JP2009250343A - Connecting female part structure of corrugated resin pipe - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a connecting female part structure of a corrugated resin pipe effectively preventing a water ingress from a connecting part. <P>SOLUTION: The connecting female part structure of the corrugated resin pipe has a configuration in which a square cylinder part 12 is connected to a tubular part 14, and the square cylinder part 12 is a female part which fixes and connects by inserting an end of the corrugated resin pipe inside of it, and a plate spring 18 is obliquely raised on an inner surface of the opening part side of the square cylinder part 12, and a water absorbing and swelling fabric 20 is adhered to an inner periphery surface in the side of the tubular part 14, and a protrusion 22 is formed in the opening part side end of the water absorbing and swelling fabric 20. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention receives one end of a resin corrugated tube having convex portions (large diameter portion) and concave portions (small diameter portion) alternately in the tube axis direction, and connects the same or different types of resin corrugated protective tubes. It is related with the connection female part structure for this. The connecting female part structure of the present invention may be provided at one end of a corrugated pipe made of resin, or a connecting female part of a pipe joint having a connecting male part structure connected to a resin pipe having a different shape or a connecting female part having the same structure May be a connecting female portion of a pipe joint connected by a cylindrical pipe.

  Synthetic resin corrugated tubes in which the wall of the tube is formed in an uneven corrugated shape are known as resin protective tubes that mainly accommodate and protect cables such as electric cables and optical fiber cables. A resin corrugated tube in which a cross section in the tube diameter direction is formed in a substantially square shape is also known (Patent Document 1, etc.). When the resin corrugated pipe can realize a stable pipe with less twist, and a plurality of pipes are arranged in the horizontal direction or stacked in the height direction and converged to form a porous pipe in the soil Compared with a circular tube, there is no entry between soil and sand tubes, and the parallelism and straightness of the tube arrangement can be maintained well.

  A resin corrugated pipe or a resin corrugated pipe provided with a rectangular tube-shaped portion using the resin corrugated pipe described in Patent Document 1 as a connecting female part structure is known (Patent Document 2).

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-325490 JP 2005-172233 A

  However, when connecting the resin corrugated tube using the connection female portion structure disclosed in Patent Document 2 and actually burying it in the soil, it has been found that there is a problem that water enters from the connection portion. The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems of the known technology, and an object of the present invention is to provide a connecting female portion structure of a resin corrugated pipe that effectively prevents water from entering from the connecting portion.

  The connecting female portion structure of the resin corrugated tube of the present invention is a female portion in which a rectangular tubular portion is connected to a tubular portion, and the rectangular tubular portion is a female portion that is inserted and fixed to the end portion of the resin corrugated tube. A retaining member is disposed on the inner surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion on the opening side, a water-swellable cloth is adhered to the inner peripheral surface of the tubular-part side, and the water-swellable cloth is A protrusion is formed in the vicinity of the opening side end.

  According to such a configuration, it is possible to effectively prevent water from entering from the connecting portion of the corrugated resin corrugated tube, and to reliably protect the internal cables, optical fibers, and the like. In particular, the water-absorbing expansive cloth adhered to the tubular portion-side inner peripheral surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion absorbs moisture that has entered the gaps in the connecting portion, and the water-absorbing expansible fabric constituent material expands due to the absorption of moisture. Thus, the gap between the fibers constituting the cloth, the inner surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion, and the outer peripheral surface of the end portion of the resin corrugated tube inserted and fixed is sealed, and the subsequent entry of water is prevented. In addition, when another resin corrugated tube end is connected and fixed to the rectangular tube-shaped portion by the ridge formed on the opening side end of the concave groove, water is absorbed when the other resin corrugated tube end is inserted. This prevents the inflatable cloth from being turned up, deformed or wrinkled, and prevents water from entering more reliably.

  Further, the ridge also has an effect as a rib, prevents bending deformation of the wall surface of the rectangular tube-like portion to which the water-absorbing expansive cloth is stuck, and has an effect of more reliably preventing water from entering. When a non-woven fabric that is a mixture of water-swellable fibers and general fibers is used as the water-swellable fabric, the water-swellable fabric expands due to the ingress of water and closes the gap between the fibers, and the water-swellable fabric is thick. A force that expands in the direction is generated. Since the wall surface of the rectangular tube-shaped part is flat, the expansion force in the thickness direction of this water-absorbent expandable cloth tends to cause a deformation that swells toward the center, and when such a deformation occurs, the compressive force of the water-absorbent expandable cloth at that site That is, the force to close the gaps between the fibers of the water-absorbent expandable fabric is reduced, and the water stoppage is lowered. As a result of preventing the deformation of the wall surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion, the ridge has an effect of more reliably preventing water from entering.

  Another connecting female portion structure of a resin corrugated tube according to the present invention is a female in which a rectangular tube portion is connected to a tubular portion, and the rectangular tube portion is fixed and connected by inserting an end portion of the resin corrugated tube inside. A retaining member is disposed on the inner surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion on the opening side, and a water-swellable cloth is adhered to the inner peripheral surface of the tubular portion side. A concave groove is formed in the vicinity of the opening side end of the cloth.

  The concave groove has the effect of preventing the invasion of water more surely by preventing the deformation of the wall surface of the rectangular tube-like portion to which the water-absorbent inflatable cloth is adhered, by the action as the rib similar to the above-mentioned convex line.

  In the connecting female portion structure of the resin corrugated tube, it is preferable that a ridge is further formed adjacent to the groove.

  According to such a configuration, due to the action of the rib structure formed by the concave grooves and the ridges, the deformation of the wall surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion to which the water-absorbent expansive cloth is adhered is more firmly prevented, and the water is more reliably supplied. Can be prevented from entering. In the case of only the concave grooves or the case of only the ridges, the height is limited, but the height of the rib structure can be increased by forming these adjacent to each other. Either the groove or the ridge may be on the end side of the water-absorbent inflatable cloth, but the ridge is more effectively prevented from turning up the water-absorbent inflatable cloth. It is preferable that it is the edge part side.

  Moreover, in the connection female part structure of the above-mentioned resin corrugated tube, it is preferable that the height of the ridge is equal to or less than the thickness of the water-swellable cloth.

  According to such a configuration, it is possible to effectively prevent the subsequent entry of water by the expansion when the water-absorbent expandable cloth expands with the water that has entered the gap. If the height of the ridges is too high, the distance between the outer surface of another resin corrugated tube to be inserted and connected and the inner surface of the rectangular tube-shaped part will increase, and the pressure will close the gap between the fibers of the water-absorbing expandable fabric that has absorbed water. May not be sufficient.

  As the resin material constituting the connecting female portion structure of the resin corrugated tube of the present invention, a known thermoplastic resin can be used without particular limitation, such as polyvinyl chloride resin, polyester resin, polyurethane resin, polyethylene and polypropylene. A polyolefin resin etc. can be illustrated. Among these, the use of polyolefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene is preferable because of low cost and excellent durability when buried in the soil.

  The water-swellable cloth used in the present invention may be one in which the fiber constituent material itself expands due to water absorption, or may be a composite material of a general fiber material and a highly water-absorbent resin. The method for producing the composite material is not particularly limited, but a method of polymerizing after a monomer that forms a superabsorbent resin is attached to the fiber material (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-258229), the fiber material Examples thereof include a method of attaching superabsorbent resin particles or powder using a binder. The water-swellable fabric may be a blend of water-swellable fibers and general fibers, and may be either a nonwoven fabric or a woven fabric. Is preferred.

  The thickness of the water-absorbent expandable fabric is not particularly limited, and is appropriately set according to the size of the rectangular tube-shaped portion, but is preferably 0.5 to 5 mm. If the water-absorbent expandable fabric is too thin, there is a large gap between the inner surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion and the outer surface of the other tube end that is attached and fixed thereto, or the tube-shaped portion and another tube end. In some cases, the intrusion of water cannot be effectively prevented when the portions are bent and connected so that the gaps are not uniform due to the inclination and a large gap is formed partially. If the water-swellable cloth is too thin, it tends to turn up and wrinkle when another pipe end is inserted. The width of the water-absorbent expandable cloth is not particularly limited, and is appropriately set depending on the size of the resin corrugated tube, but is preferably 5 to 50 mm, and more preferably 10 to 40 mm. If the width is too narrow, the effect of preventing water intrusion may not be sufficiently exhibited. If the width is too wide, deformation is likely to occur.

  The method for adhering the water-absorbent expandable cloth to the inner surface of the rectangular tube-shaped part is not particularly limited, and is a method of adhering using a known adhesive such as a hot-melt adhesive, sticking to one side of the water-absorbent expandable cloth. Examples thereof include a method of processing and sticking, a method of sticking a double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape on one side of a water-swellable cloth, and peeling and sticking the remaining release sheet.

  FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a pipe joint provided with the connecting female portion structure of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view including a shaft axis of the pipe (a leaf spring is not shown) and a front view. In the pipe joint 10, a rectangular tubular portion 12 and a tubular portion 14 are integrally connected. Although the tubular part 14 is cylindrical, it is not limited to this, It sets according to the other party's tube shape to connect. The tubular portion 14 preferably has a smaller diameter or a smaller cross-sectional area than the rectangular tubular portion 12. It is good also as a pipe joint which formed the square tube-shaped part same as the square tube-shaped part 12 in the edge part of the tubular part 14, and was equipped with the connection female part structure of this invention at both ends.

  The rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 has a substantially square bowl shape and four corners formed in an arc shape, and the opening has three convex ribs in the outer circumferential direction, and maintains the shape of the opening. Reinforcement is made. A retaining member for inserting and fixing another resin corrugated tube end portion is disposed on the inner surface of the rectangular tubular portion on the opening side. The retaining member is not particularly limited as long as it prevents the other connected corrugated pipes from coming off, and preferably has a structure that is locked to the convex portion of the resin corrugated pipe to be inserted and connected, for example, A leaf spring that is inclined upright so as to be higher toward the back side than the opening is suitable because it is simple and low-cost.

  The rectangular tubular portion 12 is inclined and erected on the inner surface on the opening side so that the leaf spring 18 becomes higher toward the back side (in the connecting portion direction with the tubular portion 14) than the opening portion. As shown in the lower perspective view of the pipe joint 10 in FIG. 1, the leaf spring 18 includes a base portion 18d that abuts against the wall surface of the rectangular tube portion and a locking portion 18a that is bent from the base portion 18d to form an inclined portion. It is configured. The base portion 18d of the leaf spring is formed with a bending locking piece 18c by a narrow cut in the length direction at both ends. The leaf spring 18 is bent after protruding the bending locking piece 18c from the hole formed on the wall surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion, and sandwiched between the base portion 18d and the bending locking piece 18c. Is fixed upright. The locking portion 18a of the leaf spring 18 may remain plate-like, but as shown in FIG. 1, the spring piece 18b may be formed by cutting three sides at the center portion and bent to the square tubular portion wall surface side. . According to such a configuration, when another resin corrugated tube end is inserted into the rectangular tubular portion 12, the spring piece 18b elastically contacts the inner surface of the rectangular tubular portion 12 to support the locking portion 18a. It can be locked by a stronger spring force (see Patent Document 2).

  When the end portion of the resin corrugated tube is inserted into the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 that is the connecting female portion, the leaf spring 18 opens the distal end of the locking portion 18a on the concave side surface of the convex portion of the resin corrugated tube. The resin corrugated tube is prevented from coming off by being brought into contact with the portion side. As described above, in the fixed portion of the leaf spring 18, the convex portion 19 (which becomes a concave portion when viewed from the outside) is provided on the inner surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 and has an inclined surface that becomes higher from the opening side. The fact that the spring piece 18b can come into contact with the surface is surely locked from the pressing deformation of the locking portion 18a of the plate spring 18 of the convex portion of the resin corrugated tube due to the insertion of the end of the resin corrugated tube. Since it returns to a position, it is preferable (refer patent document 2).

  1 and 2, the inner side surface of the tube joint 10 having the connecting female part structure illustrated in FIGS. On the opening side end of the water-absorbent expandable fabric 20, a ridge 22 is formed in the inner circumferential direction of the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12. According to this configuration, when the water-absorbent expandable cloth 20 is inserted so that the other corrugated tube end portion is inserted into the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 and is fixed so as not to come off by the leaf spring 18, the other resin inserted and fixed is used. It is clamped by the outer peripheral surface of the corrugated tube and the inner surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion. In this state, when water enters the gap between the connection portions, the water-absorbent expandable fabric 20 absorbs water and the constituent material expands. As a result, the expanded water-absorbent expandable fabric constituent material seals the gap, Intrusion of water into the resin corrugated tube is prevented.

  In addition, when the other resin corrugated tube end is connected and fixed to the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12, the protruding line 22 is protruded from the other resin corrugated tube end when the other resin corrugated tube end is inserted. This prevents the water-absorbent expansive cloth from being turned up, deformed, or wrinkled by contacting the parts, and has the action of reliably preventing water from entering. The connection female part structure of the present invention relates to a resin corrugated pipe that accommodates and protects cables such as electric cables and optical fiber cables, and the resin corrugated pipe has as few handling and manufacturing points as possible and the number of connection points as small as possible. In general, from the viewpoint that it is preferable to have a length of, for example, 5 m, it has flexibility and is often buried in the soil in the field construction. For this reason, when connecting, the two cores cannot be inserted straight, and the edge of the other resin corrugated tube ends against the end of the water-absorbent inflatable cloth, causing it to deform or wrinkle. When such deformation or wrinkle occurs, even if the constituent material of the water-absorbent inflatable fabric 20 absorbs water and expands, voids remain in the deformation and wrinkle part and water enters the resin corrugated pipe, It may cause deterioration or short circuit of the internal electric cable or optical fiber. The protrusion 22 in the connection female part structure of the present invention is not limited to the case where the other resin corrugated tube ends are connected and fixed to the rectangular tube-like part, even when the two cores are aligned and cannot be inserted straight. The end of the resin corrugated tube has an action of preventing the end of the water-absorbent inflatable cloth from being deformed and wrinkling.

  On the opening side of the ridge 22 of the rectangular tube 12, a groove 24 is formed adjacent to the ridge 22 and the inner surface of the rectangular tube 12 is recessed. The ridges 22 have the above-described action, but their height h cannot be so high. Further, the thickness of the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 cannot be increased too much due to cost, weight, and the like. Therefore, the side wall of the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 may be deformed so as to swell, and when the side wall is deformed, the ridges 22 cannot sufficiently exert their action, and water is contained in the resin corrugated pipe. The problem of intrusion occurs. By forming the groove 24 in the vicinity of, preferably adjacent to, the ridge 22, the side wall surface of the groove 24 acts as a rib. As a result, deformation of the ridge 22 is prevented, and Intrusion of water can be prevented more reliably. The depth of the concave groove 24 is appropriately set according to the size of the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12, but is preferably 2 to 10 mm, and more preferably 2 to 8 mm. If the depth of the groove is shallow, the deformation preventing effect of the ridges 22 is not sufficient, and if it is too deep, the thickness of the side wall of the groove is reduced at the time of molding, and the strength is reduced.

  FIG. 2B is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion X in FIG. It is preferable that d ≧ h, where h is the height of the ridge 22 from the surface to which the water absorbent expandable cloth 20 is attached, and d is the thickness of the water absorbent expandable cloth 20. If h> d, the thickness of the water absorbent expandable cloth 20 becomes thinner than the distance between the outer peripheral surface of the other resin corrugated tube to be inserted and fixed and the inner peripheral surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12.・ Seal performance may not be sufficient even if expanded. It is preferable that the water absorbent expandable cloth 20 is compressed between the outer peripheral surface of another resin corrugated tube and the inner peripheral surface of the rectangular tubular portion 12 at the time of connection. It is preferable that h ≧ 0.5d. If h is too small with respect to d, the portion protruding from the ridge 22 at the opening side end of the water-absorbent inflatable fabric 20 becomes large, and when the other resin corrugated tube end is inserted and fixed, the other It is not possible to sufficiently prevent the water-absorbent expandable fabric from turning up, deforming, and wrinkling due to contact with the large-diameter portion that is the convex portion of the resin corrugated tube end.

  In FIG. 3, as another embodiment of the partially enlarged view (b) of FIG. 2, an example (a) in which only the protrusions 22 are formed in the vicinity of the opening side end of the water absorbent expandable fabric 20 and only the groove 24 The example which formed was shown. The “near” is not particularly limited as long as the ridges 22 or the grooves 24 are close enough to exert their effects, but it is preferably adjacent to the opening side end of the water absorbent expandable fabric 20. The concave groove 24 has a limit in depth because the thickness of the concave groove 24 is reduced when the depth of the groove is increased, particularly when the connecting female portion structure of the resin corrugated pipe of the present invention is manufactured by the extrusion blow molding method. .

  FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a state in which the end portion of another resin corrugated tube 30 is inserted and fixed to the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 of the pipe joint 10 illustrated in FIGS. The concave portion (small diameter portion) of the resin corrugated tube 30 is inserted from the opening of the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 to the connecting portion with the tubular portion 14 on the back side, and the convex portion (large diameter portion) of the resin corrugated tube 30 is inserted. The outer peripheral surface and the inner peripheral surface of the rectangular tube-shaped portion 12 are connected and fixed in a state in which the water absorbent expandable cloth 20 is sandwiched. Although the leaf spring is not shown, the tip is brought into contact with the side surface of the convex portion (large-diameter portion) on the tip of the inserted resinous corrugated tube 30 to prevent it from coming off (see Patent Document 2). ).

  FIG. 5 is a perspective view illustrating a resin corrugated tube provided with one end of the connecting female portion structure of the present invention. A resin corrugated tube 40 having a connecting female portion is composed of a rectangular tubular portion 12 which is a connecting female portion and a resin corrugated tube portion 30 (only a part of which is shown) connected thereto. The structure of the rectangular tubular portion 12 is the same as the rectangular tubular portion 12 of the pipe joint 10 illustrated in FIG. The resin corrugated tube portion 30 may have a normal length, for example, 10 m. The resin corrugated tube portion 30 has a large-diameter portion 32 which is a convex portion having a substantially square cross section and a corner portion formed in an arc shape, and a substantially square shape having a circular cross section and a side having a larger radius of curvature than the corner portion. The small-diameter portions 34 that are concave portions such as are alternately formed in a wave shape in a front view.

  The resin corrugated pipe 40 having the connecting female part is formed by continuously connecting the manufactured standard length pipes in the length direction at the construction site. In a construction site, a manufactured resin pipe having a standard length is often too long, and in that case, a suitable corrugated pipe 40 made of resin is corrugated to match the half length. When the pipe part 30 is cut so that the small diameter part 34 is at the tip, the resin corrugated pipe part 30 is formed by repetition of the same shape, so that it can be connected with the structure illustrated in FIG. A pipe line having a predetermined length at the site can be formed.

  A resin corrugated pipe or pipe joint having a connecting female part structure can be manufactured by a known method, but is preferably manufactured by a known extrusion blow molding method.

  FIG. 6 shows a process of connecting and constructing a resin corrugated tube. In this example, the resin corrugated pipe disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 12-104877 is connected by a pipe joint having the connecting female portion structure of the present invention. In the resin corrugated pipes 50 (1) and 50 (2) disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 12-104877, large diameter portions 58 and small diameter portions 56 are alternately formed, and a female connection portion 54 is provided at one end. A male connection portion 52 is formed at the end, and the female connection portion 54 and the male connection portion 52 are configured to be connectable using a C-ring member. The tubular part 14 of the pipe joint 10 to be used has the same structure as the male connection part 52 of the resin corrugated pipe.

As shown in FIG. 6, the last one 50 (1) of the resin corrugated pipes 50 that are sequentially connected and connected are connected to the resin corrugated pipe 50 (2) whose end is fixed to the wall surface W, for example. Will do. However, the interval does not coincide with the standard length manufactured in the factory, and must be cut and used in the middle. If it does so, a cutting | disconnection edge part will not become a shape which fits the female connection member 54, and it was necessary to perform sealing conventionally using a sealant or an adhesive agent, and was inconvenient. When the pipe joint 10 having the connecting female portion structure of the present invention is used, the connection can be made as follows.
(1) The last one 50 (1) of the resin corrugated tube 50 to be cut and length-adjusted at the C portion so that the small diameter portion 56a remains at the cut end at the boundary between the small diameter portion and the large diameter portion. Cut to a predetermined length (6-1).
(2) The male connection portion which is the tubular portion 14 of the pipe joint 10 is inserted and fixed to the female connection portion 54 of the resin corrugated pipe 50 (2) whose end is fixed to the wall surface W (6). -2).
(3) The resin corrugated pipe 50 (1) and the resin corrugated pipe 50 (2) are bent so that the small diameter portion 56a at the end of the resin corrugated pipe 50 (1) is connected to the female joint structure of the pipe joint 10. (6-3).
(4) The resin corrugated tube 50 (1) and the resin corrugated tube 50 (2) are straightened without any deflection. By such an operation, the connection is performed so that the small diameter portion 56a at the end of the corrugated pipe 50 (1) made of resin compresses the water-absorbing and expansible cloth of the rectangular tubular portion of the connecting female portion structure of the pipe joint 10. In the implementation of such a connecting method, the end of the water-swellable cloth inside the rectangular tube-shaped portion of the connecting female portion structure of the pipe joint 10 is turned up by the large-diameter portion of the resin corrugated tube 50 (1) inserted, and wrinkles are generated. This problem is prevented by the ridges of the present invention.

The perspective view which illustrated the pipe joint which has the connection female part structure of the resin corrugated pipe of this invention Sectional drawing and front view which illustrated the pipe joint which has the connection female part structure of the resin corrugated pipe of this invention Partial cross-sectional view illustrating the case of only a groove in the case of only the protrusion in the connection female portion structure of the resin corrugated tube of the present invention Sectional drawing which illustrated the state which connected and fixed the edge part of the resin corrugated pipe to the pipe joint which has the connection female part structure of this invention The fragmentary perspective view which illustrated the resin corrugated pipe | tube which has the connection female part structure of this invention The figure which illustrated the method of connecting the resin-made corrugated pipes using the pipe joint which has the connection female part structure of this invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Pipe joint 12 Square cylindrical part 14 Tubular part 18 Leaf spring 20 Water-absorbing expansible cloth 22 Projection 40 Resin corrugated pipe

Claims (5)

  A rectangular tube-shaped portion is connected to the tubular portion, and the rectangular tube-shaped portion is a female portion in which a resin corrugated tube end portion is inserted and fixed and connected to the inner surface on the opening side of the rectangular tube-shaped portion. A retaining member is provided, a water-swellable cloth is adhered to the inner peripheral surface on the tubular part side, and a ridge is formed in the vicinity of the opening-side end part of the water-swellable cloth. A connecting female portion structure of a resin corrugated tube.   A rectangular tube-shaped portion is connected to the tubular portion, and the rectangular tube-shaped portion is a female portion in which a resin corrugated tube end portion is inserted and fixed and connected to the inner surface on the opening side of the rectangular tube-shaped portion. A retaining member is disposed, a water-swellable cloth is adhered to the inner peripheral surface of the tubular part side, and a groove is formed in the vicinity of the opening-side end part of the water-swellable cloth. A connecting female portion structure of a resin corrugated tube.   3. The connecting female portion structure of a resin corrugated pipe according to claim 2, further comprising a ridge formed adjacent to the concave groove.   The height of the said protruding item | line is below the thickness of the said water absorptive expansible cloth, The connection female part structure of the resin-made corrugated pipes in any one of Claims 1-3 characterized by the above-mentioned.   The connecting female part structure of the resin corrugated pipe according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the retaining member is a leaf spring.

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