JP2008095578A - Device for computing engine workload - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce operation load by relaxing requirements of a filter used for filtering cylinder inner pressure. <P>SOLUTION: This device for computing engine workload is provided with: a means for detecting cylinder inner pressure in an engine; a filtering means for filtering the cylinder inner pressure (P) by the filter with a cut-off frequency set so that a desired frequency component is attenuated for computing engine workload and an undesired frequency component is shut out for computing engine workload, from among frequency components obtained by frequency-resolving a volume change rate of the engine; and a computing means for computing engine workload (Pmi) to compensate the attenuation of the desired frequency component on the basis of the filtered cylinder inner pressure (FP) and engine volume (V). <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an apparatus for calculating a work amount of an internal combustion engine (hereinafter referred to as an engine).

  The internal combustion engine combustion chamber pressure (in-cylinder pressure) is detected, and based on the detected in-cylinder pressure and the change rate of the stroke volume of the combustion chamber, the engine work such as the average effective pressure shown in the figure is calculated. A technique has been proposed. The engine work can be used for various controls related to the engine.

The following Patent Document 1 describes a technique for deriving an equation for calculating the indicated mean effective pressure for an engine having a predetermined structure. This equation uses an in-cylinder pressure signal at a predetermined frequency component. In order to obtain an in-cylinder pressure signal at the predetermined frequency component, the in-cylinder pressure signal is filtered by a first band filter for extracting a fundamental wave component and a second band filter for extracting a harmonic component that is an integral multiple of the fundamental wave component. To do.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-20339

  A filtering process is performed on the detected in-cylinder pressure so that noise, drift, and aliasing do not affect the calculated work amount. This filtering is applied so as to remove undesired frequency components in the calculation of engine work and pass the desired frequency components in the calculation.

  However, the undesired and desired frequency components vary according to the operating condition of the engine. Therefore, in order to calculate the engine work by the on-board vehicle control unit (ECU), a number of filters having different characteristics are prepared and stored in advance for the range in which the operating state of the engine can change. It is necessary to keep. Alternatively, it is necessary to change the characteristics of the filter in real time according to the detected operating state of the engine. This increases the consumption of resources of the vehicle control device and increases the calculation load.

  Further, depending on the engine operating state and the frequency region to be removed, it is necessary to use a filter having a steep cutoff characteristic, and thus a higher-order filter is required. This may cause the filter to become unstable and increase the calculation load of the vehicle control device.

  Thus, there is a need for a technique that calculates engine work in a way that reduces the load to match the on-board vehicle control system.

  According to one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for calculating an engine work amount includes: a means for detecting an in-cylinder pressure of an engine; and a frequency component obtained by frequency-resolving a rate of change of an engine volume. The in-cylinder pressure is a filter in which a cutoff frequency is set to cut off an undesired frequency component to calculate the work amount of the engine while attenuation occurs in the desired frequency component to calculate the work amount. Based on the filtering means for filtering (P), the filtered in-cylinder pressure (FP) and the engine volume (V) to compensate for attenuation at the desired frequency component, the engine work ( Calculating means for calculating Pmi).

  A desired frequency component and an undesired frequency component for calculation of the work amount of the engine change according to the engine operating state (for example, the engine speed). According to the present invention, a filter that removes an unwanted frequency component and intentionally attenuates the desired frequency component is used. Such a filter can take a wider frequency region to cut off than a filter that allows a desired frequency component to pass through without being attenuated, thereby reducing the filter requirements. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the number of filters to be prepared for the engine operating state within a predetermined range. In addition, since the cutoff characteristic of the filter can be moderated, it is not necessary to use a high-order filter, and the calculation load can be reduced. Since the attenuated gain is compensated, the engine work can be calculated without causing a decrease in accuracy.

  According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filtered in-cylinder pressure (R) is further used by using an attenuation rate (R) indicating a ratio of an output signal value to an input signal value to the filter in the desired frequency component. In-cylinder pressure (P) before filtering is calculated from FP). The engine work (Pmi) is calculated based on the in-cylinder pressure before filtering and the volume of the engine, thereby compensating for the damping.

  According to the present invention, the work amount of the engine can be calculated so as to compensate for the gain attenuated by the filtering using the attenuation rate in a desired frequency component.

  According to another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for calculating an engine work amount includes: a means for detecting an in-cylinder pressure of an engine; and a frequency component obtained by frequency-resolving a rate of change of an engine volume. Means for generating a reference signal (Ck, Sk) composed of a desired frequency component for calculating the work amount, attenuation occurs in the desired frequency component, and inefficiency for calculating the work amount of the engine A filter having a cutoff frequency set to cut off a desired frequency component, and a filtering means for filtering the in-cylinder pressure (P), between the filtered in-cylinder pressure and the filtered reference signal Means for calculating a correlation function (FPak, FPbk) representing the correlation, and the correlation so as to compensate for attenuation in the desired frequency component. When provided on the basis of the volume of the engine, calculating means for calculating workload of engine (Pmi), and.

  According to the present invention, by using the correlation function, it is possible to calculate the engine work by designating only a desired frequency component for calculating the engine work. When calculating the correlation function, the same filter as the filter for the in-cylinder pressure is also applied to the reference signal, so that the phases of both are synchronized, and therefore the engine work can be calculated with good accuracy. Can do.

  According to an embodiment of the present invention, further, an attenuation rate (R) indicating a ratio of an output signal value with respect to an input signal value to the filter in the desired frequency component is used to calculate the pre-filtering from the correlation function. The second correlation function (Pak, Pbk) representing the correlation between the in-cylinder pressure and the reference signal before filtering is calculated. Attenuation is compensated by calculating the engine work based on the second correlation function and the engine volume.

  According to the present invention, the work amount of the engine can be calculated so as to compensate for the gain attenuated by the filtering using the attenuation rate in a desired frequency component.

  According to one embodiment of the present invention, it further comprises means for detecting the operating state of the engine, and filter selecting means for selecting the filter according to the detected operating state. In one embodiment, the operating state of the engine includes an engine speed.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to dynamically select an optimum filter for the detected engine operating state.

  According to one embodiment of the present invention, storage means for storing at least one filter corresponding to the operating state of the engine together with an attenuation factor at the desired frequency component, means for detecting the operating state of the engine, Filter selection means for selecting the filter from the storage means according to the detected operating state. The stored attenuation factor for the selected filter is determined from the storage means. In one embodiment, the operating state of the engine includes an engine speed.

  According to the present invention, the engine work can be calculated by efficiently selecting the optimum filter and its attenuation rate for the detected engine operating state.

  According to an embodiment of the present invention, the attenuation is performed based on a first reference signal among the filtered reference signals and a second reference signal having a predetermined phase difference from the first reference signal. Calculate the rate.

  According to the present invention, the attenuation rate can be calculated in real time using the filtered reference signal. For example, even in a system in which a filter adapted to the operating state of the engine is designed and used in real time and a system in which a nonlinear filter is continuously switched, the engine work can be calculated efficiently.

  Next, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is an overall configuration diagram of an engine and its control device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

  An electronic control unit (hereinafter referred to as “ECU”) 1 is a computer including a central processing unit (CPU) and a memory. The memory can store a computer program for realizing various controls of the vehicle and data necessary for executing the program. The ECU 1 receives data sent from each part of the vehicle, performs calculation, and generates a control signal for controlling each part of the vehicle.

  The engine 2 is a four-cycle engine in this embodiment. The engine 2 is connected to an intake pipe 4 via an intake valve 3 and connected to an exhaust pipe 6 via an exhaust valve 5. A fuel injection valve 7 that injects fuel in accordance with a control signal from the ECU 1 is provided in the intake pipe 4.

  The engine 2 sucks an air-fuel mixture of air sucked from the intake pipe 4 and fuel injected from the fuel injection valve 7 into the combustion chamber 8. The fuel chamber 8 is provided with a spark plug 9 that sparks in accordance with an ignition timing signal from the ECU 1. The air-fuel mixture is combusted by the spark emitted by the spark plug 9. Combustion increases the volume of the air-fuel mixture, thereby pushing the piston 10 downward. The reciprocating motion of the piston 10 is converted into the rotational motion of the crankshaft 11.

  The in-cylinder pressure sensor 15 is a sensor made of, for example, a piezoelectric element, and is buried in a portion of the spark plug 9 that contacts the engine cylinder. The in-cylinder pressure sensor 15 outputs a signal indicating a change in pressure in the combustion chamber 8 (in-cylinder pressure) and sends it to the ECU 1. The ECU 1 integrates the signal indicating the in-cylinder pressure change to generate a signal P indicating the in-cylinder pressure.

  The engine 2 is provided with a crank angle sensor 17. The crank angle sensor 17 outputs a CRK signal and a TDC signal to the ECU 1 as the crankshaft 11 rotates.

  The CRK signal is a pulse signal output at a predetermined crank angle. The ECU 1 calculates the rotational speed NE of the engine 2 according to the CRK signal. The TDC signal is a pulse signal output at a crank angle related to the TDC position of the piston 10.

  A throttle valve 18 is provided in the intake pipe 4 of the engine 2. The opening degree of the throttle valve 18 is controlled by a control signal from the ECU 1. A throttle valve opening sensor (θTH) 19 connected to the throttle valve 18 supplies an electrical signal corresponding to the opening of the throttle valve 18 to the ECU 1.

  The intake pipe pressure (Pb) sensor 20 is provided on the downstream side of the throttle valve 18. The intake pipe pressure Pb detected by the Pb sensor 20 is sent to the ECU 1.

  An air flow meter (AFM) 21 is provided upstream of the throttle valve 18. The air flow meter 21 detects the amount of air passing through the throttle valve 18 and sends it to the ECU 1.

  The indicated mean effective pressure may be used as an index representing the work amount of the engine. The average effective pressure represents the work in one combustion cycle of the engine divided by the stroke volume. The indicated mean effective pressure indicates a value obtained by subtracting cooling loss, incomplete combustion, mechanical friction, and the like from the mean effective pressure. These indicators may be used to evaluate performance differences between models with different total engine stroke volumes (engine displacement).

  Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a relationship (called a PV diagram) between the volume V of the combustion chamber of the engine and the in-cylinder pressure P in one combustion cycle. At point P, the intake valve opens and the intake stroke starts. The in-cylinder pressure decreases through a point N where the piston is at the top dead center TDC until reaching a point U which is the minimum value. Thereafter, the in-cylinder pressure increases through a point K where the piston is at the bottom dead center BDC. At the point Q, the compression stroke starts and the in-cylinder pressure continues to increase. At point R, the combustion stroke starts. The in-cylinder pressure rapidly increases due to the combustion of the air-fuel mixture, and at the point S, the in-cylinder pressure becomes maximum. Due to the combustion of the air-fuel mixture, the piston is pushed down and moves toward the BDC indicated by point M. By this movement, the in-cylinder pressure decreases. At point T, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust stroke begins. In the exhaust stroke, the in-cylinder pressure further decreases.

  The indicated mean effective pressure is obtained by dividing the area surrounded by the curve shown in the figure by the stroke volume of the piston.

  In the following embodiment, a method for calculating the indicated mean effective pressure is shown as an example of the engine work. However, the term engine work refers to other indicators that can be calculated based on the indicated mean effective pressure calculated by the technique according to the present invention, such as average effective pressure, net average effective pressure, engine torque, etc. Please note that is included.

The indicated mean effective pressure Pmi can be calculated by integrating the PV diagram as shown in FIG. 2 once, and the calculation formula can be expressed as the formula (1). Note that the integration interval is a period corresponding to one combustion cycle, but the start of the integration interval can be set at any point in time. Vs represents the stroke volume of the engine 2, and dV represents the volume change rate of the combustion chamber 8 of the engine 2. P is a signal indicating the in-cylinder pressure obtained based on the output from the in-cylinder pressure sensor 15 (FIG. 1) as described above.

  As shown in the equation (1), the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi is calculated based on the product of the in-cylinder pressure signal P and the volume change rate dV, and thus the correlation between the in-cylinder pressure signal P and the volume change rate dV. Can be considered as a function (correlation function). Since the frequency component that substantially constitutes the volume change rate dV is limited (details will be described later), the calculated mean effective pressure Pmi can be calculated by calculating the correlation function of only the frequency component. Can do.

In order to frequency-resolve the volume change rate dV, the volume change rate dV is expanded in the Fourier series as shown in Equation (2). t indicates time. T indicates the rotation cycle of the crankshaft of the engine (hereinafter referred to as the crank cycle), and ω indicates the angular frequency. In a 4-cycle engine, one period T corresponds to 360 degrees. k indicates the order of the frequency component of the engine rotation.

Applying equation (2) to equation (1) leads to equation (3). θ = ωt.

On the other hand, when the in-cylinder pressure signal P is expanded by the Fourier series, the Fourier coefficients Pak and Pbk of the in-cylinder pressure signal can be expressed as in Expression (4). One cycle Tc of the in-cylinder pressure signal corresponds to the length of one combustion cycle. In a four-cycle engine, since one combustion cycle corresponds to a crank angle of 720 degrees, the cycle Tc is twice the crank cycle T. Therefore, θc in equation (4) is (θ / 2) in a 4-cycle engine. kc represents the order of the frequency component of the in-cylinder pressure signal.

In equation (3), cos θ, cos 2θ,, sin θ, sin 2θ, and the like appear. In equation (4), by setting kc = 2k, Fourier coefficients Pak and Pbk of these components can be obtained. That is, in the four-cycle engine, in order to calculate the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi, the frequency components 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order, (k = 1, 2, 3...) Related to the Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk of the volume change rate. In contrast, the frequency components related to the Fourier coefficients Pak and Pbk of the in-cylinder pressure signal only need to be second order, fourth order, sixth order, (kc = 2, 4, 6,...). When kc = 2k, Expression (4) is expressed as Expression (5).

Applying equation (5) to equation (3) leads to equation (6). Here, “Va ₀ ” in the expression (3) is almost zero (the reason will be described later).

  Expression (6) includes Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk related to the stroke volume Vs and the volume change rate dV. Therefore, the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi can be calculated more accurately for an engine (for example, an engine having a variable compression ratio mechanism) in which the waveform of the volume change rate dV with respect to the stroke volume Vs and the crank angle changes.

  Expression (6) is an expression for a four-cycle engine, but it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that a two-cycle engine can be calculated in the same manner as described above. In the two-cycle engine, Tc = T and θc = θ are established.

The in-cylinder pressure Fourier coefficients Pak and Pbk expressed by the equation (5) are continuous-time equations. When transformed into a discrete system suitable for digital processing, it is expressed as shown in Equation (7). Here, N indicates the number of samplings in the crank cycle T. The integration interval has a length corresponding to one combustion cycle, and the number of samplings in the one combustion cycle is 2N. n indicates a sampling number. Pn indicates the in-cylinder pressure in the n-th sampling.

Expressions (8) to (8-2) summarize Expression (6) and Expression (7).

  In this embodiment, as shown in the equations (8-1) and (8-2), the in-cylinder pressure Fourier coefficients Pak and Pbk are sequentially calculated according to the detected in-cylinder pressure sample Pn. .

  According to the engine characteristics, the stroke volume Vs and volume change rate dV waveforms corresponding to the engine operating state are determined. Therefore, the stroke volume Vs and the volume change rate dV corresponding to the operating state of the engine can be obtained in advance by simulation or the like. In this embodiment, the stroke volume Vs and the Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk corresponding to the operating state of the engine are stored in advance in the memory.

  Here, the Fourier coefficient is observed. As shown in Expression (5), each of the Fourier coefficients for the in-cylinder pressure represents the amplitude (magnitude) of the in-cylinder pressure signal at each frequency component obtained by frequency decomposition of the volume change rate dV. More specifically, each of the Fourier coefficients for the in-cylinder pressure is a product of the in-cylinder pressure signal P and a signal (referred to as a reference signal) composed of each frequency component obtained by frequency decomposition of the volume change rate dV. Therefore, it can be considered as a value representing the correlation between the two (referred to as a correlation function). For example, the Fourier coefficient Pa1 can be said to be a correlation function between the in-cylinder pressure signal P and the reference signal cos θ.

  Referring now to FIG. 3, the waveform of the volume change rate dV with respect to the crank angle is constant (in other words, the stroke volume Vs is constant, so the behavior of the volume change rate dV is one type) A waveform 51 of the volume change rate dV in the engine and a waveform 52 of a sin function having the same period as the waveform of the volume change rate dV (the amplitude depends on the size of the stroke volume) are shown. In this example, the Fourier coefficient calculation interval A is one combustion cycle starting from the TDC (top dead center) of the intake stroke, and the sin function is set to have a value of zero at the start of the calculation interval A. Yes.

  As is apparent from the figure, the waveforms of both are very similar. This indicates that the volume change rate dV can be expressed by a sin function. The volume change rate dV has almost no offset and phase difference with respect to the sin function. Therefore, it can be predicted that the DC component a0 and the cos component hardly appear in the frequency component of the volume change rate.

  FIG. 4 shows the result of FFT analysis of the volume change rate dV of the engine as shown in FIG. Reference numeral 53 is a line indicating a primary frequency component of engine rotation, and reference numeral 54 is a line indicating a secondary frequency component of engine rotation. As can be seen from this analysis result, the volume change rate dV mainly has only primary and secondary frequency components of engine rotation.

  (A) of FIG. 5 shows an example of the Fourier coefficient of the volume change rate dV actually calculated for the calculation section A shown in FIG. FIG. 5B is a graph showing the magnitude of the Fourier coefficient for each component in FIG. It can be seen that the DC component Va0 and the phase-shifted cos component Vak (k = 1, 2,...) Are substantially zero. It can also be seen that the third and higher order harmonic components (k ≧ 3) are almost zero.

As described above, in an engine in which the waveform of the volume change rate does not change, the volume change rate dV mainly includes primary and secondary frequency components of engine rotation, and further includes the sin components. Recognize. In other words, in the Fourier coefficient of the volume change rate dV, components other than the primary and secondary sin components can be omitted. Considering this, the expressions (8) to (8-2) can be expressed as the expressions (9) and (9-1).

  Thus, for an engine in which the waveform of the volume change rate dV does not change, the frequency component that substantially constitutes the volume change rate is the primary and secondary sine components, and therefore the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi is calculated. The desired frequency components are the primary and secondary frequency components of engine rotation. In order to calculate the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi, it is only necessary to have Fourier coefficients Vb1 and Vb2 for the volume change rate dV and Fourier coefficients Pb1 and Pb2 for the in-cylinder pressure P.

  Prior to calculating the engine work as in the above equations (8) and (9), the in-cylinder pressure signal P is filtered for noise removal, anti-aliasing and drift removal.

  FIG. 6 shows an example of gain characteristics conventionally employed for such a filter. Here, it is assumed that the desired frequency components are the primary and secondary frequencies of engine rotation. The lines of frequencies fn1 and fn2 indicate the primary and secondary frequencies of engine rotation, respectively. The cut-off frequency fc1 of the filter is set so as to surely remove frequency components due to noise, drift, and aliasing, and to surely pass the desired frequency components. The filter is configured such that the gain takes a value of 0 dB in a frequency region lower than the cutoff frequency fc1.

  FIG. 7 shows an example of the gain characteristic of the filter used for the in-cylinder pressure signal P (which may be a sample Pn of the in-cylinder pressure signal) according to one embodiment of the present invention. The horizontal axis has the same frequency scale as FIG. As apparent from the comparison with FIG. 6, the cutoff frequency fc2 is set to a value lower than the cutoff frequency fc1 in FIG. That is, the cut-off frequency fc2 is set so as to reliably remove undesired frequency components that cause noise, drift, aliasing, and the like, and to intentionally attenuate the desired frequency components. As a result, the frequency range to be blocked is wider than that in FIG. Similar to FIG. 6, the filter is configured such that the gain takes a value of 0 dB in a frequency region lower than the cutoff frequency fc2.

  Since the filter of FIG. 7 is an example of a low-pass filter (for example, used for anti-aliasing), the cutoff frequency is set to a frequency lower than a desired frequency component. In the case of a high-pass filter (eg, used for drift removal), the cutoff frequency will be set to a frequency higher than the desired frequency component to cause attenuation of the desired frequency component. In the case of a band-pass filter, for example, low-frequency and high-frequency cutoff frequencies are set, and these cutoff frequencies are also set so as to attenuate a desired frequency component.

7, the secondary frequency fn2 of the engine rotation, represents represents a gain that is attenuated by the filter d _2, the gain as a result of attenuated by r _2. Therefore, r ₂ + d ₂ represents the in-cylinder pressure that has not been attenuated before filtering. Attenuation factor R ₂ is defined as follows. The attenuation rate has a value smaller than 1.

Damping rate R ₂ = r ₂ / (r ₂ + d ₂ )
Thus, it can be said that the attenuation rate R generally indicates the ratio of the output signal value to the input signal value to the filter. Hereinafter, Rk represents an attenuation rate at a k-th order frequency of engine rotation.

  The desired frequency component and the frequency component (undesired frequency component) to be blocked in order to prevent aliasing and drift vary according to the engine operating state (typically, the engine speed). Therefore, conventionally, a filter as shown in FIG. 6 is prepared for each engine speed (or a predetermined range of engine speed). On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 7, the filter used in the present invention sets the cut-off frequency so as to reliably cut off the undesired frequency component but attenuate the desired frequency component. Therefore, the filter requirements are relaxed compared to FIG. 6, and the number of filters to be prepared for a predetermined range of engine speed can be reduced compared to FIG. For example, in the filter as shown in FIG. 6 for a certain range of engine speed, m filters are required. However, in the filter of the present invention, fewer than m filters may be used.

  Alternatively, the desired and undesired frequency components may vary according to other operating condition parameters such as engine load. In such a case, the cut-off frequency may be set according to the other operating state parameter.

  In some cases, an in-cylinder pressure signal sampled at a certain high frequency is filtered, and the filtered in-cylinder pressure signal is resampled at a frequency lower than the sampling frequency and used for calculating the indicated mean effective pressure. In such a case, from the Nyquist theorem, the filter used in the filtering needs to set the cut-off frequency to half or less of the resampling frequency in order to prevent aliasing. In order to reliably pass the desired frequency component, a steep cutoff characteristic as indicated by reference numeral 61 in FIG. 6 may be required due to such a low cutoff frequency. In addition, when the desired frequency component is surely passed and the frequency causing the drift is surely removed, such a steep cutoff characteristic may still be required.

  Due to the steep cut-off characteristics, the filter is higher order. Higher-order filters tend to be unstable and have a high computational load. Further, as indicated by reference numeral 62 in FIG. 6, there is a possibility that a slight ripple may occur in the pass frequency region.

  On the other hand, according to the filter used in the present invention, as shown in FIG. 7, the cutoff frequency is set so as to attenuate a desired frequency component. Since the characteristic starts to be cut off from a desired frequency region, the filter does not have a steep cut-off characteristic. Therefore, a filter having a lower order than that in FIG. 6 may be used. This stabilizes the filter and reduces the computational load.

Thus, in the present invention, uses a filter cutoff frequency is set so as to attenuate the desired frequency component, thereby, as shown in the d ₂ of FIG. 7, the attenuation occurs in the desired frequency component. The present invention provides a technique for compensating for this attenuated gain d ₂ (this technique will be described later). Accordingly, the work amount of the engine can be calculated without a decrease in accuracy while making it possible to use a filter as shown in FIG.

  A filter can generally be characterized by a gain characteristic and a phase characteristic. An example of the phase characteristic of the filter used in the present invention is shown in FIG.

  FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an apparatus for calculating the indicated mean effective pressure when using a filter as shown in FIG. 7 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The function of the block shown is typically implemented in the ECU 1 in FIG. In this embodiment, it is assumed that a desired frequency component for calculating the indicated mean effective pressure is determined in advance through frequency decomposition of the engine volume change rate.

  The driving state detection unit 101 detects the driving state of the engine. In this embodiment, the operating state of the engine includes the engine speed NE. As described above, the engine speed NE can be detected based on the detection signal from the crank angle sensor 17 (FIG. 1).

  In this embodiment, the filter corresponding to the engine speed NE and the filter characteristics (including gain characteristics and phase characteristics) of the filter are stored in advance in the memory of the ECU 1. For example, a first filter is associated with a certain range of engine speed, and the filter characteristics of the first filter are stored in the memory. The engine speed in other ranges is associated with the second filter, and the filter characteristics of the second filter are stored in the memory. All of these filters have the gain characteristics as described with reference to FIG. 7, for example, the phase characteristics as shown in FIG. As described above, it should be noted that the number of filters to be prepared is reduced with respect to the engine speed within a predetermined range as compared with a filter having a gain characteristic as shown in FIG.

  The filter selection unit 102 refers to the memory based on the engine speed NE detected by the operating state detection unit 101 and selects a filter corresponding to the engine speed.

  The in-cylinder pressure filter unit 103 filters the in-cylinder pressure signal Pn detected and sampled through the in-cylinder pressure sensor 15 using the filter selected by the filter selection unit 102, and generates a filtered in-cylinder pressure signal FPn.

This apparatus further includes a cos wave generation unit 104 and a sin wave generation unit 105. The cosine wave generation unit 104 generates a cosine wave signal Ck (= cosk × (2π / N) × n) in Expression (8). For each order k, a cos generator is provided. That is, a primary cos wave generation unit 104 _{1 to a} Kth order cos generation unit 104 _K are provided.

The sine wave generation unit 105 generates a sine wave Sk (= sink × (2π / N) × n) in Expression (8). A sin generator is provided for each order k. That is, the first-order sine wave generation unit 105 _{1 to the} K-th order sine generation unit 105 _K are provided.

  The cos wave filter unit 106 is provided so as to correspond to the cos generation unit 104 of each order. Each cos wave filter unit 106 preferably filters the cos wave signal Ck with a filter having the same filter characteristics as the in-cylinder pressure filter unit 103 (that is, a filter selected by the filter selection unit 102). Thus, a filtered cosine wave signal FCk (= F (cosk × 2π / N × n)) is generated.

  The sine wave filter unit 107 is provided to correspond to the sine generation unit 105 of each order. Each sine wave filter unit 107 preferably filters the sine wave signal Sk with a filter having the same filter characteristics as the in-cylinder pressure filter unit 103 (that is, a filter selected by the filter selection unit 102). Thus, a filtered sin wave signal FSK (= F (sink × 2π / N × n)) is generated.

  By filtering the reference signal (cos wave signal Ck and sin wave signal Sk) with a filter having the same filter characteristics as the in-cylinder pressure filter, a phase shift caused by filtering is generated between the in-cylinder pressure signal and the reference signal. Can be prevented.

  As described above, the stroke volume Vs and the Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk of the volume change rate for the desired frequency component are calculated in advance and stored in the memory of the ECU 1. The volume data determination unit 108 accesses the memory and acquires the stroke volume Vs and the Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk of the volume change rate.

  The attenuation rate determination unit 109 determines an attenuation rate Rk for a desired frequency component. Several methods for determining the attenuation rate Rk are conceivable and will be described later.

The Pmi calculation unit 110 uses the filtered in-cylinder pressure FPn, the filtered cos signal FCk, and the filtered sin signal FSk, as shown in equations (10-1) and (10-2), to obtain a Fourier coefficient for the in-cylinder pressure. FPak and FPbk (called filtered Fourier coefficients) are calculated.

  The purpose of the Pmi calculator 110 is to calculate the indicated mean effective pressure with compensated attenuation. That is, the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi represented by the equation (8) (this is the indicated mean effective pressure that has not been attenuated) is calculated using the filtered Fourier coefficients FPak and FPbk obtained through the filter. It is to be.

Between the Fourier coefficients Pak and Pbk in the expressions (8-1) and (8-2) and the Fourier coefficients FPak and FPbk obtained by the expressions (10-1) and (10-2), Such a relationship is established (this technical basis will be described later).

As shown in equations (11-1) and (11-2), the Fourier coefficients Pak and Pbk of equations (8) to (8-2) are calculated from the filtered Fourier coefficients FPak, FPbk and attenuation factor Rk. be able to. Therefore, Expressions (8) to (8-2) can be rewritten as Expressions (12) to (12-2).

  The indicated mean effective pressure Pmi calculated according to the equation (12) is the indicated mean effective pressure with compensated attenuation.

The Pmi calculation unit 110 calculates the above equation (12) according to a desired frequency component. For example, if the desired frequency component is a sine wave component of the primary and secondary frequencies of engine rotation, k takes values of 1 and 2. The Pmi calculator 110 calculates the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi in which the attenuation is compensated according to the following equation (13).

The Pmi calculation unit 110 can be configured to ignore the outputs of the cosine wave filter unit and the sine wave filter that are not the desired frequency components. Alternatively, only the cosine wave generation unit and the cosine wave filter unit, the sin wave generation unit, and the sine wave filter unit corresponding to a desired frequency component may be provided. In the example of Expression (13), only the first-order and second-order sine wave generation units 105 ₁ and 105 ₂ and the corresponding sine wave filter units 107 ₁ and 107 ₂ may be provided.

  Here, the reason why the equations (11-1) and (11-2) are established will be described.

For simplicity, the order k is 1, and the filtered Fourier coefficient FPb1 will be described as an example. Let the attenuation factor and phase delay of the filter for the order k (k = 0, 1, 2,...) Be R _k and Φ _k , respectively.

As shown in equation (14), filtered Fourier coefficients FPb1 is represented by integrating the signals FS ₁ which has passed through the primary sin wave filter unit 107 _1, a product of the filtered in-cylinder pressure signal FP. Here, FS ₁ is represented by R ₁ sin (θ + Φ ₁ ).

When the filtered in-cylinder pressure signal FP of the above equation (14) is expanded by Fourier series, the following equation (15) is obtained.

Due to the orthogonality of the trigonometric function, only the product of the same frequency components remains. That is, only the product of R ₁ Pb ₁ sin (θ + Φ ₁ ) and sin (θ + Φ ₁ ) remains, and as a result, it can be expressed as in Expression (16).

  Thus, the above (11-1) is established. The same applies to the other Fourier coefficients, and thus the above equation (11-2) is established.

  Next, several methods for determining the attenuation rate Rk by the attenuation rate determination unit 109 will be described.

In one embodiment, as described above, the filter corresponding to the engine speed and its filter characteristic are stored in the memory in advance. As described with reference to FIG. 7, since the attenuation rate is determined by the gain characteristic of the filter, the attenuation rate is also stored in the memory in advance. Therefore, the attenuation rate determination unit 109 extracts the attenuation rate at a desired frequency component from the memory for the filter selected by the filter selection unit 102. For example, when the indicated mean effective pressure is calculated according to equation (13), the desired frequency components are the primary and secondary frequencies of the engine rotation, and the extracted attenuation rates are R ₁ and R ₂ . . The attenuation rate thus determined is passed to the Pmi calculation unit 110.

In another embodiment, the attenuation rate determination unit 109 calculates the attenuation rate in real time. According to one method of real-time calculation, the attenuation rate determination unit 109 performs a filtered sine wave (sine wave) signal generated by the k-th order sine wave filter 107k and a filtered state generated by the k-th order cosine wave filter 106k. A cosine wave (cosine wave) signal is received, and a value obtained by squaring the attenuation rate Rk is calculated according to equation (17). A graphical representation of this calculation is shown in FIG. k indicates the order of the desired frequency component. For example, if the desired frequency components are the primary and secondary frequency components, R ₁ and R ₂ are calculated for k = 1 and 2, respectively. The attenuation rate Rk is calculated by the equation (17-1).

  Another method for real-time calculation uses a sine wave signal and a cosine wave signal that swing between ± 1. Since the sin wave signal and the cosine wave signal have a phase shift of 90 degrees, the absolute value of the kth order filtered cosine wave signal when the value of the kth order filtered sin wave signal is zero indicates the attenuation rate Rk. . Alternatively, the absolute value of the kth-order filtered sin wave signal when the value of the kth filtered cosine wave signal is zero indicates the attenuation rate Rk.

In the example of FIG. 11, the sine wave signal and the cosine wave signal that amplitude between ± 1 become reference signals that amplitude between ± Rk by passing through the filter. The attenuation rate determination unit 109 receives the filtered sine wave signal generated by the kth order sine wave filter 107k and the filtered cosine wave signal generated by the kth order cosine wave filter 106k. The attenuation rate determination unit 109 obtains the value of the filtered cosine wave signal (R _k cos (kθ + Φ _k )) when the filtered sin wave signal (R _k sin (kθ + Φ _k )) is zero as the attenuation rate R _k . Alternatively, the value of the filtered sin wave signal (R _k sin (kθ + Φ _k ) when the filtered cos wave signal (R _k cos (kθ + Φ _k )) is zero is _obtained as the attenuation rate R _k , where the phase lag is obtained. Φk takes a negative value as shown in FIG.

  Real-time attenuation rate calculation is an advantageous technique when, for example, optimal filtering is designed appropriately according to the operating condition of the engine, or when the nonlinear filter is continuously switched. For example, the filter selection unit 102 in FIG. 9 obtains an undesired frequency region in accordance with the detected engine speed NE, and determines the cutoff frequency in real time so as to reliably cut off the frequency region, Filters can be configured dynamically. For example, it has been found that the frequency region where the drift appears is lower than the primary frequency of the engine rotation, and the undesired frequency region can be calculated from the detected engine speed. In this way, the attenuation rate can be calculated in real time for the filter configured in real time.

  Further, when the filter is realized by an analog filter, it is preferable to calculate the attenuation rate in real time. Even if the characteristics of the analog filter change due to individual differences of analog circuits and temperature, the attenuation rate can be calculated accurately.

  In order to improve the thermal efficiency of the engine, an engine having a variable compression ratio mechanism has been proposed. This mechanism can change the compression ratio in the combustion chamber 8 in accordance with a control signal from the ECU 1.

  Some variable compression ratio mechanisms change the waveforms of the stroke deposition Vs and the volume change rate dV according to the compression ratio. When the waveform of the volume change rate dV changes, a desired frequency component changes to calculate the engine work. In the example of FIG. 3, the primary and secondary sine waves are frequency components that substantially constitute the volume change rate. Therefore, the desired frequency component is the sin component of the primary and secondary frequency components of the engine rotation. However, when the variable compression ratio mechanism is mounted, the frequency component that substantially constitutes the volume change rate may change according to the compression ratio.

  FIG. 12A shows an example of a waveform of the volume change rate dV in an operating state of an engine equipped with a variable compression ratio mechanism. A sin function waveform 162 having the same period as the waveform 161 of the volume change rate dV is shown.

The waveform 161 of the volume change rate dV is more distorted than the waveform 162 of the sin function, and is expected to include not only the sin component but also the cos component. FIG. 12B shows the value of the Fourier coefficient in each component of the volume change rate dV shown in FIG. It can be seen that the volume change rate dV can be satisfactorily expressed by the primary and secondary sin components and the primary and secondary cos components. Therefore, the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi can be expressed as in Expression (18). A value corresponding to the detected engine operating state (for example, compression ratio) is substituted into the stroke volume Vs.

  In this example, the desired frequency components are the sin and cos components of the primary and secondary frequency components of engine rotation.

  FIG. 13 is a block diagram for calculating the indicated mean effective pressure when such a variable compression ratio mechanism is mounted. Only differences from FIG. 9 will be described. These functional blocks are typically implemented in the ECU 1 in FIG.

  The operation state detection unit 201 further detects the compression ratio Cr in the combustion chamber 8. The compression ratio Cr can be detected by any appropriate technique. For example, a compression ratio sensor can be provided. Alternatively, a predetermined sensor for detecting a change in the volume in the combustion chamber may be provided, and the compression ratio may be calculated from the change in the volume.

  In the memory of the ECU 1, the stroke volume Vs corresponding to the compression ratio Cr and the Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk of the volume change rate are determined and stored in advance by simulation or the like. FIG. 14 shows an example of a map that can be stored in the memory.

  The volume data determination unit 208 refers to a map as shown in FIG. 14B based on the detected compression ratio Cr, and determines a desired frequency component for the Fourier coefficient of the volume change rate. In the example of FIG. 14B, Fourier coefficients Vb1, Vb2, Va1, and Va2 are defined in the map. Therefore, it is determined that the desired frequency components are the primary and secondary sin components and cos components. Alternatively, a desired frequency component type corresponding to the compression ratio may be defined in a map different from that in FIG.

  The volume data determination unit 208 extracts the values of Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk corresponding to the detected compression ratio from the map. In the example of FIG. 14B, the values of Va1, Va2, Vb1, and Vb2 are extracted.

  The volume data determination unit 208 further refers to a map as shown in FIG. 14A and extracts a stroke volume Vs corresponding to the detected compression ratio Cr.

  The filter selection unit 202 operates in the same manner as the filter selection unit 102 in FIG. As described above, the filter selection unit 202 may be configured to determine filter characteristics such as a cutoff frequency in real time based on a desired frequency component determined by the volume data determination unit 208.

  The in-cylinder pressure filter unit 203, the cos wave generation unit 204, the sine wave generation unit 205, the cos wave filter unit 206, and the sine wave filter unit 207 operate in the same manner as shown in FIG.

  The attenuation rate determination unit 209 determines the attenuation rate Rk for the desired frequency component determined by the volume data determination unit 208 by any of the several methods as described above.

  The Pmi calculator 210 receives the filtered cosine wave signal and filtered sine wave signal from the cosine wave filter and / or sine wave filter of the desired frequency component determined by the volume data determining unit 208. The Pmi calculator 210 can ignore the outputs of the cos wave filter and the sin wave filter of other frequency components. The Pmi calculation unit 210 further receives the stroke volume Vs and Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk of desired frequency components from the volume data determination unit 208 and receives the attenuation rate Rk from the attenuation rate determination unit 209. Thus, the Pmi calculation unit 210 calculates Expression (12) using the received data.

For example, when the desired frequency components are primary and secondary sin and cos components, the Pmi calculation unit 210 receives Vs, Va1, Vb1, Va2, and Vb2 from the volume data determination unit 208, and performs an in-cylinder pressure filter. FP receives the outputs FC ₁ and FC _{2 of} the first-order and second-order cosine wave filters, and the outputs FS ₁ and FS ₂ of the first-order and second-order sine wave filters, and receives R ₁ and R from the attenuation factor determination unit 209. ₂ is calculated, and the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi is calculated according to the equations (19) to (19-2).

  In this embodiment, the volume data determination unit 208 determines a desired frequency component from the detected compression ratio. Alternatively, a desired component determination unit is provided, and a desired frequency component is determined from the detected compression ratio, and this information is passed to the volume data determination unit 208, the attenuation rate determination unit 209, and the Pmi calculation unit 210. May be.

  FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a process for calculating the indicated mean effective pressure according to one embodiment of the present invention. This process is executed by the ECU 1 at predetermined time intervals. This process is based on the embodiment shown in FIG.

  In step S1, a desired frequency component is determined based on the detected compression ratio. As described above, for example, a desired frequency component can be determined by referring to a map as shown in FIG. In the example of FIG. 14B, desired frequency components are the sin component and the cos component of the primary and secondary frequencies of the engine rotation.

  In step S2, the sampled in-cylinder pressure signal P is acquired, and a reference signal (sin wave and / or cos wave signal) is generated.

  In step S3, a filter to be used is selected according to the detected engine speed NE, and the in-cylinder pressure signal P and the reference signal are filtered.

  In step S4, an attenuation rate Rk for a desired frequency component is determined according to any of the methods described above.

  In step S5, the filtered in-cylinder pressure signal and the filtered reference signal are resampled. This is to further reduce the calculation load. Although the filtering process can be performed at a frequency at which the in-cylinder pressure signal is sampled, the calculation of the indicated mean effective pressure is not necessarily performed at such a high frequency. Therefore, resampling is performed at a frequency lower than the sampling frequency. However, this process is not necessarily required.

  In step S6, a map such as (A) and (B) of FIG. 14 is referred to based on the detected compression ratio Cr, and the stroke volume Vs, Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk of the volume change rate (example of FIG. 14). Then, Va1, Va2, Vb1, and Vb2) are extracted. Step S6 can be performed in parallel with steps S2 to S4.

  In step S7, the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi is calculated according to the above equation (12). In the example of FIG. 14, Va1, Va2, Vb1, and Vb2 are extracted, so the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi is calculated according to the equation (19).

  In FIG. 9 and FIG. 13, each of the in-cylinder pressure signal and the reference signal is shown to be filtered by one filter. However, a plurality of filters can be used according to the type of noise to be removed. For example, the in-cylinder pressure signal can be filtered with a first filter to prevent aliasing and then filtered with a second filter to remove drift. The first and second filters have characteristics as described with reference to FIG. That is, the first filter cuts off the frequency component that causes aliasing, and the cutoff frequency is set so as to attenuate the desired frequency component. The cut-off frequency is set so that the second filter cuts off the frequency component causing the drift and attenuates the desired frequency component.

  When a plurality of filters are used in this way, the gain attenuated by each filter is compensated. That is, Rk in equation (12) indicates the attenuation rate for the two filters. If the attenuation factor of the first filter is R1k and the attenuation factor of the second filter is R2k, Rk can be expressed as R1k × R2k.

In the embodiment described above, the Fourier coefficients Vak and Vbk of the volume change rate are stored in the memory in advance. The waveform of the volume change rate dV corresponding to the compression ratio is determined according to the engine characteristics. Therefore, a volume change rate dV having a waveform as shown in FIGS. 3 and 12 may be extracted from the memory in accordance with the detected compression ratio, and a Fourier coefficient may be calculated in real time from the volume change rate. This calculation formula is shown in Formula (20). Here, Vn indicates the volume change rate obtained by the n-th sampling, and this can be obtained from the waveforms as shown in FIGS. Note that the Fourier coefficient of the volume change rate is represented by the product of the volume Vn and a reference function composed of a desired frequency component, and thus can be considered as a correlation function of both.

The integration interval may be a length corresponding to two crank cycles, that is, one combustion cycle. In this case, the Fourier coefficient of the volume change rate can be calculated as shown in Equation (21). The calculation result is the same as Expression (20).

  In the above embodiment, it is possible to designate a frequency component used for calculating the work amount of the engine by using a correlation function between the reference signal and the in-cylinder pressure / volume change rate. Since the calculation for the frequency component that has not been specified becomes unnecessary, the calculation load is reduced.

However, alternatively, the present invention can be applied to a form in which no frequency component is specified. For example, when the in-cylinder pressure signal P is filtered by a filter as shown in FIG. 7, the in-cylinder pressure signal FP in which a desired frequency component is attenuated and an undesired frequency component is blocked is output. Here, the desired frequency component can be determined by frequency-resolving the volume change rate as in the embodiment described above. For example, when there is one desired frequency component and R is the attenuation factor of the filter at the desired frequency component, FP = R ² × P is established. Therefore, the indicated mean effective pressure Pmi can be calculated according to the equation (22). Here, n indicates a sampling number, and the number of samples in one combustion cycle is 2N. Vs indicates the stroke volume of the engine, Vn indicates the volume change rate in the n-th sampling, and can be obtained from the waveforms shown in FIGS. 3 and 12. As described above, Vs and Vn can be calculated and stored in advance according to the operating state of the engine.

  The filter described in the above embodiment is preferably a digital filter. By using a digital filter, it is possible to avoid variations in analog circuits and variations in time constants when an analog filter is used. However, an analog filter may be used.

  In the above embodiment, the filtered in-cylinder pressure FP is calculated by filtering the in-cylinder pressure P obtained by integrating the signal dP indicating the change in the in-cylinder pressure obtained by the in-cylinder pressure sensor 15. Alternatively, the filtered in-cylinder pressure FP may be calculated by performing integration after filtering the in-cylinder pressure change signal dP. This is because a change in the value of the desired frequency component accompanying the integration operation can be easily compensated.

  The present invention is applicable to a general-purpose internal combustion engine (such as an outboard motor).

The figure which shows schematically the engine and its control apparatus according to one Example of this invention. The figure which shows the illustration mean effective pressure according to one Example of this invention. The figure which shows the volume change rate according to one Example of this invention. The figure which shows the FFT analysis result about the volume change rate according to one Example of this invention. The figure which shows the value of the Fourier coefficient in each order according to one Example of this invention. An example of the gain characteristic of the filter conventionally used for filtering an in-cylinder pressure signal. An example of the gain characteristic of the filter used for filtering an in-cylinder pressure signal according to one embodiment of the present invention. An example of the phase characteristic of the filter used for filtering an in-cylinder pressure signal according to one embodiment of the present invention. 1 is a block diagram of an apparatus for calculating an indicated mean effective pressure according to one embodiment of the present invention. The block diagram which shows one method of calculating an attenuation factor according to one Example of this invention. The figure for demonstrating the other method of calculating an attenuation factor according to one Example of this invention. The figure which shows the value of a volume change rate and a Fourier coefficient according to one Example of this invention. The block diagram of the apparatus which calculates the illustration average effective pressure according to the other Example of this invention. The figure which shows the map of the stroke volume according to the compression ratio according to one Example of this invention, and a Fourier coefficient. 3 is a flowchart of a process for calculating an indicated mean effective pressure according to one embodiment of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

1 ECU 2 Engine 15 In-cylinder pressure sensor

Claims (12)

A device for calculating the work load of an engine,
Means for detecting an in-cylinder pressure of the engine;
Of the frequency components obtained by frequency-resolving the rate of change of the volume of the engine, the desired frequency component is attenuated to calculate the work amount of the engine, and the work amount of the engine is calculated. Filtering means for filtering the in-cylinder pressure with a filter in which a cutoff frequency is set so as to cut off an undesired frequency component;
Calculating means for calculating the work of the engine based on the filtered in-cylinder pressure and the volume of the engine so as to compensate for attenuation in the desired frequency component;
A device comprising: further,
The calculating means calculates an in-cylinder pressure before the filtering from the filtered in-cylinder pressure, using an attenuation factor indicating a ratio of an output signal value to an input signal value to the filter in the desired frequency component. ,
The calculation means compensates the attenuation by calculating the work amount of the engine based on the calculated in-cylinder pressure before filtering and the volume of the engine.
The apparatus of claim 1. A device for calculating the work load of an engine,
Means for detecting an in-cylinder pressure of the engine;
Means for generating a reference signal composed of a desired frequency component for calculating the work amount of the engine among frequency components obtained by frequency-resolving the rate of change of the volume of the engine;
In-cylinder pressure filtering that filters the in-cylinder pressure with a filter in which a cutoff frequency is set so as to cut off an undesired frequency component for calculating the work amount of the engine while attenuation occurs in the desired frequency component Means,
Reference signal filtering means for filtering the reference signal with the filter;
Means for calculating a correlation function representing a correlation between the filtered in-cylinder pressure and the filtered reference signal;
Calculation means for calculating the work of the engine based on the correlation function and the volume of the engine so as to compensate for attenuation in the desired frequency component;
A device comprising: further,
The calculating means uses an attenuation rate indicating a ratio of an output signal value to an input signal value to the filter in the desired frequency component, and calculates the in-cylinder pressure before filtering and the reference before filtering from the correlation function. Calculating a second correlation function representing the correlation with the signal;
The calculation means compensates the attenuation by calculating the work amount of the engine based on the calculated second correlation function and the volume of the engine.
The apparatus of claim 3. further,
An attenuation rate determining means for determining the attenuation rate;
Apparatus according to claim 2 or 4. further,
Means for detecting an operating state of the engine;
Filter selection means for selecting the filter according to the detected operating state;
The apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: Storage means for storing at least one filter corresponding to an operating state of the engine together with the attenuation rate at the desired frequency component;
Means for detecting an operating state of the engine;
Filter selection means for selecting the filter from the storage means according to the detected operating state,
The attenuation rate determining means obtains the attenuation rate stored for the selected filter;
The apparatus according to claim 5. The operating state of the engine includes the rotational speed of the engine,
Apparatus according to claim 6 or 7. further,
The attenuation rate determining means determines the attenuation rate based on a first reference signal of the filtered reference signals and a second reference signal having a predetermined phase difference from the first reference signal. calculate,
The apparatus according to claim 5. The first reference signal is a sine wave, and the second reference signal is a cosine wave;
The attenuation rate determining means calculates the attenuation rate from the result of adding the square of the first reference signal and the square of the second reference signal.
The apparatus according to claim 9. The first reference signal is a sine wave that amplitudes between ± 1 and the second reference signal is a cosine wave that amplitudes between ± 1;
The attenuation rate determining means calculates a value of the second reference signal when the first reference signal is zero or a value of the first reference signal when the second reference signal is zero. , As the attenuation rate,
The apparatus according to claim 9. The work of the engine includes the indicated mean effective pressure,
The apparatus of claim 1.

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