JP2010160750A - Smoke sensor - Google Patents

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JP2010160750A
JP2010160750A JP2009003770A JP2009003770A JP2010160750A JP 2010160750 A JP2010160750 A JP 2010160750A JP 2009003770 A JP2009003770 A JP 2009003770A JP 2009003770 A JP2009003770 A JP 2009003770A JP 2010160750 A JP2010160750 A JP 2010160750A
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light
output voltage
smoke
output
detection space
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Taku Fukui
卓 福井
Mitsuteru Hataya
光輝 畑谷
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Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
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Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a smoke sensor that exactly determines fire even when using a conversion resistor of a current voltage conversion circuit with a small resistance value. <P>SOLUTION: A sensor output processing part 2 has the current voltage conversion circuit 5 constituted such that the conversion resistor R1 is connected between an inverting input terminal and an output terminal of an operational amplifier OP1, and outputs output voltage Vout which varies according to variation of input current Iin from a photodiode PD. An arithmetic processing part 3 has: an averaging means 9 for extracting instantaneous values of the output voltage Vout at set sampling timing in a period for an LED 8 to output light to calculate an average value of instantaneous values extracted in the sampling timing for a plurality of times; and a decision means 10 for determining presence of smoke in a detection space based on the average value. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、火災時に発生する煙を感知し発報する煙感知器に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a smoke detector that detects and reports smoke generated during a fire.

従来から、この種の煙感知器Aとして、図4(a)に示すようにハウジング20内に検知空間を有し、この検知空間に向けて間欠的に光を出力するLED(発光部)8と、LED8からの直接光が入射しない位置に配置され受光した光を電流に変換するフォトダイオード(受光部)PDとを備えたものが知られている(たとえば特許文献1参照)。この煙感知器Aでは、検知空間内に煙が流入すると、LED8からの光が検知空間内の煙で拡散反射されることによりフォトダイオードPDでのLED8からの光の受光量が増加し、フォトダイオードPDから出力される電流量が増加する。   Conventionally, as this kind of smoke detector A, an LED (light emitting unit) 8 having a detection space in the housing 20 as shown in FIG. 4A and outputting light intermittently toward the detection space. And a photodiode (light receiving unit) PD that is disposed at a position where direct light from the LED 8 is not incident and converts received light into current (see, for example, Patent Document 1). In the smoke detector A, when smoke flows into the detection space, the light from the LED 8 is diffused and reflected by the smoke in the detection space, so that the amount of light received from the LED 8 at the photodiode PD is increased. The amount of current output from the diode PD increases.

LED8およびフォトダイオードPDは、LED8の前方に配置された投光レンズ23およびフォトダイオードPDの前方に配置された受光レンズ24と共に光学ブロック25を構成する。ハウジング20は、下面に開口部が形成され当該開口部に向けてLED8からの光が出射されるように光学ブロック25を収納したボディ26と、上面開口の有底円筒状であってボディ26の開口部を覆うようにボディ26に結合されるカバー27とを備えている。カバー27の周壁には煙を取り込むための開口窓が形成されており、カバー27内に前記検知空間が形成される。ここでカバー27内には、検知空間への虫の侵入を防止する防虫網28、および検知空間への外乱光の入射を防止するラビリンス21が検知空間を包囲するように配置される。ラビリンス21は、蛍光灯や白熱灯などからの様々な外乱光の入射を防止するとともに、検知空間内に煙がない状態でLED8の光がフォトダイオードPDに入射することを防止するために入り組んだ光路を持つ複雑な構造を採用している。   The LED 8 and the photodiode PD constitute an optical block 25 together with a light projecting lens 23 disposed in front of the LED 8 and a light receiving lens 24 disposed in front of the photodiode PD. The housing 20 has an opening on the lower surface and a body 26 that houses the optical block 25 so that light from the LEDs 8 is emitted toward the opening, and a bottomed cylindrical shape with an upper surface opening. A cover 27 coupled to the body 26 is provided so as to cover the opening. An opening window for taking in smoke is formed on the peripheral wall of the cover 27, and the detection space is formed in the cover 27. Here, in the cover 27, an insect net 28 for preventing insects from entering the detection space, and a labyrinth 21 for preventing disturbance light from entering the detection space are arranged so as to surround the detection space. The labyrinth 21 is complicated to prevent the incidence of various disturbance lights from fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps, and to prevent the light of the LED 8 from entering the photodiode PD in the absence of smoke in the detection space. A complicated structure with an optical path is adopted.

この種の煙感知器Aにおいては、図4(b)に示すように、ハウジング20内に収納された回路ブロック1に、フォトダイオードPDからの入力電流を電圧に変換して出力する電流電圧変換回路(IV変換回路)5が設けられている。さらに、電流電圧変換回路5の出力電圧を増幅回路12とフィルタ回路13とを通して判定処理部である発報判定回路14に入力し、前記出力電圧の変化量が所定の火災判定レベルを超えると発報回路15(ブザー等)で発報するように構成されている。なお、回路ブロック1には、各回路に電源供給する電源回路16と、他の発報手段等を連動させる連動回路17と、LED8と直列接続されたトランジスタTr1(図5参照)を含みLED8を周期的にパルス発光させるLED駆動回路18とが設けられている。   In this type of smoke detector A, as shown in FIG. 4 (b), current-voltage conversion for converting the input current from the photodiode PD into a voltage and outputting it to the circuit block 1 housed in the housing 20 A circuit (IV conversion circuit) 5 is provided. Further, the output voltage of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 is input to the alarm determination circuit 14 which is a determination processing unit through the amplifier circuit 12 and the filter circuit 13, and when the change amount of the output voltage exceeds a predetermined fire determination level, The alarm circuit 15 (buzzer or the like) issues a report. The circuit block 1 includes a power supply circuit 16 for supplying power to each circuit, an interlocking circuit 17 for interlocking with other reporting means, and a transistor Tr1 (see FIG. 5) connected in series with the LED8. An LED drive circuit 18 that periodically emits light is provided.

ここで用いられる電流電圧変換回路5は、たとえば図5に示すように演算増幅器OP1の反転入力端子と出力端子との間に変換抵抗R1を接続してなる構成を有し、この反転入力端子に入力電流Iinが入力されると、入力電流Iinの変動に応じて電圧値が変動する出力電圧Voutを出力端子Toutに出力するように構成される。図5の例では、非反転入力端子に基準電圧Vsが印加されているので、変換抵抗R1の抵抗値をr1とすれば出力電圧Voutは、Vout=Vs−(Iin×r1)で表される。要するに電流電圧変換回路5は、フォトダイオードPDがLED8からの光を受光していない定常状態での出力電圧Voutを動作点として、入力電流Iinの変動に応じて動作点を基準に出力電圧Voutを変動させることとなる。   The current-voltage conversion circuit 5 used here has a configuration in which a conversion resistor R1 is connected between an inverting input terminal and an output terminal of an operational amplifier OP1 as shown in FIG. 5, for example. When the input current Iin is input, the output voltage Vout whose voltage value varies according to the variation of the input current Iin is output to the output terminal Tout. In the example of FIG. 5, since the reference voltage Vs is applied to the non-inverting input terminal, if the resistance value of the conversion resistor R1 is r1, the output voltage Vout is expressed by Vout = Vs− (Iin × r1). . In short, the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 uses the output voltage Vout in a steady state where the photodiode PD does not receive light from the LED 8 as an operating point, and outputs the output voltage Vout based on the operating point according to the fluctuation of the input current Iin. It will be fluctuated.

また、近年では、設置が簡単であることから、電池を電源とした煙感知器Aの需要が増えている。電池を煙感知器Aの電源とする場合には、煙感知器Aの平均消費電力を抑えて電池の長寿命化を図るため、煙感知器Aを間欠駆動させる必要がある。この場合には、図6(a)に示す電流電圧変換回路5への電源供給も間欠的に行われることとなる。そのため、LED8は図6(b)のように電流電圧変換回路5への電源供給が行われている間にパルス状の光を出力する。ここで、検知空間に煙が流入してフォトダイオードPDがLED8からの光を受光すると、図6(c)に実線で示すように電流電圧変換回路5の出力電圧Voutの変化量ΔVは大きくなり図中の火災判定レベルに達することとなる。一方、検知空間に煙がなければ、図6(c)に破線で示すように出力電圧Voutの変化量ΔVは小さくなり、火災判定レベルに達することはない。   In recent years, since the installation is simple, the demand for the smoke detector A using a battery as a power source is increasing. When the battery is used as the power source of the smoke detector A, it is necessary to drive the smoke detector A intermittently in order to suppress the average power consumption of the smoke detector A and extend the life of the battery. In this case, the power supply to the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 shown in FIG. 6A is also intermittently performed. Therefore, the LED 8 outputs pulsed light while power is supplied to the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 as shown in FIG. Here, when smoke flows into the detection space and the photodiode PD receives light from the LED 8, the change amount ΔV of the output voltage Vout of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 increases as shown by the solid line in FIG. The fire judgment level in the figure will be reached. On the other hand, if there is no smoke in the detection space, the change amount ΔV of the output voltage Vout decreases as shown by the broken line in FIG. 6C, and does not reach the fire determination level.

ところで、図5のような電流電圧変換回路5では、図7(a)に示すように演算増幅器OP1のダイナミックレンジが、演算増幅器OP1の電源電圧VDDとグランドGNDとの間に規定されており、上述した出力電圧Voutはこのダイナミックレンジの範囲内で変動する。そのため、入力電流Iinがある大きさ以上になると出力電圧Voutが飽和してしまう。   In the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 as shown in FIG. 5, the dynamic range of the operational amplifier OP1 is defined between the power supply voltage VDD of the operational amplifier OP1 and the ground GND as shown in FIG. The output voltage Vout described above fluctuates within this dynamic range. Therefore, when the input current Iin exceeds a certain level, the output voltage Vout is saturated.

たとえば上述した煙感知器Aにおいては、ラビリンス21を設けてあるものの、検知空間を外部から完全には遮断することはできないので、フォトダイオードPDに対して僅かながら外乱光が入射することがある。通常、外乱光は時間的変動が小さく、フォトダイオードPDがこの外乱光を受光することによりフォトダイオードPDからは時間的変動の小さい電流(以下、「直流成分」という)が出力されることになる。そして、入力電流Iinに含まれる直流成分がある大きさ以上になると、出力電圧Voutが飽和する可能性がある。   For example, in the smoke detector A described above, although the labyrinth 21 is provided, the detection space cannot be completely blocked from the outside, so that a slight disturbance light may enter the photodiode PD. Normally, disturbance light has a small temporal variation, and when the photodiode PD receives the disturbance light, a current (hereinafter referred to as “DC component”) having a small temporal variation is output from the photodiode PD. . When the direct current component included in the input current Iin exceeds a certain level, the output voltage Vout may be saturated.

すなわち、入力電流Iinに直流成分が含まれていなければ、図7(a)のように出力電圧Voutの動作点は基準電圧Vsとなるから、入力電流Iinの変動があれば出力電圧Voutもこの変動に追従して変動するが、これに対して、入力電流Iinに直流成分が含まれていると、図7(b)に示すように出力電圧Voutの動作点が低下し、入力電流Iinが増加した場合に出力電圧Voutが途中で飽和してしまう可能性がある。特に、直流成分が大きく、図7(c)のように出力電圧Voutの動作点がグランドGND付近にまで低下している場合には、入力電流Iinの変動によらず出力電圧Voutが飽和状態にあり、入力電流Iinの増加を出力電圧Voutが追従することはない。   That is, if the input current Iin does not contain a DC component, the operating point of the output voltage Vout is the reference voltage Vs as shown in FIG. 7A. Therefore, if the input current Iin varies, the output voltage Vout is also this In contrast to this, when the input current Iin contains a DC component, the operating point of the output voltage Vout decreases as shown in FIG. 7B, and the input current Iin becomes smaller. When it increases, there is a possibility that the output voltage Vout is saturated in the middle. In particular, when the DC component is large and the operating point of the output voltage Vout is reduced to near the ground GND as shown in FIG. 7C, the output voltage Vout is saturated regardless of the fluctuation of the input current Iin. Yes, the output voltage Vout does not follow the increase in the input current Iin.

たとえば変換抵抗R1の抵抗値r1を1MΩ、基準電圧Vsを1Vとすると、入力電流Iinが1μAで変換抵抗R1の両端間の電圧降下は1Vとなり、その結果、出力電圧Voutが0Vとなって飽和する。この状態では、フォトダイオードPDがLED8からの光を受光して電流電圧変換回路5にパルス状の入力電流Iinが入力されても、出力電圧Voutは飽和しているからこれ以上変動することはなく、出力電圧Voutの変化量ΔVが火災判定レベルに達することなく失報となる可能性がある。   For example, if the resistance value r1 of the conversion resistor R1 is 1 MΩ and the reference voltage Vs is 1 V, the input current Iin is 1 μA, the voltage drop across the conversion resistor R1 is 1 V, and as a result, the output voltage Vout is 0 V and is saturated. To do. In this state, even if the photodiode PD receives the light from the LED 8 and the pulsed input current Iin is input to the current-voltage conversion circuit 5, the output voltage Vout is saturated and therefore does not change any more. There is a possibility that the change amount ΔV of the output voltage Vout may be reported without reaching the fire determination level.

ただし、上述した煙感知器Aではラビリンス21により検知空間への外乱光の入射が防止されているので、一般的に、出力電圧Voutが飽和するほど大きな直流成分が入力電流Iinに含まれることはない。   However, in the smoke detector A described above, the ambient light is prevented from entering the detection space by the labyrinth 21, and therefore, generally, the input current Iin includes a large DC component as the output voltage Vout is saturated. Absent.

特許第2783945号公報(第1−2頁)Japanese Patent No. 2783945 (page 1-2)

ところで、上述した煙感知器Aにおいては、検知空間への外乱光の入射を防止するラビリンス21の構造が複雑であり、ラビリンス21の製造にかかるコストが煙感知器A全体の低コスト化の妨げとなっているので、ラビリンス21の構造を極力簡素化、あるいはラビリンス21自体を省略することで、煙感知器Aの低コスト化を図ることが要望されている。しかし、ラビリンス21を簡素化あるいは省略すると、フォトダイオードPDで受光される外乱光が強くなり、入力電流Iinに含まれる直流成分が大きくなって出力電圧Voutが飽和してしまうことがある。特に、上述のように電池を煙感知器Aの電源とする場合には、演算増幅器OP1の電源電圧が低く演算増幅器OP1のダイナミックレンジが比較的狭いため、出力電圧Voutが飽和しやすくなる。   By the way, in the above-described smoke detector A, the structure of the labyrinth 21 that prevents the incidence of ambient light into the detection space is complicated, and the cost for manufacturing the labyrinth 21 hinders the cost reduction of the entire smoke detector A. Therefore, it is desired to reduce the cost of the smoke detector A by simplifying the structure of the labyrinth 21 as much as possible or omitting the labyrinth 21 itself. However, if the labyrinth 21 is simplified or omitted, disturbance light received by the photodiode PD becomes strong, and a direct current component included in the input current Iin may increase and the output voltage Vout may be saturated. In particular, when the battery is used as the power source of the smoke detector A as described above, the output voltage Vout is likely to be saturated because the power supply voltage of the operational amplifier OP1 is low and the dynamic range of the operational amplifier OP1 is relatively narrow.

また、上述した構成の電流電圧変換回路5では、変換抵抗R1として抵抗値の小さいものを用いれば、入力電流Iinが一定の場合における変換抵抗R1の両端間の電圧降下が小さくなり、出力電圧Voutが飽和しにくくなるものの、変換抵抗R1自体の熱雑音は大きくなる。変換抵抗R1の熱雑音が大きくなれば、電流電圧変換回路5の入力換算ノイズが大きくなるため、当該ノイズと検出対象である信号成分との比(SN比)が低下して、正確な火災判定ができなくなるという問題があるので、変換抵抗R1の抵抗値はある程度大きく設定せざるを得ない。   Further, in the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 having the above-described configuration, if a conversion resistor R1 having a small resistance value is used, the voltage drop across the conversion resistor R1 when the input current Iin is constant is reduced, and the output voltage Vout. However, the thermal noise of the conversion resistor R1 itself increases. If the thermal noise of the conversion resistor R1 increases, the input conversion noise of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 increases, so the ratio (SN ratio) between the noise and the signal component to be detected decreases, and an accurate fire determination is made. Therefore, the resistance value of the conversion resistor R1 must be set large to some extent.

本発明は上記事由に鑑みて為されたものであって、電流電圧変換回路の変換抵抗として抵抗値の小さいものを用いても正確な火災判定が可能となる煙感知器を提供することを目的とする。   The present invention has been made in view of the above-described reason, and an object thereof is to provide a smoke detector capable of accurate fire determination even when a resistance having a small resistance value is used as a conversion resistance of a current-voltage conversion circuit. And

請求項1の発明は、検知空間に向けて間欠的に光を出力する発光部と、発光部からの直接光は入射せず検知空間内に流入した煙により拡散反射された発光部からの光が入射する位置に配置され、光を受光して電流に変換する受光部と、受光部から入力される入力電流を当該入力電流の変動に応じて電圧値が変動する出力電圧に変換するセンサ出力処理部と、前記出力電圧に基づいて検知空間内の煙の有無を判定する演算処理部とを備え、センサ出力処理部が、反転入力端子と出力端子との間に変換抵抗が接続された演算増幅器を具備し、反転入力端子から入力される入力電流に応じた電圧を出力端子に出力する電流電圧変換回路を有しており、演算処理部が、発光部が光を出力する期間内に設定されているサンプリングタイミングで前記出力電圧の瞬時値を抽出し、複数回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出された瞬時値の平均値を求める平均化手段と、平均化手段で求めた平均値に基づいて検知空間内の煙の有無を判定する判定手段とを有することを特徴とする。   According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a light emitting unit that intermittently outputs light toward the detection space, and light from the light emitting unit that is diffusely reflected by smoke that does not enter the direct light from the light emitting unit and flows into the detection space. A light receiving unit that receives light and converts it into a current, and a sensor output that converts an input current input from the light receiving unit into an output voltage whose voltage value varies according to the fluctuation of the input current An arithmetic processing unit including a processing unit and an arithmetic processing unit that determines the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space based on the output voltage, and the sensor output processing unit includes a conversion resistor connected between the inverting input terminal and the output terminal It has an amplifier and has a current-voltage conversion circuit that outputs to the output terminal a voltage corresponding to the input current input from the inverting input terminal, and the arithmetic processing unit is set within the period during which the light emitting unit outputs light Output at the sampling timing A means for extracting an instantaneous value of pressure and calculating an average value of the instantaneous values extracted at a plurality of sampling timings, and determining the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space based on the average value obtained by the averaging means And determining means.

本発明は、平均化手段において、発光部が光を出力する期間内に設定されているサンプリングタイミングで出力電圧の瞬時値を抽出し、複数回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出された瞬時値の平均値を求めるので、各サンプリングタイミングで抽出される出力電圧の瞬時値にそれぞれノイズが含まれていても、複数の瞬時値の平均をとることで前記ノイズの影響を低減することができる。そして、判定手段においては、前記瞬時値の平均値に基づいて検知空間内の煙の有無を判定するので、1回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出される瞬時値に基づいて前記判定を行う場合に比べて、前記判定に対するノイズの影響を小さく抑えることができる。したがって、電流電圧変換回路の変換抵抗として抵抗値の小さいものを用いることで変換抵抗自体の熱雑音が大きくなったとしても、検知空間内の煙の有無を正確に判定することができる。そのため、変換抵抗として抵抗値の小さいものを用いることにより、受光部で受光される外乱光が強く入力電流に含まれる直流成分が比較的大きい場場合でも、当該直流成分による変換抵抗の両端電圧の電圧降下を小さく抑えて、出力電圧が飽和しにくい構成を採用することができる。その結果、受光部への外乱光の入射を防止する手段を簡素化あるいは省略することができるという利点がある。   According to the present invention, in the averaging means, an instantaneous value of the output voltage is extracted at a sampling timing set within a period in which the light emitting unit outputs light, and an average value of the instantaneous values extracted at a plurality of sampling timings is obtained. Therefore, even if noise is included in the instantaneous value of the output voltage extracted at each sampling timing, the influence of the noise can be reduced by taking an average of a plurality of instantaneous values. And in the determination means, since the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space is determined based on the average value of the instantaneous values, compared to the case where the determination is performed based on the instantaneous values extracted at one sampling timing. The influence of noise on the determination can be suppressed to a small level. Therefore, even if thermal noise of the conversion resistor itself is increased by using a conversion resistor having a small resistance value as the conversion resistor of the current-voltage conversion circuit, the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space can be accurately determined. For this reason, by using a conversion resistor having a small resistance value, even when the disturbance light received by the light receiving unit is strong and the DC component included in the input current is relatively large, the voltage across the conversion resistor due to the DC component is reduced. It is possible to employ a configuration in which the voltage drop is suppressed to be small and the output voltage is not easily saturated. As a result, there is an advantage that means for preventing the disturbance light from entering the light receiving section can be simplified or omitted.

本発明の実施形態1の構成を示す概略回路図である。It is a schematic circuit diagram which shows the structure of Embodiment 1 of this invention. 同上の動作を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows operation | movement same as the above. 同上の煙感知器を示す斜視図である。It is a perspective view which shows a smoke detector same as the above. 従来の煙感知器を示し、(a)は概略構成図、(b)は回路ブロックのブロックである。A conventional smoke detector is shown, (a) is a schematic block diagram, (b) is a block of a circuit block. 同上の電流電圧変換回路を示す概略回路図である。It is a schematic circuit diagram which shows a current-voltage conversion circuit same as the above. 同上の動作を示すタイムチャートである。It is a time chart which shows operation | movement same as the above. 同上の出力電圧を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows an output voltage same as the above.

(実施形態1)
本実施形態の煙感知器Aは、図4に示した従来構成と同様にハウジング20内に検知空間を有し、この検知空間に向けて間欠的にパルス状の光を出力する発光部と、発光部からの直接光が入射しない位置に配置され受光した光を電流に変換する受光部と、受光部からの入力電流に基づいて検知空間内の煙を検知する回路ブロック1とを備えている。この煙感知器Aでは、検知空間内に煙が流入すると、発光部からの光が検知空間内の煙で拡散反射されることにより受光部での発光部からの光の受光量が増加し、受光部から出力される電流量が増加する。ここで例示する煙感知器Aは電池を電源としており、平均消費電力を抑えて電池の長寿命化を図るために間欠駆動する。
(Embodiment 1)
The smoke detector A of the present embodiment has a detection space in the housing 20 similar to the conventional configuration shown in FIG. 4, and a light emitting unit that intermittently outputs pulsed light toward the detection space, A light receiving unit that is arranged at a position where direct light from the light emitting unit is not incident and converts received light into current, and a circuit block 1 that detects smoke in the detection space based on an input current from the light receiving unit. . In the smoke detector A, when smoke flows into the detection space, the amount of light received from the light emitting unit at the light receiving unit increases due to diffuse reflection of the light from the light emitting unit with the smoke in the detection space, The amount of current output from the light receiving unit increases. The smoke detector A exemplified here uses a battery as a power source, and is intermittently driven in order to reduce the average power consumption and extend the life of the battery.

本実施形態の回路ブロック1は、図1に示すように、受光部としてのフォトダイオードPDから入力される入力電流Iinを当該入力電流Iinの変動に応じて電圧値が変動する出力電圧Voutに変換して出力するセンサ出力処理部2と、センサ出力処理部2の後段に設けられ前記出力電圧Voutに基づいて検知空間内の煙の有無を判定する演算処理部3と、火災発生を報知する発報回路(ブザー等)4とを備えている。   As shown in FIG. 1, the circuit block 1 of the present embodiment converts an input current Iin input from a photodiode PD as a light receiving unit into an output voltage Vout whose voltage value varies according to the variation of the input current Iin. Sensor output processing unit 2 for output, a calculation processing unit 3 provided at a subsequent stage of the sensor output processing unit 2 for determining the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space based on the output voltage Vout, and an output for notifying the occurrence of a fire And an information circuit (buzzer or the like) 4.

センサ出力処理部2は、図1に示すように、入力端子Tinから入力される入力電流Iinを電圧信号に変換して出力する電流電圧変換回路5と、電流電圧変換回路5の出力に接続されたハイパスフィルタ6と、ハイパスフィルタ6を通過した前記電圧信号を増幅する電圧増幅回路7とを有する。   As shown in FIG. 1, the sensor output processing unit 2 is connected to a current-voltage conversion circuit 5 that converts an input current Iin input from an input terminal Tin into a voltage signal and outputs the voltage signal, and an output of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5. A high-pass filter 6, and a voltage amplification circuit 7 that amplifies the voltage signal that has passed through the high-pass filter 6.

電流電圧変換回路5は、入力端子Tinとなる演算増幅器OP1の反転入力端子と出力端子との間に変換抵抗R1が接続され、演算増幅器OP1の非反転入力端子に基準電圧Vs1が印加された構成を有する。電流電圧変換回路5の入力端子Tinには、受光部としてのフォトダイオードPDが接続されており、フォトダイオードPDから入力電流Iinが入力される。   The current-voltage conversion circuit 5 has a configuration in which a conversion resistor R1 is connected between an inverting input terminal and an output terminal of an operational amplifier OP1 serving as an input terminal Tin, and a reference voltage Vs1 is applied to a non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier OP1. Have A photodiode PD as a light receiving unit is connected to the input terminal Tin of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5, and an input current Iin is input from the photodiode PD.

ここに、本実施形態の電流電圧変換回路5は、変換抵抗R1に並列接続されたコンデンサC1を有しローパスフィルタとしても機能しており、所定のカットオフ周波数fc0以下の入力電流Iinを通すように変換抵抗R1とコンデンサC1との回路定数が設定される。このカットオフ周波数fc0は、変換抵抗R1の抵抗値r1とコンデンサC1の定数c1とを用いてfc0=1/(2π×r1×c1)で表され、少なくともフォトダイオードPDが発光部としてのLED8からの光を受光したときに生じるパルス状の入力電流Iinを通すように設定される。   Here, the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 of the present embodiment has a capacitor C1 connected in parallel to the conversion resistor R1 and also functions as a low-pass filter, and passes an input current Iin having a predetermined cutoff frequency fc0 or less. The circuit constants of the conversion resistor R1 and the capacitor C1 are set. This cut-off frequency fc0 is represented by fc0 = 1 / (2π × r1 × c1) using the resistance value r1 of the conversion resistor R1 and the constant c1 of the capacitor C1, and at least the photodiode PD is from the LED 8 as the light emitting unit. Is set so as to pass a pulse-like input current Iin generated when the light is received.

また、電流電圧変換回路5は上記構成により積分回路としても機能するため、その出力は、入力電流Iinが変動すると所定の時間遅れをもって変動するように、入力電流Iinの変化時点から時間経過に伴って電圧値を変化させることとなる。   Further, since the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 also functions as an integration circuit with the above-described configuration, the output of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 changes with the passage of time from the change point of the input current Iin so that the input current Iin changes with a predetermined time delay. Thus, the voltage value is changed.

ハイパスフィルタ6は、演算増幅器OP1の出力端子に接続されたコンデンサC2と抵抗R2との直列回路からなり、当該直列回路における演算増幅器OP1との反対側の端部(抵抗R2の一端部)が基準電圧Vs2に接続されている。ハイパスフィルタ6の出力は、コンデンサC2と抵抗R2との接続点から取り出される。ハイパスフィルタ6のカットオフ周波数fc1は、抵抗R2の抵抗値r2とコンデンサC2の定数c2とを用いてfc1=1/(2π×r2×c2)で表され、少なくともフォトダイオードPDがLED8からの光を受光したときに生じるパルス状の電圧信号を通すように設定される。   The high pass filter 6 is composed of a series circuit of a capacitor C2 and a resistor R2 connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier OP1, and an end portion (one end portion of the resistor R2) opposite to the operational amplifier OP1 in the series circuit is a reference. It is connected to the voltage Vs2. The output of the high pass filter 6 is taken out from the connection point between the capacitor C2 and the resistor R2. The cut-off frequency fc1 of the high-pass filter 6 is expressed by fc1 = 1 / (2π × r2 × c2) using the resistance value r2 of the resistor R2 and the constant c2 of the capacitor C2, and at least the photodiode PD emits light from the LED8. Is set so as to pass a pulsed voltage signal generated when light is received.

電圧増幅回路7は、ハイパスフィルタ6の出力端(コンデンサC2と抵抗R2との接続点)に演算増幅器OP2の非反転入力端子を接続し、この演算増幅器OP2の反転入力端子に抵抗R3を介して基準電圧Vs2を加えるとともに、反転入力端子と出力端子との間に抵抗R4を接続して構成される。電圧増幅回路7で増幅された電圧は、出力電圧Voutとして後段の演算処理部3に出力される。   The voltage amplifier circuit 7 connects the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier OP2 to the output terminal of the high-pass filter 6 (the connection point between the capacitor C2 and the resistor R2), and the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier OP2 via the resistor R3. A reference voltage Vs2 is applied, and a resistor R4 is connected between the inverting input terminal and the output terminal. The voltage amplified by the voltage amplifier circuit 7 is output as an output voltage Vout to the arithmetic processing unit 3 at the subsequent stage.

センサ出力処理部2は、上記構成により、フォトダイオードPDからの入力電流Iinがゼロの状態での出力電圧Voutの瞬時値を動作点として、入力電流Iinの変動に応じて動作点を基準に出力電圧Voutを変動させることとなる。このとき、出力電圧Voutの瞬時値は、入力電流Iinの変動量に応じて変動する。   With the above configuration, the sensor output processing unit 2 uses the instantaneous value of the output voltage Vout when the input current Iin from the photodiode PD is zero as an operating point, and outputs it based on the operating point according to the fluctuation of the input current Iin. The voltage Vout is changed. At this time, the instantaneous value of the output voltage Vout varies according to the variation amount of the input current Iin.

ここにおいて、本実施形態では、電流電圧変換回路5の変換抵抗R1として抵抗値が比較的小さいものを用いている。これにより、変換抵抗R1の抵抗値が大きい(たとえば1MΩ)ものに比べて、同じ大きさの入力電流Iinが入力された場合に変換抵抗R1の両端間に生じる電圧降下が小さくなり、出力電圧Voutが飽和しにくくなる。ただし、変換抵抗R1の抵抗値を小さくすると、変換抵抗R1自体の熱雑音が大きくなり、その結果、電流電圧変換回路5の入力換算ノイズが大きくなって、当該ノイズと検出対象である信号成分との比(SN比)が低下して、正確な火災判定ができなくなる可能性がある。   Here, in the present embodiment, the conversion resistor R1 of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 has a relatively small resistance value. As a result, the voltage drop generated across the conversion resistor R1 when the input current Iin having the same magnitude is input is smaller than that of the conversion resistor R1 having a large resistance value (for example, 1 MΩ), and the output voltage Vout Becomes difficult to saturate. However, when the resistance value of the conversion resistor R1 is reduced, the thermal noise of the conversion resistor R1 itself increases, and as a result, the input conversion noise of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 increases, and the noise and the signal component to be detected There is a possibility that the ratio (S / N ratio) will be reduced and an accurate fire determination may not be possible.

そこで、本実施形態では、演算処理部3として以下の構成を採用することにより、出力電圧Voutに比較的大きなノイズが含まれている場合でも正確な火災判定を可能とする。   Therefore, in the present embodiment, by adopting the following configuration as the arithmetic processing unit 3, an accurate fire determination can be performed even when a relatively large noise is included in the output voltage Vout.

すなわち、演算処理部3は、LED8がパルス状の光を出力する期間(以下、センシング期間という)内に設定されているサンプリングタイミングで出力電圧Voutの瞬時値を抽出し、複数回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出された瞬時値の平均値を求める平均化手段9と、当該平均値に基づいて検知空間内の煙の有無を判定する判定手段10とを有している。   That is, the arithmetic processing unit 3 extracts an instantaneous value of the output voltage Vout at a sampling timing set within a period in which the LED 8 outputs pulsed light (hereinafter referred to as a sensing period), and at a plurality of sampling timings. An averaging means 9 for obtaining an average value of the extracted instantaneous values and a determination means 10 for judging the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space based on the average value are provided.

具体的に説明すると、平均化手段9は、サンプルホールド回路とAD変換器と演算回路とからなり、センサ出力処理部2から受けた出力電圧Voutの瞬時値をサンプルホールド回路で保持し、AD変換器にてデジタル値に変換してから平均化処理を行う。ここで、出力電圧Voutのサンプリングタイミングは上述のようにセンシング期間内に設定されているため、フォトダイオードPDがLED8からの光を受光している場合には、受光量に相当する信号成分が、AD変換器にて量子化された出力電圧Voutの瞬時値に反映されることとなる。   More specifically, the averaging means 9 comprises a sample hold circuit, an AD converter, and an arithmetic circuit, holds the instantaneous value of the output voltage Vout received from the sensor output processing unit 2 by the sample hold circuit, and performs AD conversion. Averaging is performed after conversion to a digital value by the instrument. Here, since the sampling timing of the output voltage Vout is set within the sensing period as described above, when the photodiode PD receives light from the LED 8, the signal component corresponding to the received light amount is This is reflected in the instantaneous value of the output voltage Vout quantized by the AD converter.

演算回路では、このようにしてサンプリング(標本化)、量子化された出力電圧Voutの瞬時値を一時記憶し、複数回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出された瞬時値についての平均値を求める。要するに、LED8はパルス状の光を間欠的に出力しているので、各センシング期間に1回ずつサンプリングタイミングが設定されていれば、LED8がN回発光する間に出力電圧Voutの瞬時値がN回抽出される。したがって、これらN回(たとえば5回)に亘って抽出された出力電圧Voutの瞬時値について平均をとることにより、複数回のサンプリングタイミングでの出力電圧Voutの瞬時値の平均値が求まることになる。   In the arithmetic circuit, instantaneous values of the output voltage Vout sampled (sampled) and quantized in this way are temporarily stored, and an average value of the instantaneous values extracted at a plurality of sampling timings is obtained. In short, since the LED 8 intermittently outputs pulsed light, if the sampling timing is set once in each sensing period, the instantaneous value of the output voltage Vout is N while the LED 8 emits N times. Extracted once. Therefore, by averaging the instantaneous values of the output voltage Vout extracted N times (for example, five times), the average value of the instantaneous values of the output voltage Vout at a plurality of sampling timings can be obtained. .

しかして、各サンプリングタイミングで抽出される出力電圧Voutの瞬時値にはそれぞれノイズが含まれていたとしても、複数回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出された出力電圧Voutの瞬時値の平均値においては、前記ノイズの影響を低減することができる。たとえば各サンプリングタイミングの出力電圧Voutに比較的大きなノイズが含まれている場合であっても、平均化後の出力電圧Voutにおいては、図2のようにサンプリングの回数が1,2,3,・・・Nと増加するに従ってノイズの影響を低減することができる。N回分の出力電圧Voutの瞬時値の平均をとれば、各サンプリングタイミングで抽出される出力電圧Voutに含まれるノイズを1/(√N)に低減することができる。   Even if the instantaneous value of the output voltage Vout extracted at each sampling timing includes noise, the average value of the instantaneous values of the output voltage Vout extracted at a plurality of sampling timings is The influence of noise can be reduced. For example, even when a relatively large noise is included in the output voltage Vout at each sampling timing, the number of times of sampling is 1, 2, 3,. .. The influence of noise can be reduced as N increases. By taking an average of the instantaneous values of the output voltage Vout for N times, the noise included in the output voltage Vout extracted at each sampling timing can be reduced to 1 / (√N).

判定手段10は、上述のように平均化手段9で求まった平均値を所定の火災判定レベルと比較し、前記平均値が火災判定レベルに達していれば煙有り(火災と判断できる煙濃度に達している)と判定し、火災判定レベルに達していなければ煙なし(火災と判断できる煙濃度に達していない)と判定する。   The determination means 10 compares the average value obtained by the averaging means 9 as described above with a predetermined fire determination level. If the average value has reached the fire determination level, smoke is present (the smoke concentration can be determined to be a fire). If it has not reached the fire judgment level, it is judged that there is no smoke (the smoke density that can be judged as fire has not been reached).

判定手段10での判定結果は発報回路4に送られ、火災発生時(つまり、煙有りとの判定時)には適宜の方法で報知される。なお、煙感知器Aは上記判定結果を住宅情報盤などの外部装置に送るように構成されていてもよい。   The determination result of the determination means 10 is sent to the alarm circuit 4 and notified by an appropriate method when a fire occurs (that is, when it is determined that there is smoke). The smoke detector A may be configured to send the determination result to an external device such as a home information board.

以上説明した構成によれば、複数回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出された出力電圧Voutの瞬時値の平均値に基づいて火災判定が為されるので、1回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出された出力電圧Voutの瞬時値にノイズが含まれていても、当該ノイズの影響を殆ど受けることなく正確な火災判定を行うことができる。これにより、電流電圧変換回路5の変換抵抗R1として抵抗値が比較的小さいものを用いることができるのであって、その結果、出力電圧Voutが飽和しにくくなるという利点がある。したがって、フォトダイオードPDへの外乱光の入射を防止する手段(図4(a)のラビリンス21)を簡素化し、図3に示すように煙感知器Aの薄型化等を図ることが可能となる。図3の煙感知器Aは、ハウジング20の前方(ハウジング20を天井に取り付けた場合の下方)を検知空間として、フォトダイオードPDがこの検知空間に流入する煙で拡散反射したLED8からの光を受光することで煙を感知する。   According to the configuration described above, since the fire determination is made based on the average value of the instantaneous values of the output voltage Vout extracted at a plurality of sampling timings, the output voltage Vout extracted at one sampling timing is determined. Even if noise is included in the instantaneous value, an accurate fire determination can be performed with almost no influence of the noise. As a result, the conversion resistor R1 of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 having a relatively small resistance value can be used. As a result, there is an advantage that the output voltage Vout is hardly saturated. Therefore, it is possible to simplify the means for preventing the disturbance light from entering the photodiode PD (the labyrinth 21 in FIG. 4A), and to reduce the thickness of the smoke detector A as shown in FIG. . The smoke detector A in FIG. 3 uses the front of the housing 20 (below when the housing 20 is mounted on the ceiling) as a detection space, and the light from the LED 8 diffused and reflected by the smoke of the photodiode PD flowing into the detection space. Smoke is detected by receiving light.

なお、上記実施形態では、フォトダイオードPDが光を受光したときに電流電圧変換回路5の入力端子Tinに対して入力電流Iinが流れ込む構成を前提として説明したが、入力端子Tinに対する入力電流Iinの向きを逆向きとし、フォトダイオードPDが光を受光したときに入力端子Tinから入力電流Iinが流れ出す構成(つまり、入力端子Tinに負の入力電流Iinが入力される構成)を前提としてもよい。この場合、電流電圧変換回路5がインピーダンス素子Z1に流れる電流の供給源として機能する。   In the above embodiment, the description has been made on the assumption that the input current Iin flows into the input terminal Tin of the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 when the photodiode PD receives light. However, the input current Iin with respect to the input terminal Tin The direction may be reversed, and a configuration in which the input current Iin flows out from the input terminal Tin when the photodiode PD receives light (that is, a configuration in which the negative input current Iin is input to the input terminal Tin) may be assumed. In this case, the current-voltage conversion circuit 5 functions as a supply source of the current flowing through the impedance element Z1.

さらに、上記実施形態では、受光部としてフォトダイオードPDを例示したが、この例に限るものではなく、たとえばCdSやサーミスタなどの素子を受光部に用いることもできる。すなわち、本発明の煙感知器Aは、フォトダイオードPDのように自ら光起電力を生じる素子だけでなく、CdSやサーミスタのように自ら光起電力を生じない受動素子からなる受光部にも対応可能である。   Furthermore, although the photodiode PD is illustrated as the light receiving unit in the above embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this example, and for example, an element such as CdS or thermistor can be used for the light receiving unit. That is, the smoke detector A of the present invention can be used not only for an element that generates a photoelectromotive force itself, such as a photodiode PD, but also for a light receiving unit that includes a passive element that does not generate a photoelectromotive force such as CdS or thermistor. Is possible.

また、上記サンプリングタイミングを含むサンプリング期間を設定し、複数回のサンプリング期間に検出される出力電圧Voutの波形の平均をとり、当該波形の平均に基づいて火災判定を行うようにしてもよい。この場合、出力電圧Voutの動作点からの変化量を火災判定レベルと比較することで、検知空間の煙の有無を判定することができる。   Alternatively, a sampling period including the sampling timing may be set, an average of waveforms of the output voltage Vout detected in a plurality of sampling periods may be taken, and fire determination may be performed based on the average of the waveforms. In this case, the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space can be determined by comparing the amount of change from the operating point of the output voltage Vout with the fire determination level.

2 センサ出力処理部
3 演算処理部
5 電流電圧変換回路
8 LED(発光部)
9 平均化手段
10 判定手段
A 煙感知器
Iin 入力電流
OP1 演算増幅器
PD フォトダイオード(受光部)
R1 変換抵抗
Vout 出力電圧
2 Sensor output processing unit 3 Arithmetic processing unit 5 Current-voltage conversion circuit 8 LED (light emitting unit)
9 Averaging means 10 Judging means A Smoke detector Iin Input current OP1 Operational amplifier PD Photodiode (light receiving part)
R1 conversion resistance Vout output voltage

Claims (1)

検知空間に向けて間欠的に光を出力する発光部と、発光部からの直接光は入射せず検知空間内に流入した煙により拡散反射された発光部からの光が入射する位置に配置され、光を受光して電流に変換する受光部と、受光部から入力される入力電流を当該入力電流の変動に応じて電圧値が変動する出力電圧に変換するセンサ出力処理部と、前記出力電圧に基づいて検知空間内の煙の有無を判定する演算処理部とを備え、センサ出力処理部は、反転入力端子と出力端子との間に変換抵抗が接続された演算増幅器を具備し、反転入力端子から入力される入力電流に応じた電圧を出力端子に出力する電流電圧変換回路を有しており、演算処理部は、発光部が光を出力する期間内に設定されているサンプリングタイミングで前記出力電圧の瞬時値を抽出し、複数回のサンプリングタイミングで抽出された瞬時値の平均値を求める平均化手段と、平均化手段で求めた平均値に基づいて検知空間内の煙の有無を判定する判定手段とを有することを特徴とする煙感知器。
The light emitting unit that intermittently outputs light toward the detection space and the light from the light emitting unit that is diffusely reflected by the smoke flowing into the detection space without direct light from the light emitting unit being incident A light receiving unit that receives light and converts it into a current, a sensor output processing unit that converts an input current input from the light receiving unit into an output voltage whose voltage value varies according to a variation in the input current, and the output voltage A sensor processing unit for determining the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space, the sensor output processing unit includes an operational amplifier having a conversion resistor connected between the inverting input terminal and the output terminal, and the inverting input A current-voltage conversion circuit that outputs a voltage corresponding to an input current input from the terminal to the output terminal, and the arithmetic processing unit is configured to perform the sampling timing set within a period during which the light emitting unit outputs light. Extracts instantaneous value of output voltage And an averaging means for obtaining an average value of instantaneous values extracted at a plurality of sampling timings, and a determination means for judging the presence or absence of smoke in the detection space based on the average value obtained by the averaging means. Characteristic smoke detector.
JP2009003770A 2009-01-09 2009-01-09 Smoke sensor Pending JP2010160750A (en)

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