出した硫化銅量を表１に示す。なお、試験後の絶縁紙を２ｍｏｌ／ＬのＨＮＯ3溶液に１時間浸し、この溶液をＩＣＰ−ＡＥＳ（誘導結合プラズマ原子発光分光：Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry）により測定することで、絶縁紙上に析出した硫化銅量を定量した。
(Experimental example 1)
A copper plate (1,500 mg, 5.0 cm × 3.5 cm) and insulating paper (1.0 cm × 1.9 cm) are sealed in Samples 1 and 2 and a comparative sample (in 50 mL) for 144 hours at a temperature of 120 ° C. A heating test was performed. Table 1 shows the amount of copper sulfide deposited on the insulating paper sealed in each oil after 144 hours of heating. After the test, the insulating paper was immersed in a 2 mol / L HNO 3 solution for 1 hour, and this solution was measured on the insulating paper by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry). The amount of copper sulfide deposited on the substrate was quantified.
加熱１４４時間後の絶縁紙上に析出した硫化銅を測定した結果を表１に示す。基油に何も添加していない油（比較試料）は、絶縁紙上に３３μｇの硫化銅が析出した。基油にキレート剤であるエチレンジアミン四酢酸を添加した油（試料１）では絶縁紙上に６μｇの硫化銅が析出し、１，２，３−ベンゾトリアゾールを添加した油（試料２）では、絶縁紙上に２３ｇの硫化銅が析出した。これらの結果から、キレート剤によって、絶縁紙への硫化銅析出を抑制できることが分かった。 Table 1 shows the results of measurement of copper sulfide deposited on the insulating paper after 144 hours of heating. In the oil (comparative sample) in which nothing was added to the base oil, 33 μg of copper sulfide was deposited on the insulating paper. 6 μg of copper sulfide is deposited on the insulating paper in the oil (sample 1) to which ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a chelating agent is added to the base oil, and on the insulating paper in the oil (sample 2) to which 1,2,3-benzotriazole is added. 23 g of copper sulfide was precipitated. From these results, it was found that copper sulfide deposition on the insulating paper can be suppressed by the chelating agent.
このように、キレート剤を添加した油（試料１）の硫化銅析出量は、容器油を模擬している比較試料および試料２の硫化銅析出量と比較して、１／４〜１／５に低減された。通常、ジベンジルジスルフィド等の硫黄化合物の絶縁油中での濃度は、上述したように、５０ｐｐｍ程度であり、キレート剤の添加によって硫化銅の析出抑制効果を期待できる。さらに、銅−硫黄錯体の形成を抑制する抑制剤を併用することにより高濃度の硫黄化合物に対しても、安定して硫化銅析出を抑制する効果が期待できる。 Thus, the amount of copper sulfide deposited on the oil added with the chelating agent (sample 1) is 1/4 to 1/5 compared to the amount of copper sulfide deposited on the comparative sample simulating the container oil and sample 2. Reduced to Normally, the concentration of sulfur compounds such as dibenzyl disulfide in the insulating oil is about 50 ppm as described above, and the effect of suppressing the precipitation of copper sulfide can be expected by adding a chelating agent. Furthermore, by using together the inhibitor which suppresses formation of a copper-sulfur complex, the effect which suppresses copper sulfide precipitation stably also with respect to a high concentration sulfur compound can be anticipated.
今回開示された実施の形態はすべての点で例示であって制限的なものではないと考えられるべきである。本発明の範囲は上記した説明ではなくて特許請求の範囲によって示され、特許請求の範囲と均等の意味および範囲内でのすべての変更が含まれることが意図される。 The embodiment disclosed this time should be considered as illustrative in all points and not restrictive. The scope of the present invention is defined by the terms of the claims, rather than the description above, and is intended to include any modifications within the scope and meaning equivalent to the terms of the claims.
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| JP5186061B1 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-04-17 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Method for suppressing copper sulfide formation in oil-filled electrical equipment |
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| JP2002151314A (en) * | 2000-11-08 | 2002-05-24 | Seiko Epson Corp | Method of manufacturing bonded magnet and the bonded magnet |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5079936B1 (en) * | 2011-11-28 | 2012-11-21 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Diagnostic method for oil-filled electrical equipment |
| WO2013080267A1 (en) * | 2011-11-28 | 2013-06-06 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Method of diagnosing oil-filled electrical apparatus |
| CN103959409A (en) * | 2011-11-28 | 2014-07-30 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Method of diagnosing oil-filled electrical apparatus |
| JP5186061B1 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-04-17 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Method for suppressing copper sulfide formation in oil-filled electrical equipment |
| WO2013080315A1 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-06-06 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Method for suppressing copper sulfide generation in oil-filled electrical equipment |
| CN103890879A (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2014-06-25 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Method for suppressing copper sulfide generation in oil-filled electrical equipment |
| US9396835B2 (en) | 2011-11-30 | 2016-07-19 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Method for suppressing copper sulfide generation in oil-filled electrical equipment |
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