JP2007513246A - A method for improving the quality of lube oil boiling range feed streams by treatment with sulfuric acid solution. - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is an improved hydroprocessing method for a lube oil boiling range feed stream, wherein the lube oil boiling range feed stream is contacted with an acidic solution prior to hydrotreating to remove heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds. It relates to a method comprising steps.
[Selection figure] None

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for improving the quality of a nitrogen-containing hydrocarbon stream. More specifically, the present invention provides for a lube oil boiling range feedstock stream comprising the step of contacting the lube oil boiling range feedstock stream with an acidic solution prior to hydrotreating to remove heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds. The present invention relates to an improved hydrogen treatment method.

  Heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds, especially basic heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds, contained in the lube oil boiling range feed stream, act as competitive inhibitors at the catalytic site of the catalyst, so are currently used in lube oil processes. There is a need to reduce the heterocyclic nitrogen content of the stream. These nitrogen-containing compounds are inherent in crude oil and are typically concentrated in higher boiling fractions, such as lube oil fractions. The presence of these heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds typically prevents lubricating oil hydroprocessing from operating as effectively and / or efficiently as possible. For example, the presence of these heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds in the lube oil boiling range feed stream used in hydrocracking operations has a higher excess when compared to hydrocracking processes operating at lower temperatures. It requires that hydrocracking be carried out at elevated temperatures that give cracking and lube oil boiling range yield loss.

  Also, since these heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds, particularly basic heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds, act as competitive inhibitors at the acidic cracking site of the cracking catalyst, removal of nitrogen species from the lube oil boiling range feed stream is difficult to crack. Allows the operation to operate more efficiently. Accordingly, many methods have been proposed to reduce the nitrogen content in the feed stream.

  For example, U.S. Patent No. 6,057,059, Freytet teaches the use of concentrated sulfuric acid, i.e., at least 95 wt% sulfuric acid to treat straight run jet fuel boiling range streams. The process requires that the sulfuric acid-containing stream be dispersed in jet fuel in the form of droplets smaller than about 300 microns. The Freyette process discloses that 90% or more of nitrogen can be removed from a jet fuel boiling range stream.

  U.S. Patent No. 6,057,049, Debande teaches the use of acid treatment on straight distillate boiling in the range of 150C to about 290C. The acidic solution used in Devande has an acid concentration of about 0.01 to about 2.5 volume percent. The acid is contacted with the direct distillate feed stream for a short period of time, i.e. not exceeding 2 seconds.

US Statutory Invention Registration No. H1368 Specification U.S. Pat. No. 4,392,948

  However, there is still a need in the art for more effective nitrogen removal methods to be used in hydroprocessing schemes for lube oil boiling range feed streams, as nitrogen removal can improve lube hydroprocessing operations. To do.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to an improved hydroprocessing method for a nitrogen-containing lube oil boiling range feed stream. This method
a) providing a sulfuric acid solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of at least about 75% by volume based on the sulfuric acid solution;
b) contacting a nitrogen-containing lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream with the sulfuric acid solution under conditions effective to remove at least about 60% by weight of nitrogen compounds contained in the lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream. Producing at least a mixture comprising a lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil and a spent sulfuric acid solution, wherein the volumetric treatment ratio of the sulfuric acid solution is about 0.5 volume based on the lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream. And c) treating the lubricating oil boiling effluent with at least one process selected from the group consisting of solvent extraction, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, hydrodewaxing and hydrorefining. Producing a lube oil boiling range product.

  In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sulfuric acid solution is a waste sulfuric acid solution obtained from an alkylation process unit.

In one embodiment,
The lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil is hydrotreated to produce a hydrotreated lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil, which is then solvent dewaxed, solvent extracted, hydrodewaxed, hydrocracked, hydrogenated Process by a process selected from purification and combinations thereof.

  In another embodiment, the improved method comprises subjecting the lube oil boiling range spilled oil under conditions effective to lower the total acid number of the lube oil boiling range product prior to step (c). Further comprising contacting with an effective amount of a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of caustic and water.

  The catalytic process is typically hindered, inter alia, by the presence of nitrogen. Nitrogen normally present as a heterocyclic molecule acts as a competitive inhibitor at the catalytic site. In lubricating oil processing, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecules force refiners to operate the hydrocracking process at temperatures higher than desired. This increased operating temperature increases the relative amount of overcracking and lube oil boiling range yield loss when compared to processes operated at lower temperatures. Thus, by lowering the content of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic species in the feed stream, the hydrocracking process can be operated at lower temperatures, which favors more selective cracking, which Increases both lubricant product yield and viscosity index ("VI") and extends the useful life of the catalyst. Heterocyclic nitrogen species removal also allows those skilled in hydrocracking processes to use lower hydrogen pressures than processes that use feed streams with higher nitrogen concentrations. The reduction of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecules is also due to other lubricating oil processes such as hydrodewaxing, hydroprocessing and hydrorefining.

  The present invention therefore relates to an improved hydroprocessing method for nitrogen-containing lube oil boiling range feedstock streams. In the present invention, the nitrogen-containing lube oil boiling range feed stream is contacted with a sulfuric acid solution, thus reducing the nitrogen content of the lube oil boiling range feed stream by at least 60% by weight. Contact of the nitrogen-containing lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream with the sulfuric acid solution produces at least a lubricating oil boiling range spill. The lubricating oil boiling range spill so produced is then processed by at least one process selected from hydrocracking, hydroprocessing, hydrodewaxing, hydrorefining, and any combination thereof. The These processes are sometimes referred to herein as hydroprocessing. The lube oil boiling range spill oil may also then be processed by solvent extraction.

  Suitable lube oil boiling range feed streams suitable for processing in the process of the present invention include any conventional lube boiling range feed stream used in lubricating oil processing. Such feedstock streams typically include wax-containing feedstocks such as those extracted from crude oil, shale oil and tar sand as well as synthetic feedstocks such as those extracted from the Fischer-Tropsch process. An oil stream is also included. Typical wax-containing feedstocks for the production of lubricating base oils have an initial boiling point of about 315 ° C. or higher, residues, hydrocracked products, extracts, hydrotreated oils, atmospheric gas oils, vacuum gas oils , Raw materials such as coker gas oil, atmospheric and vacuum residue, defoamed oil, slack wax and Fischer-Tropsch wax. Such raw materials may be extracted from distillation columns (atmospheric pressure and reduced pressure), hydrocracking equipment, hydrotreating equipment and solvent extraction equipment, and may have a wax content of 50% or less or more. . A preferred lube boiling range feed stream boils above about 650 ° F. (343 ° C.).

  Lubricating oil boiling range feed streams suitable for treatment by the process of the present invention contain, inter alia, heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds. The total nitrogen content of such streams is typically greater than about 100 wppm, more typically it ranges from about 1000 wppm to about 2000 wppm. Thus, these streams are sometimes referred to herein as nitrogen-containing lube oil boiling range feed streams. Nitrogen compounds appear as both basic and non-basic nitrogen species. Non-limiting examples of basic nitrogen species include quinoline and substituted quinolines, and non-limiting examples of non-basic nitrogen species can include carbazole and substituted carbazole.

  In practicing embodiments of the present invention, the lube oil boiling range feed stream defined above may be mixed with a sulfuric acid solution to remove at least about 60% by volume of both basic and non-basic nitrogen species. Close contact. The sulfuric acid solution used herein contains at least about 75%, preferably greater than about 80%, more preferably from about 85% to about 93% sulfuric acid based on the sulfuric acid solution. The sulfuric acid solution may be obtained by any known means. However, in one embodiment, the sulfuric acid solution is waste sulfuric acid obtained or recycled from an alkylation process unit having a sulfuric acid concentration within the range defined above.

Typical alkylation process include the step of olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock stream containing C ₄ olefins in combination with isobutane to produce a hydrocarbonaceous mixture. This hydrocarbonaceous mixture is then contacted with sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid used to contact the hydrocarbonaceous mixture is typically reagent grade sulfuric acid having an acid concentration of at least about 95% by weight. Preferably, the sulfuric acid has a sulfuric acid concentration greater than about 95% by weight. The hydrocarbonaceous mixture is contacted with sulfuric acid under conditions effective to at least produce an alkylate and sulfuric acid solution. The sulfuric acid solution so produced comprises at least about 75% by weight sulfuric acid, preferably greater than about 80% by weight sulfuric acid, more preferably from about 85% by volume to about 93% by weight sulfuric acid, based on the sulfuric acid solution. The sulfuric acid solution also typically contains from about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent water, with the remainder being hydrocarbons suspended in acid. Effective conditions are selected such that the sulfuric acid solution so produced contains about 82 to 92% by weight sulfuric acid, about 1 to about 4% by weight water, and the balance minus suspended hydrocarbons. More preferred. However, effective conditions are selected such that the sulfuric acid solution so produced contains about 85 to 93% by weight sulfuric acid, about 1.5 to about 4% by weight water, with the remainder being suspended hydrocarbons. Most preferably.

  Alkylation to provide a sulfuric acid solution having the above concentration of sulfuric acid, ie, at least 75 wt% sulfuric acid, preferably greater than about 80 wt%, more preferably about 85 to about 93 wt%, based on the sulfuric acid solution. It should be noted that it is within the scope of the present invention to dilute the sulfuric acid obtained from the apparatus or otherwise with a suitable diluent, preferably water. In order to determine the sulfuric acid concentration when the diluent is added to the sulfuric acid solution, the sulfuric acid content and water content are measured by standard analytical techniques. The equivalent acid strength can be calculated by the following formula when the diluent is added or when suspended hydrocarbons are present: equivalent weight% sulfuric acid = wt% sulfuric acid / (wt% sulfuric acid + wt% water)

  As noted above, the lube oil boiling range feed stream is greater than about 0.5 vol%, preferably greater than about 1.0 vol%, more preferably about 1 based on the lube boiling range feedstock stream. It is contacted with the sulfuric acid solution at an acid volume treatment ratio of from 0.0 volume% to about 5.0 volume%. Contact can be achieved by any known method. Non-limiting examples of suitable contacting methods include passing the sulfuric acid solution and the lube oil boiling range feed stream through a mixing valve, and the sulfuric acid solution and the lube boiling range feed stream in a mixing tank or vessel. Mixing and passing the sulfuric acid solution and the lube oil boiling range feed stream through a packed bed of inert particles, as well as other comparable methods. In a preferred embodiment, a mixing tank or mixing valve is used to contact the lube oil boiling range feed stream and the sulfuric acid solution.

  Contact between the lube oil boiling range feed stream and the sulfuric acid solution occurs under effective conditions. Effective conditions are considered to be conditions that allow the process of the present invention to achieve a nitrogen reduction of at least about 60 wt%, preferably greater than about 75 wt%, more preferably greater than 80 wt%.

  Contact of the lube oil boiling range feed stream with the sulfuric acid solution produces at least a mixture comprising the lube oil boiling range spill and spent sulfuric acid solution. The mixture is preferably separated into lube oil boiling range spilled oil and sulfuric acid solution. The spent sulfuric acid solution now containing the removed nitrogen species and the lube oil boiling range spill can be separated by any means known to be effective in separating acids from hydrocarbon streams. it can. Non-limiting examples of suitable separation methods include gravity sedimentation, electric field induced sedimentation, centrifugation, microwave induced sedimentation and sedimentation enhanced at the aggregation surface. However, the lube oil boiling range spill and sulfuric acid solution are separated into layers in a separation device such as a sedimentation tank or drum, coalescer, electrostatic sedimentation separator, centrifuge, or other similar device, or It is preferable to separate them.

  The lube oil boiling range effluent thus obtained by the process of the present invention will contain both basic and non-basic nitrogen substantially less than the initial lube oil boiling range feed stream. Substantially less means that the nitrogen content of the lube oil boiling range feed stream is reduced by at least about 60 wt%, preferably greater than about 75 wt%, more preferably at least 80 wt%. This will typically result in a lube oil boiling range spill having a nitrogen level of less than about 800 wppm, preferably less than about 500 wppm, more preferably less than about 400 wppm, and most preferably less than about 200 wppm.

  Lubricating oil boiling range spills are typically collected or withdrawn from the separator, such as hydrodewaxing, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, hydrorefining, solvent extraction, and combinations thereof. Through a suitable lubricating oil process. In this embodiment, any suitable hydrodewaxing, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, or hydrorefining catalyst is achieved in the hydrocracking operation to achieve the results sought by the skilled worker, It can be used under any conditions effective to convert a certain percentage of the lube oil boiling range product, to remove a certain amount of sulfur impurities in a hydrotreating operation, and the like. In one embodiment, the lube oil boiling range spill oil is hydrotreated to produce a hydrotreated lube oil boiling range product that is then solvent dewaxed, solvent extracted, hydrodewaxed, hydrocracked. Treated by a process selected from hydrorefining, and combinations thereof.

  However, the sulfuric acid treatment also results in a lube oil boiling range spill that is typically more acidic than the lube oil boiling range feed stream. The measure of acidity referred to herein is the total acid number (“TAN”) of the feed stream or spilled oil. TAN is expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample required to titrate the sample to a specific endpoint as measured by ASTM (American Materials Testing Association) Method D-664. It can be described as the amount of base. More acidic raw materials can have a detrimental effect on processing equipment and the like due to their corrosive nature. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention provides the lubricating oil boiling spill by a process selected from solvent extraction, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, hydrodewaxing, hydrorefining, and combinations thereof. Prior to treatment, the method comprises contacting the lube oil boiling range spilled oil with an effective amount of a material selected from caustic and water, preferably water. An effective amount of material means an amount of material that lowers the TAN of the lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil. The lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil is contacted with caustic or water under effective conditions. Effective conditions mean conditions that, when selected, allow for a reduction in the TAN of the lubricating oil boiling range spill. Preferably, the effective amount of material and effective conditions are selected such that the TAN of the lube oil boiling range spill is equal to that of the lube oil boiling range feed stream. More preferably, the effective amount of material and effective conditions are selected such that the TAN of the lube oil boiling range spill is lower than that of the lube oil boiling range feed stream.

  The above description relates to several embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other embodiments that are equally effective may be devised to implement the spirit of the invention.

  The following examples illustrate the improved effectiveness of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

Example 1
Lubricant boiling range feedstock to the lube hydrocracking unit was selected for comparative hydrocracking studies with acid-treated versions of the feedstock. The lube oil boiling range feed stream consisted of a blend of heavy coker gas oil, heavy vacuum gas oil, and light vacuum gas oil in a nominal 6: 2: 1 ratio, respectively. The feed had a nitrogen concentration of 1761 wppm, a sulfur concentration of 26540 wppm, and a total aromatic concentration of 1576 mmol / kg. The experiment was designed to show the impact of acid treatment on catalyst performance and product quality on a pilot scale device.

  A 20 gallon lube oil boiling range feedstock was treated with a sulfuric acid solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 95% by weight at a temperature of 150 ° F. The lube oil boiling range feedstock was contacted with the sulfuric acid solution at a treatment rate of 3% by volume by continuous mixing with a static mixer, followed by centrifugation of the sulfuric acid solution using a Podbilnia Centrifugal Extractor. The acid treated lube oil boiling range feedstock was then subjected to a water wash at 150 ° F. by mixing / separating in the same manner and equipment with 10 volume percent treat rate water.

  A 4.7% weight loss of lube oil boiling range feed to the sulfuric acid stream was calculated by elemental analysis of the spent acid stream. Combined with this small material loss, the treated raw material has greatly reduced nitrogen content (measured by ANTEK), reduced sulfur content (measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy), and total fragrance A decrease in group compound content (measured by UV spectroscopy) was shown. The results of acid treatment, i.e., nitrogen, sulfur, and total aromatics concentrations of lube oil boiling range feedstock that has been acid treated and washed with water are summarized in Table 1 below.

Example 2
The base feed and the acid treated feed described in Example 1 were then directly compared in a pilot unit operating under hydrocracking conditions. The pilot unit was operated at 1700 psig H ₂ pressure with 6750 scf / bbl H ₂ treatment gas. The pilot unit was loaded with 262 cc of a commercially available supported Ni / Mo hydrocracking catalyst and the catalyst was sulfided in situ. The feedstock was treated with LHSV for 0.6 hours- ¹ . To achieve a comparison between the two feedstocks, each 370 ° C. + typical lubricant, with 70 wt% conversion typically required to produce the desired lube product quality It was processed in a temperature range ranging from 50 to 80% by weight of the material from the boiling range. The conversion versus reaction temperature profile is shown in the figure herein.

  The figure illustrates that the boiling range conversion of the acid-treated lube oil boiling range feedstock occurs at a reactor temperature requirement that is 16-20 ° C. lower than that for the same boiling range conversion of the base untreated feedstock. .

  Without wishing to be limited by theory, the inventors herein believe that a decrease in operating temperature can be successfully utilized in at least three respects. The first would be to simply allow a moderate improvement in product quality as shown in Example 3 below. The second would be to extend catalyst life by lowering the operating temperature. The hydrocracking catalyst temperature requirement gradually increases with aging until the end of the cycle temperature limit is reached, so lowering the operating temperature requirement to produce the desired product should extend the catalyst life. The third would be to increase the equipment throughput and effectively increase the amount of feedstock processed. In hydrocracking, increased throughput requires higher reactor temperatures (to meet product quality) to maintain a constant conversion level. The acid treated case would require a 17 ° C lower operating temperature while still meeting the conversion requirements, so the feed rate could be substantially increased. An elevated feed rate will require an elevated reactor temperature to meet the required conversion level, but a 17 ° C. opening will allow the temperature to rise and the temperature will be in the normal operating range. It should still be possible.

Example 3
In order to demonstrate the benefits achieved by sulfuric acid treatment for processes such as dewaxing that occurs after or downstream of the hydrocracking operation, the 370 ° C. + fraction described in Example 2 above was subjected to solvent dewaxing. It should be noted that acid treatment does not directly improve the solvent dewaxing, physical separation process. However, by improving the hydrocracking operation that results in a lube oil boiling range feed stream that is subjected to solvent dewaxing, the product from the solvent dewaxing operation downstream of the hydrocracker also affects product properties. Can be affected by giving Thus, solvent dewaxing was performed to illustrate product quality benefits for base oils produced from hydrocracking operations including sulfuric acid treatment prior to hydrocracking. This example is therefore intended to demonstrate the benefits of the hydrocracking operation downstream using a sulfuric acid treatment process, thereby illustrating the benefits of the sulfuric acid treatment discussed above for hydrocracking. It is further noted that the inspection of the lubricant base oil obtained from solvent dewaxing provides a general measure of comparison, since only the nominal properties of the hydrocracked product itself are typically monitored. Should.

  Dewaxing was performed under standard laboratory solvent dewaxing conditions using methyl isobutyl ketone dilution with cooling and filtration to produce a dewaxed oil at -18 ° C pour point. The conditions are that weigh approximately 125 g of waxy 370 ° C. + lubricant hydrocracked from Example 2 and approximately 250 g of MIBK and add them to the flask and heat until miscible to form a slurry. Inclusive. The slurry was weighed and placed in a cold isopropyl alcohol / dry ice bath where it was stirred and cooled to a target dewaxing temperature of −18 ° C. The cold slurry was vacuum filtered through filter paper in a jacketed Buchner funnel cooled by a circulating cooling bath to maintain the target dewaxing temperature. The wax cake and dewaxed filtrate were retained, the solvent was removed from each by stripping on a rotary evaporator, and the stripped wax and dewaxed oil were weighed. The wax content was calculated directly, the VI of the dewaxed oil was measured with a Houlion automatic viscometer, and the dewaxed oil saturation was measured by physical chromatographic separation. The results of this example are summarized in Table 2 below.

  These examples provide evidence that a typical hydrocracking feedstock can be gently treated with sulfuric acid to greatly reduce its nitrogen content. Due to the reduced nitrogen level, the hydrocracking of the acid-treated feedstock required a lower catalyst operating temperature than the hydrocracking of the untreated feedstock, as evidenced by the base oil characteristics, and was improved. Generated product.

Illustrates that the boiling range conversion of the acid-treated lube oil boiling range feedstock occurs at a reactor temperature requirement that is 16-20 ° C. lower than that for the same boiling range conversion of the base untreated feedstock.

Claims (13)

An improved hydroprocessing method for a nitrogen-containing lubricating oil boiling range feed stream comprising:
a) providing a sulfuric acid solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of at least 75% by volume based on the sulfuric acid solution;
b) contacting a nitrogen-containing lube oil boiling range feed stream with the sulfuric acid solution under conditions effective to remove at least 60% by weight of nitrogen compounds contained in the lube oil boiling range feed stream; A step of producing at least a mixture comprising a lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil and a spent sulfuric acid solution, wherein the volumetric treatment ratio of the sulfuric acid solution is from 0.5% by volume based on the lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream Treating the lubricating oil boiling effluent with a process selected from the group consisting of solvent extraction, hydrodewaxing, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, hydrorefining, and combinations thereof; A hydroprocessing method comprising the step of producing a lube oil boiling range product.   The hydrotreating method according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream has an initial boiling point of 315 ° C.   3. The hydroprocessing method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the nitrogen-containing lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream contains 50% wax.   The hydrogen treatment method according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream contains more than 100 wppm nitrogen.   The hydrogen treatment method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the nitrogen present in the nitrogen-containing lubricating oil boiling range feedstock stream is a basic or non-basic heterocyclic nitrogen compound.   The hydrogen treatment method according to claim 1, wherein the sulfuric acid solution is a waste sulfuric acid solution obtained from an alkylation process apparatus.   The hydrogen according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the sulfuric acid solution and the lube oil boiling range feed stream are contacted by a method selected from the group consisting of a dispersible and non-dispersible contact method. Processing method.   The method further comprises the step of separating the lube oil boiling range spill and the spent sulfuric acid solution by any means known to be effective in separating acids from hydrocarbon streams. Item 8. The hydrogen treatment method according to any one of Items 1 to 7.   Separating the lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil and the spent sulfuric acid solution by a separation device selected from the group consisting of centrifugation, sedimentation tank or drum, coalescer, electrostatic sedimentation separation device and other similar devices. The hydrogen treatment method according to claim 1, wherein the method is a hydrogen treatment method. The alkylation process comprises:
The olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock stream containing a) C ₄ olefins in combination with isobutane to form a hydrocarbonaceous mixture; and b) the hydrocarbonaceous mixture, the acid concentration of alkylate and at least 75 wt% The hydrotreating method according to claim 6, further comprising a step of contacting with sulfuric acid under conditions effective to produce at least a sulfuric acid solution having a water content.   The hydrogen treatment method according to claim 1, wherein a diluent is added to the sulfuric acid solution to adjust a sulfuric acid concentration of the sulfuric acid solution.   The lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil is selected from the group consisting of caustic and water under conditions effective to lower the total acid number of the lubricating oil boiling range spilled oil prior to step (c). The hydrotreating method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of contacting with an amount of an acid reducing agent.   The lubricant boiling range spilled oil is hydrotreated to produce a hydrotreated lubricant boiling range spilled oil, which is then solvent dewaxed, solvent extracted, hydrodewaxed, hydrocracked, hydrogenated 13. A hydroprocessing method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the process is performed by a process selected from refining and combinations thereof to produce a lube oil boiling range product.

Images