JP2009257822A - Optical sensor and interface detector - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an optical sensor for cleaning a detection section, and preventing detection capability from being deteriorated even if it is used for a long time, and an interface detector having the optical sensor. <P>SOLUTION: The optical sensor has a spiral member disposed so as to surround the periphery of the detection section, and a drive means for driving the spiral member, abrades the detection section by using the spiral member driven by the drive means, and removes a deposit attached to the detection section. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an optical sensor, and more particularly to an optical sensor having cleaning means for a detection unit, and an interface detection device having the optical sensor.

  2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, optical sensors that detect the presence / absence of light and the degree of light passage are known as sensors for detecting the presence / absence of an object, the turbidity of liquid, or the degree of gas contamination.

  In addition, it is known that this optical sensor causes a malfunction due to a decrease in the amount of incident light when the light projecting surface or the light receiving surface becomes dirty.

  In order to improve this problem, an optical sensor having a cleaning means for cleaning the detection unit is known.

  As an optical sensor having a cleaning means, for example, an optical sensor that detects the degree of suspension of a liquid and cleans a detection unit with bubbles is known (for example, see Patent Document 1).

An optical sensor that detects the water quality of a liquid and cleans a detection unit with a brush is known (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
JP-A-2005-274216 JP 2006-194659 A

  However, in the optical sensor described in Patent Document 1, air bubbles are blown between the light projecting and receiving devices to remove the dirt adhering to the detection unit. There is a problem that the dirt may not be sufficiently removed against the dirt with strong adhesion.

  Moreover, in the optical sensor described in Patent Document 2, the detection unit is rubbed with a rotating brush to remove the dirt adhering to the detection unit. However, when used for a long time, there is a problem that dirt adheres to and accumulates on the brush, and the dirt may not be sufficiently removed.

  SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above problems, the present invention provides an optical sensor capable of cleaning the detection unit and thereby preventing a decrease in detection capability even when used for a long time, and an interface detection apparatus having the optical sensor , To provide.

1. A helical member disposed so as to surround the detection unit, and a driving means for driving the helical member,
An optical sensor, characterized in that the adhering matter adhering to the detection unit is removed by rubbing the detection unit with the helical member by the driving means.

2. The driving means has rotating means for rotating the spiral member,
2. The optical sensor according to 1 above, wherein the spiral member is rotated by the rotating means.

3. The drive means has reciprocating means for reciprocating the helical member,
3. The optical sensor according to 1 or 2, wherein the spiral member is reciprocated by the reciprocating means.

4). The spiral member has a free upper end, and a lower end fixed to a holding member that holds the spiral member,
The rotating means and the reciprocating means have magnets, and are housed in an airtight housing.
4. The optical device according to 3 above, wherein the magnetized holding member located outside the casing rotates or reciprocates by a magnetic coupling action between the rotating means and at least one of the magnets of the reciprocating means. Type sensor.

  5). The spiral member has a thickness and a pitch such that 50% or more of the light amount of the detection light passes even when the spiral member blocks the optical axis of the detection light. 5. The optical sensor according to 4.

  6). 6. The optical sensor according to any one of 1 to 5, wherein the optical sensor is retracted to an origin position of the spiral member during a detection operation.

  7. 7. The optical sensor according to any one of 1 to 6, wherein an adhering substance adhering to the periphery of the detection unit is removed in a liquid containing fine particles.

  8). 8. An interface detection apparatus comprising the optical sensor according to any one of 1 to 7 above.

  9. 9. The interface detection apparatus according to 8, wherein the interface is a boundary between an upper layer (supernatant layer) and a lower layer (precipitation layer) of a liquid containing solid fine particles.

10.1 optical sensors, reciprocating driving means for reciprocating the optical sensors, detecting means for detecting the position of the optical sensors in the reciprocating direction, and control means,
The control means causes the optical sensor to reciprocate by the reciprocating drive means, causes the detection means to grasp the position of the optical sensor,
The optical sensor compares at least the rising output voltage with a preset intermediate voltage between the detected voltage of the supernatant layer and the sediment layer,
10. The interface detection device according to 8 or 9, wherein the position of the optical sensor at the time when the output voltage coincides with the intermediate voltage is determined as an interface, and interface detection information is output.

11. A plurality of optical sensors and second control means;
The second control means is
Read the output voltage of each of the plurality of optical sensors and a preset intermediate voltage between the detection voltage of the supernatant layer and the precipitation layer,
Comparing the output voltage with the intermediate voltage;
There is an interface between the lowermost optical sensor that outputs an output voltage higher than the intermediate voltage and the uppermost optical sensor that outputs an output voltage lower than the intermediate voltage. 10. The interface detection apparatus according to 8 or 9, wherein the interface detection information is determined and output.

  The optical sensor described in the above (Means for Solving the Problems), and the optical sensor in which a decrease in detection capability is prevented even after long-term use by the interface detection apparatus having the optical sensor, and the optical sensor An interface detection device having a sensor can be provided.

  The best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

  In addition, the structure of this invention is not limited to the following embodiment, It can change suitably in the technical scope of this invention.

  In addition, the same part number is attached | subjected in each figure to the member which has the same function.

  FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of an optical sensor.

  The optical sensor of the present invention can be applied to detect the presence / absence of liquid, the degree of suspension, the presence / absence of powder, and the presence / absence of gas, for example.

  In addition, the liquid or gas in which the solid particulates are suspended easily adheres to the detection unit, and if the liquid or gas adheres, an optical sensor having a cleaning unit for the detection unit, which will be described later, is used in order to significantly reduce the detection capability as an optical sensor. It is preferable to use it.

  Hereinafter, with reference to FIG. 1, for example, a case where the presence or absence of a liquid is detected using a transmission optical sensor will be described.

  The optical sensor 1 is immersed in the liquid L to be detected containing solid fine particles, and the light H projected from the light projecting unit 11 is detected or detected by the light receiving unit 12, so that the liquid L The presence or absence is detected.

  The light projecting unit 11 and the light receiving unit 12 are each provided with a cleaning means 2.

  The cleaning unit 2 includes a spiral unit 3 that cleans the detection unit, that is, the light projecting unit 11 and the light receiving unit 12, and a spiral drive unit 4 that drives the spiral unit 3.

  The spiral portion 3 is arranged so as to surround the detection portion, that is, the periphery of the light projecting portion 11 and the light receiving portion 12, and the spiral member 31 and the spiral member that scrape and clean the surface of the light projecting window 111 or the light receiving window 121. And a ring-shaped spiral holding member 32 to which the lower end of 31 is fixed.

  The spiral portion 3 is normally biased by gravity, and the spiral holding member 32 is in contact with the spiral portion stopper 33 (shown).

  Hereinafter, the position of the spiral portion 3 where the spiral holding member 32 is in contact with the spiral portion stopper 33 is also referred to as an origin position.

  Further, the spiral member 31 is urged by the spiral drive unit 4 and rubs the surface of the light projection window 111 or the light receiving window 121 by rotating in the direction of arrow a or reciprocating in the direction of arrow b while rotating in the direction of arrow a. Then, the adhering matter adhering to the surface of the light projection window 111 or the light receiving window 121 is removed (cleaned).

  In the drawing, the spiral member 31 does not hang over the light projection window 111 or the light receiving window 121. However, in the case of only rotation, the spiral portion stopper 33 is positioned above the state shown in the figure so that the spiral member 31 is always projected. It hangs on the window 111 or the light receiving window 121 (not shown).

  Further, when reciprocating while rotating, the spiral stopper 33 is positioned at the illustrated position, and the spiral member 31 reciprocates so as to be hung on the light projection window 111 or the light receiving window 121.

  Further, the spiral portion stopper 33 has a function of a stopper for preventing the spiral portion 3 from dropping and a function as an origin position of the spiral portion 3.

  The optical sensor 1 is connected to a controller 6 described later.

  Then, a threshold voltage for detecting the presence / absence of the liquid corresponding to the liquid to be detected L is stored in advance, the threshold voltage is read when the presence / absence of the liquid to be detected L is detected, and compared with the detection voltage by the light receiving member 122; The presence or absence of the liquid L to be detected is determined.

  The threshold voltage for detecting the presence or absence of liquid sets (stores) an intermediate voltage between the output voltage when detecting the absence of liquid and the output voltage when detecting the presence of liquid.

  FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the optical sensor.

  The figure is a cross-sectional view showing the light projecting unit 11 side in FIG. 1 and uses, for example, a transmission type detection method.

  A sensor housing 10 has a sealed structure so as to prevent the liquid L to be detected from entering.

  The light projecting unit 11 is provided with a light projecting window 111 through which the light H emitted from the light projecting member 112 passes, and the light receiving unit 12 is provided with a light receiving window 121 for receiving the light H with the light receiving member 122 in a small size. It is arranged.

  The light projecting member 112 only needs to emit light, but is selected depending on the property of the liquid L to be detected (specifically, the wavelength of the light).

  For example, in the case of a liquid that is not denatured by light, for example, an LED that emits visible light (for example, red, green, and blue) can be used. In the case of a liquid that is denatured by visible light (it seems to have photosensitivity). For example, an LED that emits light in a non-visible wavelength region, such as an LED that emits infrared rays or near infrared rays, is preferably used.

  The light receiving member 122 is a small sensor having a photosensitive area corresponding to the light emitted from the light projecting member 112.

  The light projecting window 111 and the light receiving window 121 may be made of a material that efficiently transmits at least light emitted from the light projecting member 112, and a material that is not worn by rubbing the spiral member 31 is selected. For example, transparent glass and plastic material (for example, fluorine-based resin) can be used.

  The spiral member 31 is made of a material [metal such as SUS or plastic material (such as fluorine-based resin)] that is not eroded by the liquid L to be detected and has good releasability with respect to the deposit, and is spiral (string wound) The lower end portion is fixed to the upper surface of the spiral holding member 32, and the upper end portion is a free end.

  The inner diameter of the spiral member 31 is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the light projecting unit 11 or the light receiving unit 12, and scratches the surface of the light projecting window 111 or the light receiving window 121 when rotating or reciprocating.

  Here, being slightly larger means that the gap between the outer diameter of the light projecting window 111 or the light receiving window 121 and the inner diameter of the spiral member 31 is attached to the light projecting window 111 or the light receiving window, and the thickness of the dirt to be removed. Say a smaller distance.

  For example, when the outer diameter of the light projecting unit 11 or the light receiving unit 12 is 20 mm, the inner diameter of the spiral member 31 is preferably about 20.1 to 20.5 mm.

  If the rotation and reciprocation are possible, the gap may be zero.

  Further, the cross-sectional shape of the spiral member 31 is preferably a circle, but may be a rectangle or a triangle.

  Further, even when the spiral member 31 blocks the optical axis of the light H, 50% or more of the light amount passes through the spiral member 31.

  Further, the winding direction of the spiral member 31 is such that, when the spiral member 31 rotates in the direction of arrow a, the adhering matter is urged toward the distal end direction of the light projecting unit 11 and the light receiving unit 12, and the distal end portion (free end side) ) In the direction of discharging (removing) deposits.

  As described above, the spiral holding member 32 has a ring shape in which the lower end portion of the spiral member 31 is fixed, is made of a ferromagnetic material, and is magnetized to become a magnet.

  The spiral drive unit 4 includes a magnet 41 that forms a magnetic coupling with the spiral holding member 32, a rotation drive unit 42 that rotates the magnet 41 in the direction of arrow a, and a reciprocation drive unit 43 that reciprocates the magnet 41 in the direction of arrow b. Have.

  The reciprocating drive unit 43 includes a motor 431, a screw part 432 extending from the output shaft of the motor 431, and a rotation drive part holding member 433 that fits the screw part 432 and reciprocates the rotation drive part 42.

  The motor 431 is connected to the above-described controller 6 and reciprocates the rotation drive unit 42 via the screw portion 432 and the like by the operation of the motor 431.

  The rotation drive unit 42 includes a motor 421 and a magnet 41 fixed to the output shaft 422 of the motor 421.

  The motor 421 is connected to the controller 6 described above, and rotates the magnet 41 via the output shaft 422 by the operation of the motor 421.

  The spiral holding member 32 and the magnet 41 form a magnetic coupling, and the spiral holding member 32 also rotates and reciprocates according to the rotation and reciprocation of the magnet 41.

  As a result, the spiral member 31 fixed to the spiral holding member 32 rotates and reciprocates by the magnetic coupling action, and as described above, the surface of the light projection window 111 or the light reception window 121 is abraded, and the light projection is performed. Deposits adhered to the window 111 or the light receiving window are removed.

  The controller 6 activates the cleaning means 2 when the power is turned on or every predetermined time after the power is turned on, and cleans the light projection window 111 or the light receiving window 121 by the rotation or reciprocation described above (surface rubbing). ).

  During the detection operation, for example, during detection of the presence or absence of the liquid L, the operation of the cleaning unit 2 is delayed and the cleaning unit 2 is retracted to the origin position.

  When the cleaning is completed, the motor 421 is stopped, and the motor 431 is reversely stopped until the spiral portion 3 comes to the origin position to prepare for the next cleaning.

  The optical sensor 1 or the reflective optical sensor 5 and the controller 6 have been described as separate units. However, the configuration and function of the controller 6 are included in the optical sensor 1 or the reflective optical sensor 5. It goes without saying that it is possible.

  As described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the adhered member can be removed by rotating or reciprocating the spiral member 31 and rubbing the surface of the light projection window 111 or the light reception window 121. It is possible to provide an optical sensor that prevents the detection ability from being deteriorated due to adhered matter.

  FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a reflective optical sensor.

  The reflective optical sensor 5 differs from the light projecting unit 11 and the light receiving unit 12 only in the light projecting / receiving unit 13 corresponding thereto.

  For this reason, descriptions other than the light projecting / receiving unit 13 are omitted.

  The light projecting / receiving unit 13 has a light projecting / receiving member 132, and the light H emitted from the light projector passes through the light projecting / receiving window 131 and is reflected by the object to be detected (detected liquid L) to return to the light receiver. The presence or absence of the detection liquid L is detected.

  As the light projecting / receiving member 132, a photocoupler type sensor in which a light projector and a light receiver are integrated is preferable, but an individual light projector and light receiver may be combined.

  As described above, since the projector and the light receiver can be integrated, the optical sensor can be made smaller than the transmission type photoelectric sensor shown in FIG. Since it is not necessary to provide each individually, the cost can be reduced.

  The interface detection device for detecting the interface will be described below. The interface detection device is a gas or liquid containing solid fine particles, and even if the solid fine particles are initially suspended in a suspended state, If the solid fine particles gradually sink and separate into an upper layer and a lower layer, it can be suitably used.

  In addition, the liquid or gas in which such solid particles are suspended easily adheres to the detection unit, and the optical sensor having cleaning means for the detection unit significantly reduces the detection capability as an optical sensor when the solid particles adhere to the liquid or gas. Is preferably used.

  FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of an interface detection device having a set of optical sensors.

  Hereinafter, detection of the boundary between the upper layer (supernatant layer) and the lower layer (precipitation layer) of the liquid containing solid fine particles will be described with reference to FIG.

  The liquid containing the solid fine particles is initially a liquid L ′ suspended in a state where the solid fine particles are suspended in the liquid.

  However, as time passes, the solid fine particles gradually sink and separate into a supernatant layer L′ 1 and a precipitate layer L′ 2.

  Here, the boundary between the separated supernatant layer L′ 1 and precipitation layer L′ 2 is referred to as an interface Z.

  Further, the figure shows a state in which the suspended liquid is separated into a supernatant layer L'1 and a precipitation layer L'2.

  The optical sensor to be used may be the transmission type optical sensor 1 or the reflection type optical sensor 5 described above, but the case where the optical sensor 1 is used will be described below.

  The interface detection device 8 having a set of optical sensors includes a set of optical sensors 1, a sensor reciprocation device 7 for reciprocating the optical sensor 1 in the direction of arrow c, and a controller 6.

  The sensor reciprocating device 7 reciprocates the optical sensor 1 in the direction of arrow c by a motor (not shown) or the like.

  The controller 6 includes, for example, control means (not shown) having a CPU, storage means, and the like, and position detection means (not shown) that detects the position of the optical sensor 1 in the reciprocating direction, and controls the interface detection device 8. is doing.

  The storage means of the controller 6 stores in advance a threshold voltage for detecting the interface Z corresponding to the suspended liquid L ′ for each of various solid fine particles.

  Here, the threshold voltage for detecting the interface sets (stores) an intermediate voltage between the output voltage when the supernatant layer L'1 is detected and the output voltage when the precipitation layer L'2 is detected.

  When the operator performs a detection start operation, the control means (not shown) operates the sensor reciprocating device 7 to raise the optical sensor 1 from the origin position (solid line) at the lower end to the ascending end (broken line).

  Then, the output voltage of the light receiving member 122 (FIG. 2) detected during the rise is captured, the captured output voltage and the threshold voltage for detecting the interface Z stored in advance are read, and the output voltage is compared with the threshold voltage. To do.

  In general, since the light transmittance in the supernatant layer L′ 1 is higher than that in the precipitation layer L′ 2, the output voltage E1 in the supernatant layer L′ 1 is higher than the output voltage E2 in the precipitation layer L′ 2.

  Further, the control means (not shown) reads the position of the optical sensor 1 by the position detection means (not shown) during ascending, and grasps the position of the optical sensor 1.

  When the output voltage matches the threshold voltage, the position read by the position detecting means (not shown) at the time of matching is determined as the interface Z, and the interface detection information is output.

  The controller 6 operates the cleaning means 2 described above when the power is turned on, every time when the power is turned on, or after a predetermined time has elapsed after the liquid to be detected is turned on, and the projection window 111 or The light receiving window 121 is cleaned (the surface is scratched).

  As described above, a small interface detection device can be provided by moving one optical sensor in the reciprocating direction.

  And it becomes possible to provide the interface detection apparatus which prevented the fall of the detection capability by the deposit | attachment.

  FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram of an interface detection device having a plurality of optical sensors.

  Hereinafter, detection of the boundary between the upper layer (supernatant layer) and the lower layer (precipitation layer) of the liquid containing solid fine particles will be described with reference to FIG.

  The figure shows a state in which the suspended liquid is separated into a supernatant layer L'1 and a precipitation layer L'2.

  The optical sensor to be used may be the optical sensor 1 described above or the reflective optical sensor 5, but the case where the optical sensor 1 is used will be described below.

  The interface detection device 9 having a plurality of optical sensors includes a plurality of optical sensors 1 (1 a to 1 f) and a controller 6.

  The controller 6 includes control means (not shown) having, for example, a CPU and storage means, and controls the interface detection device 9.

  As described above, the threshold voltage for detecting the interface Z corresponding to the suspended liquid L ′ for each of the various solid fine particles is stored in the storage unit of the controller 6 in advance.

  When the operator performs a detection start operation, the control means (not shown) reads the output voltage of the light receiving member 122 (FIG. 2) of the plurality of optical sensors 1 (1a to 1f), and stores the read output voltage in advance. The threshold voltage for detecting the interface Z is read, and the output voltage is compared with the threshold voltage.

  The threshold voltage for detecting the interface Z sets (stores) an intermediate voltage between the output voltage when the supernatant layer L'1 is detected and the output voltage when the precipitation layer L'2 is detected.

  Then, it is determined that there is an interface Z between the lowermost optical sensor 1 whose output voltage is higher than the threshold voltage and the uppermost optical sensor 1 whose output voltage is lower than the threshold voltage. Output information.

  The controller 6 operates the cleaning means 2 described above to turn on or turn off the light projecting window 111 when the power is turned on, at every predetermined time after the power is turned on, or after a predetermined time has elapsed after the liquid to be detected is turned on. Alternatively, the light receiving window 121 is cleaned (rubbed surface).

  As described above, by providing a plurality of optical sensors, it is possible to provide an interface detection device having no movable part.

  As a result, it is possible to provide an interface detection apparatus that is less likely to fail and that prevents a decrease in detection capability due to adhered matter.

  The configuration for removing (cleaning) the deposits by rubbing the surface of the light projection window 111 or the light receiving window 121 while mechanically reciprocating and rotating the spiral member 31 by the rotation drive unit 42 and the reciprocation drive unit 43 has been described. However, in the case where the viscosity of the liquid to be detected L is low and the adhesion force of the deposit is low, for example, a turbine-like blade inclined obliquely is disposed on the spiral member 31 and the flow of the liquid to be detected L is used. The turbine blades are urged in the reciprocating / rotating direction, and the spiral member 31 is reciprocated / rotated to rub the surface of the light projection window 111 or the light receiving window 121 to remove (clean) the deposits. Also good.

  Further, two types of blades in the vertical and horizontal directions may be disposed instead of the turbine blades, and the spiral member 31 may be reciprocated and rotated.

  Thereby, an inexpensive optical sensor having a simpler structure can be obtained.

  Further, the optical sensor and the interface detection device described above can be applied to interface detection of an organic solvent or the like of water-based fine particles described in JP-A-2007-218953.

It is a conceptual diagram of an optical sensor. It is a fragmentary sectional view of an optical sensor. It is a fragmentary sectional view of a reflection type optical sensor. It is a conceptual diagram of the interface detection apparatus which has 1 type of optical sensors. It is a conceptual diagram of the interface detection apparatus which has multiple types of optical sensors.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Optical sensor 2 Cleaning means 3 Spiral part 4 Spiral drive part 5 Reflective optical sensor 8 Interface detection apparatus which has 1 type of optical sensor 9 Interface detection apparatus which has multiple types of optical sensor 11 Light projection part 12 Light receiving unit 31 Spiral member 32 Spiral holding member 41 Magnet 42 Rotation driving unit 43 Reciprocating driving unit 112 Light projecting member 122 Light receiving member L Detected liquid L 'Suspension L'1 Supernatant layer L'2 Precipitation layer Z Interface (boundary)

Claims (11)

A helical member disposed so as to surround the detection unit, and a driving means for driving the helical member,
An optical sensor characterized in that the adhering matter adhering to the detection unit is removed by rubbing the detection unit with the helical member by the driving means. The driving means has rotating means for rotating the spiral member,
The optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein the spiral member is rotated by the rotating means. The drive means has reciprocating means for reciprocating the helical member,
The optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein the spiral member is reciprocated by the reciprocating means. The spiral member has a free upper end, and a lower end fixed to a holding member that holds the spiral member,
The rotating means and the reciprocating means have a magnet, and are housed in an airtight housing.
The magnetized holding member located outside the casing is rotated or reciprocated by a magnetic coupling action between the rotating means and at least one of the magnets of the reciprocating means. Optical sensor. The spiral member has a thickness and a pitch such that 50% or more of the light amount of the detection light passes even when the spiral member blocks the optical axis of the detection light. Item 5. The optical sensor according to Item 4. The optical sensor according to claim 1, wherein the optical sensor is retracted to an origin position of the spiral member during a detection operation. The optical sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein deposits adhering to the periphery of the detection unit are removed from a liquid containing fine particles. An interface detection apparatus comprising the optical sensor according to claim 1. The interface detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the interface is a boundary between an upper layer (supernatant layer) and a lower layer (precipitation layer) of liquid containing solid fine particles. One optical sensor, reciprocating drive means for reciprocating the optical sensor, detection means for detecting the position of the optical sensor in the reciprocating direction, and control means,
The control means causes the optical sensor to reciprocate by the reciprocating drive means, causes the detection means to grasp the position of the optical sensor,
Comparing the output voltage at which the optical sensor is rising at least with a preset intermediate voltage between the detection voltage of the supernatant layer and the precipitation layer,
The interface detection apparatus according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the interface detection information is output by determining the position of the optical sensor as an interface when the output voltage coincides with the intermediate voltage. A plurality of optical sensors and second control means;
The second control means is
Read the output voltage of each of the plurality of optical sensors and a preset intermediate voltage between the detection voltage of the supernatant layer and the precipitation layer,
Comparing the output voltage with the intermediate voltage;
When there is an interface between the lowermost optical sensor that outputs an output voltage higher than the intermediate voltage and the uppermost optical sensor that outputs an output voltage lower than the intermediate voltage. 10. The interface detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the interface detection information is determined and the interface detection information is output.

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