JP2007316095A - Fixing device and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fixing device capable of shortening a warmup time by improving heat efficiency and forming a high quality image. <P>SOLUTION: The fixing device includes a fixing roller 51, and a pressure roller 52 that presses the outer peripheral face of the fixing roller 51. The fixing device introduces recording paper P with a toner image transferred thereto into a pressure contact area Y between the fixing roller 51 and pressure roller 52, thereby fixing the toner image to the recording paper P. The fixing device has an external heat roller 53 disposed in contact with the upstream surface of the fixing roller 51 in the pressure contact part Y and below the fixing roller 51. The recording paper P with the toner image transferred thereto is conveyed via the vicinity of the external heat roller 53 and further conveyed from a lower position to a higher position within the pressure contact part Y. In addition, the fixing device includes: a thermister 55a for detecting the surface temperature of the fixing roller 51; and a heat control means for controlling the output of the external heat roller 53 on the basis of the detection result of the thermister 55a. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus using an electrophotographic process such as a copying machine, a facsimile machine, and a printer, and a fixing device applied to the image forming apparatus, and more particularly to an image forming apparatus capable of full-color printing and the image forming apparatus. The present invention relates to an applied fixing device.

A fixing device applied to an image forming apparatus as an electrophotographic apparatus using an electrophotographic process such as a copying machine, a facsimile, or a printer has, for example, a fixing roller and a pressure roller that presses the fixing roller. Yes. For example, a heater lamp as a heating source is disposed inside the fixing roller, and the surface of the fixing roller is heated from the inside of the roller by, for example, the heater lamp.
In such a fixing device, a recording sheet on which an unfixed toner image is transferred is supplied to a pressure contact portion (fixing portion) between a fixing roller and a pressure roller whose surface is heated to a predetermined temperature, and the toner is melted by heat. As a result, the toner image is fixed on the recording paper. An apparatus in which a heat source for heating the surface of the fixing roller is provided inside the fixing roller is called an internal heating type fixing device.

By the way, in the internal heating type fixing device, since the fixing roller having a large heat capacity is heated from the inside by a heater lamp or the like, the surface of the fixing roller is heated to a predetermined temperature necessary for fixing the toner. There is a problem that the warm-up time becomes longer.
Therefore, in order to shorten the warm-up time, the surface of the fixing roller is heated from the outside by a heat roller (heating source) disposed in contact with the surface of the fixing roller as disclosed in, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3. An external heating type fixing device is employed. In the external heating method, a heat source is brought into direct contact with the surface of the fixing roller, thereby improving the thermal efficiency and shortening the warm-up time for raising the temperature to a predetermined temperature necessary for fixing.

As another conventional technique relating to such an external heating type fixing device, for example, Patent Document 4 discloses an apparatus developed for the purpose of improving fixing efficiency and image quality while preventing overheating of the intermediate transfer member. The image forming apparatus includes a transfer fixing member to which an image on the intermediate transfer member is transferred, a heating unit for heating the image on the transfer fixing member, and a pressure roller that forms a nip with the transfer fixing member, and passes through the nip. The heating unit includes an internal heating unit built in the transfer fixing member and an external heating unit that heats the image on the transfer fixing member from the front side. A fixing device having the same is disclosed.
Patent Document 5 discloses a fixing roller, a pressure member that forms a fixing nip portion between the fixing roller, an external heating unit that heats the fixing roller from the outside, and a control of the external heating unit. In a fixing device having an external heating control means for fixing a recording material carrying an unfixed image through the fixing nip portion, based on image information for forming an image on the recording material, A fixing device that changes the heating rate of the external heating means is disclosed.

7 and 8 are explanatory diagrams of such a conventional technique. FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram of an image forming apparatus adopting an external heating type fixing device. FIG. 8 is an external heating type fixing method of FIG. It is a schematic diagram of an apparatus.
In FIG. 7, this image forming apparatus has an external heating type fixing device 5. The toner images corresponding to the respective colors formed on the surface of the photoreceptor of each image forming unit are sequentially transferred and laminated on the recording paper, and a color image as a transfer image is formed on the recording paper. The recording paper on which the color image has been transferred is introduced into the nip portion of the fixing device 5 in the horizontal direction, for example, by the conveying means 62, where it is pressed and heated to fix the color image on the recording paper.
In FIG. 8, the fixing device 5 includes a fixing roller 51, a pressure roller 52 that presses the fixing roller 51 to form a nip portion, and external heating that contacts the surface of the fixing roller 51 and heats the surface of the fixing roller 51. It mainly comprises a heating roller 53 as means. The recording paper P onto which the color toner image has been transferred is introduced into a nip portion, which is a contact portion between the fixing roller 51 and the pressure roller 52, in the horizontal direction, and heated and pressed to melt the toner. A color image is fixed on the recording paper P.

JP-A-50-062448 JP-A-51-070648 JP 52-131731 A JP 2004-145260 A JP 2001-343860 A

A problem of the fixing device adopting the above-described conventional external heating method is that, for example, heat efficiency is reduced due to heat radiation from the external heating member. Although it is considered most efficient to arrange the external heating unit immediately upstream of the nip portion of the fixing roller, in the case of a fixing device that transports paper horizontally, the external heating unit is arranged on the side of the fixing roller. Inevitably, the loss due to heat radiation from the external heating means is large, and inconveniences such as a temperature rise in the adjacent part in the apparatus are caused.
Further, in the conventional technique (Patent Document 4) that simultaneously performs transfer and fixing, it is difficult to adopt a contact heating method, and it is difficult to improve thermal efficiency due to heat dissipation in non-contact external heating. There is a problem. Furthermore, even in the prior art employing the external heating method, in the case where the heating means is arranged so as to be adjacent to the fixing roller in the horizontal direction (Patent Document 5), the effective use of the heat dissipated from the heating means is effective. This cannot be achieved, and is not always satisfactory from the viewpoint of improving thermal efficiency.
The present invention has been made in view of the problems of the prior art, and the problem is that the warming-up time can be shortened by effectively using the heat released from the heating means to improve the thermal efficiency. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fixing device capable of forming a high-quality image and an image forming apparatus to which the fixing device is applied.

In order to solve the above problems, a fixing device according to the present invention includes a fixing roller and a pressing unit that presses the outer peripheral surface of the fixing roller, and a toner image is formed at a pressure contact portion between the fixing roller and the pressing unit. In a fixing device that introduces a recording medium onto which toner has been transferred and fixes the toner image on the recording medium, the fixing roller is disposed so as to be in contact with the upstream surface of the pressure contact portion and below the fixing roller. And a recording medium on which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed from the lower side to the upper side through the vicinity of the external heating unit.
In this case, it is preferable to provide temperature detecting means for detecting the surface temperature of the fixing roller and heating control means for controlling the output of the external heating means based on the detection result of the temperature detecting means.
Further, the external heating means can preheat the recording medium onto which the toner image carried into the press contact portion is transferred.
Further, it is possible to provide means for generating upward airflow from the external heating means to the fixing roller, and to use the heat radiation amount of the external heating means as a heating source for the fixing roller.
Furthermore, a heating roller can be applied as the external heating means, and an internal heating means can be further provided inside the fixing roller.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the external heating means and the internal heating means are turned on at different timings or are turned on alternately.

The image forming apparatus of the present invention forms an electrostatic latent image by irradiating the image carrier surface with light based on image information, a charging device for uniformly charging the surface of the image carrier, and the surface of the image carrier. An exposure device; a developing device that develops an electrostatic latent image on the image carrier to form a toner image; a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a recording medium directly or via an intermediate transfer member; And a fixing device for fixing the toner image to the recording medium, wherein the fixing device is any one of the fixing devices described above.

  According to the fixing device and the image forming apparatus of the present invention, the fixing roller can be heated using the amount of heat dissipated by the external heating means, and the recording medium introduced into the nip portion can be preheated, so that the thermal efficiency is remarkably improved. In addition, a high-quality image can be formed by good fixing.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a color laser printer (hereinafter simply referred to as a printer) as an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In FIG. 1, four image forming units 101 (Y, C, M, and K) of yellow, cyan, magenta, and black are arranged in the horizontal direction in order from the left in the drawing at a substantially central portion of the printer 1. A tandem image forming unit is provided. The subscripts Y, C, M, and K of the symbols indicate members for yellow, magenta, cyan, and black, respectively.
Each image forming means 101 (Y, C, M, K) of the tandem image forming unit is provided with a drum-shaped photosensitive member 21 (Y, C, M, K) as a latent image carrier and its surroundings. A charging device 17 (Y, C, M, K), a developing device 15 (Y, C, M, K), a photoconductor cleaning device, and the like are provided.
Above the tandem image forming unit, an endless belt-like intermediate transfer belt 10 is disposed as an intermediate transfer member. The intermediate transfer belt 10 is wound around support rollers 10a and 10b, and a drive motor (not shown) is connected to a rotation shaft of the support roller 10a as a drive roller. By starting the drive motor, the drive roller 10a and the driven roller 10b rotate, and the intermediate transfer belt 10 rotates, for example, counterclockwise in FIG. Inside the intermediate transfer belt 10, a primary transfer device 11 (Y, C, M) for transferring a toner image formed on the photoreceptor 21 (Y, C, M, K) onto the surface of the intermediate transfer belt 10. , K) are arranged so as to face the photoreceptors 21 (Y, C, M, K) via the intermediate transfer belt 10.

A secondary transfer roller 4 as a secondary transfer device is provided so as to face the driven roller 10b with the intermediate transfer belt 10 interposed therebetween. The driven roller 10 b acts as a pressing member for the secondary transfer roller 4.
Above the intermediate transfer belt 10, a toner bottle 2 (Y, C, M, K) filled with toner of each color of yellow, cyan, magenta, and black is provided. The toner of each color is supplied from the toner bottle 2 (Y, C, M, K) to the developing device 15 (Y, C, M, K) of each color by a predetermined amount through a conveyance path (not shown).
An optical writing unit 9 as a latent image forming unit is provided below the tandem image forming unit. The optical writing unit 9 includes a light source, a polygon mirror, an f-θ lens, a reflection mirror, and the like, and scans, for example, laser light on the surface of each photoreceptor 21 (Y, C, M, K) based on image data. Irradiation is performed to form an electrostatic latent image.
Below the optical writing unit 9, a paper feed cassette 8 having a paper feed roller 7 is arranged, and a recording paper P as a recording medium stored in the paper feed cassette 8 passes through a registration roller 6 and the like. To the secondary transfer section. A fixing device 5 and a paper discharge roller 3 for fixing the toner image on the recording paper P to the recording paper P are provided on the downstream side in the traveling direction of the recording paper P on which the toner image is secondarily transferred by the secondary transfer roller 4. ing.

Next, the operation of the printer having such a configuration will be described.
In each image forming unit 101 (Y, C, M, K), first, the photosensitive member 21 (Y, C, M, K) is rotated, and with the rotation of the photosensitive member 21 (Y, C, M, K). The surface of the photoreceptor 21 (Y, C, M, K) is uniformly charged by the charging device 17 (Y, C, M, K). Next, the optical writing unit 9 irradiates writing light by a laser based on the image data to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photoreceptor 21 (Y, C, M, B). After forming the electrostatic latent image in this way, the toner of each color is supplied and adhered by the developing device 15 (Y, C, M, K) to visualize the electrostatic latent image on the photoreceptor 21, A single color toner image of yellow, cyan, magenta, and black is formed on each photoconductor 21 (Y, C, M, K).

Next, a drive motor (not shown) is started to drive the drive roller 10a to rotate, the driven roller 10b and the secondary transfer roller 4 are driven to rotate, and the intermediate transfer belt 10 is rotated and conveyed, so that the photosensitive member 21 (Y, C , M, K) is transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 10 by the primary transfer device 11 (Y, C, M, K) and laminated to form a composite color image. The toner remaining on the surface of the photoreceptor 21 (Y, C, M, K) after image transfer is cleaned and removed by a photoreceptor cleaning device to prepare for the next image formation.

On the other hand, in accordance with the timing of image formation, the recording paper P as a recording medium is fed from the front end portion of the paper feeding roller 7 by the paper feeding roller 7, conveyed, and temporarily stopped by the registration roller 6. Then, the recording paper P is supplied between the secondary transfer roller 4 and the intermediate transfer belt 10 while taking the timing with the image forming operation. The intermediate transfer belt 10 and the secondary transfer roller 4 form a so-called secondary transfer nip across the recording paper P, and the secondary transfer roller 4 performs secondary transfer of the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 10 onto the recording paper P. To do.
The recording paper P after image transfer is conveyed to the downstream fixing device 5, and heat and pressure are applied in the fixing device 5 to fix the transferred image on the recording paper P. Next, the recording paper P on which the color image has been fixed in this way is discharged out of the system. On the other hand, residual toner remaining on the intermediate transfer belt 10 after image transfer is cleaned and removed by the intermediate transfer body cleaning device 12 to prepare for re-image formation by the tandem image forming unit.

Below, the characteristic part of this invention is demonstrated in detail.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of the fixing device of FIG. 1 as a fixing device according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 2, the fixing device 5 includes a fixing roller 51, a pressing roller 52 as a pressing unit that presses the outer peripheral surface of the fixing roller 51, and a heating roller 53 as a heating unit that heats the fixing roller 51. It is mainly composed. The fixing roller 51 and the pressure roller 52 are disposed adjacent to each other in the horizontal direction so that, for example, the rotation center axis is on the same plane. On the other hand, the pressure roller 53 and the fixing roller 51 are disposed adjacent to each other in the vertical direction so that, for example, the rotation center axis is on the same plane, and the pressure roller 53 is positioned below the fixing roller 51. ing.

The fixing roller 51 is made of a heat-resistant elastic member. The pressure contact portion Y is elastically deformed by being pressed against the pressure roller 52, and the pressure contact portion Z is elastically deformed by being pressed against the heating roller 53. The pressure contact portion Y is referred to as a fixing nip portion, and the pressure contact portion Z is referred to as a heating nip portion.
The fixing roller 51 is rotationally driven, for example, in the direction of arrow A in the figure by a driving unit (not shown), and the pressure roller 52 is rotated in the direction of arrow B in the figure following the rotational driving of the fixing roller 51.
A heater lamp 54 as a heating source is provided inside the heating roller 53, and the heating roller 53 abuts on the surface of the fixing roller 51 on the upstream side of the fixing nip Y with respect to the rotation direction of the fixing roller 51. Are arranged as follows. The heating roller 53 is arranged at a position where its center is almost directly below the center of the fixing roller 51, and is in pressure contact with the fixing roller 51 with a predetermined pressing force. When the heating roller 53 is in pressure contact with the fixing roller 51, the heating roller 53 is rotated in the direction of the arrow C following the rotation of the fixing roller 51 like the pressure roller 52.
A thermistor 55 b as temperature detecting means is disposed on the peripheral surface of the heating roller 53, and the thermistor 55 b detects the surface temperature of the heating roller 53. Further, a thermistor 55a as a temperature detecting means is disposed on the peripheral surface of the fixing roller 51, and the thermistor 55a detects the surface temperature of the fixing roller 51 after the fixing process.
Further, in this fixing device, the surface temperature of the heating roller 53 detected by the thermistor 55b is adjusted by controlling the output of the heater lamp 54 based on the detection data of the thermistor 55a, and thereby the fixing roller in contact with this. A heating control means (not shown) for adjusting the surface temperature of 51 to a predetermined temperature is provided.

  In the fixing device having such a configuration, the recording paper P onto which the color image has been transferred is preheated through the vicinity of the heating roller in FIG. 2, and then the fixing roller 51 and the pressure roller 52 from the bottom to the top. The pressure roller 53 is brought into contact with the fixing roller 51 heated to a predetermined temperature suitable for fixing, for example, 160 ° C., and is heated by the pressure roller 52. Pressure, for example, 100 kPa, whereby the toner of the transferred color image is melted and the color image is fixed on the recording paper. At this time, the amount of heat dissipated from the heating roller 53 preheats the recording paper P and is absorbed by the fixing roller 51 located above, and also acts as a heating source for the fixing roller 51.

According to the present embodiment, the heating roller 53 of the external heating method is employed as the heating unit, and the fixing roller 51 and the heating roller 53 are disposed adjacent to each other in the vertical direction. By disposing under the roller 51, the heat radiation from the heating roller 53 flows to the fixing roller 51 by natural convection and is used as a heating source of the fixing roller 51, so that the thermal efficiency is remarkably improved. On the other hand, in the conventional technology in which the heating roller is arranged so as to be adjacent to the upper side or the horizontal direction of the fixing roller, the amount of heat released from the heating roller and dissipated upward by natural convection cannot be effectively used. Was the cause of heat loss.

According to the present embodiment, as described above, the heating roller 53 as the external heating unit is disposed below the fixing roller 51, so that the arrangement position of the pressure roller 52 is adjacent to the horizontal direction of the fixing roller 51. As a result, the recording paper P is conveyed from below to above the nip portion Y between the fixing roller 51 and the pressure roller 52. Accordingly, the recording paper P is preheated (preheated) by heat radiation from the heating roller 53 as shown by an arrow D in FIG. It will be. Therefore, not only the thermal efficiency is further improved and the warm-up time is shortened, but also the toner quickly reaches the fixing temperature when it is introduced into the nip Y, and a high-quality image can be formed by good fixing. it can. The amount of heat released from the heating roller 53 is also used to maintain the surface temperature of the fixing roller near the outlet of the nip Y during conveyance of the nip Y of the recording paper P at a predetermined temperature.
Further, according to the present embodiment, since the heating roller 53 rotates following the rotation of the fixing roller 51, the amount of wear of the fixing roller 51 by the heating means is reduced, and the life of the fixing roller 51 is extended. Can do.

FIG. 3 is a view showing a modification of the fixing device of FIG. In FIG. 3, this fixing device is provided with a casing that covers the fixing device main body, a flow hole through which airflow flows in the upper casing and the lower casing, and a suction fan 100 provided above the upper casing.
By providing the suction fan 100 above the upper casing, an in-machine airflow indicated by an arrow E in the figure is forcibly generated, thereby enabling exhaust heat in the apparatus by the in-apparatus airflow, which is an external heating means. The heat dissipation can be effectively utilized as a heat source for the fixing roller 51 to further improve the thermal efficiency.

  FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating another modification of the fixing device. In this fixing device, the fixing roller 51 and the heating roller 53 are covered with a heat insulating material 110. As described above, since the exhaust path near the fixing roller 51 is insulated by covering with the heat insulating material, not only the heat radiation of the heating roller 53 can be effectively utilized but also the heat radiation from the fixing roller 51 and the heating roller 53 can be prevented. Thus, heat loss can be reduced and thermal efficiency can be further improved. As the heat insulating material 110, a known material having a general heat insulating effect is applied.

FIG. 5 is a view showing still another modified example of the fixing device. In FIG. 5, this fixing device is provided with a heat pipe 120 extending from the vicinity of the heating roller 53 to the vicinity of the fixing roller 51. By disposing the heat pipe 120 in the air exhaust path in the vicinity of the fixing roller 51 from the heating roller 53, the heat radiation of the heating roller 53, which is an external heating means, can be effectively used to further increase the thermal efficiency.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing another modification. In this fixing device, a heat source 56 is disposed inside the fixing roller 51 as an internal heating means. In other words, this fixing device is provided with a heating roller 53 as an external heating means below the fixing roller 51 and a heat source 56 as an internal heating means inside the fixing roller 51.
In the internal heating method in which the fixing roller is heated from the inside, an internal heat source is operated in order to keep the temperature of the roller surface that applies heat to the transfer material and the toner constant during the fixing operation. However, there is a drawback that a time lag occurs until the temperature of the roller surface starts to rise due to the provision of the heat source inside the roller. For this reason, when continuous copying is performed, the temperature of the roller surface may be temporarily lowered, and when the copying speed is increased, the temperature of the roller surface is drastically decreased, which may cause a fixing failure.
On the other hand, there are various heating methods for the external heating method that heats the fixing roller from the outside, but considering the safety at the time of paper jam, use a substance with a built-in heat source and high thermal conductivity. The most common method is to heat the heated heater roller against the surface of the fixing roller. In this external heating method, heat is actively supplied to the vicinity of the surface of the fixing roller. In addition, there is an advantage that the amount of heat lost by applying heat to the transfer material and the toner can be directly supplied to the surface of the fixing roller. Therefore, the control response is superior to the internal heating method.

According to this modification, the combined use of the internal heating method and the external heating method can take advantage of both, and by providing the heating means inside the fixing roller, for example, the warm-up can be further shortened. Image quality can be improved.
If the heating sources of both the external heating means and the internal heating means are turned on at the same time, the inrush current increases, the maximum power consumption of the apparatus increases, and for example, the breaker may drop or the flicker standard may not be satisfied. In such a case, in order to suppress the maximum power consumption and to avoid flicker due to the inrush current of the heater, control is performed so that the two heating sources are not turned on simultaneously. For example, at least the external heating unit and the internal heating unit are activated. It is preferable to adjust the timing to be shifted or alternately activated or lit. Further, the external heating means or the internal heating means can be used as the other complementary heating source.

1 is a diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a fixing device according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modification of the fixing device of the present invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows another modification of the fixing device of this invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows another modification of the fixing device of this invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating another modification of the fixing device of the present invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows a prior art. It is explanatory drawing which shows a prior art.

Explanation of symbols

1 Image forming device (printer)
2 Toner bottle 3 Paper discharge roller 4 Secondary transfer roller 5 Fixing device 6 Registration roller 7 Paper feed roller 8 Paper feed cassette 9 Optical writing unit 10 Intermediate transfer belt 10a Support roller (drive roller)
10b Support roller (driven roller)
11 Primary transfer device 12 Intermediate transfer member cleaning device 15 Developing device 17 Charging device 21 Photoconductor 51 Fixing roller 52 Pressure roller 53 Heating roller 54 Heater lamp 55 Thermistor 55a Thermistor 55b Thermistor 56 Heat source 62 Conveying means 100 Suction fan 101 Image formation Means 110 Insulation 120 Heat pipe

Claims (8)

A fixing roller;
Pressure means for pressing the outer peripheral surface of the fixing roller,
In a fixing device that introduces a recording medium onto which a toner image has been transferred to a pressure contact portion between the fixing roller and a pressure unit and fixes the toner image on the recording medium.
An external heating means disposed in contact with the upstream surface of the pressure contact portion of the fixing roller and below the fixing roller;
A fixing device, wherein the recording medium onto which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed from the lower part to the upper part through the vicinity of the external heating means. Temperature detecting means for detecting the surface temperature of the fixing roller;
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a heating control unit that controls an output of the external heating unit based on a detection result of the temperature detection unit. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the external heating unit preheats the recording medium onto which the toner image carried into the press contact portion is transferred. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a means for generating an upward air flow from the external heating means to the fixing roller is provided, and a heat radiation amount of the external heating means is used as a heating source of the fixing roller. The fixing device according to Item.   The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the external heating unit is a heating roller. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein an internal heating unit is provided inside the fixing roller. The fixing device according to claim 6, wherein the external heating unit and the internal heating unit are turned on at different timings or are turned on alternately. An image carrier;
A charging device for uniformly charging the surface of the image carrier;
An exposure device that forms an electrostatic latent image by irradiating the image carrier surface with light based on image information;
A developing device that develops an electrostatic latent image on the image carrier to form a toner image;
A transfer device for transferring the toner image to a recording medium directly or via an intermediate transfer member;
A fixing device for fixing the transferred toner image to the recording medium;
In an image forming apparatus having
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the fixing device is the fixing device according to claim 1.

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