JP2009516817A - Combustion equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

  The invention relates to a combustion device (1) comprising a combustor (2) for combusting a gas containing fuel and oxygen into a combustion gas, and a method for such combustion. The nozzle means (31) is configured to inject fuel into the combustor (2), and the thin film device (7) is configured to supply oxygen to the combustion gas to produce a gas containing oxygen. The combustor (2) includes a first inlet (5) for a gas containing oxygen and an outlet (6) for the combustion gas. The combustion device includes at least a first injector (46) including a nozzle means (31) and a first inlet (5), the nozzle means (31) and the first inlet (5). Is configured to feed a gas containing oxygen and a flow of fuel into the combustor (2).

Description

  The present invention relates to a combustion device including a combustor and a thin film device configured to separate oxygen from an air-fuel mixture.

  It is desirable to reduce as much as possible unwanted exhaust gases from the combustion device, such as nitrogen oxides.

  It is also desirable to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions that occur during combustion. Although it is possible to separate carbon dioxide from the combustion gas itself, carbon dioxide is usually separated from the combustion gas because the concentration of carbon dioxide is low and the combustion gas contains other components such as oxygen and nitrogen. Is troublesome.

  One method that may facilitate the separation of carbon dioxide is to burn it in a medium other than air that can more easily separate carbon dioxide. When air is not used as a combustion medium, it is necessary to supply oxygen to the medium. However, supplying the required amount of pure oxygen is relatively expensive. One possible method of supplying oxygen is to utilize a compatible membrane that is configured to separate oxygen from a mixture that is typically air.

  Such a thin film is described in US Pat. No. 5,118,395.

  One of these thin films is called a “mixed conductive film (MCM)”. This type of thin film device contains MCM material and functions without application of voltage. This thin film device functions by lowering the partial pressure of oxygen on the side of the oxygen transport destination filter. In this case, oxygen ions are directed in one direction by the thin film and electrons are directed in the opposite direction by the film.

  Similarly, EP 658367 describes such different types of thin films. This patent document discloses various combustion devices including a thin film device for extracting oxygen. Oxygen-depleted gas generated in the thin film device is directed to one or more combustors, and the turbine is driven using the combustion gases from the combustors.

  Norwegian Patent Application No. 972631 describes the use of MCM in combustion processes. In the process described here, compressed air is sent to the MCM reactor. The MCM reactor includes a thin film device that separates oxygen from the air. The air from which oxygen has been separated is discharged through a heat exchanger. The separated oxygen is used many times during combustion. Combustion gas mainly contains steam and carbon dioxide. Vapor is condensable so that carbon dioxide can be separated. Nitrogen is essentially not involved in the combustion process, so that unwanted nitrogen oxide emissions can be avoided. The lean air heated by the heat exchanger expands in the turbine and generates power.

  WO 01/92703 discloses a combustion apparatus that burns fuel without nitrogen. The compressor is configured to compress air to generate a first compressed air flow. The first compressed air stream from the compressor passes through the MCM reactor where the compressed air is heated with the second compressed gas stream, and oxygen in the air is transported to other combustion gas streams. The cooled and oxygenated combustion gas is returned to the combustion chamber. Fuel that burns using oxygen added from the air of the MCM reactor is added to the combustion chamber. The air flow in the MCM reactor is countercurrent to the combustion gas flow.

  WO 2004/094909 discloses a method and apparatus for operating a heat engine, in particular a gas turbine burner. A first oxygen-enriched carrier gas stream, referred to as a first oxidant mixture, is supplied to which fuel is mixed to produce a first fuel / oxidant mixture, and a second oxidant mixture and A second oxygen-enriched carrier gas stream called is supplied. The first fuel oxidant mixture is catalyzed to produce a first catalyst fuel / oxidant mixture in which the fuel is at least partially oxidized. The first catalytic fuel / oxidant mixture and the second oxidant mixture are mixed to produce a second fuel / oxidant mixture that is ignited and burned.

  In order to maintain the circulation of the air-fuel mixture, a certain type of pump device is required. It is technically a problem to find a suitable device for this, mainly because of the high temperature of the gas. The above document does not consider this problem.

  The system's injector acts as a compressor. The injector has no moving parts and does not require grease, which means that it is suitable for installation in a high temperature environment.

  The injector includes an intake manifold, a pipe having a nozzle at an end, a mixing chamber, and a diffuser.

  Gas drawn by the pump flows through the intake manifold. The narrow pipe through which the fuel or fuel mixture flows is preferably placed concentrically within the intake manifold. The fuel or fuel mixture may be discharged so that both of these parts of the injector are concentric in the mixing chamber, and a nozzle is provided at the end of the narrow pipe.

  A diffuser mounted downstream of the mixing chamber follows as the final component of the injector.

  The nozzle may be of subsonic, sonic or supersonic (Laval) type. The injector is part of the system, and cold high pressure fuel, called primary flow, working fluid or suction flow, mixes with hot, low pressure recirculation gas called secondary flow, induction fluid or injection flow.

  The main role of the injector is to maintain the pressure required by the system and recirculate a specific secondary mass flow for the reforming process.

  The pressure of the recycle gas is affected by the pressure loss of the system. These losses are compensated by the increased pressure in the injector.

  The primary high-pressure fluid expands at supersonic speed through the nozzle (in the case of a nozzle designed as a Laval nozzle) and flows into the mixing chamber.

  This causes suction in the intake manifold and draws the secondary low pressure flow into the mixing chamber.

  Next, a portion of the primary flow momentum (mv) is transferred to the secondary flow and the two flows mix until uniform with respect to speed, pressure, temperature and chemical composition. This mixed high velocity flow enters the diffuser and a portion of the kinetic energy is converted to pressure for the purpose of reaching a higher pressure value than the recirculation inlet.

  The mixing chamber can be designed based on two principles: constant area mixing and constant pressure mixing. In the first case, the cross-sectional area of the mixing chamber is kept constant from the mixing tube inlet to the diffuser inlet. In the second case, since the pressure is kept constant along the entire length of the mixing chamber, the shape of the mixing chamber is tapered.

  The object of the present invention is to arrange at least one injector to release a gas stream containing oxygen by means of the combustion device.

  In the first aspect of the present invention, a combustor having a space for burning a gas containing fuel and oxygen as combustion gas, nozzle means for injecting fuel into the internal space of the combustor, and combustion gas And a thin film device for producing oxygen-containing gas by supplying oxygen to the combustion apparatus. The combustor further includes at least a first inlet for a gas containing oxygen, an outlet for the combustion gas, and a catalyst disposed between the nozzle means and the outlet of the combustor. A thin film device is disposed between the combustor outlet and the first inlet of the combustor, and combustion gas is fed from the outlet of the combustor to the thin film device and supplied with oxygen as a gas containing oxygen. It is configured to be sent back to the first inlet of the combustor. The combustion device is characterized by including at least one injector configured to emit a combustion gas stream.

  In the case of the combustion device according to the invention, a gas stream containing oxygen is supplied by injection of fuel or a mixture of fuel and carrier gas. Thus, no additional equipment is required to generate a gas stream containing oxygen through the combustor.

  When fuel is injected into the internal space of the combustor using an injector, quick and efficient mixing of fuel and oxygen-containing gas becomes possible.

  The combustor can be configured to inject carrier gas along with fuel into the interior space of the combustor. If the nozzle means is configured in this way, the flow velocity can be changed without changing the amount of fuel injected by the nozzle means. The carrier gas may be a gas that does not participate in combustion, such as steam.

  If the nozzle means includes a plurality of nozzles, each nozzle may form part of the injector. Thus, flows from different injectors merge to form a common flow through the combustor.

  The internal space between the catalyst and the combustor outlet forms a combustion compartment for burning gas containing fuel and oxygen.

  The combustor may include a second inlet connected to the outlet of the thin film device, the second inlet being disposed adjacent to the combustor. When the second inlet is used, more efficient combustion of a gas containing fuel and oxygen can be realized. Therefore, only a part of the gas containing oxygen can be mixed with the fuel and passed through the catalyst.

  The combustion device may include at least a second injector with a second inlet. Thus, the gas flow containing oxygen from the second inlet can be driven by the gas flow from the first injector.

  The combustor may include a longitudinal axis extending from the combustor second inlet to the combustor outlet, the second inlet being ring-shaped and surrounding the longitudinal axis.

  The first inlet and the second inlet can be configured such that at least half of the gas from the thin film device is pumped into the second inlet. This has proven effective for catalytic reactions in catalysts.

  The first and second inlets are preferably configured such that 50-80%, more preferably 55-65%, of the gas from the thin film device is fed into the second inlet.

  The thin film device can include a first compartment with an inlet and an outlet and a second compartment with an inlet and an outlet, the thin film device between the first compartment and the second compartment. Configured to allow oxygen to pass through. In addition, although there are other methods for configuring a thin film device, the above-described configuration method for a thin film device is a general method for configuring a thin film device. However, the purpose of the thin film device is to separate the first compartment from the oxygen reservoir using an oxygen permeable thin film. By arranging the second compartment with the inlet and the outlet, it is possible to configure the gas containing oxygen to flow through the second compartment, and as a result, oxygen can be transported to the second compartment. Become.

  The first inlet of the combustor and the outlet of the combustor can be connected to the outlet of the first compartment of the thin film device and the inlet of the first compartment of the thin film device, respectively. A gas containing oxygen passing through the second compartment of the device is heated by the combustion gas heated during combustion of fuel in the combustor passing through the first compartment of the thin film device, and , Oxygen is configured to flow from the second compartment of the thin film device to the first compartment of the thin film device.

  The combustor can include a first heat exchanger comprising first and second compartments, and the outlet of the combustor is through the first compartment of the first heat exchanger of the thin film device. Connected to the entrance of the first compartment. Since some heat exchange may occur outside the thin film device, the placement of such a heat exchanger allows effective heat exchange between the first compartment and the second compartment at the same time. Become. Since thin films used in thin film devices are usually very expensive, it is desirable to limit the dimensions of the thin film. The function of the thin film depends on the temperature, and it is desirable to avoid excessively high or low temperatures in the thin film device because too high a temperature can damage the thin film. By using the first heat exchanger connected to the outlet of the combustor, the combustion gas is cooled before reaching the thin film device. This reduces the danger of excessively high temperatures in the thin film device.

  The combustor can include a second heat exchanger comprising first and second compartments, the first inlet of the combustor being routed through the first compartment of the second heat exchanger. Connected to the outlet of the first compartment of the thin film device. Thus, the temperature of the thin film device is further increased, and as a result, the oxygen transport efficiency in the thin film device is improved.

  It is also possible to provide only the second heat exchanger and eliminate the first heat exchanger.

  The second compartment of the first heat exchanger can be connected to the outlet of the second compartment of the thin film device. Thus, the combustion gas is heated by the combustion gas and flows in a countercurrent direction with respect to the air passing through the second compartment of the heat exchanger.

  Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  In the following description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, like parts in different figures bear the same reference numerals.

  FIG. 1 partially shows a combustion device 1 in a sectional view. The combustion chamber 1 includes a combustor 2 having an internal space 3 that burns a gas containing fuel and oxygen to generate heat to produce a combustion gas. A fuel supply pipe 4 is connected to the combustor. The combustor 2 includes a first inlet 5 for a gas containing oxygen and an outlet 6 for a combustion gas. FIG. 1 also shows an optional second inlet 30 for the combustor 2. The combustion apparatus 1 also includes a thin film apparatus 7 shown in a sectional view in FIG. The thin film device 7 includes a first compartment 8 having an inlet 9 and an outlet 10, and a second compartment 11 having an inlet 12 and an outlet 13. By the oxygen permeable thin film 29, the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 is isolated from the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7. The outlet 10 of the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 is connected to the first inlet 5 of the combustor 2 via the combustion gas pipe 15. On the other hand, the outlet 6 of the combustor 2 is connected to the inlet 9 of the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 through the oxygen gas pipe 14. The combustion device 1 includes a compressor 16 connected to the inlet 12 of the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7 via an air supply pipe 17. The combustion device 1 further includes a turbine 18 connected to the outlet 13 of the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7 via a pipe 19. The compressor 16 includes a compressor inlet 20 and the turbine 18 includes a shaft 21 and a generator 22 that are configured to drive the compressor 16. A bleed-off pipe 23 for discharging a part of the combustion gas is connected to the combustion pipe 14 and the cooler 24. The cooler 24 includes a cooling water inlet 25 and a cooling water outlet 26. The cooler 24 also includes a condensed water outlet 28 for water in the combustion gas condensed in the cooler 24 and a carbon dioxide outlet 27 for carbon dioxide separated from the combustion gas. Since the cooler 24 that separates carbon dioxide and water is well known in the art, detailed description of the function of the cooler 24 is omitted in this specification.

  In operation, the turbine 18 drives the compressor 16 and the generator 22. The compressor 16 takes in air through the compressor inlet 20. The air is compressed by the compressor 16 and fed into the inlet 12 of the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7 by the air supply pipe 17. The compressed air is heated by the combustion gas passing through the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 as it passes through the second compartment of the thin film device 7. When compressed air passes through the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7, oxygen in the air passes through the thin film 29 and flows into the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7. The combustion gas fed into the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 through the inlet 9 is supplied with oxygen and as a result is converted to a gas containing oxygen, but at the same time passes through the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7. Cooled by air.

  A gas containing oxygen is transported from the outlet 10 of the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 to the combustor 2 through the pipe 15. The fuel is fed into the combustor 2 through the fuel supply pipe 4. The fuel sent to the combustor 2 through the fuel supply pipe 4 is sent to a first injector that releases a gas containing oxygen into the combustor 2. When the gas containing oxygen and the fuel fed through the fuel supply pipe 4 are mixed, the fuel and oxygen are combusted to generate combustion gas. The main part of the combustion gas is returned via the combustion gas pipe 14 and fed into the thin film device 7 through the inlet 9 of the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7. However, the material is added to the combustion gas by the injection of fuel into the combustor 2. In order to keep the pressure in the combustion gas pipe 14 constant for a certain period of time, a part of the combustion gas must be sent out by the bleed-off pipe 23. The combustion gas in the bleed-off pipe 23 is sent to the cooler 24, cooled using the cooling water, and passes through the cooler 24 from the cooling water to the cooling water outlet 26.

  The air passing through the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7 is heated by the combustion gas passing through the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7. The direction of the air flow in the thin film device 7 is preferably directed to face the direction of the combustion gas flow. Therefore, the highest temperature in the first compartment 8 and the highest temperature in the second compartment 11 occur at the same end of the thin film device 7. It is desirable to select the flow rates in the different compartments of the thin film device 7 to be approximately equal. This represents that the combustion gas is cooled to approximately the same temperature as the compressed air at the inlet 12 of the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7. The heated air flowing out from the outlet 13 of the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7 is sent to the turbine 18 via the turbine pipe 19 to drive the turbine 18, which then drives the compressor 16 and the generator 22. To drive.

  The gas containing oxygen flowing out from the outlet 10 of the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 is sent to the inlet 30 when the first inlet 5 and the second inlet 30 of the combustor 7 are present. Next, the combustor 2 will be described in more detail with reference to FIG.

  FIG. 2 shows the combustor 2 in a cross-sectional view. Nozzle means 31 in the form of a nozzle is arranged at the first inlet 5. The nozzle means 31 is connected to the fuel supply pipe 4, and the fuel supply pipe 4 is further connected to a fuel tank (not shown). The first inlet 5 and the second inlet 30 are connected to a gas pipe 15 containing oxygen.

  A catalyst 32 is disposed after the diffuser 33. The pipe 37 is a mixing chamber for mixing fuel and gas containing oxygen. In front of the outlet 6 is a combustion compartment 34 for burning a gas containing fuel and oxygen. In the combustion configuration described above, the injector 46 is formed as a pump device.

  Nozzle means for injecting the carrier gas with the fuel can also be arranged. The carrier gas is preferably a gas that does not participate in the reaction. The carrier gas may be, for example, steam. By changing the flow of the carrier gas, the pump effect of the injector 46 can be changed without changing the amount of fuel injected into the combustor 2. Accordingly, the flow rate of the combustor 2 can be changed regardless of the amount of fuel injected into the combustor 2.

  The second inlet 30 is disposed downstream of the catalyst 32 and between the catalyst 32 and the outlet 6 of the combustor 2. Between the catalyst 32 and the combustion compartment 34 there is an exit compartment 50 with an outlet 36.

  A second injector 47 including an outlet 36 and a second inlet 30 is formed in the combustion device.

  The first inlet 5 and the second inlet 30 are configured such that 50 to 80%, preferably 35 to 65%, of the gas containing oxygen is sent to the second inlet. Therefore, 20 to 50%, preferably 35 to 45% of the gas containing oxygen is sent to the first inlet 5.

  FIG. 3 shows an alternative configuration of the combustion apparatus 1 that performs heat exchange between the compressed air and the circulating gas from the combustor 2 using an independent heat exchanger. Only the differences between the combustion apparatus 1 of FIG. 1 and the combustion apparatus 1 of FIG. 3 will be described.

  The combustion apparatus 1 includes a first heat exchanger 40 having a first compartment 41 and a second compartment 42. The outlet 6 of the combustor 2 is connected to the inlet 9 of the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 via the first compartment 41 of the first heat exchanger 40. On the other hand, the outlet 13 of the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7 is connected to the turbine tube 19 via the second compartment 42 of the first heat exchanger 40.

  The combustion apparatus 1 includes a second heat exchanger 43 including a first compartment 44 and a second compartment 45. The first inlet 5 of the combustor 2 is connected to the outlet 9 of the first compartment 8 of the thin film device 7 via the first compartment 44 of the second heat exchanger 43. On the other hand, the inlet 12 of the second compartment 11 of the thin film device 7 is connected to the air supply pipe 17 via the second compartment 45 of the second heat exchanger 43.

  When the combustion gas passes through the first compartment 41 of the first heat exchanger 40, the combustion gas is cooled by being transferred to the air passing through the second compartment 42 of the first heat exchanger 40. . Therefore, the combustion gas that contacts the thin film 29 is cooled. On the other hand, heat transfer from the combustion gas passing through the first compartment 44 of the second heat exchanger is performed by air passing through the second compartment 45 of the second heat exchanger 43.

  The above-described embodiments can be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, it is not necessary to have both a first inlet and a second inlet to the combustor.

  FIG. 4 shows the main components of the injector. The fuel inlet pipe 51 is provided with a nozzle 52 at the end in the flow direction. The primary flow of the injector passes through this inlet pipe and nozzle. The gas containing oxygen in the combustion device described above is the secondary flow of the injector and passes through the intake manifold 53. In the mixing chamber 54, the primary flow and the secondary flow are mixed. The pressure of the air-fuel mixture from the mixing chamber 54 is restored in the diffuser 55.

1 is a schematic view of a combustion apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention. It is the figure which showed the combustor in detail. FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a combustion apparatus according to one of the alternative embodiments of the present invention. It is the schematic of an injector and its main components.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Combustion device, 2 Combustor, 3 Combustor internal space, 5, 30 Combustor inlet, 6 Combustor outlet, 7 Thin film device, 31 Nozzle means, 32 Catalyst, 46 Injector

Claims (7)

A combustor (2) having an internal space for combusting a gas containing fuel and oxygen into combustion gas, and nozzle means (31) for injecting fuel into the internal space (3) of the combustor (2) And a thin film device (7) for supplying oxygen to the combustion gas to produce a gas containing oxygen,
The combustor (2) has at least a first inlet (5) for the gas containing oxygen, an outlet (6) for the combustion gas, the nozzle means (31) and the combustor (2 And a catalyst (32) disposed between the outlet (6) of
The thin film device (7) is disposed between the outlet (6) of the combustor (2) and the first inlet (5) of the combustor (2), and the combustion gas is It is sent from the outlet (6) of the combustor (2) to the thin film device (7), supplied with oxygen, and sent back to the first inlet (5) of the combustor (2) as a gas containing oxygen. Being configured to be
The combustion device (1) includes at least one injector (46) configured to maintain a circulation of combustion gases;
The combustion apparatus characterized in that the fuel is contained in a primary flow of the injector and the combustion gas is a secondary flow.   The combustion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the fuel is a primary flow.   Combustion device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the combustor (2) includes a second inlet (30).   The combustion apparatus according to claim 3, wherein a part of the second injector is included in the second inlet.   The combustion apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a discharge flow from the first injector is included in a primary flow of the second injector.   The first inlet (5) and the second inlet (30) are configured such that at least half of the gas from the thin film device (7) is fed into the second inlet (30). The combustion apparatus according to claim 3, wherein   The first inlet (5) and the second inlet (30) are configured such that 50-80% of the gas from the thin film device (7) is fed into the second inlet (30). The combustion apparatus according to claim 3.

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