JP2008242596A - Three-dimensional display apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To highlight three-dimensional images of objects by means of appropriate image changes depending on a viewer's viewpoint. <P>SOLUTION: An object area S1 in and out of view in an unobstructed condition and an object area S2 visible in an obstructed condition are calculated, and a ratio of the visible object area is calculated as S2/S1. Image changes are highlighted more as the area ratio S2/S1 is smaller and less as the area ratio S2/S1 is larger. An entire view area S0 on a two-dimensional screen viewed from the viewer's viewpoint is calculated, and a ratio of the object area in and out of view in an unobstructed condition is calculated as S1/S0. The image is highlighted more as the area ratio S1/S0 is smaller and less as the area ratio S1/S0 is larger. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

The present invention relates to an image change such as a size change, a shape change, a movement, and a blinking of an object image that is more conspicuous than an image of an obstacle that obstructs the field of view of an object in a three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional concept space by computer graphics. The present invention relates to a three-dimensional display device that displays using a screen.
In particular, when displaying an object in a three-dimensional virtual space based on computer graphics, the present invention provides, among other things, an object group such as an object of interest of a viewer, an object of search, an object of interest, etc. The present invention relates to an expression method that is easily visually distinguishable from other objects and that is psychologically interesting.

  A system that reproduces an actual three-dimensional space as a three-dimensional virtual space by computer graphics (CG) can give the viewer a sense of being in an actual three-dimensional space, and search for an object in a map. Used for. By representing objects such as buildings and mountains in 3D with CG and making the viewpoint the same as the height of a person, it is possible to reproduce the sight witnessed when you are in real space. Especially in search systems and navigation systems, the surrounding objects are objects of interest and can also be visual obstacles. To visually inform the viewer of the building that the viewer wants to search, the obstacle Expression methods and techniques are used, such as making the object transparent or translucent, marking the object, changing the color of the object or obstacle, or attaching an arrow pointing in the direction of the object.

Furthermore, in Patent Documents 1 and 2 below, using the psychology that humans pay attention to moving objects rather than being stationary, only the target object is animated, shaken left and right, deformed, By performing dynamic processing such as returning to the shape of the viewer, it is possible to guide the viewer to be interested in the target object due to the visual effect.
JP2003-317116 (Abstract, FIG. 2, FIG. 4) JP 2003-340662 (abstract, FIGS. 4 and 5)

  The above-described method of marking only an object with an arrow or the like, or displaying an obstacle transparently is effective when there is only one object, but there are a plurality of objects and they are along the line of sight. When there are multiple lines in the depth, there are problems such as overlapping arrows or being unable to make them transparent to distinguish them. When looking at a map, it seems that the target group can be clearly seen by moving the viewpoint from directly above, but for example, the target object is a floor and expresses a plurality of specific floor groups of one building If you want to do it, you can't distinguish from the top view. There is not necessarily a viewpoint at which a plurality of object groups arbitrarily arranged in space can be seen at a glance.

  As a solution to these problems, it is conceivable to change the shape of the object. As a method for this, Patent Document 1 proposes an expression method such as animation that shakes a building or the like in which the person is interested in a dynamic thing, and shakes a building of interest. In spite of the great change in the appearance of, the dependency of the animation expression on the viewpoint is not mentioned as follows.

As long as the object exists in the three-dimensional space, the object looks different depending on the position (viewpoint) where the viewer is.
・ Things that look normal,
・ The actual size is small and looks small,
・ Even if the actual size is large, it looks far and small,
・ Even if the actual size is small, it will appear large in the vicinity,
-Even if the actual size is large, the shape is horizontally long, so it looks small when viewed from the side,
・ Things that are visually blocked by other objects,
-Even if it is in the immediate vicinity of the viewer, the viewer is looking in a different direction, so it cannot enter the boundary of view and cannot be seen. Therefore, an appropriate visual display method must be applied to the object according to the situation.

Therefore, when the expression method of Patent Document 1 is applied, when the viewpoint moves, as a visual problem, the dynamic motion of the object may sway parallel to the viewing line of sight depending on the viewing angle and direction of the viewpoint. In some cases, it may be difficult to understand from the viewpoint. Also,
・ If there is a building adjacent to the right and left of the building of the target object, there is a problem that even if the building swings to the left or right, the movement is hidden.
・ Furthermore, when there are multiple objects, even if the object is shaken, when one object is near from the viewpoint and the other objects are far away, the dynamic change of the far object is too small It is difficult to understand.
・ Also, the nearer object shakes more loudly than the field of view, and the viewer feels annoying.
-Also, as a psychological problem, if the viewer ignores himself and realizes that the object is moving unilaterally inorganically, he loses interest in the moving object.

  In view of the above-described problems of the conventional example, the present invention provides a three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional conceptual space based on computer graphics in which an object image is noticeably larger in size and shape than an obstacle image that obstructs the field of view of the object. A three-dimensional display device capable of conspicuously displaying a three-dimensional image of an object using an appropriate image change according to a viewer's viewpoint when displaying using image changes such as movement and blinking The purpose is to provide.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention displays an image of an object in a three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional conceptual space by computer graphics using an image change that is more conspicuous than an image of an obstacle that obstructs the visual field of the object. In the three-dimensional display device
Means for calculating a distance from a viewer's viewpoint in the three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional concept space to the object;
Based on the calculated distance, means for displaying an image change that is more conspicuous as the object is farther from the viewer's viewpoint, and displaying the image change that is less conspicuous as the object is closer to the viewer's viewpoint;
It is characterized by having.
With this configuration, the distance from the viewer's viewpoint to the object is calculated, the object farther from the viewer's viewpoint is displayed with a more noticeable image change, and the object closer to the viewer's viewpoint is displayed with less noticeable image change. Since it displays, the three-dimensional image of a target object can be made conspicuous and displayed using the suitable image change according to a viewer's viewpoint.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention uses an image change that makes an image of an object more conspicuous than an image of an obstacle that obstructs the field of view of the object in a three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional conceptual space by computer graphics. In a three-dimensional display device that displays
The area S1 of the object inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle and the area S2 of the visible part of the object when there is an obstacle are calculated, and the area ratio of the visible part of the object = S2 / S1 is calculated. Means for calculating the area ratio;
Means for displaying with a noticeable image change as the area ratio = S2 / S1 is smaller, and displaying with a less noticeable image change as the area ratio = S2 / S1 is larger.
It is characterized by having.
With this configuration, the area ratio of the visible portion of the object when there is an obstacle = S2 / S1 is displayed with a conspicuous image, and the area ratio = S2 / S1 is displayed with a non-conspicuous image change. A three-dimensional image of an object can be made conspicuous and displayed using an appropriate image change according to the viewer's viewpoint.

Further, the present invention calculates the area S0 of the entire field of view on the two-dimensional screen viewed from the viewer's viewpoint, calculates the area ratio of objects inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle = S1 / S0, The smaller the area ratio = S1 / S0, the more conspicuous the image is displayed, and the larger the area ratio = S1 / S0, the less conspicuous the image is displayed.
Further, the visible portion is made conspicuous by an image change that increases the area ratio = S2 / S1 by increasing the area S2 of the visible portion of the object in the presence of the obstacle.
Further, the area ratio calculating means calculates the area ratio = S2 / S1 sequentially from the object close to the viewpoint, and increases the area S2 of the visible portion of the object, thereby changing the area S2. In consideration of the change of the area ratio = S2 / S1 of the target object, the area ratio = S2 / S1 of the target object behind the target object is calculated.
Further, the volume of the object in the three-dimensional virtual space or the three-dimensional conceptual space is calculated, and the object with a smaller calculated volume is displayed with a noticeable image change, and the image change with less noticeable as the calculated volume is larger. It is characterized by displaying.
In addition, when the object is displayed as a conspicuous image but is not conspicuous due to an obstacle displayed before the object, the shape of the obstacle is changed so that the object is conspicuous.
The three-dimensional virtual space is a view of a building below from above, wherein the object is a floor in the building, and the obstacle is a floor above the floor. .

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the three-dimensional image of a target object can be made to stand out and displayed using the suitable image change according to a viewer's viewpoint. For this reason, it is possible to search according to daily experiences such as meeting people with objects that are more easily visible from the viewer's viewpoint, more psychologically anthropomorphic, with more awareness of the viewer's viewpoint. It is possible to provide a spatial information guide.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. Here, in the present invention, in order to solve the visual and psychological problems described in the above “problem” and determine a pattern of dynamic change to an appropriate object or obstacle, Consider whether the object will eventually appear on a two-dimensional screen in the viewer's field of view. Therefore, as a possible method, first consider the distance between the object group and the viewpoint. Further, consider the volume of the object group and the area of the surface that constitutes it. Furthermore, as a more accurate method, an area in which all three-dimensional objects such as an object and an obstacle are projected from a viewpoint on a two-dimensional screen of a view visible to the viewer is considered. Two parameters, which will be described later, are defined from the area, thereby giving an appropriate anthropomorphic image or shape change to the object or obstacle. An anthropomorphic change here refers to the act of a person searching for a group of objects as the action of a person in a situation where the main character, the viewer, meets another person who is the object. It is something that imitates it. Thereby, a viewer can provide a system in which the spatial arrangement can be easily understood by performing a daily action in the search.

In the method using two parameters by the above projection,
The first parameter is an index related to “blocking” and “hidden surface” indicating how much the object is hidden due to an obstacle or a boundary of view. If the obstacle is due to another building or is out of sight, the object is judged not to be seen by the viewer, and the body is stretched to the position where it can be seen, tilted, or the visual obstacle tilted. .
Another parameter is an index indicating how large the 3D object occupies the entire screen on the 2D screen in view. This is because, as described above, even if the object changes shape so that it can be seen by the viewer by stretching back or tilting the head, the object is still far from the viewer's eyes. It is an index that indicates whether the object can be overlooked, such as it can only be seen small, or the object is originally small in size, so that it can only be seen small. In such a case, the object will change its image, make a fierce movement such as jumping or dancing, and wave its hand to say "Oh, this!" With a human-directed image change (face texture) .

(Embodiment)
First, how to change the shape of an image on a general object or obstacle will be described with reference to FIG. The shape image change means that the image changes as the object or obstacle is swayed from side to side, the shape is stretched, or enlarged as necessary. FIG. 1A shows a polygon shape based on three-dimensional building data obtained from map data. When a change in shape is required, the normal shape (three-dimensional data) is further divided in order to reproduce a smooth distortion of the shape of the building. For example, in the case of a simple rectangular parallelepiped building, as shown in FIG. This is because if all the buildings are divided from the beginning, the memory used by the computer is increased. Therefore, it is only necessary to perform division processing on the target buildings as needed.

  Further, examples in which the shape is changed are shown in FIGS. 1C, 1D, and 1E. Fig. 1 (c) shows a case where the building is simply stretched in the height direction (back stretch) (vector 2 in the figure), and Fig. 1 (d) is "back stretch" and the upper part of the building is larger. When enlarged horizontally, FIG. 1 (e) shows a case where the body is stretched and the upper part of the building is bent sideways. In order to realize these distortions by a program, it is realized by a technique such as performing coordinate transformation using a second or higher order multidimensional function, an inverse proportional function, a logarithmic function, or the like. In addition, as shown in FIG. 1 (e), when it is desired to bend the upper part of the building to point 3, the angle from the center bottom of the building to point 3 is divided by the number of segment 1 divided. By making it possible to reach point 3 with the sum of vector 2 representing segment 1, the effect of making the building appear to be bent to point 3 can be created. In order to dynamically display these, it is possible to produce dynamically by returning to FIG. 1B, which is a normal shape, at a constant time period, or changing to a deformed state. To change only the image, it can be realized by changing the texture such as the face facing the viewpoint.

  The “image change” referred to in the present invention includes a case where the image or shape always changes dynamically on the time axis, and a case where the image or shape changes and remains unchanged as it is. Further, it includes blinking, color change, etc., and also includes a combination of multiple types of image changes. The object here is not limited to a single building, but is only one floor of a building, a series of buildings, or an object that represents a concept in the concept space described later. Or a surface showing a concept. When the object is a specific floor of a building, the shape or the image changes only on that floor.

  The shape change of these objects and obstacles is a plane that always takes the line-of-sight vector as a normal line, considering the line-of-sight vector from the viewpoint to the object to be deformed so that it can correspond to the position of the viewpoint that the viewer changes. It is desirable to move on a curved surface. This makes it easy to see changes in the object from the viewpoint. If the viewpoint changes, the direction of shape change naturally changes.

  The method proposed by the present invention will be described as to what kind of image and shape change as described above should be moved at what speed and in what time period. For this reason, as shown in FIG. 5, the three-dimensional display device of the present invention has a data library of “object image and shape change” 106 that is given an index that is easily noticeable or not easily noticed (also simply referred to as a library) 106. Prepare.

  First, as a simple method, consider the distance between the object group and the viewpoint. Alternatively, consider the volume of the object group and the obstacle group, and the area of the surface constituting the volume. In order to produce an easy-to-view expression method for the viewer's field of view, if the distance is small, the object is in front of the user's eyes. If it is large, it will be overlooked far away, so it will give noticeable images and shape changes to the object. Similarly, if the volume or the surface is large, the image or shape change which is not easily noticeable is given to the object, and if the volume or surface is small, the image or shape change which is easily noticeable is given to the object. However, these methods are not accurate. If a distant object is large in size, it can be large in the screen. Further, even if the object has a large volume, if it is a long and narrow special shape, it can only be seen small from the side, so that it is overlooked by the viewer unless an image shape change that is conspicuous is given.

  Therefore, as the most accurate expression method proposed by the present invention, the projected area of the object on the two-dimensional screen of the field of view is considered. The viewer sees a three-dimensional object, but the final field of view is only a two-dimensional screen as shown in FIG. In the present invention, all objects and obstacles are considered as the area projected from the viewpoint onto this two-dimensional screen.

  The definition of each area on the two-dimensional screen of view is shown in FIG. First, the area indicated by the thick frame 4 in FIG. 2A is defined as “area S0 of the entire field of view”. Next, in the area indicated by the thick frame 5 in FIGS. 2B1 and 2B2, the area occupied by the object inside and outside the two-dimensional screen boundary of the field of view, without considering the hidden surface due to other objects, and the field of view The area that does not consider the hidden surface of the frame 4 is defined as “object area S1 inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle”. As shown in FIG. 2B1, the area S1 does not consider blocking by an obstacle in front. Further, as shown in FIG. 2 (b2), the area S1 is not blocked even if the object protrudes from the lateral frame 4 of the field of view. Naturally, if the object is in front of the eyes, the area S1 can be larger than the “area S0 of the entire field of view”.

Next, the area occupied by the object in the two-dimensional screen of the field of view within the area indicated by the thick frame 6 in FIGS. 2 (c1) and 2 (c2), taking into account the hidden surface due to other objects, and the frame of the field of view The remaining area excluding these hidden surfaces is defined as “visible object area S2”. The area S2 is an actual visible area. After defining these areas S0, S1, and S2, in the present invention, two important parameters are defined by the following mathematical expressions. First, the “visible partial area ratio” is defined as Equation 1 below.
"Visible partial area ratio"
= "Object area S2 in the visible part" / "object area S1 inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle"

  This is a value obtained by dividing the area S2 of the region indicated by the thick frame 6 in FIGS. 2 (c1) and (c2) by the area S1 of the region indicated by the thick frame 5 in FIGS. 2 (b1) and (b2), respectively. . “Visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” is an index indicating how much of an object such as a building is actually visible from the viewer's viewpoint. Consider the hidden side for any reason, such as an obstacle in front, or the viewer's view of the sky, so the lower half of the object is blocked from view. And it is the ratio with respect to the remaining visible part by the case where there is no hidden surface at all. As described later, “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” may depend on time.

  “Visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” is an index for making an object more anthropomorphic. When there is an obstacle in front of you and your vision is interrupted, you move your head sideways or stretch your back to avoid it. In order to imitate it, the percentage of the body of the object group or obstacle is viewed from the viewer by “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1”, and “visible partial area ratio” = S2 / S1 "is increased or tilted so as to increase to a certain threshold value, thereby preventing a state in which it is completely blocked from view by occlusion.

  Here, points to be noted that are different from the two related conventional examples will be described. It should be noted that a method such as calculating the ratio of the part where the vision is blocked by other obstacles and displaying the obstacles as a semi-transparent display using the ratio is proposed in Patent Document 2 and the like. However, “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” of the present invention is different from the conventional one in that the area of an object outside the field of view frame 4 in FIG. This is because the object is stretched even when the object is in a state in which it is hardly seen from the screen frame of the field of view as in the object 11 shown in FIG. This is because it is necessary to apply an effect that enters the field of view and appeals to its existence. In the conventional definition as described in Patent Document 2, it is meaningless to display a translucent object out of the field of view.

  Another thing to note is the feature of the hidden surface determination of the present invention that is different from the conventional example. An object close to a certain viewpoint causes a change such as tilting the shape so as to be visible, so naturally, the rear view is newly blocked, and the influence extends to other objects behind. It is as if the person in front of you moved the head trying to see the face on the camera when a person took a group photo, so this time you must be cut off and move your head. It ’s a bad situation. In order to cause the same thing, in the present invention, the hidden surface determination must be updated for each object after applying the shape change (corresponding to step S19 shown in FIG. 4 described later). This specific example will be described later with reference to a building 13 shown in FIG. 10 (d2) and a building 14 shown in FIG. 10 (e2). This point of the present invention is also different in the conventional example in that a newly updated hidden surface determination is not applied to another object.

As another defined parameter, “field area inside / outside view” is defined as Equation 2 below.
"Visibility area inside and outside the field of view"
= "Object area S1 inside and outside the field of view when there are no obstacles" / "Area of the entire field of view S0"

  This is a value obtained by dividing the object area S1 shown in FIGS. 2B1 and 2B2 by the area S0 shown in FIG. “Visibility inside / outside area ratio = S1 / S0” indicates how large the object would have been seen from the viewpoint even if there were no obstacles around and the field of view was infinite. It is an indicator to show. That is, the ratio of the object image (S1) to the ratio of the frame (S0) of the view screen. When the object looks large regardless of its size, it looks large in the field of view, or when it looks large because the size of the object is simply large, “field area inside and outside the field of view = S1 / S0” is large. In some cases, it exceeds 100% when an object larger than the field of view is placed in front of you.

  On the other hand, if the object appears to be small because it is far away, no matter what its size, or if the object simply appears small and small in size, “inside / outside area ratio = S1 / S0” is small. This is an index that means “area ratio inside and outside the field of view = S1 / S0”. Even if you do not define such parameters, you can simply use the distance from the viewpoint as an index, but the size of the object, the shape, and the viewing angle will determine how large it will be compared to the total area of the screen. Also depends. There is a possibility that even if the size is large, it looks small because it is far away, it seems small because it is small, or it looks small when viewed from the side because it is a flat building. For this reason, the area S1 is calculated after projecting the object on the two-dimensional screen, and such a parameter of “area ratio inside and outside the field of view = S1 / S0” must be defined.

  A description will be given of how to apply an image or shape deformation to an object or an obstacle using this “field-of-view area ratio = S1 / S0” and the above-mentioned “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1”. For example, in order for a viewer to see an object that is shaded by an obstacle, change the shape such as “tilt the object or obstacle” or “extend the back” and “visible partial area ratio = Even if 100% of the entire image is seen when S2 / S1 is increased, if the “inside / outside area ratio = S1 / S0” is low, that is, the object occupies only a very small part on the two-dimensional field of view. If not, it will be overlooked by the viewer. Therefore, in the image and shape change library 106 (FIG. 5), it is necessary to apply changes such as highly conspicuous changes, jumps, shaking hands, moving violently, and changing images violently. It can be judged. This is, when a person encounters in the town, if you suddenly met at close range, while sending a message to the other party as "Hello" in the conservative movement, witnessed smaller in the distance, "Oi waving from a distance! Koch it. Hello! "and is intended to mimic the behavior patterns that come doing it signaled a relatively violent movement.

  On the other hand, when “view area inside / outside area = S1 / S0” is large, it occupies a large proportion of the view screen, so that it can be judged to avoid severe image and shape changes so as not to obstruct the viewer. . Even if an attempt is made to increase the “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” or the building is inclined, a low-conspicuous image or shape change such as “slowly shake” is selected from the library 106 and applied. .

  Regarding the shape change, the case of the time-dependent dynamic change as described above will be described. To be precise, when a dynamic change of one object greatly affects the hidden surface of another object, the dynamic motion must be optimized. That is, this is a case where the object is moving at a constant cycle or the like. In this case, the above-mentioned parameter “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” is dynamically set to a value that depends on time t, and the least common multiple of dynamic change periods of all related object groups is set as a period T (time). To do. Sampling is performed N times within the time T, and the sum of the “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” of the target object obtained there is divided by N, an average is calculated, and the value is considered. As a result, it is possible to allow two overlapping objects to alternately face each other and see the face. “Visibility inside / outside area ratio = S1 / S0” does not depend on the hidden surface, so such processing is not performed. The two parameters have been described above.

  By applying these two “visible part area ratio = S2 / S1” and “field-of-view area ratio = S1 / S0”, simply the ratio of the area S2 of the visible part of the object to the area S0 of the entire field frame of view. = S2 / S0 is obtained. For example, if this is used, an expression method such as enlarging the shape of the object so that the area of the visible portion is uniformly increased can be considered for all object groups. In other words, it is a method of enlarging a distant object approximately the same size as a close object. However, in that case, the small one is forcibly enlarged, and the viewer loses the sense of reality, so the viewer's interest is diminished. Therefore, the present invention does not simply display a large and small object that looks small in the distance, but small and small, instead of simply enlarging the object, anthropomorphizing the object and enlarging the object to some extent. It is easy to understand the spatial arrangement by allowing viewers to understand the spatial arrangement by applying an intense human movement and images that are conspicuous because they are visible only to a small size, and by applying the experience to the everyday experience. There is an essence in doing.

An example of using the Ray Tracing method for concretely calculating the projected area on the above-described two-dimensional screen will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG. 3, there is a line of sight 15 from the viewpoint P to the gazing point 16, and there is an object 14. The field of view is a space between the boundaries 7 of the field of view, and the surface that covers the boundary 7 of the field of view is referred to as a hidden surface determination surface 17 with the line of sight 15 as the normal line. This hidden surface determination surface 17 is considered as a two-dimensional screen of view. The hidden surface 17 is divided into, for example, m × n small areas (cells), for example, and a vector from the viewpoint to the center of each cell is considered, intersection determination, that is, the vector is cut off by an object in the middle to become a hidden surface. Whether or not it is determined is determined by ray tracing. Here, the hidden cell 18 is painted black. The projected area of the object 14 is determined by the number of cells painted black. In the present invention, since only the area ratio (S2 / S1, S1 / S0) is considered, the areas S0, S1, and S2 can be expressed by the number of cells without considering the area per single cell.

  8A to 8E show a plurality of hidden surface determination surfaces 17a to 17e arranged at different distances from the viewpoint P. FIG. In the hidden surface determination surfaces 17a to 17e, the size of each side of the determination surfaces 17a to 17e and the cell is kept proportional to the distance from the viewpoint P while the line of sight 15 is normal. Even if it determines with surfaces 17a-17e, the area of a hidden surface can be compared only with the number of cells. Although the number of cells is large, that is, the higher the resolution, the better. However, since the calculation amount increases, and the robust determination for the expression method of the object display, it is not necessary to determine the hidden surface with a very fine resolution. In FIG. 3, the hidden surface determination surface 17 is a flat surface such as Cartesian coordinates, but may be a spherical surface having two angles based on angular coordinates. Further, when rendering is performed in a computer graphic language, the calculation of the area S2 of the visible portion of the designated object and the hidden surface determination can be performed at the same time in order to save the calculation time.

  Using the flowchart of FIG. 4 and the block diagram of FIG. 5, how to calculate two parameters (S2 / S1, S1 / S0) from an object in the present invention, and an image such as a shape change suitable for the object or obstacle The overall algorithm flow of how to change is explained. First, an object to be notified to the viewer is determined (step S1 in FIG. 4). For example, when a user searches for a restaurant, a building group of restaurants is a target object group. These are effectively notified to the viewer in the virtual space. Next, the viewpoint P and the gazing point 16 shown in FIG. 3 are set. The viewpoint P is the position of the viewer's eyes. Furthermore, the point of the direction which the gaze point 16 is looking at is shown. This is performed by the input unit 101 shown in FIG.

  Next, the hidden surface 17 of the object shown in FIG. 3 is examined. This is performed by the evaluation units (parameter evaluation unit 102 and image shape change evaluation unit 103) shown in FIG. The field of view (inside the boundary 7) is examined, and only the object group (object 14) in the field of view is examined (step S2 shown in FIG. 4). Thereby, the trouble of the intersection determination calculation of the object behind the viewpoint P is saved. Of course, if necessary, an object that does not enter the viewer's field of view can be considered. The coordinates are checked from the three-dimensional data 105 shown in FIG. 5, and the calculation is started by the projected area calculation unit 104 shown in FIG. The k object groups selected for simplicity are arranged in order of distance from the viewpoint P (step S3 shown in FIG. 4). Then, the hidden surface determination is performed in order of proximity. Thus, since it is obvious that the portion determined to be a hidden surface by the hidden surface determination of the surface close to the viewpoint P is naturally also the corresponding portion of the hidden surface behind the hidden surface is a hidden surface, it is possible to save time and effort for determination scanning. .

  First, the first group (i = 0) in the target group i (i is an integer satisfying 0 ≦ i ≦ k−1) is examined (steps S4 and S5 in FIG. 4). In order to calculate the aforementioned three areas S0, S1, and S2 related to the object i, a hidden surface determination surface i related to the object i is set. The hidden surface determination surface i can be expressed as a surface normal to the vector from the viewpoint P to the gazing point 16 described above with reference to FIG. 3, but now only the obstacles in the space between the viewpoint P and the object i are displayed. In order to consider, by placing the hidden surface determination surface i at a position immediately after the object i of the line connecting from the viewpoint P to the object i, the obstacle behind the hidden surface determination surface i, that is, behind the object i is Don't think. The hidden surface determination surface i is divided into vertical and horizontal m × n cells. Considering a vector from the viewpoint P to the center of each cell of the hidden surface determination surface i regarding the object i, the intersection determination is performed.

  In order to obtain the “visible object area S2” in FIGS. 2C1 and 2C2, the number of cells that intersect the object i without intersecting the obstacle is calculated (step S6 in FIG. 4). “Area S0 of the entire field of view” in FIG. 2A is the entire field of view, that is, the number of m × n (step S7 in FIG. 4). 2 (b1) and 2 (b2), the “object area S1 inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle” needs to be considered outside the field of view as shown in FIG. 2 (b2). While maintaining the shape of the cell, the surface is extended from the viewpoint P to the gazing point 16 as a normal, and further extended to an arbitrarily large size M × N (M> m, N> n). It is set as the number of all the cells which can cross | intersect the target object i containing the outside (step S8 of FIG. 4).

  Therefore, the “object area S1 inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle” may be larger than the “area S0 of the entire field of view”. The larger the hidden surface determination surface 17 made up of M × N cells larger than the field of view, the more accurately the size of the object protruding outside the field of view can be taken into account. However, a size larger than twice the size of m × n is sufficient. is there. If there is an object behind the viewing direction of the viewpoint P, and you want to consider it, you can install a hidden surface judgment surface 17 or a curved judgment surface behind it. It is.

  The number of cells is not the area value itself, but here, the two important parameters, “inside / outside area ratio = S1 / S0” and “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1”, that is, the area ratio Since only the calculation is performed, there is no problem even if the size of the area of the single cell is not known. Further, even if the hidden surface determination surfaces 17a to 17e as shown in FIGS. 8A to 8E described later change the distance from the viewpoint P, the vector from the viewpoint P to the gazing point 16 is used as a normal line, and As long as the side is proportional to the distance from the viewpoint P to the hidden surface determination surfaces 17a to 17e, these area ratios (S1 / S0, S2 / S1) for each object i can be compared between different hidden surface determination surfaces 17. Value.

  The parameter evaluation unit 102 in FIG. 5 compares these two parameters (S1 / S0, S2 / S1) with a threshold value, and the image shape change evaluation unit 103 in FIG. Considering application of shape change, selection is made from the library 106 of FIG. In FIG. 4, in steps S9 and S12, it is determined whether “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” of the object i is smaller or larger than a certain threshold value. When the “visible part area ratio” is smaller than the threshold, the obstacle p and the frame of view are largely blocked, and it is determined that the visible part is smaller than the whole body of the object i so that the object i can be seen. Changes such as “the shape is extended” and “tilt” are applied (steps S10, S11, S12).

  In step S9, when it is too smaller than a certain threshold value (“visible partial area ratio” << threshold value), not only the object i but also the obstacle p is changed (step S11). In this case, intersection determination is performed using vectors from the object i to the viewpoint P, and q obstacle groups that intersect, that is, an obstacle to the object i are specified. Among them, an obstacle having the largest number of intersections is defined as an obstacle p (0 ≦ p ≦ q−1). The obstacle p increases the “visible partial area ratio” of the object i and intersects the object i or another object j (0 ≦ j <i) located closer to the viewpoint P than the object i or the obstacle p. Move it in a direction that does not.

  In step S12, when the “visible partial area ratio” of the object i is originally low but not so low (“visible partial area ratio” <threshold), on the hidden surface determination surface i of the target object i, From the result of the hidden surface determination surface i, it is determined whether the “visible object area S2” increases most in the direction of left, down, or the like (step S13), and a command is given to move toward that coordinate (step S13). Step S14). On the other hand, when the “visible partial area ratio” is higher than the threshold value, it means that the entire object is sufficiently seen, and a special shape change is not applied, and “visual field inside / outside area ratio = S1 / S0” described later. An image change such as a shape is determined by the value (step S18).

  A plurality of threshold values here may exist in a stepwise manner, or may be defined as a function depending on the total number k of objects to be subjected to image and shape change. For example, by setting a plurality of threshold values, the separation can be performed in stages. In addition, by setting the threshold value as a function of k, when the number of k is large, that is, when the number of face textures of the target object to be displayed on the screen is large, the state is congested. The threshold value, which is an allowable minimum value of the “rate”, can be adjusted so that the shape of the object group frequently changes so as not to compress other objects.

  Next, it is determined whether the “field-in-outside / outside-area ratio” is smaller or larger than the threshold (step S15). When the “field-in-outside / out-area ratio” is low, whether the object i is far from the viewpoint P or the size of the object i is small, regardless of whether the object is blocked by an obstacle or the frame 4 of the field of view, It occupies only a small part of the screen, and when the shape of the object i is tilted left and right as described above, it is overlooked by the viewer. In the present invention, the enlargement is slightly performed, and dynamic deformation with high conspicuousness, fast shaking, jumping, dancing, intense image texture change, and the like are selected from the library 106 and applied (step S17). Of course, it is possible to simply enlarge and display what appears to be small, but if you make it extremely large it will become unrealistic, so dare to desperately promote human movement from a distance by promoting conspicuous movement and image display It is a feature of the present invention to imitate the action of sending a signal to the person.

  On the other hand, when the "area ratio inside and outside the field of view" is high, it occupies most of the screen regardless of whether it is hidden by an obstacle. An animation is applied so that only a part of the object moves, such as a slow movement or a hand shake (step S16). As a result, the viewer is not disturbed. As described above, the threshold here may be a function depending on the presence of a plurality of objects and the total number k of object groups.

  Next, regarding the image and shape change of the object i, based on the above-mentioned estimation, the appropriate degree of conspicuousness, the presence / absence of the shape inclination, the direction of how much to move, and what kind of appropriate conspicuous image is pasted In consideration of the image shape change evaluation unit 103 shown in FIG. 5, the expression effect is selected from the image and shape change data library 106 and applied to the object i. Moreover, the effect that the object i is visually conscious of the viewer can be obtained by pasting the texture on the surface facing the viewpoint P at a position where the entire shape of the object i can be seen from the viewpoint P. Can be produced (step S18).

  Consider a case where a shape change selected from the library 106 is applied. When the object i is determined to tilt, the hidden surface determination changes and must be updated for the back hidden surface determination surface. This means that it is different from the conventional hidden surface determination. In FIG. 4, after the algorithm for determining an appropriate image and shape change for the object i is completed, the same investigation (step S5) is performed on the object i + 1. This is repeated until all k objects are finished (step S20). When all the surveys of the selected k target groups have been completed (Yes in step S20), the algorithm of the “object display method using viewpoint” according to the present invention ends. The image display unit 107 shown in FIG. 5 applies data selected from the image and shape change data library 106 to the three-dimensional object data 105 and draws a field of view in which the object group is easy for the viewer to see. If the viewer starts to move in the space and the point of view P changes or the direction of the face changes, the gaze point 16 changes. The viewpoint P and the gazing point 16 must be input again using the input unit 101, and a new process must be started from the flowchart shown in FIG.

  The concept of the algorithm has been described above with reference to FIGS. Next, some objects and obstacles are considered as specific examples, and how to deal with them will be described. The distribution of the objects and obstacles described as an example is shown as a bird's-eye view in FIGS. 6 (a), (b), and (c). Further, for each of FIGS. 6 (a), (b), and (c), FIG. 7 (a) shows how the object and the obstacle are actually seen from the two-dimensional screen of the view. , (B), (c1). 6 (a) and 7 (a) are normal cases where shape change is not applied, and FIG. 6 (b) and FIG. 7 (b) are conventional examples where shape change independent of viewpoint P is applied. FIG. 6C and FIG. 7C1 are cases where a shape change depending on the viewpoint proposed by the present invention is applied. FIG. 7C2 shows an example in which the preceding obstacle 9 is moved so that the object 13 can be seen by further modifying FIG. 7C1. A vector 7 in FIG. 6 indicates the boundary of the field of view. The space outside the vector 7 is out of sight and is not visible to the viewer. FIG. 8 shows a bird's eye view of the hidden surface determination for each object. Further, in FIGS. 9 and 10, corresponding to each case of FIG. 8, which cell on the hidden surface determination surface is the hidden surface is shown as a screen on the two-dimensional screen of the field of view.

This will be described in order from FIG. 6 and FIG. Here, the building 10, the building 11, the building 12, the building 13, and the building 14 are the objects of interest of the viewer. Building 8 and building 9 are obstacles. Therefore, as shown in FIG.
The building 10 that is the object is hidden behind the building 8 and cannot be seen.
The building 11 that is the object has no obstacles, but the viewer's line of sight is facing upward, so the lower half cannot be seen in the view frame.
-All of the building 12 that is the object can be seen.
The building 13 as the object is hidden behind the building 9 and cannot be seen at all.
-The building 14 that is the object is all visible.

In this state, as a conventional example, an example in which the shape of the object is simply mechanically enlarged or the building of the object is shaken without considering the position of the viewpoint P is shown in FIG. (B), as shown in FIG. In the conventional example of FIG.
The building 10 that is the object is not visible because the face texture 10a that is pasted so as to stand out is pasted to the invisible part of the lower half (the part of the building 8). In addition, the upper half of the shape is enlarged and conspicuous, but since it is a building that looks big from the first place, there is no point in expanding it. Moreover, it is beyond the field of view.
・ The building 13 that is the object is tilting the body to stand out, returning to the original, and making periodic movements to attract the viewer's interest, but the tilting direction is further away from the viewpoint, so the obstacle 9 Hidden as usual.
-The building 12 that is the object has a face texture that does not face the viewer's viewpoint.
・ The building 11 that is the object is slightly enlarged, but is not sufficient. Should be stretched upward. Also, the face texture pasting position is in a position where it is difficult to see.
The building 14 that is the object is normally visible.
As described above, unless the viewer's viewpoint P is located and how each individual object is visible to the viewer, dynamic and image changes cannot be appropriately given.

  Accordingly, FIGS. 6 (c), 7 (c1), and (c2) show cases where the shape is changed by the above-described algorithm proposed by the present invention. Obviously it is easy for viewers to see, as if the buildings that were the objects were alive, and they were in the state of taking a group photo with the camera in mind as the viewer. The process until the image of FIG. 7 (c1) is obtained will be described with reference to FIGS. In the algorithm of FIG. 4, the objects that enter the field of view 7 are five of building 10, building 11, building 12, building 13, and building 14, and k = 5. These are examined in order from the viewpoint P.

  First, the building 11 closest to the viewpoint P is examined as (object i = 0). As shown in FIG. 8A, a hidden surface determination surface 17 a perpendicular to the gazing point from the viewpoint P passing through the building 11 is installed behind the building 11. The hidden surface determination surface 17a is divided into m × n cells in the vertical and horizontal directions, and considers a vector from the center of each cell to the viewpoint P, and examines the object intersection. In this case, only the object 11 (building) 11 and the obstacle 8 are considered because no obstacles or objects that can become obstacles behind the hidden surface determination surface 17a are considered. FIG. 9A1 shows the result of the hidden surface determination. The hidden cell is shown in black. The object 11 is not blocked by other obstacles. However, since the viewer's line of sight is facing upward, only the upper part of the object 11 is visible. This means that the “visible partial area ratio” of the object 11 is small. From there, it moves in the direction in which the “visible partial area ratio” rises the most, considering the hidden surface due to the obstacle and the frame of view when extending in the upward, downward, right, left, etc. directions. In this case, it is upward. The area “area inside and outside the field of view” occupied by the object 11 in the entire screen is not particularly small, and therefore it is determined that it is not necessary to make a noticeable movement. A moving image to be pasted around the center of the visible portion of the object 11 as a face texture is reproduced. The result is shown in FIG. 9 (a2). It looks like the building 11 is stretched and trying to show its presence to the viewer.

  Next, consider the building 10 (object i = 1). A state where the hidden surface determination surface 17b is installed on the object 10 is shown in FIG. The result of the hidden surface determination at that time is shown in FIG. As for the hidden surface, not only the obstacle 8 but also a new large hidden surface due to the object 11 being stretched back as described above exists. Since the lower half of the building 10 is only hidden by the obstacle 8, the “visible partial area ratio” is relatively large, and also occupies a relatively large area in the screen, and the “inside / outside area ratio” is also large. Therefore, it is conceivable to shake gently to such an extent that the ratio is not increased any more, or to slightly enlarge, and lightly shake the building in a plane perpendicular to the vector of the viewpoint and the building. This is shown in FIG. 9 (b2).

  Next, consider the building 12 (object i = 2). The state of the hidden surface determination surface 17c installed in the building 12 is shown in FIG. The result of the determination is shown in FIG. 9 (c1). The building 12 has a visible area ratio of 100%, occupies a fairly large part of the screen, and the “inside / outside area ratio” is also high. It is judged that the viewer's interest is sufficiently attracted only by pasting the face texture facing. This is shown in FIG. 9 (c2).

  Next, consider the building 13 (object i = 3). The state of the hidden surface determination surface 17d installed in the building 13 is shown in FIG. The result of the determination is shown in FIG. The building 13 is completely blocked from view by the obstacle 9, and “visible partial area ratio” = 0%. If such a “visible partial area ratio” is too low, when it is determined by the obstacle crossing that most of the blockage is not caused by the field of view but by the obstacle, the obstacle You can move things. As shown in FIG. 7 (c 2), the shape of the obstacle 9 with many visual intersections is changed to increase the “visible partial area ratio” of the building 13.

  Further, the building 13 that is the target object is searched for in which of the upper, lower, right, and left directions on the hidden surface determination surface 17d to increase the “visible partial area ratio”. In this example, it is assumed that the effect is most effective when tilted to the right, and an animation of tilting to the right and shaking the head is reproduced. Since the building 13 occupies a certain area on the screen, the “area ratio inside and outside the field of view” is not so low, so it tilts slowly and appeals to the viewer. The face texture is pasted at the center of the new part that has become the visible part. This is shown in FIG. 10 (d2).

  Finally, consider the building 14 (object i = 4). The state of the hidden surface determination surface 17e installed in the building 14 is shown in FIG. The result of determination is shown in FIG. Most of the building 14 was originally visible, but the building 13 in front of it was tilted to the right, so the field of view was cut off, and the “visible partial area ratio” was almost 0%. The cell portion that is not the hidden surface on the hidden surface determination surface 17e related to the building 14 is searched for up, down, right, and left. If the building 14 extends upward, the “visible partial area ratio” increases, so that the dynamic change of the back extension is applied. If you stretch your back, the “visible partial area ratio” increases. However, since the building 14 is far away and the building 14 is relatively small, the “visible partial area ratio” is only slightly increased, that is, even if it is stretched back, it can only be seen small. Therefore, dynamic deformation with a high degree of conspicuousness such as dancing and jumping is applied. The building 14 moves more violently than other buildings. The face texture is also called out. The final results of these series of calculations and determinations are shown in FIGS. 7 (c1) and 10 (e2).

  In the above-described example, the case where the viewpoint P is in a direction parallel to the ground, that is, when the building is viewed from the side is considered, but in the present invention, the viewpoint P is directed in an arbitrary direction in the three-dimensional space. FIG. 11 shows a case where a lower building is viewed from above. The object group 23 is not limited to a building. In this case, the object group 23 is a floor on which a store or the like is located, or a part of the floor. In the conventional method, the building can be made translucent, but if there are a plurality of floors of the object group 23 and they are directly above, it is difficult to recognize even if it is translucent. FIG. 11A shows the state before applying the expression method proposed by the present invention, and FIG. In each case, the object group 23 moves to increase the “visible partial area ratio”. Further, the floor or building 24 that is an obstacle on the floor above the floor 23 of the object is also divided and moved so that the object 23 can be easily seen. Furthermore, the object 25 having a small “field area ratio inside and outside the field of view” moves easily.

  The method for displaying an object in a space proposed by the present invention is not limited to an actual physical object. This is shown in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 as an application example. 12 and 13 show a space composed of the same coordinates as an everyday physical space called a concept space. Here, an object expressing a concept is called a concept object. Conceptual objects are located at certain coordinates in the space, and related conceptual objects are connected by lines. A meaningful parameter for indicating the nature of the concept is also related to the distance and position of the concept object. The concept object here may be a folder containing a file, or may be embodied in a physical shape symbolizing a certain concept. The conceptual object may be a plane as well as a three-dimensional solid as shown in FIG. The present invention is not a proposal for the nature of the concept space itself. The present invention claims that, in the same manner as in the physical space described above, in the conceptual space, when searching for one or more conceptual object groups by search or the like, or when informing the viewer, the position of the conceptual object. It is an expression method that informs a conceptual object visually and in an anthropomorphic manner without significantly changing the shape.

  In FIG. 12, conceptual objects 19, 20, and 21 are arranged in a space as in FIG. 6, but each conceptual object 19, 20, 21 is labeled with a label explaining its nature. As a label, for example, the conceptual object 19 represents “lunch”, the conceptual object 20 represents “park”, and the conceptual object 21 represents “beach”. These coordinates are meaningful and have restrictions such as not allowing them to move without permission. They are connected by a line 22 or the like depending on the degree of relevance.

  FIG. 13 shows the arrangement of this space viewed from the viewpoint. FIG. 13A shows the field of view when no shape change is applied to the conceptual object. FIG. 13B shows a case where it is desired to highlight only the conceptual object 19 whose label is “lunch” and the conceptual object 20 whose “park” is used in search or the like. Since the concept object 19 of “lunch” has no visual obstacles and all objects can be seen, the above-described Equation 1 “Visible Partial Area Ratio” is 100%, while it is small or far, so it looks only small. The “inside / outside area ratio” is small. For this reason, in FIG. 13B, the shape is slightly enlarged and a noticeable shape change is applied from the library so as to attract the viewer's eyes. On the other hand, the conceptual object 20 of “park” has a low “visible partial area ratio” because the conceptual object 21 on the front surface is an obstacle, so that the “visible partial area ratio” is low. Expressions such as tilting the body of the conceptual object 20 itself are given. However, since the “inside / outside area ratio” is large, it does not move very vigorously. Thereby, the viewer can know at a glance where there is one or more specific concepts without changing the position of the conceptual object from an arbitrary viewpoint in the conceptual space.

  The present invention can also be used in a so-called stereoscopic television image display device having right-eye left-eye parallax. In that case, there are two viewpoints. There is a right-eye viewpoint and a left-eye viewpoint that is slightly offset from the right-eye viewpoint. In this case, the right eye viewpoint and left eye of the “object area S1 inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle” and “object area S2 of the visible portion” shown in FIG. It is possible to calculate “visible partial area ratio = S2 / S1” and “visible / internal / external area ratio = S1 / S0” by taking the average of the values at the viewpoints or taking either one of the values.

  INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention is effective for visual target object search in a plurality of spatially arranged three-dimensional virtual spaces by computer graphics, buildings and conceptual objects in a conceptual space, and the like. When the viewer's viewpoint changes, the appearance of the object group arranged in the three-dimensional space changes greatly depending on the size of the object, the hidden surface of another object, the distance from the viewpoint to the object, and the like. By the display method proposed by the present invention, even if the viewpoint changes, objects that are difficult to see are given human behavioral elements such as tilting their bodies and cooperating with each other so that they can be seen by the viewer Thus, it is possible to realize an expression method such as talking to a viewer who is visually easy to see and psychologically experienced in daily life, and the viewer can understand the spatial arrangement while keeping his interest.

  The present invention relates to an image change such as a size change, a shape change, a movement, and a blinking of an object image that is more conspicuous than an image of an obstacle that obstructs the field of view of an object in a three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional concept space by computer graphics When displaying using an image, the image of the object can be displayed using an appropriate image change according to the viewer's viewpoint, and can be used for a car navigation device, a portable terminal, or the like. it can.

It is explanatory drawing which shows a shape change as an example of the image change of a target object. (A) The figure which shows the original polygon of the object in 2D virtual space (b) The figure which shows the state where the polygon of the object in 2D virtual space was divided (c) The polygon of FIG.1 (b) expanded upwards FIG. 1 (d) showing the state where the polygon has been enlarged. FIG. 1 (b) showing the state in which the polygon in FIG. 1 (b) is enlarged upward and the upper part is enlarged in the horizontal direction. Diagram showing the state of being tilted while extending toward a point It is explanatory drawing which shows area ratio calculation of this invention. (A) View showing “area of entire view” on view 2D screen (b1) View showing “object area inside and outside view when there is no obstacle” on view 2D screen (b2) View 2D Figure showing "object area inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle" on the screen (c1) Figure showing "object area of the visible part" on the two-dimensional field of view (c2) "on the two-dimensional field of view" Figure showing `` object area of visible part '' It is explanatory drawing which shows the area by the projection by the object to an object, a hidden surface determination surface, and a hidden surface determination surface. FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an algorithm of the present invention for applying appropriate image changes to an object. It is a block diagram which shows the three-dimensional display apparatus of this invention for applying a suitable image change to an object. It is explanatory drawing for comparing the conventional method and this invention. (A) Bird's-eye view showing an example of a normal object group not giving an image change (b) Bird's-eye view showing an example of an object group when an image change is given by a conventional method (c) An image change according to the present invention Bird's eye view showing examples of objects when given It is explanatory drawing for comparing the conventional method and this invention. (A) FIG. 6 (b) shows the field of view when the example in which the image change is not given in FIG. 6 (a) is seen from the viewpoint. (B) The case in which the conventional image change in FIG. 6 (b) is given from the viewpoint. Figure (c1) showing the field of view (c1) Figure (c2) showing the field of view when the image change example of the present invention in FIG. 6 (c) is viewed from the viewpoint (c2) Figure showing the field of view modified from FIG. 7 (c1) It is explanatory drawing which shows the hidden surface determination surface of each target object. (A) Bird's-eye view when the hidden surface determination surface related to the object 11 is installed (b) Bird's-eye view when the hidden surface determination surface related to the object 10 is installed (c) Bird's-eye view when the hidden surface determination surface related to the object 12 is installed (d ) Bird's-eye view when the hidden surface determination surface related to the object 13 is installed (e) Bird's-eye view when the hidden surface determination surface related to the object 14 is installed It is explanatory drawing which shows the hidden surface determination of this invention. (A1) Diagram when the hidden surface determination relating to the object 11 is viewed from the viewpoint (a2) Diagram when the hidden surface determination regarding the object 11 in which the image shape change is applied to the object 11 is viewed from the viewpoint (b1) The object 10 Figure (b2) when the hidden surface determination for the object 10 is viewed from the viewpoint (b2) Figure when the hidden surface determination for the object 10 in which the image change is applied to the object 10 is viewed from the viewpoint (c1) The hidden surface determination regarding the object 12 is viewed from the viewpoint (C2) in the case where the image is viewed from the viewpoint of the hidden surface determination relating to the object 12 in which the image change is applied to the object 12 It is explanatory drawing which shows the hidden surface determination of this invention. (D1) A view when the hidden surface determination related to the object 13 is viewed from the viewpoint (d2) A view when the hidden surface determination regarding the object 13 to which the image change is applied to the object 13 is viewed from the viewpoint (e1) related to the object 14 Figure (e2) when hidden surface determination is viewed from the viewpoint (e2) Figure when the hidden surface determination regarding the object 14 in which the image change is applied to the object 14 is viewed from the viewpoint It is explanatory drawing which shows the three-dimensional virtual space which looked at the lower building from the sky. (A) Original drawing (b) Drawing to which the present invention is applied It is the bird's-eye view which showed the conceptual object in conceptual space. FIG. 13 is a plan view of FIG. 12. (A) A view showing a view from the viewpoint of an example in which the image change of FIG. 12 is not given. (B) A view showing a view from the viewpoint of an example when the image change of FIG. 12 is given to a target object.

Explanation of symbols

1 Segment of polygon segment 2 Vector of segment segment of polygon 3 Point 4 where the object is to be moved due to shape change Frame 5 indicating “area of the entire field of view” “Object inside and outside the field of view when there are no obstacles” Frame 6 indicating “Area” Frame indicating “Object area of visible portion” 7 Boundary of view 8 Obstacle 9 Obstacle 10 Object 11 Object 12 Object 13 Object 14 Object 15 Line of sight 16 Point of gaze 17 Hidden surface determination Surface 18 Hidden surface cell 19 Folder named lunch 20 Folder named park 21 Folder named beach 22 Line 101 indicating the relationship between folders Input section 102 Parameter evaluation section 103 Image shape change evaluation section 104 Projected area calculation section 105 3 Dimensional object data 106 Library 107 Image display unit

Claims (8)

In a three-dimensional display device that displays an image of an object in a three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional concept space by computer graphics using an image change that stands out from an image of an obstacle that obstructs the field of view of the object,
Means for calculating a distance from a viewer's viewpoint in the three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional concept space to the object;
Based on the calculated distance, means for displaying an image change that is more conspicuous as the object is farther from the viewer's viewpoint, and displaying the image change that is less conspicuous as the object is closer to the viewer's viewpoint;
A three-dimensional display device comprising: In a three-dimensional display device that displays an image of an object in a three-dimensional virtual space or a three-dimensional concept space by computer graphics using an image change that stands out from an image of an obstacle that obstructs the field of view of the object,
The area S1 of the object inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle and the area S2 of the visible part of the object when there is an obstacle are calculated, and the area ratio of the visible part of the object = S2 / S1 is calculated. Means for calculating the area ratio;
Means for displaying with a noticeable image change as the area ratio = S2 / S1 is smaller, and displaying with a less noticeable image change as the area ratio = S2 / S1 is larger.
A three-dimensional display device comprising:   The area S0 of the entire field of view on the two-dimensional screen viewed from the viewer's viewpoint is calculated, and the area ratio of the object inside and outside the field of view when there is no obstacle = S1 / S0 is calculated, and the area ratio = S1 / S0. The three-dimensional display device according to claim 2, wherein a smaller image is displayed with a conspicuous image, and a larger image with less area conspicuous as the area ratio = S1 / S0 is larger.   The visible portion is made conspicuous by an image change that increases the area ratio = S2 / S1 by increasing the area S2 of the visible portion of the object in the presence of the obstacle. The three-dimensional display device described.   The area ratio calculating means calculates the area ratio = S2 / S1 sequentially from the object close to the viewpoint, and increases the area S2 of the visible portion of the object, thereby changing the area S2. 5. The three-dimensional display device according to claim 4, wherein the area ratio = S2 / S1 of the object behind the object is calculated in consideration of the change of the area ratio = S2 / S1 of the object.   The volume of the object in the three-dimensional virtual space or the three-dimensional conceptual space is calculated, and the object with a smaller calculated volume is displayed with a more noticeable image change, and the larger the calculated volume is displayed with a less noticeable image change. The three-dimensional display device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein   The shape of the obstacle is changed so that the object is conspicuous when the object is displayed as a conspicuous image but is not conspicuous due to an obstacle displayed before the object. The three-dimensional display device according to any one of 6.   The three-dimensional virtual space is a view of a building below from above, wherein the object is a floor in the building, and the obstacle is a floor above the floor. The three-dimensional display device according to any one of 1 to 7.

Images