JP2007248865A - Image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an image forming apparatus which prevents uneven dirt sticking to a charging means. <P>SOLUTION: The image forming apparatus includes: a precharge cleaning member 22 being an elastic member, which is disposed between a cleaning blade 21 and a charging roller 12 and is brought into contact with a photoreceptor 11 while being bent toward the downstream direction in the rotating direction of the photoreceptor drum 11; and a brush roller 13 which is rotated in contact with the charging roller 12, thereby uniformizing a toner external additive sticking to the charging roller 12. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus, and more particularly to an image forming apparatus including an image carrier and a cleaning unit for a charging unit.

In the conventional image forming apparatus, the toner remaining on the image carrier after the transfer is collected by a cleaning unit provided in the image carrier. However, foreign matters such as toner agglomerates and paper dust that are not collected by the cleaning means and pass through the cleaning means adhere to the charging means in contact with the image carrier. If foreign matter such as toner aggregates and paper dust adheres to the charging means, when the charging means is charged, the potential is different only in the portion where the foreign substances such as toner aggregates and paper powder are attached. In the image carrier that is charged by contact, a portion in contact with a portion to which foreign matter such as toner aggregates and paper dust adheres becomes a black spot, and a black spot is generated in the formed image.
In the image forming apparatus described in Patent Document 1, a second cleaning member different from the first cleaning member is provided between the first cleaning member for cleaning the image carrier and the charging unit. Yes. The second cleaning member can capture foreign matter such as toner aggregates and paper dust of several tens to several hundred microns that have passed through the first cleaning member. As a result, it is possible to prevent foreign substances such as toner aggregates of several tens to several hundreds of microns that have passed through the first cleaning member and paper dust from adhering to the charging means.
JP-A-7-72709

By the way, there are two types of foreign matters that adhere to the charging means that contacts the image carrier and charges the image carrier. Submicron toner external additives, tens to hundreds of microns of toner aggregates and paper powder.
In the second cleaning member provided in the image forming apparatus described in Patent Document 1, a toner aggregate of several tens to several hundreds of microns and paper among two kinds of foreign matters that adhere to the charging unit and affect image formation Foreign matter such as powder can be removed, but submicron toner external additives slip through.
In particular, when an amorphous silicon drum (hereinafter abbreviated as a-Si drum) is used as the image carrier of the image forming apparatus described in Patent Document 1, the a-Si drum is pressed by the pressing force of the second cleaning member. The surface is shaved. As a result, a gap is generated between the second cleaning member and the a-Si drum, so that a larger amount of toner external additive slips through compared to the case where an image carrier other than the a-Si drum is used. End up.
Therefore, the toner external additive material that has passed through the second cleaning member adheres to the charging means. At this time, if the adhesion method is uneven, the charging means is not uniformly charged, so that the image carrier charged in contact with the charging means is not uniformly charged, and an uneven image is formed. There was a problem of being.
In the present invention, by providing a second cleaning member that does not damage the image carrier, foreign substances of tens to hundreds of microns that have passed through the first cleaning member are removed, and the charging means has a brush-like shape. Provided is an image forming apparatus for providing a toner external additive which is a submicron foreign matter adhering to the charging means by providing the external additive uniform means and preventing unevenness of dirt adhering to the charging means. Can do.

A conventional image forming apparatus includes an image carrier that carries an image to be developed by a developer, a charging unit that charges the image carrier by rotating in contact with the image carrier, and the image carrier. Cleaning means for removing the developer that comes into contact with and adheres to the image carrier.
In such an image forming apparatus, the toner remaining on the image carrier after the transfer is recovered by the first cleaning means provided upstream of the charging means in the rotation direction of the image carrier, and the first cleaning is performed. Foreign matter such as toner aggregates and paper dust of several tens to several hundred microns that have passed through the member can be collected by a second cleaning unit provided between the first cleaning unit and the charging unit. It was.
However, depending on the structure of the second cleaning means, there is a problem that the image carrier is damaged.
In order to solve this problem, a second cleaning means must be provided so as not to damage the image carrier.
For this purpose, the second cleaning means of the present invention is constituted by an elastic member in contact with the image carrier.
However, if the second cleaning means is composed of an elastic member as described above, the toner external additive material that is a submicron foreign matter slips through, and the toner external additive material that has passed through the second cleaning means passes through the charging means. It becomes uneven and adheres, which may cause a new problem that the charging means is not uniformly charged.
In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to make the toner external additive adhered to the charging means uniform so that the toner external additive does not become uneven and adhere to the charging means.
For this purpose, the present invention is provided with brush-like external additive uniforming means for making the external additive contained in the developer adhered to the charging means uniform by rotating in contact with the charging means.
When the yarn of the brush constituting the external additive uniform means is too thick (single yarn fineness is too large) or is dense (too dense), the toner external additive attached to the charging means is removed. The toner cannot be made uniform, and the toner external additive adheres to the charging means.
For this reason, it is preferable that the external additive uniform means is formed of yarn-like fibers having a single yarn fineness of about 1 dtex or more and about 10 dtex or less.
Further, the outer添材uniform means that the fibers of the thread is formed at a density of approximately 40kF / inch ² or more substantially 300kF / inch ² or less desirable.
On the other hand, it is preferable that the second cleaning means abuts on the image carrier with a pressure contact force of about 0.05 gf / mm to about 10 gf / mm.
Furthermore, it is conceivable that the second cleaning means is a sheet formed of urethane, ester rubber or foam rubber.
If the second cleaning means is made of such an elastic material and comes into contact with the above-described pressure contact force, the toner external additive material slips through without damaging the image carrier, and the toner of several tens to several hundreds of microns is obtained. Foreign substances such as aggregates and paper dust can be removed.

  According to the present invention, foreign matter of tens to hundreds of microns is removed, and the toner external additive material that is submicron foreign matter adhering to the charging unit is smoothed to prevent unevenness of dirt adhering to the charging unit. An image forming apparatus can be provided.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings so that the present invention can be understood. The following embodiment is an example embodying the present invention, and does not limit the technical scope of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the vicinity of the cleaning unit C and the charging roller 12, FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the single yarn fineness of the brush roller 13 and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11, and FIG. FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the density of toner and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11.

First, the schematic configuration of the image forming unit G provided in the image forming apparatus X according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the schematic diagram of FIG.
The image forming unit G includes a photosensitive drum 11 that carries an image, a charging roller 12 that charges the surface of the photosensitive drum 11, a brush roller 13 that smoothes a toner external additive attached to the charging roller 12, and An exposure unit (not shown) that forms an electrostatic latent image by irradiating the photosensitive drum 11 with a laser beam, and a toner contained in a developer is attached to the electrostatic latent image to form a toner image on the photosensitive drum 11. A developing unit (not shown) formed on the surface of the sheet, a transfer roller (not shown) pressed against the photosensitive drum 11 via the conveyed recording paper, and a cleaning unit for cleaning the photosensitive drum 11 after the transfer. C, a neutralizing unit 14 for removing the potential remaining on the photosensitive drum 11 after transfer, and a developing roller provided in the photosensitive drum 11 and the developing unit, which are not shown in the drawings, are rotated. It is constituted by a Ramumota.
In the cleaning section C, the rotation direction of the photoconductive drum 11 (P1 direction in FIG. 1) downstream of the transfer roller and the rotation direction of the photoconductive drum 11 from the charging roller 12 (in FIG. 1). (P1 direction) provided upstream of the cleaning blade 21 for removing the toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 after the transfer, and between the cleaning blade 21 and the charging roller 12 and from the charge eliminating portion 14. In addition, a pre-charging cleaning member 22 provided on the downstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum 11 and a support member 23 for supporting the pre-charging cleaning member 22 are provided.
Here, the cleaning blade 21 is an example of a first cleaning means.
Details of the cleaning blade 21 and the pre-charging cleaning member 22 will be described later.

The image forming process in the image forming unit G will be briefly described.
The charging roller 12 contacts the photosensitive drum 11 and rotates counterclockwise (in the direction of arrow P2 in FIG. 1), thereby charging the surface of the photosensitive drum 11. The photosensitive drum 11 is charged by the charging roller 12 by being rotated clockwise (P1 direction in FIG. 1) by the drum motor. The surface of the photosensitive drum 11 is irradiated with a laser beam from the exposure unit, and an electrostatic latent image is written. Subsequently, in the developing unit, the developing roller is rotated by the drum motor, and a thin layer of toner formed on the surface of the developing roller comes into contact with the surface of the photosensitive drum 11. The photosensitive drum 11 is rotated clockwise by the drum motor in synchronization with the rotation of the developing roller. As a result, the charged toner adheres to the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 to form a toner image. The photosensitive drum 11 is continuously rotated by the drum motor, and the toner image is transferred onto a recording sheet by the transfer roller.
The cleaning blade 21 of the cleaning section C is disposed in contact with the photosensitive drum 11 downstream of the transfer roller in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum 11 (the direction of the arrow P1 in FIG. 1). The toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 is removed. The neutralization section 14 is provided downstream of the cleaning blade 21 in the rotation direction of the photoconductor drum 11, and the potential remaining on the photoconductor 11 is removed. The pre-charging cleaning member 22 of the cleaning unit C is provided on the downstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum 11 with respect to the charge eliminating unit 14.
The toner image transferred onto the recording paper is heated by a fixing roller (not shown) and fixed on the recording paper.

As described above, the toner remaining on the photosensitive drum 11 after the transfer is removed by the cleaning blade 21. The cleaning blade 21 removes most of the toner and foreign matters, but there are some foreign matters that cannot be removed and pass through.
There are two types of foreign substances that pass through the cleaning blade 21 and adhere to the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 and adhere to the charging roller 12 that contacts the photosensitive drum 11. A toner aggregate and paper powder of several tens to several hundreds of microns and a submicron toner external additive.
Of the two types of foreign matter, when foreign matter such as toner aggregate or paper dust adheres to the charging roller 12, when the charging roller 12 is charged, the portion where foreign matter such as toner aggregate and paper dust adheres Only the potential is different. For this reason, the portion of the photosensitive drum 11 that comes into contact with the toner agglomerate and the portion to which foreign matter such as paper dust adheres becomes a black spot, and a black spot is generated in the formed image.
Therefore, in the present invention, among foreign matters that have passed through the cleaning blade 21 and could not be removed, trapping foreign matters of several tens to several hundred microns such as toner aggregates and paper dust that cause black spots as described above. For this purpose, a pre-charging cleaning member 22 is provided.
However, since the quality of the formed image is deteriorated, the pre-charging cleaning member 22 is brought into contact with the photoconductive drum 11 with a pressure contact force that does not scrape the surface of the photoconductive drum 11. .
Hereinafter, the details of the pre-charging cleaning member 22 will be described.

上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２の圧接力は，上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２先端部におもりをつけ，そのときの撓み量から単位変位量（ｍｍ）あたりの荷重を計算し（ｇｆ／ｍｍ），実際に上記感光体ドラム１１に上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２を圧接したときの撓み量より算出したものである。なお，この実験で使用した帯電前クリーニング部材２２は，ウレタンシートであり，画像形成装置Ｘは，２８ｐｐｍのプリンタである。
表１に示すように，上記圧接条件が０．０２ｇｆ／ｍｍのときは，形成される画像に黒点が発生した。これは，圧接力が弱すぎて，上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２と上記感光体ドラム１１との間に間隙が発生し，その間隙からトナー凝集物や紙粉などの異物がすり抜けてしまったことを意味する。上記圧接条件が０．０５ｇｆ／ｍｍ，１０ｇｆ／ｍｍのときは，形成される画像の品質は良好であった。上記圧接条件が，１２ｇｆ／ｍｍになると，形成される画像に縦の黒い筋が発生した。これは，圧接力が強すぎて，上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２によって上記感光体ドラム１１が筋状に削れてしまい，そのため，形成される画像に不具合が発生したことを意味する。
このような実験結果から，上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２を，圧接力略０．０５ｇｆ／ｍｍ以上略１０ｇｆ／ｍｍ以下で上記感光体ドラム１１に接触させることが望ましい。
また，上記感光体ドラム１１を傷つけないために，上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２は，ウレタンシート，エステル系ゴム，発泡ゴムなどの弾性部材で形成されたシートであることが望ましい。
そして，上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２の厚さは，略０．１ｍｍ以上略０．２ｍｍ以下が適切である。
本実施の形態では，上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２は，厚さ０．２ｍｍのウレタンシートであり，圧接力２ｇｆ／ｍｍで上記感光体ドラム１１の回転方向に撓んだ状態で接触している。
一方，上記クリーニングブレード２１は，一例として，ポリウレタンで形成された板状の部材であり，圧接力１０〜５０ｇｆ／ｃｍ，圧接角２０〜３０°で上記感光体ドラム１１に接している。
このように，上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２は，上記クリーニングブレード２１とは材質も圧接条件も異なり，上記クリーニングブレード２１をすり抜けたトナー凝集物をトラップさせ除去しやすい構成となっている。
ここで，上記クリーニングブレード２１と上記帯電ローラ１２との間に設けられ，上記感光体ドラム１１の回転方向下流側に向かって撓みながら上記感光体ドラム１１に接触する弾性部材である上記帯電前クリーニング部材２２が，第２のクリーニング手段の一例である。 As shown in FIG. 1, the pre-charging cleaning member 22 has the photosensitive drum 11 more than the cleaning blade 21 in order to prevent foreign matters that could not be removed by the cleaning blade 21 from adhering to the charging roller 12. Is provided downstream of the charging roller 12 in the rotation direction (arrow P1 direction in FIG. 1) and upstream of the charging roller 12 in the rotation direction (arrow P1 direction in FIG. 1).
The pre-charging cleaning member 22 has a sheet shape and is in contact with the photosensitive drum 11 while being bent in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum 11.
When the sheet-like contact is made in the state where the photosensitive drum 11 is bent in the rotational direction, a gap is formed between the photosensitive drum 11 and the sheet-like contact when the contact is made without being bent. Difficult to capture foreign objects.
In addition, it is possible to expect an effect of blocking the light irradiated from the charge eliminating portion 14 from leaking to the charging roller 12 side.
If the pre-charging cleaning member 22 is in strong contact with the photosensitive drum 11, the photosensitive drum 11 is damaged and foreign substances such as the toner external additive slip through the photosensitive drum 11. Stated. Therefore, the pre-charging cleaning member 22 must be brought into contact with the photosensitive drum 11 with an appropriate pressure contact force.
Table 1 is a table showing experimental results of conditions for pressing the pre-charging cleaning member 22 against the photosensitive drum 11 and the state of occurrence of defects in the formed image.

The pressure contact force of the pre-charging cleaning member 22 applies a weight to the tip of the pre-charging cleaning member 22 and calculates a load per unit displacement (mm) from the amount of deflection at that time (gf / mm). This is calculated from the amount of deflection when the pre-charging cleaning member 22 is pressed against the photosensitive drum 11. The pre-charging cleaning member 22 used in this experiment is a urethane sheet, and the image forming apparatus X is a 28 ppm printer.
As shown in Table 1, when the pressure contact condition was 0.02 gf / mm, black spots occurred in the formed image. This is because the pressure contact force is too weak and a gap is generated between the pre-charging cleaning member 22 and the photosensitive drum 11, and foreign matters such as toner aggregates and paper dust have slipped through the gap. means. When the pressure contact conditions were 0.05 gf / mm and 10 gf / mm, the quality of the formed image was good. When the pressure contact condition was 12 gf / mm, vertical black streaks occurred in the formed image. This means that the pressure contact force is too strong, and the pre-charging cleaning member 22 scrapes the photoconductor drum 11 in a streak shape, and therefore, a defect has occurred in the formed image.
From such experimental results, it is desirable that the pre-charging cleaning member 22 is brought into contact with the photosensitive drum 11 with a pressure contact force of about 0.05 gf / mm to about 10 gf / mm.
Further, in order not to damage the photosensitive drum 11, the pre-charging cleaning member 22 is preferably a sheet formed of an elastic member such as a urethane sheet, ester rubber, or foam rubber.
The thickness of the pre-charging cleaning member 22 is appropriately about 0.1 mm to about 0.2 mm.
In the present embodiment, the pre-charging cleaning member 22 is a urethane sheet having a thickness of 0.2 mm, and is in contact with the pressure of 2 gf / mm while being bent in the rotational direction of the photosensitive drum 11.
On the other hand, the cleaning blade 21 is a plate-like member made of polyurethane, for example, and is in contact with the photosensitive drum 11 with a pressure contact force of 10 to 50 gf / cm and a pressure contact angle of 20 to 30 °.
As described above, the pre-charging cleaning member 22 is different from the cleaning blade 21 in material and pressure contact conditions, and is configured to easily trap and remove toner aggregates that have passed through the cleaning blade 21.
Here, the pre-charging cleaning, which is an elastic member provided between the cleaning blade 21 and the charging roller 12 and contacting the photosensitive drum 11 while being bent toward the downstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum 11. The member 22 is an example of a second cleaning unit.

With the configuration described above, foreign matter such as toner aggregates and paper dust of several tens to several hundreds of microns that cannot be completely removed by the cleaning blade 21 are removed by the pre-charging cleaning member 22. However, the submicron toner external additive slips through the pre-charging cleaning member 22. Therefore, the toner external additive material that has passed through the pre-charging cleaning member 22 adheres to the charging roller 12. At this time, if there is unevenness in the manner in which the toner external additive adheres to the charging roller 12, the charging roller 12 will not be uniformly charged, so that the photosensitive drum charged in contact with the charging roller 12 is charged. There is a problem that 11 is not uniformly charged and an uneven image is formed.
In order to solve this problem, the charging roller 12 must be uniformly charged. For this purpose, it is necessary to make the submicron toner external additive adhering to the charging roller 12 uniform.
Therefore, in the present invention, the brush roller 13 is provided on the charging roller 12 in order to smooth the submicron toner external material that has passed through the pre-charging cleaning member 22.
Hereinafter, details of the brush roller 13 will be described.

As shown in FIG. 1, the brush roller 13 adheres to the charging roller 12 so that the toner additive material that has passed through the cleaning blade 21 and the pre-charging cleaning member 22 becomes uneven and does not adhere to the charging roller 12. In order to make the toner external additive uniform, it is provided in contact with the charging roller 12.
The brush roller 13 is a member having a rotating shaft and a thread-like member such as conductive nylon provided in a brush shape.
In the present embodiment, the brush roller 13 is provided with a contact pressure so as to bite into the charging roller 12 by 0.5 mm, and is rotated clockwise (with a surface speed of 85% with respect to the surface speed of the charging roller 12 ( It rotates in the direction of arrow P3 in FIG.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an experimental result in which the relationship between the single yarn fineness of the brush forming the brush roller 13 and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11 is examined. The image forming apparatus X used in this experiment is a 28 ppm printer. The charging roller 12 is brought into contact with a brush roller 13 formed with a brush having a single yarn fineness and a density of 300 kF (filament) / inch ² . By applying a voltage to the charging roller 12, the photosensitive drum 11 is charged to 250 to 260V, and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11 after the processing of 10,000 sheets is measured.
From the experimental results shown in FIG. 2, if the single yarn fineness is about 1 dtex or more and about 10 dtex or less, the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11 does not change, and if the single yarn fineness is greater than about 10 dtex, It was found that the surface potential of the body drum 11 decreased. This is because, if the single yarn fineness of the brush forming the brush roller 13 is larger than about 10 dtex, the toner additive material adhering to the charging roller 12 is fixed to the charging roller 12 without being made uniform. This means that the toner external additive fixed to the charging roller 12 becomes a resistance and the photosensitive drum 11 cannot be sufficiently charged.
From such experimental results, it is desirable that the brush roller 13 is formed of thread-like fibers having a single yarn fineness of about 1 dtex or more and about 10 dtex or less.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing experimental results obtained by examining the relationship between the density of the brush forming the brush roller 13 and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11. The image forming apparatus X used in this experiment is also a 28 ppm printer. A brush roller 13 formed of brushes of various densities using yarn fibers having a single yarn fineness of 10 dtex is brought into contact with the charging roller 12. By applying a voltage to the charging roller 12, the photosensitive drum 11 is charged to 250 to 260V, and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11 after the processing of 10,000 sheets is measured.
From the experimental results of FIG. 3, if the density is approximately 40 kF / inch ² or more and approximately 300 kF / inch ² or less, the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11 does not change, and if the density is greater than approximately 300 kF / inch ² , It was found that the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11 was lowered. This is because, if the density of the brush forming the brush roller 13 is larger than about 300 kF / inch ^2, the toner additive material adhering to the charging roller 12 is fixed to the charging roller 12 without being made uniform. This means that the toner external additive fixed to the charging roller 12 becomes a resistance and the photosensitive drum 11 cannot be sufficiently charged.
From such experimental results, it is preferable that the brush roller 13 is formed so that the filamentous fibers have a density of about 40 kF / inch ² or more and about 300 kF / inch ² or less.
With the above-described configuration, the sub-micron toner external additive that passes through the cleaning blade 21 and the pre-charging cleaning member 22 and adheres unevenly to the charging roller 12 is made uniform by the brush roller 13.
Here, the brush-like brush roller 13 that makes the toner external additive adhered to the charging roller 12 uniform by rotating in contact with the charging roller 12 is an example of the external additive uniforming means.

  As described above, by providing the pre-charging cleaning member 22 that does not damage the photosensitive drum 11, foreign substances of several tens to several hundred microns are removed, and the brush roller 13 is provided on the charging roller 12. Thus, an image forming apparatus X is provided which prevents the unevenness of dirt adhering to the charging roller 12 by smoothing the toner external additive material which is a submicron foreign matter adhering to the charging roller 12 in an uneven manner. Can do.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram in the vicinity of a cleaning unit C and a charging roller 12. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the single yarn fineness of the brush roller 13 and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the density of a brush roller 13 and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 11.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 ... Photosensitive drum 12 ... Charging roller 13 ... Brush roller 14 ... Static elimination part 21 ... Cleaning blade 22 ... Pre-charging cleaning member 23 ... Support member

Claims (5)

An image carrier that carries an image developed by a developer, a charging unit that charges the image carrier by rotating in contact with the image carrier, and the image carrier in contact with the image carrier. An image forming apparatus comprising: a cleaning unit that removes the developer adhering to
The cleaning means is provided between a first cleaning means provided upstream of the charging means in the rotation direction of the image carrier, and between the first cleaning means and the charging means. A second cleaning means that is an elastic member that contacts the image carrier while being bent toward the downstream side in the rotational direction;
The charging means comprises a brush-like external additive uniforming means for making the external additive contained in the developer adhered to the charging means uniform by rotating in contact with the charging means. Image forming apparatus.   2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the external additive material uniforming means is formed of filamentous fibers having a single yarn fineness of about 1 dtex to about 10 dtex. The outer添材uniform means, an image forming apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 fibers filamentous is formed at a density of approximately 40kF / inch ² or more substantially 300kF / inch ² or less.   The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second cleaning unit is in contact with the image carrier with a pressure contact force of about 0.05 gf / mm to about 10 gf / mm.   The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second cleaning unit is a sheet formed of urethane, ester rubber, or foamed rubber.

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