JP2008026606A - Method of forming tin oxide porous layer and electrochromic display element - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrochromic display element which has excellent display speed and is light in weight and is flexible. <P>SOLUTION: In a method of forming a tin oxide porous layer, an organic tin layer is formed using an organic tin paste containing organic tin and then heated at 150 to 250°C to form the tin oxide porous layer. The electrochromic display element is formed by using the same. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for forming a tin oxide porous layer and an electrochromic display element having a tin oxide porous layer formed by low-temperature heating.

  In recent years, with the increase in the operating speed of personal computers, the spread of network infrastructure, the increase in capacity and price of data storage, information such as documents and images provided on printed paper on paper has become easier to use electronic information. Opportunities to obtain and browse electronic information are increasing more and more.

  As a means for browsing such electronic information, a conventional liquid crystal display or CRT, and in recent years, a light emitting type such as an organic EL display is mainly used. In particular, when the electronic information is document information, it is relatively long time. It is necessary to pay close attention to this browsing means, and these actions are not necessarily human-friendly means. Generally, as a drawback of light-emitting displays, eyes flicker due to flickering, inconvenient to carry, reading posture is limited It is known that it is necessary to adjust the line of sight to a still screen, and that power consumption increases when read for a long time.

  As a display means that compensates for these drawbacks, a reflection type display that uses external light and does not consume power for image retention (memory type) is known, but has sufficient performance for the following reasons. It's hard to say.

  That is, the method using a polarizing plate such as a reflective liquid crystal has a low reflectance of about 40% and is difficult to display white, and many of the production methods used for producing the constituent members are not easy. In addition, the polymer dispersed liquid crystal requires a high voltage and utilizes the difference in refractive index between organic substances, so that the resulting image has insufficient contrast. In addition, the polymer network type liquid crystal has problems such as a high voltage and a complicated TFT circuit required to improve the memory performance. In addition, a display element based on electrophoresis requires a high voltage of 10 V or more, and there is a concern about durability due to electrophoretic particle aggregation.

  On the other hand, the electrochromic display element can be driven at a low voltage of 3 V or less, but the color quality of black or color (yellow, magenta, cyan, blue, green, red, etc.) is not sufficient, and the memory property is low. In order to ensure, there is a concern that the display cell requires a complicated film configuration such as a vapor deposition film.

  As a method for improving the problems of these electrochromic display methods, for example, between two conductive substrates, at least one of which is transparent, reversibly develops color or at least one of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction. An electrochromic display device using an electrochromic element formed by interposing an electrolyte containing an erasing electrochromic dye has been disclosed, has a simple structure, is bright and easy to see, and can reduce power consumption. Has been. (For example, refer to Patent Documents 1 and 2).

As a result of studying in more detail, the present inventor produced a full-color electrochromic display element by the method disclosed in Patent Documents 1 and 2 and evaluated display characteristics. Since baking at ˜500 degrees is necessary, it has been found that the characteristics of transparent electrodes such as ITO and TFTs are degraded, and the display speed is reduced. In addition, it is effective to use a plastic resin substrate in order to reduce the weight and flexibility of the element. However, in the formation of the above-described tin oxide layer, it is necessary to fire at 400 to 500 degrees. It was.
International Publication No. 2004/068231 Pamphlet International Publication No. 2004/0667673 Pamphlet

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an electrochromic display element that is excellent in display speed, lightweight, and flexible.

  The above problem could be solved by the following configuration.

  1. A method for forming a tin oxide porous layer, comprising forming an organic tin layer using an organic tin paste containing organic tin and then heat-treating at 150 to 250 ° C to form a tin oxide porous layer .

  2. 2. The method for forming a tin oxide porous layer according to 1 above, wherein the organic tin is a tin salt with an organic acid.

  3. 3. The method for forming a tin oxide porous layer according to 2 above, wherein the organic acid is a tertiary fatty acid.

  4). 4. The method for forming a porous tin oxide layer according to 3 above, wherein the tertiary fatty acid is at least one selected from pivalic acid, neoheptanoic acid, neononanoic acid or neodecanoic acid.

  5. 5. The method for forming a tin oxide porous layer according to any one of 1 to 4, wherein the organotin paste is doped with antimony.

  6). An electrochromic display element having a counter electrode, at least one porous layer containing titanium oxide adsorbed with an electrochromic dye, and at least one tin oxide porous layer, wherein the tin oxide porous layer is An electrochromic display element, which is a tin oxide porous layer formed by the method for forming a tin oxide porous layer according to any one of 1 to 5.

  7). 7. The electrochromic display element as described in 6 above, wherein the electrochromic dye is represented by the following general formula (1).

[Wherein, R ¹ is — (CH ₂ ) _m — (wherein m represents an integer of 0 or 1 to 10), each an arylene group having up to 14 carbon atoms, a heteroarylene group, or each carbon atom. A branched alkylene group, alkenylene group, or cycloalkylene group of up to several tens, and each arylene group, heteroarylene group, branched alkylene group, branched alkenylene group, or cycloalkylene group is optionally -P (O) (OH) ₂ group - (CH _{2) n} - may have through a group. Moreover, you may substitute arbitrarily. Here, n represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 10.

R ² is a group represented by R ³ R ⁴ , wherein R ³ represents — (CH ₂ ) _p — (wherein p represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 10), and R ⁴ Represents a —P (O) (OH) ₂ group, or an aryl group or heteroaryl group having up to 14 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or a cycloalkyl group each having up to 10 carbon atoms. .

X ⁻ represents an ion that neutralizes charge.

However, when R ² is — (CH ₂ ) ₂ —P (O) (OH) ₂ , R ¹ is not — (CH ₂ ) _m — (m is 2 or 3). In addition, when R ² is a phenyl group, R ¹ is not — (CH ₂ ) _m — (m is 2). ]
8). 7. The electrochromic display element as described in 6 above, wherein the electrochromic dye is represented by the following general formula (2).

[Wherein, R ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and R ₂ and R ₃ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. X ₁ represents> N—R ₄ , an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and R ₄ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. ]
9. 9. The electrochromic display element according to any one of 6 to 8, wherein a thickness of the porous layer containing titanium oxide or the porous tin oxide layer is 1 μm or more and 5 μm or less.

  10. 10. The electrochromic display element according to any one of 6 to 9, wherein a plurality of the electrochromic display elements are stacked so that a plurality of colors can be displayed.

  11. Any one of the items 6 to 9 above, wherein a plurality of colors can be displayed by disposing a porous layer containing titanium oxide adsorbing different electrochromic dyes in a pattern between the counter electrodes. The electrochromic display element described in 1.

  12 The electrochromic display element according to any one of 6 to 9, wherein a plurality of colors can be displayed by adsorbing a plurality of types of electrochromic dyes to a porous layer containing the same titanium oxide. .

  13. 13. The electrochromic display element according to any one of 6 to 12, wherein at least one electrode is formed on a plastic substrate.

  By the above means of the present invention, an electrochromic display element that is excellent in display speed, lightweight, and flexible can be provided.

  Hereinafter, the best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail.

  As a result of intensive studies in view of the above problems, the present inventor has formed an organic tin layer using an organic tin paste containing an organic tin, and further a tin salt of a fatty acid, particularly a tertiary fatty acid tin salt. An electrochromic display element that is excellent in display speed, lightweight, and flexible by a method for forming a tin oxide porous layer that is heat-treated at a temperature of 150 to 250 ° C. to form a tin oxide porous layer. It is as soon as it has been found and can be realized.

<Electrochromic dye>
The electrochromic dye according to the present invention may be any compound that exhibits electrochromic properties.

  Specifically, JP-A-62-297382, JP-A-62-228689, JP-A-3-54528, JP-A-5-224242, JP-A-5-98251, JP-A-2004-01729, JP-A-2000-2000. -241835, the pigment | dye described in the international publication 2004/066773 pamphlet etc. can be mentioned.

  For example, the compound represented by the general formula (1) is mentioned.

Each of the arylene group, heteroarylene group having up to 14 carbon atoms, branched alkylene group, branched alkenylene group, or cycloalkylene group each having up to 14 carbon atoms represented by R ¹ optionally has a substituent. These groups may be substituted by one or two or more, and when a plurality of groups are substituted, they may be different from each other or the same substituent.

  Examples of these substituents include the following groups.

  Lower alkyl group, lower alkenyl group, phenyl substituted-lower alkyl group, diphenyl substituted-lower alkyl group, phenyl group, phenoxy group, lower alkanoyloxy group, halogen atom, amino group, cyano group, nitro group, lower alkylamino group, Di (lower alkyl) amino group, phenylamino group, lower alkanoylamino group, benzoylamino group, lower alkylsulfonylamino group, phenylsulfonylamino group, lower alkanoyl group, benzoyl group, carboxyl group, lower alkoxycarbonyl group, carbamoyl group, N-lower alkylcarbamoyl group, N, N-di- (lower alkyl) carbamoyl group, ureido group, N-lower alkylureido group, lower alkylsulfonyl group, phenylsulfonyl group, hydroxyl group, lower alkoxy group, Mino group, lower alkylamino group, di (lower alkyl) amino group, lower alkoxy group substituted by halogen atom, carboxyl group or lower alkoxycarbonyl group, alkoxy group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, and divalent methylene And a dioxy group.

  In addition, the phenyl groups mentioned above, and the phenyl groups contained in the benzoyl group, phenylamino group, etc. are all substituted with lower alkyl groups, lower alkoxy groups, halogen atoms, hydroxy groups, and / or nitro groups. It may be.

Also, the aryl group, heteroaryl group, branched alkyl group, alkenyl group, cycloalkyl group, etc. represented by R ⁴ may be unsubstituted, ^one of which is defined by the group defined as the substituent of R ^1. Or more than one may be substituted.

In the general formula (1), as a preferable compound, R ¹ is — (CH ₂ ) _m — (where m represents 1, 2, 3), a phenyl group (— (CH ₂ ) _n — group). P is substituted with a -P (O) (OH) ₂ group, and n represents 1 or 2, and in R ² (represented by R ³ R ⁴ ), R ³ is — (CH ₂ ) _p — (wherein p represents 0, 1, 2, 3), R ⁴ is unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom A phenyl or naphthyl group mono-, di- or tri-substituted by a cyano group, a nitro group, a phenoxy group or a benzoyl group.

X ⁻ is Cl ⁻ , Br ⁻ , ClO ₄ ⁻ , PF ₆ ⁻ , BF ₄ ⁻ , C ₂ F ₆ NO ₄ S ₂ ⁻ or CF ₃ SO ₃ ⁻ , and particularly preferably Cl ⁻ , PF ₆ ⁻ .

Below, the preferable specific example of the electrochromic dye represented by General formula (1) is given.
(1) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-(3-propylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (2) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-(3-propylphenyl) -4,4′- Bipyridinium bis-hexafluorophosphate (3) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (4) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-( 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium bis-hexafluorophosphate (5) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-(naphthyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (6) 1- Phosphonoethyl-1 ′-(4-cyanonaphthyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (7) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-(4- Methylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (8) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-(4-cyanophenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (9) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-( 4-fluorophenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (10) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′-(4-phenoxyphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (11) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 ′ -(4-t-butylphenyl) -4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (12) 1-phosphonoethyl-1 '-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) -4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (13) 1- Phosphoethyl-1 ′-(3,5-dimethylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (14) 1-phos Onoethyl-1 ′-(4-benzophenone) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (15) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(3-propylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (16) 1-phos Phonobenzyl-1 ′-(3-propylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium bis-hexafluorophosphate (17) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(phosphonoethyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (18) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (19) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) -4 , 4'-bipyridinium bis-hexafluorophosphate (20) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1'- 4-phenoxyphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (21) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(4-phenoxyphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium bis-hexafluorophosphate (22) 1-phos Phonobenzyl-1 ′-(4-fluorophenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (23) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(4-methylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (24) 1 -Phosphonobenzyl-1 '-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) -4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (25) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1'-(benzyl) -4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (26) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(naphthyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichlora (27) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(phenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (28) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(4-cyanophenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (29) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(4-benzophenone) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (30) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(4-cyanophenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium Dichloride (31) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (32) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)- 4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (33) 1-phosphonobenzyl-1 ′-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) 4,4'-bipyridinium trifluoromethane sulfonimide preparation of these compounds is described in the WO 2004/067673 pamphlet.

  Moreover, as a preferable electrochromic pigment | dye in this invention, the compound represented by the said General formula (2) is mentioned.

In the general formula (2), R ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and R ₂ and R ₃ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and the substituents represented by R ₁ , R ₂ , and R ₃ Specific examples of these include, for example, an alkyl group (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, etc.), cycloalkyl group (for example, cyclohexyl group, cyclopentyl group, etc.). ), Alkenyl group, cycloalkenyl group, alkynyl group (for example, propargyl group), glycidyl group, acrylate group, methacrylate group, aromatic group (for example, phenyl group, naphthyl group, anthracenyl group, etc.), heterocyclic group (for example, , Pyridyl group, thiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, imidazolyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, Ridazinyl group, selenazolyl group, sriphoranyl group, piperidinyl group, pyrazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, etc.), alkoxy group (for example, methoxy group, ethoxy group, propyloxy group, pentyloxy group, cyclopentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group) Etc.), aryloxy group (eg phenoxy group etc.), alkoxycarbonyl group (eg methyloxycarbonyl group, ethyloxycarbonyl group, butyloxycarbonyl group etc.), aryloxycarbonyl group (eg phenyloxycarbonyl group etc.) , Sulfonamide groups (for example, methanesulfonamide group, ethanesulfonamide group, butanesulfonamide group, hexanesulfonamide group, cyclohexanesulfonamide group, benzenesulfonamide group) Amoyl group (for example, aminosulfonyl group, methylaminosulfonyl group, dimethylaminosulfonyl group, butylaminosulfonyl group, hexylaminosulfonyl group, cyclohexylaminosulfonyl group, phenylaminosulfonyl group, 2-pyridylaminosulfonyl group), urethane group ( For example, methylureido group, ethylureido group, pentylureido group, cyclohexylureido group, phenylureido group, 2-pyridylureido group, etc.), acyl group (for example, acetyl group, propionyl group, butanoyl group, hexanoyl group, cyclohexanoyl group) Group, benzoyl group, pyridinoyl group, etc.), carbamoyl group (for example, aminocarbonyl group, methylaminocarbonyl group, dimethylaminocarbonyl group, propylaminocarbonyl group, pentylamino) Nocarbonyl group, cyclohexylaminocarbonyl group, phenylaminocarbonyl group, 2-pyridylaminocarbonyl group etc.), acylamino group (eg acetylamino group, benzoylamino group, methylureido group etc.), amide group (eg acetamido group, propion) Amide group, butanamide group, hexaneamide group, benzamide group, etc.), sulfonyl group (eg, methylsulfonyl group, ethylsulfonyl group, butylsulfonyl group, cyclohexylsulfonyl group, phenylsulfonyl group, 2-pyridylsulfonyl group, etc.), sulfonamide Group (for example, methylsulfonamide group, octylsulfonamide group, phenylsulfonamide group, naphthylsulfonamide group, etc.), amino group (for example, amino group, ethylamino group, dimethylamino group, butyrate) Amino group, cyclopentylamino group, anilino group, 2-pyridylamino group, etc.), halogen atom (eg, chlorine atom, bromine atom, iodine atom, etc.), cyano group, nitro group, sulfo group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, phosphono group (For example, phosphonoethyl group, phosphonopropyl group, phosphonooxyethyl group), oxamoyl group, and the like can be given. Further, these groups may be further substituted with these groups.

R ₁ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, more preferably a substituted or unsubstituted 2-hydroxyphenyl group or 4-hydroxyphenyl group.

R ₂ and R ₃ are preferably an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aromatic group, or a heterocyclic group, more preferably one of R ₂ and R ₃ is a phenyl group, the other is an alkyl group, and more preferably R ₂ and R ₃ are both phenyl groups.

X ₁ is preferably> N—R ₄ . R ₄ is preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, or an acyl group, more preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or acyl. It is a group.

  Specific examples of the electrochromic dye represented by the general formula (2) are shown below, but the invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.

<Counter electrode>
As the counter electrode of the present invention, a metal electrode or a transparent electrode can be used. As the metal electrode, for example, known metal species such as platinum, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, titanium, bismuth, and alloys thereof can be used. As an electrode manufacturing method, an existing method such as an evaporation method, a printing method, an ink jet method, a spin coating method, or a CVD method can be used.

  The transparent electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is transparent and conducts electricity. For example, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO: Indium Tin Oxide), Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO: Indium Zinc Oxide), Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide (FTO), Indium Oxide, Zinc Oxide, Platinum, Gold, Silver, Rhodium, Copper, Examples thereof include chromium, carbon, aluminum, silicon, amorphous silicon, and BSO (Bismuth Silicon Oxide). In order to form the electrode in this manner, for example, an ITO film may be vapor-deposited on the substrate by a sputtering method or the like, or an ITO film may be formed on the entire surface and then patterned by a photolithography method. The surface resistance value is preferably 100Ω / □ or less, and more preferably 10Ω / □ or less. The thickness of the transparent electrode is not particularly limited, but is generally 0.1 to 20 μm.

  As the counter electrode of the present invention, it is preferable to use a transparent electrode in order to obtain a sufficiently large color gamut for full color display. In particular, an ITO electrode or an ITO electrode coated with FTO from the viewpoint of light transmittance and resistance. Is preferred.

<Porous layer>
It is preferable to use a metal oxide for the porous layer according to the present invention. Examples of the metal oxide include titanium oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and aluminum-doped zinc oxide. Or a mixture thereof.

  In the present invention, one of the porous layers adjacent to the counter electrode contains titanium oxide, and the other contains tin oxide. By using a combination of titanium oxide and tin oxide, a highly reversible electrochromic dye can be developed and decolored at an applied voltage of about 3 V or less.

The porous layer is formed by binding or contacting a plurality of fine particles of the metal oxide. The average particle diameter of the metal oxide fine particles is preferably 5 nm to 10 μm, more preferably 20 nm to 1 μm. The specific surface area of the metal oxide fine particles is preferably ^{1 × 10 -3 ~1 × 10 2} m 2 / g by a simple BET method, more preferably at 1 × 10 ^-2 ~10m ² / g . In addition, the metal oxide fine particles may have any shape such as an indefinite shape, a needle shape, a spherical shape, or the like.

  The thickness of the porous layer of the present invention is preferably 1 μm or more and 5 μm or less. If the thickness is less than 1 μm, a sufficient amount of electrochromic dye cannot be adsorbed, resulting in a decrease in contrast, and if it exceeds 5 μm, the resolution is decreased, which is disadvantageous.

  As a method for forming or binding metal oxide fine particles, a known sol-gel method or sintering method can be employed. For example, 1) Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 102, 2, p200 (1994), 2 ) Ceramics Association Journal 90, 4, p157, 3) J. of Non-Cryst. Solids, 82, 400 (1986) and the like. In addition, a method of obtaining a porous electrode by dispersing titanium oxide dendrimer particles prepared by a vapor phase method on a solution and applying the particles on a substrate and drying at a temperature of about 120 to 150 ° C. to remove the solvent is used. You can also.

  In addition, a low temperature process such as a chemical solution deposition method described in “Low Resistance / Low Temperature / Large Area Film Formation Technology of Transparent Conductive Film” (July 2005, ISBN4-86104-078-7 C3058 published by the Japan Society of Technology) In particular, when the porous layer is connected to a part of the pixel circuit through the transparent electrode, the pixel pixel circuit is less damaged, and the display variation between the pixels in the display display in which the pixel circuit is integrated is small. There is an advantage that can be reduced.

  The metal oxide fine particles are preferably bound, and preferably have a resistance of 0.1 g or more, preferably 1 g or more with a continuous load type surface property measuring instrument (for example, a scratch tester).

  The porous as used in the present invention refers to a penetrating state in which a porous layer is arranged, a potential difference is applied between the counter electrodes, an electrochromic reaction can be caused, and ionic species can move in the porous layer. .

[Method of forming organic tin paste and tin oxide porous layer]
The organotin paste of the present invention is used to form a tin oxide porous layer that is one of the porous layers adjacent to the counter electrode of the present invention. The organotin paste refers to a paste-like dispersion obtained by dispersing organotin in a solvent, and may be used by mixing with a tin oxide dispersion. The resulting organic tin paste is applied and dried to form an organic tin layer, and then heated to form a tin oxide porous layer.

  The solvent used in the organotin paste of the present invention is selected from solvents having a boiling point exceeding 100 ° C. such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butanol, terpineol, butyl carbitol, butyl carbitol acetate, xylene, toluene, acetylacetone, and acetonitrile. It is preferable.

  As the organic tin used in the organic tin paste of the present invention, a tin salt of an organic acid and tin can be used, preferably a tin salt of a fatty acid, more preferably a salt with a tertiary fatty acid. Further, it may be mixed with tin oxide doped with Sb.

  The tertiary fatty acid salt forming the organic tin used in the organic tin paste of the present invention is preferably formed from a salt with pivalic acid, neoheptanoic acid, neononanoic acid, or neodecanoic acid.

  The organotin paste of the present invention is recommended to be stored in a cool and dark place at the time of storage, and it is desirable that the organotin paste is left at room temperature before use and redispersed as necessary.

  The formation method of the organic tin layer using the organic tin paste of the present invention can be selected from conventional methods such as a blade method, an inkjet method, a screen printing method, and a gravure printing method according to the application.

  Heating after the formation of the organic tin layer is carried out for 30 minutes to 2 hours in the range of 150 to 250 ° C., thereby promoting the evaporation of the solvent, the detachment of the organic substance from the tin, the evaporation of the organic substance, and the oxidation of the metallic tin. The resistance value of the tin oxide porous layer can be lowered. When heating above 200 ° C., it is desirable to evaporate the solvent by preheating at 100 to 150 ° C. and then heat to the desired temperature.

(White scattering layer)
In the present invention, in order to enable white display, a white scattering layer can be provided between the opposing electrodes or outside the opposing electrodes. The white scattering layer applicable to the present invention can be formed by applying and drying a water admixture of a water-based polymer that is substantially insoluble in an electrolyte solvent and a white pigment.

  Examples of the white pigment applicable in the present invention include titanium dioxide (anatase type or rutile type), barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and zinc hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium phosphate, Magnesium hydrogen phosphate, alkaline earth metal salt, talc, kaolin, zeolite, acidic clay, glass, organic compounds such as polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylic resin, ionomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, benzoguanamine resin, urea-formalin resin, A melamine-formalin resin, a polyamide resin, or the like may be used alone or in combination, or in a state having voids that change the refractive index in the particles.

In the present invention, among the white particles, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and zinc hydroxide are preferably used. In addition, titanium dioxide surface-treated with inorganic oxides (Al ₂ O ₃ , AlO (OH), SiO _2, etc.), in addition to these surface treatments, trimethylolethane, triethanolamine acetate, trimethylcyclosilane, etc. Titanium dioxide subjected to organic treatment can be used.

  Of these white particles, it is more preferable to use titanium oxide or zinc oxide from the viewpoint of coloring prevention at high temperature and the reflectance of the element due to the refractive index.

  In the present invention, examples of the water-based polymer that does not substantially dissolve in the electrolyte solvent include a water-soluble polymer and a polymer dispersed in the water-based solvent.

Examples of water-soluble compounds include proteins such as gelatin and gelatin derivatives, cellulose derivatives, natural compounds such as polysaccharides such as starch, gum arabic, dextran, pullulan and carrageenan, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, acrylamide polymers and the like. And synthetic polymer compounds such as derivatives thereof. As gelatin derivatives, acetylated gelatin, phthalated gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol derivatives as terminal alkyl group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, terminal mercapto group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, and cellulose derivatives include hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and the like. It is done. Furthermore, Research Disclosure and those described in pages (71) to (75) of JP-A No. 64-13546, US Pat. No. 4,960,681, JP-A No. 62-245260, etc. superabsorbent polymers described, namely -COOM or -SO ₃ M (M is a hydrogen atom or an alkali metal) homopolymer or a vinyl monomer together or with other vinyl monomers (e.g., sodium methacrylate in the vinyl monomer having a methacrylic acid Copolymers with ammonium, potassium acrylate, etc.) are also used. Two or more of these binders can be used in combination.

  In the present invention, gelatin and gelatin derivatives, or polyvinyl alcohol or derivatives thereof can be preferably used.

  Polymers dispersed in an aqueous solvent include natural rubber latex, styrene butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber, isoprene rubber and other latexes, polyisocyanate, epoxy, acrylic, silicone, polyurethane, Examples thereof include a thermosetting resin in which urea, phenol, formaldehyde, epoxy-polyamide, melamine, alkyd resin, vinyl resin and the like are dispersed in an aqueous solvent. Of these polymers, it is preferable to use an aqueous polyurethane resin described in JP-A-10-76621.

  In the present invention, “substantially insoluble in an electrolyte solvent” is defined as a state in which the dissolved amount per kg of electrolyte solvent is 0 g or more and 10 g or less at a temperature of −20 ° C. to 120 ° C. The amount of dissolution can be determined by a known method such as a component determination method using a chromatogram or a gas chromatogram.

  In the present invention, the water mixture of the water-based compound and the white pigment is preferably in a form in which the white pigment is dispersed in water according to a known dispersion method. The mixing ratio of the aqueous compound / white pigment is preferably 1 to 0.01, more preferably 0.3 to 0.05 in terms of volume ratio.

  In the present invention, the medium for applying the water mixture of the water-based compound and the white pigment may be at any position as long as it is on the component between the counter electrodes of the display element, but on the electrode surface of at least one of the counter electrodes. It is preferable to give to. As a method for applying to a medium, for example, a coating method, a liquid spraying method, a spraying method via a gas phase, a method of flying droplets using vibration of a piezoelectric element, for example, a piezoelectric inkjet head, Examples thereof include a bubble jet (registered trademark) type ink jet head that causes droplets to fly using a thermal head that uses bumping, and a spray type that sprays liquid by air pressure or liquid pressure.

  The coating method can be appropriately selected from known coating methods. For example, an air doctor coater, blade coater, rod coater, knife coater, squeeze coater, impregnation coater, reverse roller coater, transfer roller coater, curtain coater, double coater Examples include roller coaters, slide hopper coaters, gravure coaters, kiss roll coaters, bead coaters, cast coaters, spray coaters, calendar coaters, and extrusion coaters.

  Drying of the water mixture of the aqueous compound and the white pigment applied on the medium may be performed by any method as long as water can be evaporated. For example, heating from a heat source, a heating method using infrared light, a heating method using electromagnetic induction, and the like can be given. Further, water evaporation may be performed under reduced pressure.

  Porous as used in the present invention refers to the formation of a porous white scattering material by applying a water admixture of the water-based compound and the white pigment onto the electrode and drying it, and then the silver or silver is chemically treated on the scattering material. After supplying an electrolyte solution containing the compound contained in the structure, it can be sandwiched between opposing electrodes, giving a potential difference between the opposing electrodes, causing a silver dissolution precipitation reaction, and penetrating ions that can move between the electrodes Tell the state.

  In the display element of the present invention, it is desirable to carry out a curing reaction of the water-based compound with a curing agent during or after applying and drying the water mixture described above.

  Examples of the hardener used in the present invention include, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,678,739, column 41, 4,791,042, JP-A-59-116655, and 62-245261. No. 61-18942, 61-249054, 61-245153, JP-A-4-218044, and the like. More specifically, aldehyde hardeners (formaldehyde, etc.), aziridine hardeners, epoxy hardeners, vinyl sulfone hardeners (N, N'-ethylene-bis (vinylsulfonylacetamide) Ethane, etc.), N-methylol hardeners (dimethylolurea, etc.), boric acid, metaboric acid or polymer hardeners (compounds described in JP-A-62-234157). When gelatin is used as the aqueous compound, it is preferable to use a vinyl sulfone type hardener or a chlorotriazine type hardener alone or in combination. Moreover, when using polyvinyl alcohol, it is preferable to use boron-containing compounds such as boric acid and metaboric acid.

  These hardeners are used in an amount of 0.001 to 1 g, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 g, per 1 g of the aqueous compound. In addition, it is possible to perform heat treatment and humidity adjustment during the curing reaction in order to increase the film strength.

[Electrolyte material]
In the display element of the present invention, when the electrolyte is a liquid, the following compounds can be included in the electrolyte. KCl, KI, KBr, etc. as potassium compounds, LiBF ₄ , LiClO ₄ , LiPF ₆ , LiCF ₃ SO ₃ etc. as lithium compounds, tetraethylammonium perchlorate, tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, tetraethylammonium borofluoride as tetraalkylammonium compounds And tetrabutylammonium borofluoride and tetrabutylammonium halide. Moreover, the molten salt electrolyte composition described in JP-A-2003-187881 paragraphs [0062] to [0081] can also be preferably used. Furthermore, a compound that becomes a redox pair such as I ⁻ / I ₃ ⁻ , Br ⁻ / Br ₃ ⁻ , and quinone / hydroquinone can be used.

  Further, when the supporting electrolyte is a solid, the following compounds exhibiting electron conductivity and ion conductivity can be contained in the electrolyte.

Vinyl fluoride polymer containing perfluorosulfonic acid, polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, triphenylamines, polyvinylcarbazoles, polymethylphenylsilanes, Cu ₂ S, Ag ₂ S, Cu ₂ Se, AgCrSe _2, etc. F-containing compounds such as chalcogenide, CaF ₂ , PbF ₂ , SrF ₂ , LaF ₃ , TlSn ₂ F ₅ , CeF ₃ , Li salts such as Li ₂ SO ₄ , Li ₄ SiO ₄ , Li ₃ PO ₄ , ZrO ₂ , CaO , Cd ₂ O ₃ , HfO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , WO ₃ , Bi ₂ O ₃ , AgBr, AgI, CuCl, CuBr, CuBr, CuI, LiI, LiBr, LiCl, LiAlCl ₄ , LiAlF ₄ , AgSBr, C ₅ H ₅ NHAg ₅ I ₆ , Rb ₄ Cu ₁₆ I ₇ Cl ₁₃ , Rb ₃ Cu ₇ Cl ₁₀ , LiN, Li ₅ N _I2 , Examples thereof include compounds such as Li ₆ NBr ₃ .

  Moreover, a gel electrolyte can also be used as the supporting electrolyte. When the electrolyte is non-aqueous, the oil gelling agents described in paragraphs [0057] to [0059] of JP-A No. 11-185836 can be used.

[Solvent for addition of electrolyte]
In the display element of the present invention, a solvent can be used as long as the object effects of the present invention are not impaired. Specifically, tetramethylurea, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 2- (N-methyl) -2-pyrrolidinone, hexamethylphosphortriamide, N-methylpropionamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N dimethylformamide, N-methylformamide, butyronitrile, propionitrile, acetonitrile, acetylacetone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-butanol, 1-butanol, 2 -Propanol, 1-propanol, ethanol, methanol, acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyfuran, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol monobuty Ether, water and the like. Among these solvents, it is preferable to include at least one solvent having a freezing point of −20 ° C. or lower and a boiling point of 120 ° C. or higher.

Furthermore, as a solvent that can be used in the present invention, J.P. A. Riddick, W.M. B. Bunger, T.A. K. Sakano, “Organic Solvents”, 4th ed. , John Wiley & Sons (1986), Y. Marcus, “Ion Solvation”, John Wiley & Sons (1985), C.I. Reichardt, “Solvents and Solvent Effects in Chemistry”, 2nd ed. VCH (1988), G .; J. et al. Janz, R.A. P. T.A. Tomkins, “Nonqueous Electricals Handbook”, Vol. 1, Academic Press (1972) can be mentioned [Thickener with electrolyte addition]
In the display element of the present invention, a thickener can be used for the electrolyte. For example, gelatin, gum arabic, poly (vinyl alcohol), hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly ( Vinylpyrrolidone), poly (alkylene glycol), casein, starch, poly (acrylic acid), poly (methyl methacrylic acid), poly (vinyl chloride), poly (methacrylic acid), copoly (styrene-maleic anhydride), copoly ( Styrene-acrylonitrile), copoly (styrene-butadiene), poly (vinyl acetal) s (eg, poly (vinyl formal) and poly (vinyl butyral)), poly (esters), poly (urethanes), phenoxy resins, poly (PVC Redene), poly (epoxides), poly (carbonates), poly (vinyl acetate), cellulose esters, poly (amides), hydrophobic transparent binders such as polyvinyl butyral, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyester, Examples include polycarbonate, polyacrylic acid, polyurethane and the like.

  These thickeners may be used in combination of two or more. Moreover, the compound as described in pages 71-75 of Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 64-13546 can be mentioned. Among these, the compounds preferably used are polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, hydroxypropyl celluloses, and polyalkylene glycols from the viewpoint of compatibility with various additives and improvement in dispersion stability of white particles.

[Other additives]
The constituent layers of the display element of the present invention can include auxiliary layers such as a protective layer, a filter layer, an antihalation layer, a crossover light cut layer, a backing layer, and the like. Agents, for example, in the following research disclosure, chemical sensitizers, noble metal sensitizers, photosensitive dyes, supersensitizers, couplers, high boiling point solvents, antifoggants, stabilizers, development inhibitors, bleach accelerators, Fixing accelerator, color mixing inhibitor, formalin scavenger, toning agent, hardener, surfactant, thickener, plasticizer, slip agent, ultraviolet absorber, irradiation prevention dye, filter light absorption dye, antibacterial agent, Additives listed as polymer latex, heavy metal, antistatic agent, matting agent and the like can be contained as required.

  More specifically, these additives described above are described in detail in Research Disclosure (hereinafter abbreviated as RD), Volume 176 Item / 17643 (December 1978), Volume 184, Item / 18431 (August 1979), Volume 187. Item / 18716 (November 1979) and Volume 308 Item / 308119 (December 1989).

  The types of compounds and their descriptions shown in these three research disclosures are listed below.

Additive RD17643 RD18716 RD308119
Page Classification Page Classification Page Classification Chemical sensitizer 23 III 648 Upper right 96 III
Sensitizing dye 23 IV 648-649 996-8 IV
Desensitizing dye 23 IV 998 IV
Dye 25-26 VIII 649-650 1003 VIII
Development accelerator 29 XXI 648 Upper right Anti-fogging agent / stabilizer
24 IV 649 Upper right 1006-7 VI
Brightener 24 V 998 V
Hardener 26 X 651 Left 1004-5 X
Surfactant 26-7 XI 650 Right 1005-6 XI
Antistatic agent 27 XII 650 Right 1006-7 XIII
Plasticizer 27 XII 650 Right 1006 XII
Slipper 27 XII
Matting agent 28 XVI 650 Right 1008-9 XVI
Binder 26 XXII 1003-4 IX
Support 28 XVII 1009 XVII
〔substrate〕
Examples of the substrate that can be used in the present invention include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polycarbonates, cellulose acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene dinaphthalene dicarboxylate, polyethylene naphthalates, polyvinyl chloride, polyimide, and polyvinyl acetal. Synthetic plastic films such as polystyrene can also be preferably used. Syndiotactic polystyrenes are also preferred. These can be obtained, for example, by the methods described in JP-A Nos. 62-117708, 1-46912 and 1-178505. Further, a metal substrate such as stainless steel, a paper support such as baryta paper and resin coated paper, and a support provided with a reflective layer on the plastic film, supported by JP-A-62-253195 (pages 29-31) The thing described as a body is mentioned. RDNo. 17643, page 28, ibid. No. 18716, page 647, right column to page 648, left column, and No. 307105, page 879 can also be preferably used.

  As these supports, those having resistance to curling due to heat treatment of Tg or less as in US Pat. No. 4,141,735 can be used. Further, the surface of these supports may be subjected to a surface treatment for the purpose of improving the adhesion between the support and other constituent layers. In the present invention, glow discharge treatment, ultraviolet irradiation treatment, corona treatment, and flame treatment can be used as the surface treatment. Further, the support described in pages 44 to 149 of publicly known technology No. 5 (issued by Aztec Co., Ltd. on March 22, 1991) can also be used. Furthermore, RDNo. 308119, page 1009, Product Licensing Index, Volume 92, P108, “Supports”, and the like. In addition, a glass substrate or an epoxy resin kneaded with glass can be used.

[Other components of the display element]
In the display element of the present invention, a sealant, a columnar structure, and spacer particles can be used as necessary.

  Sealing agent is for sealing so that it does not leak out. It is also called sealing agent. Epoxy resin, urethane resin, acrylic resin, vinyl acetate resin, ene-thiol resin, silicone resin, modified resin A curing type such as a polymer resin, such as a thermosetting type, a photocurable type, a moisture curable type, and an anaerobic curable type can be used.

  The columnar structure provides strong self-holding (strength) between the substrates, for example, a columnar body, a quadrangular columnar body, an elliptical columnar body, a trapezoidal array arranged in a predetermined pattern such as a lattice arrangement. A columnar structure such as a columnar body can be given. Alternatively, stripes arranged at predetermined intervals may be used. This columnar structure is not a random array, but can be properly maintained at intervals of the substrate, such as an evenly spaced array, an array in which the interval gradually changes, and an array in which a predetermined arrangement pattern is repeated at a constant period. The arrangement is preferably considered so as not to disturb the display. If the ratio of the area occupied by the columnar structure in the display area of the display element is 1 to 40%, a practically sufficient strength as a display element can be obtained.

  A spacer may be provided between the pair of substrates for uniformly maintaining a gap between the substrates. Examples of the spacer include a sphere made of resin or inorganic oxide. Further, a fixed spacer having a surface coated with a thermoplastic resin is also preferably used. In order to hold the gap between the substrates uniformly, only the columnar structure may be provided, but both the spacer and the columnar structure may be provided, or instead of the columnar structure, only the spacer is used as the space holding member. May be used. The diameter of the spacer is equal to or less than the height of the columnar structure, preferably equal to the height. When the columnar structure is not formed, the diameter of the spacer corresponds to the thickness of the cell gap.

[Screen printing]
In the present invention, a sealant, a columnar structure, an electrode pattern, and the like can be formed by a screen printing method. In the screen printing method, a screen on which a predetermined pattern is formed is placed on an electrode surface of a substrate, and a printing material (a composition for forming a columnar structure, such as a photocurable resin) is placed on the screen. Then, the squeegee is moved at a predetermined pressure, angle, and speed. Thereby, the printing material is transferred onto the substrate through the pattern of the screen. Next, the transferred material is heat-cured and dried. When the columnar structure is formed by the screen printing method, the resin material is not limited to a photocurable resin, and for example, a thermosetting resin such as an epoxy resin or an acrylic resin or a thermoplastic resin can also be used. As thermoplastic resins, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polymethacrylate resin, polyacrylate resin, polystyrene resin, polyamide resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, fluororesin, polyurethane resin , Polyacrylonitrile resin, polyvinyl ether resin, polyvinyl ketone resin, polyether resin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone resin, saturated polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, chlorinated polyether resin and the like. The resin material is preferably used in the form of a paste by dissolving the resin in an appropriate solvent.

  After the columnar structure or the like is formed on the substrate as described above, a spacer is provided on at least one of the substrates as desired, and the pair of substrates are overlapped with the electrode formation surfaces facing each other to form an empty cell. . A pair of stacked substrates is heated while being pressed from both sides, whereby the display cells are obtained. In order to obtain a display element, an electrolyte composition may be injected between substrates by a vacuum injection method or the like. Alternatively, when the substrates are bonded together, the electrolyte composition may be dropped on one substrate, and the liquid crystal composition may be sealed simultaneously with the bonding of the substrates.

[Configuration of full-color display element]
When performing full color display using the electrochromic display element of the present invention,
1. A method of displaying a plurality of colors by stacking a plurality of electrochromic display elements that develop and erase colors in different colors such as yellow, magenta, cyan, red, green, blue, and black,
2. A method of allowing a plurality of colors to be displayed by arranging a porous layer containing titanium oxide adsorbed with an electrochromic dye that develops and decolors in different color tones, between the opposing electrodes;
3. Examples include a method of allowing a plurality of colors to be displayed by adsorbing an electrochromic dye that develops and decolors in different color tones to a porous layer containing the same titanium oxide.

  In the case of 3, the electrochromic dye must have a threshold value. As a method for providing the threshold value, voltage or charge amount in the color developing or decoloring direction or voltage hysteresis in the color developing or decoloring direction is set for each dye. The method of changing to is mentioned.

[Display element driving method]
The active matrix driving according to the present invention is a system in which scanning lines, data lines, and current supply lines are formed in a grid pattern and are driven by TFT circuits provided in each grid pattern. Since switching can be performed for each pixel, there are advantages such as gradation and memory function. For example, the circuit described in FIG. 5 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-29327, “Electrochromic Display” (published by 1991 Sangyo Tosho Co., Ltd.) ) 77-102.

  In the present invention, the tin oxide porous layer of the electrochromic display element is preferably connected to a pixel circuit used for active matrix driving via one of the counter electrodes, and is in contact with the drain of the switching transistor. Because of this, the counter electrode side having a porous layer containing titanium oxide adsorbed with an electrochromic dye is in a disconnected state, so that current leakage is less likely to occur and color misregistration is less likely to occur during color display. There is.

  In an actual pixel circuit, in addition to coloring driving, a transistor related to driving such as attenuation and erasing, a power supply line for the transistor, and the like are mounted. For example, the equivalent circuit described in FIG. As shown, contacts are made and connections are made, but the effect is exactly the same.

[Product application]
The display element of the present invention can be used in an electronic book field, an ID card field, a public field, a traffic field, a broadcast field, a payment field, a distribution logistics field, and the like. Specifically, keys for doors, student ID cards, employee ID cards, various membership cards, convenience store cards, department store cards, vending machine cards, gas station cards, subway and railway cards, bus cards, Cash cards, credit cards, highway cards, driver's licenses, hospital examination cards, electronic medical records, health insurance cards, Basic Resident Registers, passports, electronic books, etc.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition, although the display of "part" or "%" is used in an Example, unless otherwise indicated, "part by mass" or "mass%" is represented.

  The electrochromic dyes used in the following examples are shown below.

<Preparation of display element 1>
An ITO electrode is formed on a glass substrate, a dispersion of titanium oxide (average primary particle size 30 nm) dispersed in terpineol is applied on the ITO electrode, and baked at 400 ° C. for 1 hour to form a porous titanium oxide layer (dry film) 5 μm thick) was formed. This was immersed in a 10 mmol / L ethanol solution of electrochromic dye Ex1 for 4 hours to adsorb Ex1 on the titanium oxide porous layer, and the ethanol was evaporated to obtain member 1. Next, a dispersion of tin oxide doped with antimony dispersed in terpineol (average primary particle size: 30 nm) is applied onto another ITO electrode and fired at 400 ° C. for 1 hour to form a tin oxide porous layer (dry film) 5 μm thick) and a white scattering layer (dried) by a blade coating method using a mixed solution of titanium oxide (average primary particle size 300 nm) coated with SiO ₂ on the tin oxide porous layer, polyvinyl alcohol, water and ethanol. Member 2 was obtained by forming a film thickness of 10 μm. The member 1 and the member 2 are sandwiched through a 100 μm spacer, the periphery is sealed with an epoxy UV curing resin, and a γ-butyrolactone solution containing 1 mmol / L lithium perchlorate is injected between the member 1 and the member 2 Thus, a display element 1 was obtained.

<Preparation of display element 2>
A display element 2 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 1 except that the heating temperature was changed from 400 ° C. to 250 ° C.

<Preparation of organic tin paste 1>
A solution obtained by adding 2.5 g of tin oxide of pivalic acid and 2.5 g of tin oxide doped with Sb (both average primary particle size: 30 nm) to 10 g of terpineol was sufficiently stirred, and then dispersed in a bead mill to be organic. Tin paste 1 was obtained.

<Preparation of organic tin paste 2>
A solution obtained by adding 2.5 g of tin oxide of neoheptanoic acid and 2.5 g of tin oxide doped with Sb (both average primary particle size: 30 nm) to 10 g of terpineol was sufficiently stirred and then dispersed in a bead mill for organic Tin paste 2 was obtained.

<Preparation of organic tin paste 3>
A solution obtained by adding 2.5 g of tin oxide of neononanoic acid and 2.5 g of tin oxide doped with Sb (both average primary particle size: 30 nm) to 10 g of terpineol was sufficiently stirred, and then dispersed in a bead mill and organically dispersed. Tin paste 3 was obtained.

<Preparation of organic tin paste 4>
A solution obtained by adding 2.5 g of tin oxide of neodecanoic acid and 2.5 g of tin oxide doped with Sb (both average primary particle size: 30 nm) to 10 g of terpineol was sufficiently stirred and then dispersed in a bead mill for organic Tin paste 4 was obtained.

<Preparation of organic tin paste 5>
A liquid obtained by adding 2.5 g of tin oxide of n-pentanoic acid and 2.5 g of tin oxide doped with Sb (both average primary particle size: 30 nm) to 10 g of terpineol was sufficiently stirred, and then dispersed in a bead mill. Thus, an organic tin paste 5 was obtained.

<Preparation of organic tin paste 6>
A liquid obtained by adding 2.5 g of tin oxide of benzoic acid and 2.5 g of tin oxide doped with Sb (both average primary particle size: 30 nm) to 10 g of terpineol was thoroughly stirred, and then dispersed in a bead mill and organically mixed. Tin paste 6 was obtained.

<Preparation of display element 3>
The organic tin paste 1 is formed on the ITO electrode by screen printing, then heated at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes, and further heated at 250 ° C. for 1 hour to form a tin oxide porous layer (dry film thickness 5 μm), A white scattering layer (dry film thickness of 5 μm) is formed by a blade coating method using a mixed solution of titanium oxide (average primary particle size 300 nm), polyvinyl alcohol, water and ethanol coated with SiO ₂ on a tin oxide porous layer. Member 3 was obtained.

  The member 1 and the member 3 obtained by the display element 1 are sandwiched through a 100 μm spacer, the periphery is sealed with an epoxy-based UV curable resin, and a γ-butyrolactone solution containing 1 mmol / L lithium perchlorate is used as the member. The display element 3 was obtained by injecting between 1 and the member 3.

<Preparation of display element 4>
A display element 4 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the tin oxide paste 2 was used.

<Preparation of display element 5>
A display element 5 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the tin oxide paste 3 was used.

<Preparation of display element 6>
A display element 6 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the organic tin paste 4 was used.

<Preparation of display element 7>
A display element 7 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the organic tin paste 5 was used.

<Preparation of display element 8>
A display element 8 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the organic tin paste 6 was used.

<Preparation of display element 9>
A display element 9 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the heating temperature was changed from 250 ° C. to 300 ° C.

<Preparation of display element 10>
Display element 10 was obtained in the same manner as display element 3 except that the heating temperature was changed from 250 ° C to 150 ° C.

<Preparation of display element 11>
A display element 11 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the heating temperature was changed from 250 ° C. to 100 ° C.

<Preparation of display element 12>
A display element 12 was obtained in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the dry film thickness of the tin oxide porous layer was changed from 5 μm to 10 μm.

<Preparation of display element 13>
Display element 13 was obtained in the same manner as display element 3 except that the dry thickness of the tin oxide porous layer was changed from 5 μm to 1 μm.

<Preparation of display element 14>
Display element 14 was obtained in the same manner as display element 3 except that the dry film thickness of the tin oxide porous layer was changed from 5 μm to 0.5 μm.

<Preparation of display elements 15 to 19>
Display elements 15 to 19 were produced in the same manner as the display element 3 except that the electrochromic dye Ex1 of the display element 3 was changed to the electrochromic dye described in Table 1.

<Evaluation of display element>
<< Evaluation of display element: Evaluation of display speed >>
A voltage of 1.5 V was applied to each of the display devices prepared above for 0.5 seconds, and the reflectance in the colored state was measured with a spectrocolorimeter CM-3700d manufactured by Konica Minolta Sensing. The minimum value of the measured reflectance was R _min, and R _min was used as an indicator of display speed. Here, it is assumed that the display speed is higher as R _min is lower.

  The results are shown in Table 1.

  As is clear from the results shown in Table 1, the display element 1 formed by firing at 400 ° C. to form the tin oxide porous layer has a lower display speed due to an increase in the ITO resistance value. It can be seen that the display element 2 in which the tin oxide porous layer is formed by heating at 250 ° C. in order to avoid the increase is greatly reduced in display speed because the resistance value of the tin oxide layer does not sufficiently decrease.

  Moreover, the display elements 3-11 which formed the tin oxide porous layer using the organic tin paste containing organic tin suppressed the raise of the resistance value of ITO by heating from 150 degreeC to 250 degreeC, and the tin oxide layer It can be seen that the display speed is improved because the resistance value can be lowered.

  It has also been confirmed that the above effect is sufficiently effective even in the case of an electrode using a plastic substrate.

  Also, a display element in which a plurality of electrochromic display elements are stacked, a display element in which a porous layer containing titanium oxide adsorbing different electrochromic dyes is arranged in a pattern between opposing electrodes, and a plurality of types of electrochromic dyes are the same It was also confirmed that a display element adsorbed on a porous layer containing titanium oxide was sufficiently effective even when a plurality of colors were displayed.

Claims (13)

A method for forming a tin oxide porous layer, comprising forming an organic tin layer using an organic tin paste containing organic tin and then heat-treating at 150 to 250 ° C to form a tin oxide porous layer . The method for forming a tin oxide porous layer according to claim 1, wherein the organic tin is a tin salt with an organic acid. The method for forming a tin oxide porous layer according to claim 2, wherein the organic acid is a tertiary fatty acid. The method for forming a tin oxide porous layer according to claim 3, wherein the tertiary fatty acid is at least one selected from pivalic acid, neoheptanoic acid, neononanoic acid, or neodecanoic acid. The method for forming a porous tin oxide layer according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the organotin paste is doped with antimony. An electrochromic display element having a counter electrode, at least one porous layer containing titanium oxide adsorbed with an electrochromic dye, and at least one tin oxide porous layer, the tin oxide porous layer being claimed An electrochromic display element, which is a tin oxide porous layer formed by the method for forming a tin oxide porous layer according to any one of items 1 to 5. The electrochromic display element according to claim 6, wherein the electrochromic dye is represented by the following general formula (1).

[Wherein, R ¹ is — (CH ₂ ) _m — (wherein m represents an integer of 0 or 1 to 10), each an arylene group having up to 14 carbon atoms, a heteroarylene group, or each carbon atom. A branched alkylene group, alkenylene group, or cycloalkylene group of up to several tens, and each arylene group, heteroarylene group, branched alkylene group, branched alkenylene group, or cycloalkylene group is optionally -P (O) (OH) ₂ group - (CH _{2) n} - may have through a group. Moreover, you may substitute arbitrarily. Here, n represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 10.
R ² is a group represented by R ³ R ⁴ , wherein R ³ represents — (CH ₂ ) _p — (wherein p represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 10), and R ⁴ Represents a —P (O) (OH) ₂ group, or an aryl group or heteroaryl group having up to 14 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or a cycloalkyl group each having up to 10 carbon atoms. .
X ⁻ represents an ion that neutralizes charge.
However, when R ² is — (CH ₂ ) ₂ —P (O) (OH) ₂ , R ¹ is not — (CH ₂ ) _m — (m is 2 or 3). In addition, when R ² is a phenyl group, R ¹ is not — (CH ₂ ) _m — (m is 2). ] The electrochromic display element according to claim 6, wherein the electrochromic dye is represented by the following general formula (2).

[Wherein, R ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and R ₂ and R ₃ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. X ₁ represents> N—R ₄ , an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and R ₄ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. ] 9. The electrochromic display element according to claim 6, wherein the porous layer containing titanium oxide or the tin oxide porous layer has a thickness of 1 μm or more and 5 μm or less. The electrochromic display element according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein a plurality of the electrochromic display elements are stacked so that a plurality of colors can be displayed. 10. A plurality of colors can be displayed by disposing a porous layer containing titanium oxide on which different electrochromic dyes are adsorbed in a pattern between opposing electrodes. The electrochromic display element according to item. The electrochromic display according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein a plurality of colors can be displayed by adsorbing a plurality of kinds of electrochromic dyes to a porous layer containing the same titanium oxide. element. The electrochromic display element according to any one of claims 6 to 12, wherein at least one electrode is formed on a plastic substrate.