JP2008517366A - Administer authorized domains with greater flexibility - Google Patents

Abstract

In an authorized domain, managing the devices that can access the content is a major challenge. Authorized domains must be limited to relatively small groups of devices in order to obtain a solution that is acceptable to both content providers and users. Current solutions are usually timeless and are too rigorous to be user friendly, or are not effective enough to limit the size of authorized domains. The present invention provides a user friendly, flexible, but effective method for managing the size of authorized domains. The method proposes to combine a plurality of separate restriction functions, each configured to limit the size of an authorized domain. If a combination of restriction functions makes one or more other restriction functions more restrictive, the limit of one restriction function can be made less restrictive, so that The resulting limit on size becomes more flexible.

Description

  The present invention relates to an authorized domain digital rights management (AD-DRM) system configured to adjust the size of an authorized domain. Authorized domains are device-based, personal-based, or hybrid, depending on the first restriction function associated with the limit. The present invention relates to a method for adjusting the size of an authorized domain, where the authorized domain is device-based, personal-based or hybrid, depending on a first restriction function associated with the limit.

  Recent trends in content distribution technologies (ie, the Internet and removable media) have made content exchange much easier than before. The rapid adoption of consumers reveals that the aforementioned technologies are actually meeting their needs. One technique for managing access to digital content is digital rights management (DRM). DRM is the digital management of copyright and is the description, identification, transaction, protection, monitoring and tracking of all forms of copyright usage. DRM, for example, allows content providers, service providers, and service distributors to protect their content and maintain control over distribution. Content can be protected and / or managed by placing restrictions on each (digital) content or on each device that accesses the content.

  A special case of a DRM system is an authorized domain digital rights management (AD-DRM) system. The AD-DRM system is a system that manages copyright in an authorized domain. Authorized domains can be viewed as devices, media, copyrights, and user environments. In this environment, the user and the device handle the content by copyright, but the content is handled with relative degrees of freedom when performed within the boundaries of the authorized domain.

  Typically, an authorized domain defines a household by a home network and a number of users around the home network (in the home, within a group of cohabitants, etc.). Of course, other scenarios such as corporate networks are possible. In an authorized domain, typically all devices and all users / individuals can access content associated with that particular authorized domain. In addition, the user can take a portable audio and / or video device with a limited amount of content to travel and use it in his hotel room to use his personal audio system at home and It is possible to access or download further content stored in the personal video system. The portable device can be part of the user's authorized domain, even outside the home network. Authorized domains can be device-based, personal-based or hybrid. A device-based, authorized domain is a system that allows access to content by devices in the domain, but does not allow access to content by any other device. A person-based authorized domain is a system in which access to content is restricted to identified individuals, for example, by a license or certificate. A hybrid authorized domain is a system in which access to content is a combination of individual-based access and device-based access.

  Members of authorized domains (ie, households, etc.) shall be able to share content in a socially acceptable context. Therefore, management of access to content can be changed to management of the range of authorized domains. Thus, in an authorized domain, the management of which the device is (possibly) part of a particular domain is a major challenge. Inherent in the concept of an authorized domain is that the size of the domain depends on the device and / or user in order to obtain a workable solution (ie a solution that is acceptable to both the content industry and the consumer). It must be limited to a relatively small group. Throughout this specification, the term “size” of an authorized domain is a measure of the number of devices / or users in the authorized domain.

  The main reason for limiting the size of an authorized domain is that the domain extends indefinitely across the Internet (so that people open the authorized domain to all outsiders elsewhere in the world) It is to prevent that. By limiting the size of the authorized domain, the user has an incentive to allow only his own device to be part of the domain.

  Thus, in order to meet the needs of content providers and service providers, the exchange and use of content between different households shall be controllable. However, restrictions on the free use of content are always cumbersome for consumers / users. The concept of an authorized domain is intended to give the user freedom in this restricted environment. In this concept, the problem of limiting consumer / user freedom is largely translated from the use of content to the construction of an authorized domain. Thus, once an authorized domain is configured, content within the authorized domain can be freely accessed within the authorized domain.

The focus of most proposals on determining whether content is being used legally or illegally has so far resulted in approaches / or strategies to limit the size of authorized domains. These are usually
Restriction strategies focused on simple viable implementations,
It falls into two categories: restricted measures that focus on the user experience in making it visible to the general user.

  Typically, previous restriction strategies impose very strict limits on the size of an authorized domain (eg, a fixed maximum number of devices that can be part of the same authorized domain). This implements a very specific limit on the number of devices in an authorized domain, but it is not really user friendly and its strictness is not insensitive to the times. In addition, the above measures limit the authorized domain to households in that the devices of neighboring people or family members that are not part of the household may be part of the authorized domain. Not. The aforementioned type of restriction strategy has its simple invalidation mechanism thereby making it unacceptable.

For specific restriction methods or restrictions, limit the size of the home (or primary) network to a fixed maximum number of devices (eg, SmartRight). This kind of restriction strategy is easy to implement It is. However, it is difficult to determine in advance what a reasonable value should be for a fixed maximum value, and it is difficult to recover the copyright associated with a stolen or disassembled device.

  By limiting the number of sessions that individuals in a domain / network can render, in that an individual can only register a limited number of simultaneous actions, the natural limit to content is The number of sessions that an individual needs. Thus, the number of sessions in the network is proportional to the number of members in the network. In this case, the number of devices is irrelevant in that the limiting factor is the number of sessions. See International Patent Application No. 03092264 (Attorney Docket Number PHNL020372).

  Restriction by registration The user shall register his / her authorized domain and the devices belonging thereto with registration authority. The registration authority constantly monitors the size of the authorized domain, and constantly monitors for abnormal behavior (such as registration of an excessive number of new devices) in the domain management operation. An example of a system with the above strategy is xCP. Further development of the registration policy to restrict allows the user to register with higher authority when the device limit is reached. This can be associated with higher costs.

  Restrictions by proving active A device that is a member of an authorized domain must still be a legal member of the domain (eg, with other devices in the authorized domain, or authorized Interact with a central device in the domain and re-execute their registration procedure at specific time intervals). For example, see the specification of International Patent Application No. 03/092264 (Attorney Docket No. PHNL020372).

  Proximity strategy based on the principle of proximity This follows the principle that the authorized domain shall be restricted to a single household. Devices that are close to each other are likely to be associated with a single household. There are several ways to prove the aforementioned proximity (such as specific distance measurement subsystems based on GPS or based on certified distance measurement protocols). See, for example, International Patent Application No. 04/014037 (Attorney Docket Number PHNL020681) and European Patent Application No. 04104717.6 (Attorney Docket Number PHNL041038). However, in certain cases, the devices are not necessarily close to each other, even though they belong to individuals in the authorized domain (eg, audio and / or video devices in a car or television receiver in a second home). It may not be, and therefore shall be further considered part of the authorized domain.

  Each of the aforementioned limiting techniques or limiting strategies has advantages and disadvantages as described above. The main drawback is that none of the restriction techniques or measures can be easily implemented and flexible, while at the same time being safe from withdrawal and / or fraud.

  It is an object of the present invention to provide a system configured to adjust the size of an authorized domain while solving at least some of the aforementioned drawbacks. A further object is to provide a flexible and user-friendly system with improved safety against withdrawals and / or fraudulent means compared to current flexible systems.

  The foregoing objective is achieved in a system in which the size of the authorized domain is adjusted by one or more further limiting functions, each associated with an individual limit. One or more further limiting functions constitute multiple limiting functions with the first limiting function, and the limiting functions are more limited by the limits of one or more other limiting functions in the aforementioned multiples. It is possible to change the limit of one limiting function to be less restrictive, provided that it is changed to be more restrictive. This achieves a flexible system (utilizing the advantage (ie, simple feasibility) of adjusting the authorized domain by the limit function associated with the limit). Each limit function can limit the size of an authorized domain, resulting in a domain size if the limits of one limit function can affect the limits of one or more other limit functions The limit becomes more flexible. This gives the user a relaxed restriction on the use of content in the authorized domain.

  In the preferred embodiment, the system is configured to allow the user to select a function within a plurality of restricted functions from the restricted function set. Therefore, it is possible to select the most appropriate restriction from the total restriction set supported by the AD-DRM system. One user may want a higher limit on the number of devices in the authorized domain, while another user has a large interval between re-registration of any of the devices in their authorized domain May want. Furthermore, this embodiment provides an upgrade path for restrictions within the authorized domain in that devices added to the authorized domain may have a new restriction function. The AD-DRM system can be configured to use all available limiting functions as described above when it detects that a new limiting function exists in the system. The term “device” means any device capable of processing content (radio receiver, DVD player, CD player, CD-ROM player, television receiver, VCR, tape deck, personal computer, MP3 player, Tuners / decoders, set top boxes, mobile phones, etc.).

  In another preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention, if the limit associated with a limit function within a plurality of limit functions is exceeded by a proposed domain management action, one or more other limit functions in the plurality are Gives the user the possibility to change the limit to be less restrictive, provided that the limit is changed to be more restrictive. Thus, proposed domain management actions (such as changing either the number of devices in the authorized domain or the constellation (eg, adding or removing devices from the authorized domain), etc.) The AD DRM system can invite the user to take action and / or propose the possibility to do so to avoid exceeding this limit if the limit associated with the is there. Of course, the above-mentioned possibility relates to changing one or more limits of the limiting functions within multiple limiting functions, for example, reducing the interval between re-registrations (the user can immediately re-register the device Can do so, and thus can comply with this restriction), increase limits on stability within an authorized domain, and so on. If the limit of the limit function is the upper limit (lower limit, respectively), changing the limit function to be more restrictive corresponds to lowering (increasing, respectively) the limit, while the limit function is less restrictive Changing corresponds to increasing (decreasing, respectively) the limit.

  Furthermore, the system according to the invention can preferably be configured to deny content access if the limit associated with the restriction function in the plurality of restriction functions is exceeded. Thereby, unauthorized content access is avoided if it is not possible to meet all the current limits of the restricted function.

  Since the above limit can constitute the upper boundary of a limit function, the expression “limit of limit function is exceeded” means that the limit function extends beyond the limit. However, it is conceivable that the above limit constitutes the lower boundary of the limiting function. In this case, the expression “the limit of the limit function is exceeded” means that the limit function is smaller than the above limit.

  In a preferred embodiment, the system according to the present invention is configured to construct a combined function from a plurality of restricted functions. Limits associated with the limit function are input to the combination function, and the combination function is configured to output a value. By representing the interrelationship between the various limit limits as a combinatorial function (which outputs this value), an easily feasible way of using the present invention is achieved.

  In a further preferred embodiment, the system is configured to compare the output value to a threshold value by any domain management operation. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the system is configured to compare the output value with a threshold by any content access to any device in the authorized domain. This provides an easily feasible way to determine whether the limits of the limiting functions in the plurality are all met by comparing the output value and the threshold. The current limit function limit may be the original limit or limits changed by the above. A comparison between the output value and the threshold can be used to provide an indication of whether content access is allowed within the authorized domain. Content access may or may not be allowed throughout the authorized domain or on one or more devices within the authorized domain.

  In a further preferred embodiment, the system is configured to reject content access if the output value exceeds a threshold. This provides a simple but user-friendly way to allow or deny / deny access to the content.

  Since the threshold value can constitute a boundary value above the output value, the expression “the output value exceeds the threshold value” means that the output value exceeds the threshold value. However, it is conceivable that the threshold value constitutes the lower boundary of the output value. In this case, the expression “the output value exceeds the threshold value” means that the output value becomes smaller than the threshold value.

  The control function of the AD-DRM system is preferably performed by an authorized domain manager. This is a device in the authorized domain that manages the AD-DRM system. Typically, the authorized domain manager is integrated into one of the consumer electronic devices in the authorized domain. However, an authorized domain manager can also be a separate device used primarily for the purpose of coordinating and managing authorized domains and content access within authorized domains.

  The invention further relates to a method for adjusting the size of an authorized domain. This advantage corresponds to the advantage of the method described above.

  The present invention will be described more fully hereinafter with respect to preferred embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an authorized domain AD. Authorized Domain AD is, N pieces of device D _1, D _2, ..., includes a D _N. N is a natural number. Examples of such devices include radio receivers, DVD players, CD players, CD-ROM players, television receivers, VCRs, tape decks, personal computers, MP3 players, tuner / decoders, set top boxes. . The device is configured to access content (music, movies, television programs, photos, text, books, etc.).

  The device may have a storage medium (such as a hard disk) for content recording and later playback. Alternatively, the device may have means for receiving the content and playing it immediately.

The authorized domain AD further comprises an authorized domain manager ADM. Each device D _i is capable of communicating with an authorized domain manager ADM. The communication channel can be a wireless connection or a conventional wired connection. However, it is also conceivable that a device can communicate with another device (which can communicate with an authorized domain manager instead of directly with an authorized domain manager).

  In certain architectures, administrative functions are handled in a distributed manner, so an authorized domain manager ADM is not required. A plurality of devices in the AD then provide the function of the ADM together.

The authorized domain manager ADM can be a separate device as shown in FIG. 1 or can be integrated into one of the devices D _i (i∈ [1; N]). is there. The authorized domain manager ADM is a device that regulates authorized domains by a plurality of restriction functions. Therefore, the function of the Authorized Domain manager, for example, which device comprises the steps of communicating with the device D _i to update it is part of an authorized domain, devices in the domain AD approved ADM and authorization by registering and limiting the number of devices, registering and limiting the number of device changes in the authorized domain AD, limiting functions in multiple limiting functions used in the authorized domain AD A step of registering a contact period with each device Di in the domain. Thus, the authorized domain manager ADM determines whether a new device can be added to the authorized domain. Furthermore, the authorized domain manager ADM also achieves the result when one or more of the limits of the limit functions within the limit functions are exceeded. Examples of the foregoing results include preventing one or more of the devices D _i from accessing the content, unauthorized copying of content to unauthorized devices and / or unprotected content Encourage the user to take action to correct any of the limits of the limit function, block the function in the authorized domain from leakage, and / or perform the above action by the user There may be a process that suggests.
As described above, the authorized domain and the authorized domain manager are responsible for managing the copyright within the authorized domain, a digital rights management (AD-DRM) system for the authorized domain (not shown). ).

A device D _i in an authorized domain AD retrieves content from an integrated storage medium (such as a hard disk) or removable storage medium (such as a DVD, CD, video tape, cassette tape, etc.) It can be configured as follows. In addition, any device _Di is configured to retrieve content from devices outside the authorized domain, such as by wireless connection, Internet connection, broadband cable network, satellite downlink, etc. (not shown in FIG. 1). It is possible.

  Some of the specific architectures of the authorized domains are International Patent Application No. 03/098931 (Attorney Docket Number PHNL020455), European Patent Application No. 03100772.7 (Attorney Docket Number PHNL030283), European Patent Application No. 03102281.7 (Attorney Docket Number PHNL030926), European Patent Application No. 04100997.8 (Attorney Docket Number PHNL040288), F. Kamperman and W. Jonker, P. Lenoir and B. vd Heuvel, Secure content management in authorized domains, Proc. IBC2002, pages 467-475, Sept. 2002. Authorized domains include issues (identified domain identification, device check-in, device check-out, copyright check-in, copyright check-out, content check-in, content check-out, and domain management Etc.).

FIG. 2a schematically illustrates a restriction function having fixed limits in two dimensions (ie, restriction functions X ≦ C ₁ and Y ≦ C ₂ ). Examples of the limiting functions described above are “number of devices in authorized domain <10”, “number of domain changes per month <5”, “contact between any device and ADM. An interval <2 weeks "or the like. Thus, ADM allows devices in the authorized domain to access content in the authorized domain when both of the aforementioned restriction functions are met (ie, in the hatched area). Shall. In FIG. 2a, both restriction functions must be satisfied before allowing content access.

  FIG. 2b schematically illustrates a two-dimensional combination limit function corresponding to the present invention. In FIG. 2b, a simple linear relationship between the limits for the X and Y values (ie, “X + Y ≦ C”) provides a combination of two limits (eg, the limit function of FIG. 2a). The area of the hatched region in FIG. 2b is substantially equal to the area of the hatched region in FIG. 2a. The combination limiting function of FIG. 2b, although still limiting, increases flexibility by increasing the possible maximum values X and Y of X and Y of FIG. 2b compared to those of FIG. 2a.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of combinations of restriction functions in three dimensions. The limit function is
Max Devices (ie, the maximum number of devices in an authorized domain)
Period of contact with the ADM (ie, the period after which the device must re-register with an authorized domain manager)
Domain change (i.e., maximum frequency tolerance change in the configuration of an authorized domain) This provides an active / stability measure of the configuration of an authorized domain.

  The authorized domain manager ADM is configured to combine the three limit functions into one combined limit function as shown in FIG. 3, so that the current limits of all three limit functions are met in FIG. Corresponds to the column. If the contact period with the ADM is daily and the domain change is minimized, a maximum of 40 devices can be obtained, so the authorized domain becomes “semi-fixed”. 3 can be seen. However, if it is sufficient that the maximum number of devices is 30, this can be obtained in several ways (eg, the contact period with the ADM is daily and the frequency of domain changes is “periodic” Or if the authorized domain is semi-fixed and the contact period with the ADM is monthly). Of course, the values in FIG. 3 are exemplary only, for example, on the condition that the number of devices is limited to a daily (or more frequent) contact period with the ADM and a highly stable AD configuration. , 1000 (similar to infinity) may be possible.

  The combination function of FIG. 3 determines whether or not devices in the authorized domain can access the content and / or constitutes the authorized domain / the criteria belonging to the authorized domain. It can be used by any check by the authorized domain manager ADM to see if the device meets. This check may be performed, for example, during any authorized domain transaction or during content access to any device within the authorized domain.

  In the case where a check is made during an authorized domain transaction, and in the case corresponding to FIG. 3, the authorized domain manager ADM determines the authorization of the authorized domain before making a decision to change the current domain. It is possible to collect information about its last contact with each device in the authorized domain and the stability of the authorized domain. Based on the collected information, the authorized domain manager determines whether changes such as addition of devices to the authorized domain are permitted. If this change has already reached the maximum number of devices in the authorized domain (and assumes values on the other axes) and is not immediately permissible, The manager shall provide the user proposing the change with the possibility to change the maximum number of devices by changing the limit of one or both of the other restriction functions to be more restrictive. In the example of FIG. 3, this is achieved by reducing contact duration (by bringing contact between the ADM and all devices and the ADM with the longest contact duration or one or more devices having the longest contact duration. Can be achieved). Alternatively, the number of domain changes per hour is reduced to an acceptable level corresponding to the maximum number of devices desired in AD (this is automatic if no changes in the authorized domain are made for a specific period of time). The user can wait until it happens).

  If a check is made during content access, each device in the authorized domain will receive a current contact with the authorized domain manager based on information received by the last contact with the authorized domain manager. It is possible to retrieve the period of contact required. If the limit function corresponds to that shown in FIG. 3, each device can store the last time contacted with an authorized domain manager. During content access on the device, the authorized domain DRM system determines whether the device is within normal operating limits (ie, any of the restriction functions in the restriction functions for the device). It can be configured to check whether the current limit is met and / or whether the output value of the combination function avoids exceeding a threshold). The system of authorized domain DRM is configured to be able to deny or allow content access (to one, multiple or all of the devices in the authorized domain) depending on the result of the inspection Content access to the device is only possible if any suitable function or functions are satisfied.

この例では、
「number of devices＜２０」
「oldest registration＜1 month」
「oldest proximity check＜2 months」
のファンクションが存在していることを前提としている。 Even though the combinatorial limiting function of FIG. 2b and the combinatorial limiting function of FIG. 3 are shown as substantially linear functions, the combinatorial function can be any suitable function (eg, polygonal function, superfunction, discrete function, etc.). ). Furthermore, even if the combination function of FIG. 3 represented in the column is a discrete function, any continuous function can be used as appropriate. Alternatively, the area / volume that must limit the scope of authorized domains can be expressed as a set of logical rules, as in the following example.
Example:

In this example,
“Number of devices <20”
“Oldest registration <1 month”
"Oldest proximity check <2 months"
It is assumed that a function exists.

  Further, the term “valid” shall correspond to a situation where all the current limits of the limit functions in the plurality of limit functions are met.

  In the above example, the restriction function “oldest registration <1 month” or the restriction function “oldest proximity check <2 months” is changed so that the restriction function “number of devices <20” becomes more restrictive. Changed to be no more restrictive. Thus, the maximum value of the restriction function “number of devices” is not fixed, but can be increased under the condition that one or more other restrictive functions are more restrictive. However, while some of the popular limiting functions have a fixed maximum value, some of the other limiting functions may have flexible limits. Therefore, it is not necessary to link all the restricted functions.

  In addition, the limiting functions in FIGS. 2b and 3 could be chosen by the user from a set of limiting functions, so that the user can select the limiting function that is most convenient or appropriate (ie, least cumbersome). It is possible to choose. As described above, the set of restricted functions can be expanded as new devices are added to the authorized domain.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an authorized domain. FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a limiting function having a fixed limit in two dimensions corresponding to the prior art. FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically illustrating a combination restriction function in two dimensions corresponding to the present invention. It is a figure which shows the example of the combination of a restriction | limiting function in three dimensions.

Claims (19)

An authorized domain digital rights management (AD-DRM) system configured to adjust the size of an authorized domain, wherein the authorized domain is a first restriction function associated with a limit. Depending on device-based, personal-based or hybrid,
The size of the authorized domain is adjusted by one or more further limiting functions, each associated with an individual limit, wherein the one or more additional limiting functions are a plurality of with the first limiting function. Configure the limit function,
The plurality of limiting functions change the limits of one limiting function to be less restrictive provided that one or more limits of other limiting functions in the plurality are changed to be more restrictive. A system that is combined to be able to do.   The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured to allow a user to select a function in the plurality of restricted functions from a restricted function set.   3. A system as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein one or more other in the plurality when the limit associated with the restriction function in the plurality of restriction functions is exceeded by a proposed domain management operation. A system that gives the user the possibility to change the limit to be less restrictive, provided that the limit of the limit function is changed to be more restrictive.   4. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the system is configured to reject content access when a limit associated with a restriction function in the plurality of restriction functions is exceeded.   5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the system is configured to configure a combination function from the plurality of restriction functions, a limit related to the restriction function is input to the combination function, and the combination function is A system that is configured to output a value.   6. The system of claim 5, wherein the output value is compared with a threshold value by any domain management operation.   6. The system of claim 5, wherein the output value is compared to a threshold by any content access to any device in the authorized domain.   8. The system according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the system is configured to reject content access when the output value exceeds the threshold value. A method for adjusting the size of an authorized domain, wherein the authorized domain is device-based, personal-based or hybrid, depending on a first restriction function associated with a limit;
Adjusting the size of the authorized domain by one or more further restriction functions each associated with an individual limit, wherein the one or more further restriction functions are the first restriction function. And configuring a plurality of restriction functions with
Change the limit functions to be less restrictive, provided that the limits of one limit function are changed such that the limits of one or more other limit functions in the plurality are changed. Combining the steps so as to be possible. The method of claim 9, wherein
A method further comprising causing a user to select a function within the plurality of restricted functions from a set of restricted functions.   11. The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein when a limit associated with a limit function in the plurality of limit functions is exceeded by a proposed domain management operation, one or more other in the plurality A method further comprising the step of giving a user the possibility to change the limit to be less restrictive, provided that the limit of the limit function is changed to be more restrictive.   12. A method as claimed in any of claims 9 to 11, further comprising the step of rejecting content access if a limit associated with a restriction function in the plurality of restriction functions is exceeded.   The method according to any of claims 9 to 12, further comprising the step of configuring a combination function from the plurality of restriction functions, wherein a limit associated with the restriction function in the plurality is input to the combination function, The method wherein the combination function is configured to output a value.   14. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of comparing the output value with a threshold by any domain management operation.   14. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of comparing the output value with a threshold by any content access to any device in the authorized domain.   16. The method according to claim 14 or 15, further comprising the step of rejecting content access when the output value exceeds the threshold.   An authorized domain (AD) generated by a system according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or by a method according to any one of claims 9 to 16.   17. A program comprising a software code portion for performing the method according to any one of claims 9 to 16, wherein the program can be directly loaded into a memory of the device, and when the program is executed in the device.   17. A medium readable by an apparatus and having a program stored thereon, the medium configured to cause the apparatus to execute the method according to any one of claims 9 to 16.

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