JP2009044243A - Digital camera, and image processing system - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To record image processing parameters included in an image file. <P>SOLUTION: An image processing parameter determining section 104a performs image processing of image data acquired by imaging elements 103 and calculates a setting value for designating an image processing level which is referred to when the image data is processed based on the image data, and selects a setting value to be referred to at the time of image processing from the calculated setting value or a predetermined set value. An image processing parameter recording section 104c makes an image file recording the image data thus acquired, the selected setting value, and the calculated setting value. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a digital camera and an image processing system.

  The following electronic cameras are known. This electronic camera sets gradation conversion characteristics of gradation conversion to be performed on an image based on a luminance histogram of the image (for example, Patent Document 1).

JP 2003-230051 A

  However, in an electronic camera that automatically sets gradation conversion characteristics based on the luminance histogram of the image, if the gradation conversion characteristics are applied to the image using the set gradation conversion characteristics, the image Image processing using gradation conversion characteristics automatically set by the electronic camera cannot be reproduced on the image processing apparatus that has read the file.

The digital camera according to the present invention captures a subject image, acquires image data, performs image processing on the acquired image data, and indicates a processing level of the image processing to be referred to when processing the image data. A setting value is calculated based on image data, and a setting value to be referred to during image processing is selected from the calculated setting value or a predetermined setting value, and the acquired image data, the selected setting value, and the calculated setting value are selected. It is characterized by producing | generating the image file containing.
In the present invention, the image processing is preferably at least one of contrast adjustment processing, saturation adjustment processing, white balance adjustment processing, and contour enhancement processing.
Further, the set value may be calculated based on luminance information from a photometric sensor that detects luminance information of the subject image, and is calculated based on a signal detected by the distance measuring sensor that detects distance information to the subject. The set value may be calculated based on distance information to the subject.
An image processing system according to the present invention includes the above-described digital camera and an image processing device. The image processing device reads an image file recorded by the digital camera, and an image file for image data included in the read image file. Whether to perform image processing with reference to the selected setting value included in the image processing or to perform image processing with reference to the calculated setting value included in the image file based on a user instruction, Image processing is performed on image data included in the read image file based on the determined setting value.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to reproduce image processing automatically performed by a digital camera on an image processing apparatus that has read an image file.

  FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an embodiment of an image processing system according to the present embodiment. The image processing system 10 includes a digital camera 100 and a personal computer (personal computer) 200.

  The digital camera 100 includes an operation member 101, a lens 102, an image sensor 103, a control device 104, a memory card slot 105, a monitor 106, a photometric sensor 107, and a distance measuring sensor 108. The operation member 101 includes various input members operated by the user, such as a power button, a release switch, a zoom button, a cross key, a determination button, a playback button, and a delete button.

  The lens 102 is composed of a plurality of optical lens groups, but is represented by a single lens in FIG. The image sensor 103 is, for example, a CCD or a CMOS, and captures a subject image formed by the lens 102 to acquire an image. The acquired image data (image data) is output to the control device 104. The control device 104 stores RAW data (raw image data) of the image acquired by the image sensor 103 in an image file of a predetermined format such as Exif (Exchangeable Image File Format Digital Camera), and stores it in the memory card slot 105. Output. This image file includes RAW data as a main image, and further includes an additional information section for storing shooting date and time, various image processing parameters, and the like.

  The memory card slot 105 is a slot for inserting a memory card as a storage medium, and the image file output from the control device 104 is written and recorded on the memory card. Further, based on an instruction from the control device 104, an image file stored in the memory card is read.

  The monitor 106 is a liquid crystal monitor (rear monitor) mounted on the back surface of the camera 100, and the monitor 106 displays an image stored in a memory card, a setting menu for setting the camera 100, and the like. . Further, the control device 104 acquires images in time series from the image sensor 103 and outputs them to the monitor 106. As a result, the image of each frame is sequentially displayed on the monitor 106 at predetermined time intervals. That is, a through image is displayed on the monitor 106.

  The photometric sensor 107 divides the photographing screen into a plurality of areas and outputs a photometric signal corresponding to the luminance of each area to the control device 104. The distance measuring sensor 108 is an output sensor that outputs focus information indicating a focus state on a subject of the photographing optical system.

  The control device 104 includes a CPU, a memory, and other peripheral circuits, and functionally includes an image processing parameter determination unit 104a, an image processing execution unit 104b, and an image processing parameter recording unit 104c. Note that the memory constituting the control device 104 includes SDRAM and flash memory. The SDRAM is a volatile memory, and is used as a work memory for the CPU to develop a program when the program is executed or as a buffer memory for temporarily recording data. The flash memory is a non-volatile memory in which various parameters read during program execution are recorded.

  In the digital camera 100 according to the present embodiment, the user manually sets various image processing performed on a captured image at the time of image capturing, for example, contrast adjustment, saturation adjustment, white balance adjustment, edge enhancement, and the like. It is possible to select whether to perform (manual setting) or to automatically set the digital camera 100 (auto setting).

  When manual setting is selected, the user operates the operation member 101 to arbitrarily set on the setting menu displayed on the monitor 106. Then, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a determines a setting value that indicates the processing level of image processing, that is, an image processing parameter, according to the setting content set by the user.

  On the other hand, when the auto setting is selected, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a outputs information from the image sensor 103, a signal output from the photometric sensor 107, and a distance sensor 108. The image processing parameters that are optimal for the photographed image are automatically determined based on the received signal.

  In the present embodiment, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a automatically determines the optimal image processing parameter for the captured image even when manual setting is selected by the user. In other words, when manual setting is selected by the user, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a determines an image processing parameter according to the setting content set by the user and when auto setting is selected. Image processing parameters are also determined.

  The image processing parameter recording unit 104c records the image processing parameter determined by the image processing parameter 104a in an additional information unit in an image file including Raw data as a main image. The additional information part of the image file includes a tag for storing image processing parameters determined at the time of manual setting and a tag for storing image processing parameters determined at the time of auto setting. The parameter recording unit 104c describes the image processing parameter determined by the image processing parameter 104a in each tag.

  In this embodiment, the case where the main image included in the image file is Raw data will be described. For example, image data in Jpeg format (Jpeg data) after various image processing is performed on the Raw data. Etc. may be included in the image file as the main image. In this case, the image processing execution unit 104b performs various types of image processing on the Raw data to create Jpeg data.

  Hereinafter, a specific example will be described with reference to an example in which the image processing performed on the image is contrast adjustment. After the user operates the operation member 101 to display the contrast adjustment setting menu on the monitor 106, the user can designate the processing level of the image processing in the contrast adjustment on the setting menu. For example, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a displays a setting menu as shown in FIG. Then, the user selects one of the six items of the contrast Auto2a, the contrast strong 2b, the contrast slightly strong 2c, the contrast standard 2d, the contrast slightly weak 2e, and the contrast weak 2f on the setting menu. Thus, the processing level of image processing can be designated.

  When the contrast Auto2a is selected by the user, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a determines that the above-described auto setting has been selected, and automatically determines an image processing parameter optimal for the captured image. On the other hand, when one of the contrast high 2b to the low contrast 2f is selected, it is determined that the above-described manual setting is selected, and the image processing parameter is determined according to the selected item.

  Here, the determination method of the image processing parameter by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a will be specifically described. First, a method of determining image processing parameters by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a when manual setting is selected by the user will be described. In this case, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a refers to the gamma curve number table shown in FIG. 2B, and specifies the gradation conversion characteristic (gamma curve) corresponding to the item selected by the user. Determine the gamma curve number for.

  The gamma curve numbers are set in seven stages of 0 to 6, and any of the gamma curve numbers is assigned to each of the high contrast 2b to the low contrast 2f by the gamma curve number table. The gamma curve number table is recorded in advance in the flash memory, and this gamma curve number corresponds to an image processing parameter for determining the processing level of image processing.

  For example, if the contrast strength 2b is selected by the user, the gamma curve number is set to 6, and if the contrast is slightly strong 2c, the gamma curve number is set to 5. The gradation conversion characteristic data is recorded in advance in the flash memory in association with the gamma curve number. The image processing parameter determination unit 104a also determines the image processing parameter when the auto setting is selected by simultaneously performing the processing at the time of auto setting described below.

  Next, a case where auto setting is selected by the user will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG. 3, the same components as those shown in the block diagram of FIG. In FIG. 3, each circuit of the analog gain 3 a to AE control 3 j is included in the control device 104. The gradation conversion curve determination unit 3h corresponds to the image processing parameter determination unit 104a.

  At the time of image capturing, the AE calculation unit 3i performs AE calculation processing based on the detection result by the photometric sensor 107, and the AE control unit 3j performs AE control based on the calculation result by the AE calculation unit 3i. The image data captured by the image sensor 103 is input to the analog gain 3a, applied with the analog gain, and then converted into a digital signal by the A / D conversion 3b. Thereafter, white balance adjustment is performed by the white balance 3c, and after interpolation processing is performed by the interpolation 3d, the white balance is input to the gradation conversion 3e.

  On the other hand, the evaluation value calculation unit 3f creates a luminance histogram based on the image data output from the A / D conversion 3b, and calculates an AE evaluation value based on the created luminance histogram. The contrast detection unit 3g is a distance information to the subject calculated from the AE evaluation value calculated by the evaluation value calculation unit 3f, the focal length of the lens acquired from the lens 102, and the focusing information input from the distance measuring sensor 108. Based on the above, the optimum gamma curve number is determined. Any method may be used for automatically determining the gamma curve. For example, as described in JP-A-2001-54014, the gamma curve may be calculated based on the output of the photometric sensor 108, or JP-A-2003-230051. As described in the publication, it may be calculated from the luminance information of the image data.

  The gradation conversion curve determination unit 3h specifies the gradation conversion characteristic corresponding to the gamma curve determined by the contrast detection unit 3g, and outputs the specification result to the gradation conversion 3e. The gradation conversion 3e adjusts the contrast of an image by performing gradation conversion on the image data input from the interpolation 3d by applying gradation conversion characteristics determined by the gradation conversion curve determination unit 3h. .

  When the contrast adjustment is manually set, the image processing parameter recording unit 104c includes a gamma curve corresponding to the item selected by the user in the contrast tag included in the additional information unit of the image file including the Raw data as the main image. Record the number. Further, the gamma curve number determined by the contrast detection unit 3g is recorded in the contrast auto tag. On the other hand, when the contrast adjustment is set to auto, the gamma curve number determined by the contrast detection unit 3g is recorded in the contrast tag included in the additional information portion of the image file including the raw data as the main image and the contrast auto tag. To do.

  In other words, the Raw data is image data before various image processing is performed, but the image processing parameter recording unit 104c adds the Raw data to the additional information unit of the image file including the Raw data as the main image. The image processing parameters at the time of auto setting and the image processing parameters at the time of manual setting used for conversion into image data that has undergone image processing such as the above are recorded. As a result, in the personal computer 200 that has read the image file, it is possible to perform image processing using the image processing parameters at the time of auto setting or the image processing parameters at the time of manual setting on the Raw data.

  FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing processing of the digital camera 100 in the present embodiment. The process shown in FIG. 4 is executed by the control device 104 as a program that is activated when an instruction to capture an image is given.

  In step S10, the control device 104 controls the image sensor 103 to acquire raw data, and proceeds to step S20. In step S20, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a determines whether or not the auto setting has been selected by selecting the contrast Auto2a on the setting menu shown in FIG. If a positive determination is made, the process proceeds to step S30.

  In step S30, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a (contrast detection unit 3g), as described above with reference to FIG. 3, the AE evaluation value calculated by the evaluation value calculation unit 3f, the focal length of the lens acquired from the lens 102, and A gamma curve number as an image processing parameter is determined based on distance information to the subject input from the distance measuring sensor 108. Then, it progresses to step S60 mentioned later.

  On the other hand, if a negative determination is made in step S20, the process proceeds to step S40, and the image processing parameter determination unit 104a responds to the item selected by the user on the setting menu shown in FIG. The gamma curve number is determined as an image processing parameter. Thereafter, the process proceeds to step S50, and the image processing parameter determination unit 104a (contrast detection unit 3g), as in step S30, the AE evaluation value calculated by the evaluation value calculation unit 3f, the focal length of the lens acquired from the lens 102, Based on the distance information to the subject input from the distance measuring sensor 108, the gamma curve number as the image processing parameter is determined. Thereafter, the process proceeds to step S60.

  In step S60, the image processing parameter recording unit 104c includes the Raw data as the main image, and records the gamma curve number determined by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a in each of the contrast tag and the contrast auto tag of the additional information unit. Generated image file. Here, when the contrast adjustment is set to auto, the image processing parameter recording unit 104c records the gamma curve number determined in step S30 in the contrast tag and the contrast auto tag included in the additional information unit of the image file. To do. On the other hand, when the contrast adjustment is set manually, the gamma curve number determined in step S40 is recorded in the contrast tag included in the additional information portion of the image file, and the gamma determined in step S50 is recorded in the contrast auto tag. Record the curve number.

  Thereafter, the process proceeds to step S70, and the image processing parameter recording unit 104c records the generated image file on the memory card inserted in the memory card slot 105, and ends the process.

  Next, the personal computer 200 will be described. The personal computer 200 includes an operation member 201, a connection IF (interface) 202, a control device 203, an HDD (hard disk drive) 204, and a monitor 205.

  The operation member 201 includes various devices operated by the user, such as a keyboard and a mouse. The connection IF 202 is an interface for connecting an external device. For example, a USB interface for connecting the external device via a USB cable is used. In the present embodiment, the connection IF 202 is connected to a memory card reader 202a for inputting / outputting data to / from a memory card such as an SD card or a CF (Compact Flash (registered trademark)) card via a USB cable.

  In this embodiment, an image file can be taken into the personal computer 200 by inserting a memory card in which an image file is recorded by the digital camera 100 described above into the memory card reader 202a.

  The HDD 204 is a storage medium for recording an image file taken in via the connection IF 202, various programs executed by the control device 203, and the like. The monitor 205 is a liquid crystal monitor, for example, and displays various display data output from the control device 203.

  The control device 203 includes a CPU, a memory, and other peripheral circuits, and functionally includes an image processing execution unit 203a. Note that the memory constituting the control device 203 includes SDRAM and flash memory. The SDRAM is a volatile memory, and is used as a work memory for the CPU to develop a program when the program is executed or as a buffer memory for temporarily recording data. The flash memory is a non-volatile memory in which various parameters read during program execution are recorded.

  The image processing execution unit 203a can perform image processing using the image processing parameters recorded in the additional information unit on the Raw data stored in the image file read from the memory card via the connection IF 202. it can. At this time, if the image processing parameter is determined by manual setting in the digital camera 100 as described above, the auto setting is selected in the additional information section together with the image processing parameter determined by manual setting. Since the image processing parameters are also recorded, the user can select which image processing parameter is used for image processing.

  For example, when the additional information section includes the above-described contrast tag and contrast auto tag, if the user instructs to automatically perform the contrast adjustment, the image processing execution section 203a displays the contrast auto tag. The gamma curve number is read from the image, and gradation conversion is performed using the gradation correction characteristic corresponding to it. Note that the gradation conversion characteristic data corresponding to each gamma curve number is recorded in the HDD 204 in advance.

  In contrast adjustment during auto setting, the gamma curve number is determined based not only on the information that can be acquired from the image data as described above, but also on the distance measuring sensor 108 and lens information. If the current gamma curve number is recorded, the contrast adjustment result at the time of auto setting cannot be reproduced on the personal computer 200 side. In contrast, according to the present embodiment, the gamma curve number at the time of auto setting is recorded in the image file together with the gamma curve number at the time of manual setting. As a result, even when the digital camera 100 is manually set, the contrast adjustment result at the time of auto setting can be reproduced on the personal computer 200.

  FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the processing of the personal computer 200 in the present embodiment. The processing shown in FIG. 5 is executed by the control device 203 as a program that is activated when the user instructs execution of contrast adjustment on image data.

  In step S210, the image processing execution unit 203a determines whether the user has instructed to automatically adjust the contrast. If the determination is affirmative, the process proceeds to step S220, and the image processing execution unit 203a reads the gamma curve number recorded in the contrast auto tag from the additional information section of the image file, and proceeds to step S240. On the other hand, if a negative determination is made, the process proceeds to step S230, and the image processing execution unit 203a reads the gamma curve number recorded in the contrast tag from the additional information section of the image file, and proceeds to step S240. .

  In step S240, the image processing execution unit 203a reads gradation conversion characteristic data corresponding to the gamma curve number read in step S220 or step S230 from the HDD 104, and proceeds to step S250. In step S250, the image processing execution unit 203a performs gradation conversion processing on the Raw data stored as the main image in the image file using the read gradation conversion characteristics. Thereafter, the process proceeds to step S260, and the image processing execution unit 203a outputs the image data after the gradation conversion process to the monitor 205, and ends the process.

According to the present embodiment described above, the following operational effects can be obtained.
(1) The image processing parameter determination unit 104a calculates a setting value indicating the processing level of image processing, that is, an image processing parameter, which is referred to when processing Raw data acquired by the image sensor 103 based on the image data. . Then, a setting value at the time of image processing is selected from a setting value calculated by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a or a predetermined setting value. The image processing parameter recording unit 104c generates an image file including the image data, the selected setting value, and the automatically calculated setting value. Thus, regardless of the settings of the digital camera 100, it is possible to reproduce image processing based on the image processing parameters automatically determined by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a on the personal computer 200 that has read the image file.

(2) The image processing is assumed to be contrast adjustment processing, and the gamma curve number for specifying the gradation conversion characteristic used for contrast adjustment is recorded in the additional information portion of the image file. Accordingly, the personal computer 200 that has read the image file can read the tag information from the additional information section and reproduce the contrast adjustment set by the digital camera 100.

(3) The image processing parameter determination unit 104a determines the gamma curve number based on the output signal from the distance measuring sensor 108 provided in the digital camera 100. For this reason, by recording the determined gamma curve number in the additional information section of the image file, the digital camera 100 can determine even the personal computer 200 that cannot acquire information from the distance measuring sensor 108 of the digital camera 100. It is possible to perform contrast adjustment using tone conversion characteristics corresponding to the optimum gamma curve number.

-Modification-
Note that the image processing system of the above-described embodiment can be modified as follows.

(1) In the above-described embodiment, the case where the image processing is contrast adjustment has been described. However, as described above, the present invention can also be applied when the image processing is saturation adjustment, white balance adjustment, contour enhancement, and the like. For example, when the image processing is saturation adjustment, the image processing parameter determination unit 104a sets optimal saturation based on an output signal from the photometric sensor 107 and a luminance histogram calculated from the image data. The image processing parameters for this may be set automatically.

  Then, when the saturation adjustment is manually set, the image processing parameter recording unit 104c records the image processing parameter corresponding to the item selected by the user in the saturation tag included in the additional information portion of the image file. To do. The image processing parameter automatically determined by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a is recorded in the saturation auto tag. On the other hand, when the saturation adjustment is set to auto, the image processing parameters automatically determined by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a are recorded in the saturation tag included in the additional information portion of the image file and the saturation auto tag. .

  When the image processing is white balance adjustment, the image processing parameter recording unit 104c displays the white balance tag included in the additional information portion of the image file by the user when the white balance adjustment is manually set. An image processing parameter corresponding to the selected item is recorded. Further, the image processing parameter automatically determined by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a is recorded in the white balance auto tag. On the other hand, when the white balance adjustment is set to auto, the image processing parameters automatically determined by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a are recorded in the white balance tag included in the additional information portion of the image file and the white balance auto tag. To do.

  When the image processing is edge enhancement, the image processing parameter recording unit 104c is selected by the user as the edge enhancement tag included in the additional information portion of the image file when the edge enhancement is set manually. The image processing parameter corresponding to the selected item is recorded. In addition, the image processing parameter automatically determined by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a is recorded in the contour enhancement auto tag. On the other hand, when the contour enhancement is set to auto, the image processing parameters automatically determined by the image processing parameter determination unit 104a are recorded in the contour emphasis tag included in the additional information portion of the image file and the contour emphasis auto tag. .

  Note that as image processing, only one of the above-described image processing may be targeted, and a manual setting tag and an auto setting tag corresponding to the image processing may be provided in the additional information portion of the image file. In addition, for two or more of the above image processes, a manual setting tag and an auto setting tag corresponding to each of the plurality of image processes may be provided in the additional information section of the image file.

(2) In the embodiment described above, the image processing parameter recording unit 104c detects the contrast for each of the contrast tag and the contrast auto tag included in the additional information portion of the image file when the contrast adjustment is set to auto. The example in which the gamma curve number determined in the part 3g is recorded has been described. However, when the contrast adjustment is set to auto, the image processing parameter recording unit 104c may record the gamma curve number determined by the contrast detection unit 3g only in the contrast auto tag.

(3) In the above-described embodiment, a contrast tag and a contrast auto tag are provided in the additional information part of the image file, and image processing parameters, that is, gamma curve numbers are recorded in the tag, whereby image data and image processing are recorded. An example of associating parameters has been described. However, image data and image processing parameters may be stored in separate files and associated with each other.

(4) In the above-described embodiment, the example in which the personal computer 200 captures the image file from the digital camera 100 via the memory card has been described. However, the personal computer 200 and the digital camera 100 may be connected by wireless or wired communication, and may be captured by wireless communication or wired communication. In this case, it is necessary to mount a communication device on each of the personal computer 200 and the digital camera 100. For example, when an image file is captured by wireless communication, a wireless LAN module is mounted on each, and when an image file is captured by wired communication, a USB module may be mounted on each.

  Note that the present invention is not limited to the configurations in the above-described embodiments as long as the characteristic functions of the present invention are not impaired.

1 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an embodiment of an image processing system. It is a figure which shows the specific example of the setting menu for contrast adjustment, and a gamma curve number table. It is a figure which shows typically the flow of the data at the time of contrast auto setting. 2 is a flowchart showing processing of the digital camera 100. FIG. FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing processing of the personal computer 200.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Image processing system, 100 Camera, 101, 201 Operation member, 102 Lens, 103 Image sensor, 104, 203 Control apparatus, 104a Image processing parameter determination part, 104b, 203a Image processing execution part, 104c Image processing parameter recording part, 105 Memory card slot, 106, 205 Monitor, 200 Personal computer, 202 Connection IF, 202a Memory card reader, 204 HDD

Claims (5)

Imaging means for capturing a subject image and acquiring image data;
Image processing means for performing image processing on the image data acquired by the imaging means;
A setting value automatic calculation means for calculating a setting value for instructing a processing level of the image processing, which is referred to when the image processing means processes the image data,
A setting means for selecting a setting value to be referred to by the image processing means from a setting value calculated by the setting value automatic calculating means, or a predetermined setting value;
And image file generation means for generating an image file including the image data acquired by the imaging means, the setting value selected by the selection means, and the setting value calculated by the setting value automatic calculation means. Digital camera. The digital camera according to claim 1, wherein
The digital camera according to claim 1, wherein the image processing is at least one of contrast adjustment processing, saturation adjustment processing, white balance adjustment processing, and contour enhancement processing. The digital camera according to claim 1 or 2,
A photometric sensor for detecting luminance information of the subject image;
The digital camera is characterized in that the set value automatic calculation means calculates the set value based on luminance information from the photometric sensor. The digital camera according to claim 1 or 2,
It is further equipped with a ranging sensor that detects distance information to the subject,
The set value automatic calculating means calculates the set value based on distance information to a subject calculated based on a signal detected by the distance measuring sensor. A digital camera according to any one of claims 1 to 4, and an image processing apparatus,
The image processing apparatus includes:
Image file reading means for reading the image file recorded by the digital camera;
The image data included in the image file read by the image file reading unit is subjected to image processing with reference to the setting value selected by the selection unit included in the image file, or the image file A set value determining means for determining whether to perform image processing with reference to the set value calculated by the set value automatic calculating means included;
An image processing system comprising: image processing execution means for performing image processing on image data included in the read image file based on the setting value determined by the setting value determination means.

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