JP2007217918A - Outer wall structure, outer wall panel, and outer wall construction method - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an outer wall structure which is proof against damage of tile members as a surface finishing material even if an external force of an earthquake or the like is applied thereto, and maintains good appearance and design over a long period of time, and to provide an outer wall panel, and an outer wall construction method. <P>SOLUTION: The outer wall structure faces to the outdoors of a construction, and it is formed of: an outer wall substrate 50 which is arranged on the outside of an outer wall, crosspieces 52 arranged on and bonded to an outer surface of the outer wall substrate 50 like a lattice; and the tile members 10 covering an outer surface of the outer wall substrate 50 via the crosspieces 52, and bonded to the crosspieces 52. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an outer wall structure, an outer wall panel, and an outer wall construction method, and in particular, in a building such as a house, the structure of the outer wall facing the outdoor side, and the outer wall panel used to construct such an outer wall. And a method of constructing such an outer wall.

A technique for finishing an outer wall of a building such as a house by tiling is widely adopted as a finish excellent in appearance design.
In conventional tile finishing, after building a foundation board such as a mortar wall or cement board of a building, mortar is placed in a dumpling form on this flat foundation surface, and tile pieces are pasted on it. ing. A joint agent made of mortar or a joint material made of rubber or the like is embedded in the joint gap formed at the joint between the tile pieces to ensure waterproofness and water tightness of the joint.
In Patent Document 1, there is a technique for providing a joint joint on the side of a tile material made of a hardened cement material or the like and having a substantially rectangular plate shape, and constructing the tile material connected in the front, rear, left, and right surface directions. It is shown. A screw nail is inserted into a through hole provided on a side of the tile material constituting the joint joint, and the screw nail is screwed into the outer wall base material to fix the tile material to the outer wall base material. In this technique, tile members arranged adjacent to each other on the upper and lower sides of the outer wall are overlapped on the front and back at the joint joint portion to achieve waterproofness and watertightness at the joint. Watertightness is improved by devising the structure of the splice joint.

In Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-405759 filed by a part of the present patent applicant, a recess surrounding the mounting hole is provided on the back surface side of the through hole for screw nail mounting provided on the side of the tile material. A technique for improving the water tightness in the mounting hole portion by filling the concave portion with a caulking agent has been proposed.
If only tiles are attached to the base plate, the heat insulation of the outer wall may be insufficient. Therefore, a technique has been proposed in which a heat insulating material layer made of glass wool or expanded polystyrene board is provided between the base plate and the tile.
Patent Document 2 discloses a technique in which a heat insulating material such as polystyrene foam is attached to the entire back surface of a rectangular plate-like tile. The heat insulating material is slightly protruded from the peripheral edge of the tile, and the gap between adjacent tiles is surely closed with the heat insulating material.
JP 2003-268946 A JP 2003-301585 A

In the conventional tile finishing outer wall structure, the structural strength and rigidity of the outer wall are borne by the concrete frame, steel frame, load bearing plate, etc. that make up the inner structure of the outer wall, and the tile material that is the finishing material has the same structural strength as the outer wall. Was virtually uninvolved. The structural member and the tile material were not firmly and integrally joined to the outer wall.
Therefore, if the structural member of the outer wall is deformed or distorted by an external force such as an earthquake, the tile material cannot follow the deformation of the structural member. It is also known that a building deforms over time due to the influence of its own weight or aging of structural members. The tile material cannot follow such temporal deformation of the structural member. The tile material peels off, breaks, or cracks enter the mortar that fills the joints between the tile materials. The surface appearance of the outer wall will be impaired. Rainwater or the like enters through the gap between the tile material and the joint member.

As in Patent Document 1, in the form in which the tile material is fixed to the outer wall base material with screw nails, the joint strength is considerably high. However, since it is only fixed at the point position by the screw nails, Unity is not enough.
The object of the present invention is to solve the above problems in the outer wall structure for tile finishing, and even if an external force such as an earthquake is applied, the tile material that is the surface finish material is not easily damaged, and a good appearance design property is obtained over a long period of time. It is to be able to maintain.

The outer wall structure according to the present invention is a structure of an outer wall facing the outdoor side of a building, and is disposed on the outdoor side of the outer wall and forms a plate-like outer wall base material, and is arranged in a grid pattern on the outer surface of the outer wall base material A crosspiece that is bonded and a tile material that covers the outer surface of the outer wall base material through the crosspiece and is bonded to the crosspiece.
[Outer wall surface of the building]
The buildings to which the present invention is applied are ordinary houses, collective houses, office buildings, factories, and other ordinary various buildings.
The outer wall surface of the building includes the surface of the structural part exposed to the outer surface of the building such as the ceiling surface under the eaves and the outer peripheral surface of the columnar structure in addition to the side wall.

[Outer wall base material]
It is placed on the outdoor side of the wall and forms a plate. It becomes the groundwork for fixing the tile material.
As the outer wall base material, a plate-like material similar to the base material used for normal outer wall construction, such as plywood and ceramic-based outer wall base material, is used. The outer wall base material is firmly and integrally joined to a structural member such as a concrete frame, a steel frame structure, a column, or a beam. As a means for joining the outer wall base material to the structural member, a nail or a screw nail can be driven at a sufficiently narrow interval, or can be strongly bonded with an adhesive, or a screw nail and adhesion can be used together.
[Bar material]
It arrange | positions and adhere | attaches on the outer surface of an outer wall base material in a grid | lattice form.

In a normal building structure, the same material, structure, and construction method as a crosspiece used for attaching a building material to the surface can be applied.
Wood is generally used as the material for the crosspiece. It is also possible to use synthetic wood, synthetic resin material, or metal material. The shape of the crosspiece is preferably a shape that can secure a sufficient adhesion area to the outer wall base material and the tile material and is easy to handle. Usually, it has a square or rectangular cross section. A trapezoidal shape or a shape with both ends of a circle cut off can also be used.
The dimensions of the crosspiece are set in accordance with the conditions such as the outer wall base material and tile material, dimensions, arrangement structure, and required performance. Usually, it can set to the range of width 1-10cm and thickness 3-30mm.

In general, the crosspieces are arranged in a lattice shape that linearly extends vertically and horizontally in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction and intersects each other. The crosspieces can extend in an oblique direction, or curved crosspieces can be combined.
The lattice spacing of the crosspieces is set corresponding to the size and shape of the tile material arranged on the surface. Usually, the pitch interval of the crosspieces arranged in a linear grid can be set in the range of 15 to 900 cm.
The lattice space of the crosspieces also functions as a function of enhancing the heat insulation of the outer wall and a space for temporarily storing moisture released from the tile material.
[Tile material for outer wall]
The outer surface of the outer wall base material is covered with the crosspiece and is bonded to the crosspiece.

Basically, the same material, manufacturing method, structure, and size and shape as those of a normal tile material for outer wall tile finishing can be adopted.
The tile material includes a fired tile formed by firing a ceramic material or the like, and a non-fired tile formed by forming a cement-based material and hydrating and hardening it. Either can be used.
A tile made of a cement-based material and having a relatively large area is sometimes called a siding material. Stucco and plaster can also be used as a cement material. Some have improved the strength and the like by mixing fiber material with cement. A humidity control material such as siliceous shale having a humidity control function can be added to the tile material. A material having various functions such as a breathable material can also be used as the tile material.

As the cement material, a hardened fiber-containing cement having a specific gravity of 1.3 or more can be used. The fiber-mixed cement cured product is excellent in durability as a cured product because fibers such as glass fiber and synthetic resin fiber are mixed in the cured material in addition to cement and aggregate. The higher the specific gravity of the hardened cement, the harder it is to absorb water and the greater the resistance to frost damage.
From the tile material itself and the decorative layer on the surface, such as those that are fired and cured by applying a glassy glaze to the surface of the tile material, or those that have been cured by baking such as applying paint or resin material Can also be used. A waterproof material can be used as the surface decorative layer. As the surface decorative layer, those having air permeability and those having moisture permeability can also be used.

The overall shape of the tile material can basically be the same shape as a normal outer wall tile. Specifically, the whole forms a substantially rectangular plate shape. Either a square or a rectangle may be used. It may be a polygon such as a hexagon. It is also possible to provide unevenness in a part of the outer periphery or to make a part in a curved shape. As overall dimensions, one side can be set to a range of 15 to 900 cm and a thickness of 5 to 25 mm.
If an uneven pattern or a relief pattern is formed on the surface of the tile material, the appearance design is enhanced. A ventilation space or a drainage space can be provided on the back surface of the tile material. Of the back side of the tile material, if the portion except the side where the back side convex portion exists is recessed, a large accommodation space for the internal heat insulating material can be taken, and it can be used as the ventilation space and the drainage space as described above. Saving and weight reduction.

In the present invention, since the tile material bears a part of the structural strength of the outer wall, a material excellent in mechanical strength is preferable. Specifically, a tile material having a plane tensile strength of 1 to 4 N / cm ² is preferable.
〔adhesive〕
Adheres a crosspiece to the outer wall base material and a tile to the crosspiece.
Basically, an adhesive used in a normal construction field can be used. It is desirable to have Young's modulus and strength necessary to achieve the intended function. Specific examples include a modified silicon adhesive, a urethane adhesive, an epoxy adhesive, and an acrylic adhesive.

The same adhesive can be used for the adhesive that adheres the crosspiece to the exterior base material and the tile that adheres to the crosspiece, and different types and properties can be used according to the required performance. Agents can also be used.
In order to achieve strong bonding, a shear bond strength of 1 N / cm ² or more is preferable. A shear bond strength of 2 N / cm ² or more is more preferable. Those having long-term durability that are less likely to decrease in strength over time are desirable.
Appropriate technology for the adhesive to be used may be applied to the means for applying the adhesive and the coating conditions within the same technical range as that of a normal adhesive.

The thickness of the adhesive is unsuitable whether it is too thick or too thin to exhibit sufficient bonding strength, and there is an appropriate thickness range. Usually, the coating thickness is set to 0.5 to 3 mm.
[Tile material with a stacking structure]
The tile material can be made to connect the tile materials. The tile material having such a connection structure can eliminate the joint structure between the tile materials.
Specifically, a joint structure for connecting the tile materials to each other in the front, back, left, and right surface directions can be provided on the side of the tile material. A pair of connecting structures that can be connected to each other are provided on opposite sides of the tile material. As a connecting structure, a piling structure is adopted.

Coupling structure is known as a connecting structure of pillars and plates in construction technology. The notches up to the middle in the thickness direction are processed reversely on the front and back sides of the side members to be connected, and the front side convex portions and the back side convex portions are arranged. The front side convex part and the back side convex part of the member to be connected are overlapped and connected.
In the case of a rectangular tile material, when front side convex portions are arranged on two adjacent sides, back side convex portions are arranged on the remaining two adjacent sides. A front side convex part and a back side convex part are arrange | positioned at the mutually opposing side.
The detailed shape and dimensions of the pegging structure can be variously changed as in the case of the usual pegging structure.

In a normal mating structure, the front side convex part and the back side convex part on the opposite side are often perfectly symmetrical and have the same dimensions, but the dimensions of the front side convex part and the back side convex part are the same. Can be different.
The protrusion length of the front side convex part and the back side convex part can be set in the range of about 7 to 50 mm. By ensuring a sufficient overlap distance, the waterproof function and the connection strength can be enhanced.
If the protruding length L2 of the back side convex portion is made longer than the protruding length L1 of the front side convex portion, a joint gap can be formed on the surface of the laid tile material. As a result, the appearance design is enhanced, and unevenness, inclination, deviation, and the like between adjacent tile materials are less noticeable. The difference L2−L1 = 7 to 50 mm between the protrusion length L2 of the back-side protrusion and the protrusion length L1 of the front-side protrusion can be set.

Although the thickness of a front side convex part and a back side convex part can be set to the same, you may differ. However, the thickness is set such that both the front side convex portion and the back side convex portion can maintain sufficient mechanical strength. Specifically, the thickness can be set to 4 to 20 mm.
In the case of a tile material having such an overlying structure, the entire surface of the tile material excluding the front-side convex portion can be used as an adhesive surface for adhesion of the tile material to the crosspiece. Since the tile material is bonded to the crosspieces arranged in a lattice shape, the back surface of the back side convex portion is bonded to the crosspiece with an adhesive at the side of the outer periphery of the tile material excluding the side having the front side convex portion. be able to.
In the above-mentioned Patent Document 1, the end surface of the back-side convex portion is an inclined surface, and the side of the mating tile material with which the inclined end surface of the back-side convex portion abuts is also an inclined surface corresponding to the inclined end surface of the back-side convex portion. The technology to put is shown. By adopting such an inclined end surface, it is possible to enhance the bondability and the waterproof function on the contact surface when tile materials are connected and arranged. The end surface of the front-side convex portion can be an inclined surface.

[Internal insulation]
An internal heat insulating material can be arranged on the back side of the tile material on the inner side of the front side convex portion and the back side convex portion. Tile material is not bonded to the crosspiece at the place of internal heat insulating material.
As a material of the internal heat insulating material, a normal heat insulating material for building can be used. Examples thereof include foams of polyolefin resins such as polystyrene and polyethylene. Fibrous insulation such as glass wool can also be used. A composite heat insulating material combining a plurality of materials can also be used.
An internal heat insulating material can also be provided in the whole surface inside a front side convex part and a back side convex part among the back surfaces of a tile material, and can also be provided in a part. There should be no internal heat insulating material on the bonding surface for bonding the tile material to the crosspiece.

Between the side end surface of the internal heat insulating material and the inner end surface of the back side convex portion facing it, and the inner end surface of the back side convex portion in another tile material facing the side end surface of the internal heat insulating material when constructing the tile material A gap G of 3 to 30 mm can be provided. Thereby, in the construction state, a portion where the back surface of the tile material is reliably exposed is formed around the internal heat insulating material. This exposed part improves the moisture release action from the tile material.
By providing the internal heat insulating material intermittently on the back surface of the tile material or by providing a penetrating portion in a part of the internal heat insulating material, a portion where the back surface side of the tile material is exposed can be configured.
The thickness of the internal heat insulating material is better to improve the heat insulating property. Although there is a restriction due to the total thickness of the tile material, it can usually be set in a range of 7 to 30 mm. There may be locations where the thickness varies depending on the location of the internal insulation. When providing the ventilation space mentioned later, the thickness of an internal heat insulating material can be made thin by that much.

[Ventilation space]
A ventilation space penetrating in the surface direction on the back surface side can be provided between the opposing sides of the tile material. It has a function of entering the back side of the tile material and removing moisture released from the tile material together with ventilation. Naturally, the tile material is not adhered to the crosspiece in the ventilation space.
The ventilation space is arranged so as to penetrate in one direction or both directions in the up and down direction and the left and right direction when the tile material is applied.
Of the side edges of the tile material, a ventilation space can be formed by providing a concave groove or notch on the back side of the back side convex portion at a portion where the back side convex portion exists. Since the back side is originally open at the place where the front side convex portion exists, the ventilation space can be configured without providing a special structure. In the place where the internal heat insulating material exists, the ventilation space can be arranged on the back side of the internal heat insulating material. A concave groove, a hole, a notch or the like penetrating in the surface direction can be provided in the internal heat insulating material. Only one ventilation space may be provided in one direction of the tile material, or a plurality of ventilation spaces may be provided in one direction.

The size of the ventilation space is sufficient if the intended function can be exhibited. Usually a relatively narrow one is sufficient. For example, when the ventilation space is arranged on the back side of the internal heat insulating material, the thickness of the ventilation space is set to such an extent that the thickness of the internal heat insulating material is reduced and the heat insulating property is not deteriorated. Specifically, the thickness of the ventilation space can be set to 2 to 10 mm. Although it depends on the width of the ventilation space and the width of the tile material, it can usually be set in the range of 2 to 20 mm.
[Outer wall panel]
The outer wall structure of the present invention can be applied to an outer wall panel that is manufactured in advance and is constructed so as to be fitted into a building.

The outer wall panel is assembled in advance at the factory, etc., in advance from the structural members that make up the outer wall, including interior members, exterior members, heat insulation structures inside the wall, and some or all of the material layers and members that make up the outer wall. Constructed by joining. It is placed at a place that constitutes the outer wall of the building, and is fixed to a base, a pillar, a beam, or the like by bolt fastening or the like, thereby constituting the outer wall. The structural strength of the outer wall can be exhibited only by joining the outer wall panels without using columns or beams.
As a basic member constituting the outer wall panel, there is a steel frame corresponding to the outer peripheral shape of the outer wall panel. An exterior member and an interior member are attached to both surfaces of the steel frame. Among them, as an exterior member, a plate-shaped outer wall base material arranged on the surface of a steel frame facing the outdoor side during the construction of the outer wall panel, and a crosspiece that is arranged and bonded in a grid pattern on the outer surface of the outer wall base material And a tile material that covers the outer surface of the outer wall base material via the crosspiece and is bonded to the crosspiece. An interior material is provided on the surface of the steel frame facing the indoor side when the outer wall panel is constructed. A heat insulating material layer is provided inside the steel frame.

For the interior material and the heat insulating material layer, the same material or structure as that of a normal outer wall panel is applied.
[External wall construction method]
The following methods can be employed as construction methods for constructing the outer wall structure.
A step of constructing a plate-shaped outer wall base material on the outdoor side of the outer wall (a), a step of arranging and bonding a crosspiece in a grid pattern on the outer surface of the outer wall base material (b), and an outer wall basement through the crosspiece A step (c) of covering the outer surface of the material with a tile material and adhering the back surface of the tile material to the crosspiece.
Basically, it can be constructed using the same procedures and equipment as the finishing process of the outer wall with a normal tile material.

The construction of the outer wall base material is the same as the normal construction work.
For the construction of the crosspiece, apply the adhesive on the surface of the outer wall base material in a grid, or apply the adhesive on the back of the crosspiece placed in the grid, or apply the adhesive to both In any case, the outer wall base material and the crosspiece may be bonded.
When the tile material is arranged and bonded to the surface of the crosspiece, the tile material is arranged such that a sufficient area of the back surface of the tile material is in contact with the surface of the crosspiece. Usually, the outer periphery of the tile material is bonded to the crosspiece. If the outer periphery of the tile material is bonded at a plurality of different outer periphery, the tile material can be securely bonded in the surface direction.

  In the case of the tile material having the above-described joint connection structure, the tiles are arranged in contact with the outer wall surface in such a posture that the back side convex portions are arranged on the upper side. A front side convex portion is arranged on the lower side. Adhere the back of the back-side convex part to the crosspiece and bond. After one tile material is constructed in this way, the tile material to be constructed next is arranged on the upper side of the previously fixed tile material. The next tile material is arranged so that the front side convex portion directed toward the lower side thereof is superimposed on the back side convex portion of the previous tile material. Of course, the back side convex portion of the tile material is placed on the upper side. The back side of the front side convex part of the tile material to be constructed later can be adhered to the surface of the back side convex part that has been constructed first. By repeating such work steps, the tile material is constructed from the bottom to the top of the outer wall surface. In addition, also in the horizontal direction of the outer wall surface, the construction is performed such that the front-side convex portion of the tile material to be constructed next overlaps the back-side convex portion of the tile material that has been constructed first. The tile material is bonded to the crosspiece in a state where the tile material is connected to the whole in the surface direction by a joint joint.

[Outer wall structure]
By using the above-described construction method using the tile material of the present invention, an outer wall structure of a building can be constructed.
In the outer wall structure in which tile materials are arranged side by side on the outer wall surface, the tile material, the crosspiece material, and the outer wall base material are firmly bonded to each other to form an integrated rigid structure. The outer wall base material, the crosspiece material, and the tile material as a whole have a resistance against the external force applied to the outer wall structure. Even when deformed by an external force, the outer wall base material, the crosspiece, and the tile material are deformed integrally.
When the tile material is provided with the above-described joint joint structure, the following functions are also achieved.

Rainwater that falls on the outer wall surface can intrude up to the gap between the front side convex part and the rear side convex part in the tiles connected in the vertical direction of the outer wall surface, but in the back, the rear side convex part Since it stands up vertically, it is hard to penetrate more than that. Even in the tiles connected in the left-right direction of the outer wall surface, the infiltration of water is satisfactorily prevented by the connection structure of the front side convex portion and the back side convex portion. However, water may be absorbed by the tile material where the tile material and rainwater come into contact.
In the tile material, since the back surface of the back-side convex portion is bonded to the crosspiece, water is prevented from entering beyond the bonding portion. If adjacent tile materials are bonded together, the intrusion of water from the gaps between the tile materials is also blocked.

If an internal heat insulating material is provided on the back side of the tile material, the heat insulating property of the outer wall is enhanced. Moreover, if the internal heat insulating material is arranged inside the joint joint consisting of the back side convex portion and the front side convex portion, the tile material itself is not covered with the internal heat insulating material on the back surface of the tile material. An exposed portion can be provided. The moisture absorbed by the tile material is released from the exposed portion of the tile material to the back surface side of the tile material, so that the tile material does not easily absorb water.
Among the outer wall structures, the structure on the indoor side of the outer wall base material to which the tile material is attached is not particularly limited, and an outer wall structure in a normal building can be adopted. For example, a heat insulating material layer or an interior material layer can be provided on the indoor side of the exterior base layer.

In the outer wall structure according to the present invention, the tile material constituting the finished surface is attached via the crosspieces arranged in a lattice pattern with respect to the outer wall base material, the attachment of the crosspiece to the outer wall base material, and the crosspiece Both of the tile members are fixed to each other by bonding.
As a result, in addition to the original frame structure and frame structure of the outer wall, the overall structure of the outer wall including the outer wall base material, crosspieces, and tile material will bear the load strength as a whole, and the structural strength of the outer wall Will improve. The thickness and thickness of the structural member for bearing the structural strength can be reduced.

  Moreover, when the outer wall is deformed, the entire outer wall structure including the tile material is deformed integrally. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the tile material or the joint material that fills the gap between the tile materials from being cracked or cracked due to the distortion caused by separately deforming the internal structure of the outer wall and the tile material. As in the case of fixing with screw nails, it is possible to prevent problems such as loosening with time and weakening due to corrosion of metal fittings.

The embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-7 finishes the outer wall of a house with a tile material.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the tile material 10 made of a cement plate whose overall planar outer shape is substantially rectangular is arranged on the outer wall surface and finished.
[Tile material for outer wall]
The tile material 10 for an outer wall whose detailed structure is shown in FIGS. 3 to 5 is made of a molded hardened material of cementitious material, and has a substantially rectangular plate shape as a whole.
As shown in FIG. 3, the tile member 10 for the outer wall is composed of a front surface plate portion 20 having a rectangular plate shape and a back surface frame portion 30 having an L-shaped frame shape. The thickness of the front plate 20 and the back frame 30 is set to be the same.

A brick wall-like uneven pattern is formed on the surface of the surface plate portion 20, and a surface decorative layer 28 is provided by painting to improve the appearance design. Since the surface decorative layer 28 does not have water permeability, it can prevent water from being absorbed from the surface of the tile material 10 and moisture from passing through the tile material 10 in the thickness direction. The surface decorative layer 28 is not provided on the side end surface of the front surface plate portion 20 or the upper surface of the back surface frame portion 30.
<Fitting joint>
Two orthogonal sides of the front surface plate portion 20 project outside the back surface frame portion 30 to form front side convex portions 22 and 24. As shown in FIG. 3, the front side convex portion 24 on the long side protrudes by a length L1 from the end of the back side convex portion 32 on the short side. The front side convex portion 22 on the short side also protrudes by the same length L1 from the end portion of the back side convex portion 34 on the long side.

The remaining two sides of the front surface plate portion 20 are recessed inwardly of the outer sides of the back surface frame portion 30 that are orthogonal to each other. Outer sides of the back frame portion 30 projecting outward from the front plate portion 20 are back side convex portions 32 and 34. As shown in FIG. 3, the back side convex portion 34 on the long side protrudes by a length L 2 from the long side of the surface plate portion 20. The back side convex portion 32 on the short side also protrudes by a length L 2 from the short side of the surface plate portion 20.
Such a connecting structure of the tile material 10 by the front-side convex portions 22 and 24 and the back-side convex portions 32 and 34 arranged on the sides facing each other is a joint structure called “matching”.
The protrusion lengths L1 and L2 described above are set to satisfy the relationship L1 ≧ L2. The difference between L1 and L2 determines the joint spacing between adjacent tile materials 10, 10 when the tile material 10 is constructed.

<Ventilation space>
As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the back-side convex portions 32, 34 cross the back-side convex portions 32, 34 by intermittently notching the bottom surfaces of the back-side convex portions 32, 34 in the middle of the length direction. A ventilation space 39 made of a rectangular groove is disposed. The ventilation space 39 is provided with two on the back side convex portion 34 on the long side and one on the back side convex portion 32 on the short side.
As a result, ventilation is possible on the bottom surface side of the tile material 10 in both the vertical and horizontal directions.
<Internal insulation>
As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, an internal heat insulating material 90 having a rectangular plate shape is disposed on the back side of the front surface plate portion 20 and inside the L-shaped back surface frame portion 30. The internal heat insulating material 90 is made of a foamed polystyrene board and bonded to the tile material 10.

There is a gap G between the inner end surface of each of the rear-side convex portions 32 and 34 constituting the back frame portion 10 and the side end surface of the internal heat insulating material 90 facing it. A similar gap G is also formed between the front end surfaces of the back-side convex portions 32 and 34 and the side end surfaces of the internal heat insulating material 90 adjacent in parallel therewith. On the back side of the tile material 10, a portion where the back surface of the surface plate portion 20 is exposed exists in a circumferential groove shape around the internal heat insulating material 90.
As shown in FIG. 4, the thickness of the internal heat insulating material 90 is smaller than the height of the back frame portion 30, and the lower surface of the internal heat insulating material 90 is disposed at substantially the same position as the upper end surface of the ventilation space 39. Yes. The internal heat insulating material 90 is configured not to obstruct the ventilation of the ventilation space 39.

<Specific examples of exterior tiles>
Tile material: Fiber blended cement hardened plate (vinylon fiber blend, specific gravity 1.9).
Overall: External dimensions 330 mm x 480 mm, thickness 12 mm.
Surface plate part 20: External shape 300 mm × 450 mm.
Back frame part 30: L-shape with a width of 45 mm.
Front side protrusion protrusion length L1 = 25 mm, back side protrusion protrusion length L2 = 25 mm.
Ventilation space 39: width 20 mm, height 5 mm, two long sides, one short side.
Internal heat insulating material 90: made of expanded polystyrene, 400 mm × 280 mm, thickness 10 mm.

Gap G = 5 mm between the internal heat insulating material 90 and the back side convex portions 32 and 34.
Surface decorative layer 28: resin mortar base finish + acrylic emulsion finish,
Total film thickness 0.11 mm.
[Construction of exterior wall tiles]
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the outer wall tile material 10 is arranged side by side on the surface of an outer wall base material 50 constituting a wall surface of a building such as a house.
<Outer wall base material and crosspiece>
As shown in FIG. 1, the outer wall base material 50 is made of plywood or the like. As shown in FIG. 2, crosspieces 52 that are arranged at regular intervals in the vertical and horizontal directions and have a lattice shape are attached to the surface of the outer wall base material 50.

As shown in FIG. 1, the crosspiece 52 is bonded and fixed to the outer wall base material 50 via an adhesive layer 58. The lattice spacing of the crosspieces 52 is set according to the dimensions of the tile material 10. The tile material 10 is mounted side by side on the surface of the crosspiece 52. The width of the crosspiece 52 is set to be approximately the same as the width of the back frame 30 of the tile material 10. The thickness of the crosspiece 52 is set such that a certain interval can be provided between the tile material 10 and the outer wall base material 50 and the structural strength of the crosspiece 52 is sufficiently provided.
As a specific example of the crosspiece 52, wood having a width of 20 mm and a thickness of 9 mm can be used.
<Arrangement of tile material>
As shown in detail in FIG. 6, the tile material 10 has a horizontally long rectangular shape, and is arranged side by side in a posture in which the back side convex portion 34 is disposed on the upper side and the front side convex portion 24 is disposed on the lower side. As a result, the back side convex part 32 is arrange | positioned at the left side of FIG. 6, and the front side convex part 22 is arrange | positioned at the right side. Adjacent top and bottom and left and right tile materials 10 are always in a form in which the front side convex portions 22 and 24 and the back side convex portions 32 and 34 face each other on the front and back sides.

As shown in FIG. 1, with respect to the outer wall base material 50 and the crosspiece 52 installed in the vertical direction, the tile disposed on the upper side on the surface side of the back-side convex portion 34 of the tile material 10 disposed on the lower side. The front-side convex portions 24 of the material 10 are connected to each other so as to be placed thereon. There is a slight gap between the lower end surface of the front-side convex portion 24 arranged on the lower side of the upper tile material 10 and the upper end surface of the surface plate portion 20 in the lower tile material 10. This occurs due to the difference between the protruding lengths L1 and L2 on the upper and lower sides of the tile material 10, and the joint gap 26 is formed. Further, the back side convex portion 34 of the lower tile material 10 is in contact with the surface of the crosspiece 52.
Such a connection structure is called “matching”.

  This splice joint structure is a joint structure excellent in water tightness. For example, when rainwater or the like pours onto the surface of the tile material 10, the water flows along the surface plate portion 20, and water enters the gap between the surface plate portion 20 and the surface plate portion 20 from the lower end of the front side convex portion 24. In addition, on the back side of the surface plate portion 20, since the back side convex portion 34 of the lower tile material 10 rises, it is difficult for water to enter inside beyond the back side convex portion 34. Even if the force of rain is strong or the wall is sprinkled with a hose, it is difficult for water to enter with a strength that exceeds the weir by the back convex portion 34. However, even with a splice joint structure, there is a possibility that water may penetrate to the surface of the back-side convex portion 34.

<Tile fixing>
As shown in FIG. 1, the back-side convex portion 34 of the tile material 10 is fixed to the crosspiece 52 through an adhesive layer 58.
If one tile material 10 is fixed to the outer wall base material 50, the next new tile material 10 is arranged above or to the left, and is fixed to the outer wall base material 50 in the same manner as described above. By sequentially repeating such operations, the tile material 10 can be applied to the entire outer wall.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 6, the tile material 10 constructed in the front, rear, left, and right forms joint gaps between each other. Due to the brick pattern formed on the surface of the surface plate portion 20 and the joint gap, the entire wall surface exhibits a highly design appearance similar to a brick wall. The presence of the internal heat insulating material 90 is not known at all from the appearance of the wall surface.

In addition, the fixing of the tile material 10 and the crosspiece 52 can be performed by fixing with a screw nail in addition to the adhesive fixing by the adhesive layer 58 to achieve stronger fixing. For example, a screw nail can be attached to the crosspiece 52 through the back surface protrusion 34 from the surface of the back surface protrusion 34 of the tile material 10. If a countersunk screw nail or the like that does not protrude from the surface of the rear surface convex portion 34 is used as the screw nail, there is no problem in the connection between the tile members 10.
[Function of internal insulation]
As shown in FIG. 7, the internal heat insulating material 90 disposed on the back side of the applied tile material 10 has a gap G between the upper end surface and the back side convex portion 34. The lower end surface of the internal heat insulating material 90 faces in a state where a gap G is left between the lower end surface and the upper end surface of the back-side convex portion 34 in the lower tile material 10.

Also on the left and right side end surfaces of the internal heat insulating material 90, a gap G is formed between the back side convex portion 34 of the tile material 10 to which the internal heat insulating material 90 is attached and the back side convex portion 34 of another adjacent tile material 10. Is open. A circumferential groove-like gap G is provided on the entire circumference of the internal heat insulating material 90 in a state surrounded by the back-side convex portions 32 and 34. In the gap G, the back surface of the front plate portion 20 is exposed.
As shown in FIG. 1, even if the tile material 10 is strongly heated or cooled by strong sunlight or cold air from the outside, the internal heat insulating material 90 arranged on the back side of the tile material 10 moves to the inner side of the wall. The heat transfer is cut off, making it difficult for the interior of the wall to be overheated or cooled.

Since the internal heat insulating material 90 is disposed on the back side of the tile material 10, it is not exposed to the outdoor environment. At the time of handling and construction work of the tile material 10, the concern that the internal heat insulating material 90 is damaged or chipped is also eliminated.
In addition, around the internal heat insulating material 90, there is a portion corresponding to the gap G where the back surface of the surface plate portion 20 is exposed. Even if the tile material 10 absorbs rainwater or moisture, the water is evaporated from the exposed portion on the back surface of the surface plate portion 20 to the space on the back side and removed from the tile material 10. It can prevent that the material of the tile material 10 is in a high water content state while absorbing water. As a result, the problem of frost damage in cold regions can be solved.

Since the space around the internal heat insulating material 90 communicates with the ventilation space 39, the moisture released from the tile material 10 is sent to the ventilation space 39.
[Function of ventilation space]
As shown in FIG. 1, the ventilation space 39 constitutes a space that penetrates the tile material 10 in a state where the ventilation space 39 is exposed on the back surface of the internal heat insulating material 90.
As shown in detail in FIG. 7, even when the tile material 10 is laid vertically and horizontally on the outer wall surface, the ventilation space 39 of each tile material 10 communicates with both the vertical direction and the horizontal direction of the outer wall surface. .

Rain or water spray may be applied to the outer wall surface, and moisture may enter from the gap between the tile materials 10 to the back side of the tile material 10. The tile material 10 absorbs moisture, and the absorbed moisture is also released from the back surface side of the tile material 10 into the internal space. There is a sealed space on the back side of the tile material 10, and condensation may occur when the space is heated or cooled.
Even in such a case, the moisture that has entered the back side of the tile material 10 can be carried away by ventilation as long as the air freely flows through the back side of the tile material 10 by the ventilation space 39. Moisture absorbed by the tile material 10 is also carried away by the air flowing in contact with the tile material 10. Since the tile material 10 does not easily absorb water, the occurrence of frost damage can be prevented. Condensation is unlikely to occur if there is ventilation. Even if condensation occurs, it can be carried away with ventilation immediately. Even if the crosspiece 52 and the outer wall base material 50 are materials that easily absorb moisture, such as wood, and easily deteriorate or corrode due to moisture absorption, problems of moisture absorption and corrosion can be reduced.

In particular, even if moisture such as rainwater is absorbed into the internal heat insulating material 90 provided to improve the heat insulating property or condensation is generated inside, the surface of the internal heat insulating material 90 adjacent to the ventilation space 39. Since the air passes through while being in contact with each other, moisture and moisture can be taken away from the internal heat insulating material 90 and carried away. It is possible to prevent the internal heat insulating material 90 from deteriorating and generating mold inside.
Even if strong heating or cooling from the outdoor side is transmitted to the back surface side of the tile material 10, the air flowing through the ventilation space 39 takes away heat or supplies heat, and the outer wall base material 50. Heat transfer from the inside to the inside can be effectively blocked.

In addition, in the upper part and the lower part of the outer wall surface, the ventilation space 39 communicates with an outdoor space or an underfloor space. In the upper part, it communicates with the outdoor space from under the eaves through the attic space. As a result, rainwater or the like does not enter the ventilation space between the tile material 10 including the ventilation space 39 and the outer wall base material 50 from the outside.
[Outer wall panel]
The embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is a case where the outer wall structure of the embodiment is applied to an outer wall panel. The basic configuration is common to the above embodiment. Below, the structure peculiar to an outer wall panel is mainly demonstrated.

The outer wall panel P has a steel frame 60 in which C-shaped steel or the like is assembled and welded into a rectangular frame shape as a basic structure, and one surface of the steel frame 60 includes an outer wall base material 50, a crosspiece 52, and a tile material 10. An exterior member is attached. On the opposite surface, an interior member 56 formed by laminating a plurality of material layers such as plywood, gypsum board, fiber board, and wallpaper is attached. A heat insulating material layer 54 made of glass wool or the like is provided in the inner space of the steel frame 60. Although not shown in the drawings, a connection structure for connecting the outer wall panel P to the base of the building by bolt fastening or connecting the outer wall panels P to each other is provided on the outer peripheral edge of the steel frame 60.
Since the structure from the outer wall base material 50 serving as the exterior member to the crosspiece 52 and the tile material 10 is common to the above-described embodiment, a detailed description thereof is omitted. The outer wall base material 50 and the crosspiece 52, and the crosspiece 52 and the tile material 10 are all bonded and fixed by the adhesive layer 58.

The outer wall panel P having such a structure is manufactured in advance at a factory or the like. The basic outer wall structure is completed by simply carrying the manufactured outer wall panel P to the construction site of the building, placing it at a predetermined position, and connecting and fixing it. What is necessary is just to block | close the connection part of outer wall panel P with a curtain, or to perform a finishing process as needed. For example, in the case of the outer wall panel P shown in FIG. 8, the tile material 10 is not arranged up to the outer peripheral end of the outer wall panel P. Therefore, after constructing the outer wall panel P in the building, the tile material 10 is added and constructed at the connecting part of the outer wall panels P or the boundary portion between the outer wall panel P and the base, or covered with a curtain. It will be.
In this embodiment, the entire surface of the steel frame 60 bearing the structural strength of the outer wall panel P is covered, and the outer wall base material 50, the crosspiece 52 and the tile material 10 are integrally fixed. The strength or proof stress is greatly improved. In addition to improving the proof stress after construction, when the outer wall panel P is transported and stored, it exerts a strong proof force against the external force applied to the outer wall panel P. Even if strong vibrations or impacts are applied during transportation or construction work, there is no concern that the tile material 10 may be displaced or damaged.

[Plate tile]
The embodiment shown in FIG. 9 uses a simple plate-like tile material that does not have a splice joint structure as in the previous embodiment.
The crosspiece 52 is bonded and fixed to the surface of the outer wall base material 50 through the adhesive layer 58, and the tile material 10 is bonded and fixed to the surface of the crosspiece 52 through the adhesive layer 58.
The tile material 10 is made of a cement plate having a rectangular plate shape. The entire outer periphery of the back surface of the tile material 10 is fixed to the surface of the crosspiece 52 arranged in a lattice pattern with the adhesive layer 58. Inside the crosspiece 52 at the center of the back surface of the tile material 10, a rectangular internal heat insulating material 90 is attached. The internal heat insulating material 90 is made of a foamed polystyrene resin board or the like and bonded to the tile material 10. A gap is formed between the outer periphery of the internal heat insulating material 90 and the crosspiece 52. A gap is formed between the rear surface of the internal heat insulating material 90 and the outer wall base material 50.

A joint gap is provided between the side end surfaces of the tile material 10, and a joint material 80 is constructed.
In this embodiment, since the entire circumference of the tile material 10 is bonded and fixed to the crosspiece 52, the integrity of the tile material 10 and the crosspiece 52 is high. However, since the joint material 80 is constructed, not connected by a joint joint, it takes time for joint construction.

The specific Example of this invention and the result of having evaluated the performance are shown.
[Materials used]
Tile material: A fiber-reinforced cement board having a rectangular plate shape of 450 × 300 × 10 mm.
Crosspiece: 20 × 30 mm square wood.
Outer wall base material: Fiber reinforced cement board forming a rectangular plate of 900 × 2400 × 16 mm.
Adhesive: Urethane adhesive.
[Specimen]
A 4P outer wall panel having an overall outer shape of 3600 mm wide by 2500 mm high was produced. The basic structure is the same as in FIG.

A steel frame is constructed by assembling and welding a C-shaped steel material having a thickness of 2.3 mm with C-60 × 50.
A particle board having a rectangular shape of 900 × 2400 × 12 mm was screwed to the inside surface of the steel frame. The diameter of the screw was 5 mm, and the pitch was 300 mm.
The outer wall base material was screwed to the outdoor side surface of the steel frame. Screws having a diameter of 4 mm were screwed at a pitch of 300 mm.
A crosspiece was bonded or screwed to the surface of the outer wall base material in a vertical and horizontal grid pattern. The vertical bars are arranged at a pitch of 450 mm, and the horizontal bars are arranged at a pitch of 300 mm. The thickness of the adhesive was set to 1 mm, and a screw with a diameter of 4 mm was screwed at a pitch of 225 mm.

Tiles were bonded or screwed to the surface of the crosspieces without gaps in the vertical and horizontal directions. The thickness of the adhesive was set to 1 mm, and a screw with a diameter of 4 mm was screwed at a pitch of about 300 mm.
As test specimens, a plurality of types with different tiles and crosspieces attached were prepared, and their performance was compared and evaluated.
Comparative Example 1: An outer wall panel in which no crosspiece and tile material were attached was prepared.
Comparative Example 2: Both the attachment of the crosspiece to the outer wall base material and the attachment of the tile material to the crosspiece were performed with screws.
Comparative Example 3: Screws were used to attach the crosspieces to the outer wall base material, and adhesion was used to attach the tiles to the crosspieces.

Example 1 Both attachment of the crosspiece to the outer wall base material and attachment of the tile material to the crosspiece were performed by adhesion.
〔Test method〕
An in-plane shear test was performed on a normal outer wall panel, and the maximum load was measured. The equipment used and the test conditions were in accordance with conventional methods. Specifically, with the lower side of the outer wall panel fixed, a horizontal load was applied to the upper side along the surface of the outer wall panel, and the maximum load until shear failure occurred was measured.
〔Test results〕
Table 1 shows the test results. In the table, the strength ratio (%) indicates the ratio of the maximum load of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 and Example 1 to Comparative Example 1.

[Evaluation]
(1) In Example 1 which employs adhesion for both attachment of the crosspiece and tile material, Comparative Example 2 employs screws for both, and Comparative Example 3 employs adhesion only for tile material attachment Even in comparison, the shear strength of the outer wall panel is significantly improved.
(2) Comparing Comparative Example 2 and Comparative Example 1, the screw fixing of Comparative Example 2 shows no improvement in strength over Comparative Example 1 in which no crosspiece and tile material are attached. It can be seen that the tile material does not contribute at all to the strength of the outer wall panel.
(3) In Example 1, it was demonstrated that both the crosspiece and the tile material can achieve a significant improvement in the strength of the entire outer wall panel by bearing the load applied to the outer wall panel.

  The present invention can be applied to, for example, an outer wall structure facing the outside of a house. It shows high resistance to external forces such as earthquakes, and the tile material that finishes the surface of the outer wall and the joint material that fills the gap are hardly damaged, and can exhibit excellent appearance design for a long period of time.

Sectional drawing of the outer wall structure showing embodiment of this invention Plan view during construction of tile material Top view of tile material Partial cross-sectional side view of tile material Back view of tile material A plan view showing the connection between tiles Back view showing the connected state of tile materials Sectional drawing of the outer wall panel showing another embodiment Sectional drawing of the outer wall structure showing another embodiment

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Tile material for outer walls 20 Surface plate part 22, 24 Front side convex part 26 Joint gap 28 Surface decorative layer 30 Back frame part 32, 34 Back side convex part 39 Ventilation space 50 Outer wall base material 52 Crosspiece 58 Adhesive layer 90 Internal heat insulation Material

Claims (6)

A structure of an outer wall facing the outside of a building,
An outer wall base material that is disposed on the outdoor side of the outer wall and has a plate shape;
A crosspiece arranged and adhered in a lattice pattern on the outer surface of the outer wall base material;
An outer wall structure comprising: a tile material that covers an outer surface of the outer wall base material through the crosspiece and is bonded to the crosspiece. An adhesive that bonds a crosspiece to the outer wall base material and bonds a tile material to the crosspiece,
It is an adhesive selected from the group consisting of a modified silicone adhesive, a urethane adhesive, an epoxy adhesive, and an acrylic adhesive,
The thickness is 0.5-3 mm,
The outer wall structure according to claim 1, which has a shear adhesive strength of 1 N / cm ² or more. The tile material has a plate shape with a maximum side length of 15 to 900 cm and a thickness of 5 to 25 mm, and has a plane tensile strength of 1 to 4 N / cm ² .
The outer wall structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the crosspiece is made of a square member having a width of 1 to 10 cm and a thickness of 3 to 30 mm. The tile material has a generally rectangular plate shape as a whole, and is arranged on opposite sides and is connected to the tile material in the surface direction. It has an internal heat insulating material disposed on the back side of the tile material inside the back side convex part,
The outer wall structure according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a back surface of a back side convex portion of the tile material is bonded to the crosspiece. An outer wall panel for constructing an outer wall structure facing the outside of a building,
A steel frame corresponding to the outer peripheral shape of the outer wall panel;
An outer wall base material arranged in a plate shape on the surface of the steel frame facing the outdoor side during construction of the outer wall panel; and
A crosspiece arranged and adhered in a lattice pattern on the outer surface of the outer wall base material;
Tile material that covers the outer surface of the outer wall base material through the crosspiece and is bonded to the crosspiece; and an interior material that is disposed on the surface of the steel frame facing the indoor side when the outer wall panel is constructed; ,
An outer wall panel provided with the heat insulating material layer arrange | positioned inside the said steel frame. A construction method for an outer wall facing the outside of a building,
(A) constructing a plate-like outer wall base material on the outdoor side of the outer wall;
A step (b) of arranging and bonding the crosspieces in a lattice pattern on the outer surface of the outer wall base material;
A method of constructing an outer wall, including a step (c) of arranging a tile material so as to cover an outer surface of the outer wall base material through the crosspiece and bonding a back surface of the tile material to the crosspiece.

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