JP2007189768A - Traffic system - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To achieve a traffic system for eliminating complicated calculations, managing a charged state by using a simplified system, preventing overcharging and inhibiting degradation of a battery, in an overhead-wire-less traffic system run by power from a storage apparatus that is mounted to a vehicle. <P>SOLUTION: The traffic system comprises an electric vehicle body 1 for making it move along a preset route; the storage apparatus 16 mounted to the vehicle body; and charging facilities 20 provided at a plurality of charging locations, and runs the vehicle body 1 as the storage apparatus 16 in the vehicle body 1 is charged at the charging locations. The traffic system is provided with a means 17 for detecting the voltage from the storage apparatus 16, a means 13 for setting the charge terminating voltage of the storage apparatus 16, a comparison means 14 for comparing the charge terminating voltage with the voltage from the storage apparatus detected by the means 17, and a controller 12 for transmitting a charge terminating instruction to the charging facilities 20, when the detected voltage becomes the charge terminating voltage or higher. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an overhead line-less traffic system in which a power storage device is mounted on a vehicle and travels on a route set on a track or the like while being supplied with power from a charging facility installed on the ground, and the power storage device and the charging facility are simplified. , Improved reliability.

In recent years, in a traffic system that travels on a track on which a vehicle is set, an overhead line-less traffic system using an electric vehicle that travels without receiving power from the overhead line has been proposed. An electric vehicle of an overhead line-less transportation system is equipped with a power storage device.
Such an overhead wire-less traffic system is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-83302.

  In the traffic system disclosed in Patent Document 1, when the vehicle stops at the stop facility, the power receiving means is electrically coupled to the external power feeding means, and the external power is supplied from the external power feeding means. The external power thus stored is stored in the in-vehicle power storage means as the stored power. When the vehicle travels, the stored electric power is taken out from the in-vehicle power storage means, sent to the electrical drive source, and the rotational speed of the electrical drive source is controlled to control the travel speed of the vehicle. When the vehicle is braked, the electric drive source is rotated as a generator, and the generated regenerative power is stored in the in-vehicle power storage means as the stored power.

  Patent Document 2 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-108380) discloses a charging device for a secondary battery for an electric vehicle. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the charging apparatus. In FIG. 8, the charging device includes a charging power supply unit 01 for supplying charging power, a charging circuit 02, a secondary battery 03 for an electric vehicle, a voltage detection circuit 04 connected to the secondary battery 03 for an electric vehicle, and a temperature sensor. 05, comprising a control circuit 06 and a memory circuit 07 to which these are connected.

  In the control circuit 06, the chargeable discharge depth DOD (%) calculated from the voltage and temperature detected by the voltage detection circuit 04 and the temperature sensor 05, the temperature of the secondary battery stored in the storage circuit 07 in advance, and the chargeable By comparing the functions using the depth of discharge and the voltage as parameters, the charging power of the charging circuit 02 is controlled so as to obtain the optimum charging power. Thereby, it aims at performing efficient regenerative operation which is not influenced by ambient temperature.

JP 2000-83302 A JP-A-10-108380

  However, the charging device disclosed in Patent Document 2 requires devices for calculating the depth of discharge corresponding to the temperature of the secondary battery 03, such as the temperature sensor 05, the voltage detection circuit 04, and the storage device 07. Since the control procedure of calculating the depth and controlling the charging power based on the calculated value is performed, there is a problem that the control system becomes complicated and the control procedure becomes complicated.

  The present invention relates to a temperature sensor for charge control in an overhead line-less traffic system using an electric vehicle in which a power storage device is mounted on a vehicle traveling on a set route and is not supplied with power from the overhead line. Without installing a battery, you can manage the state of charge with a simplified system, without referring to the information stored in the storage device, and prevent overcharge to prevent battery deterioration The purpose is to realize a traffic system that can be suppressed.

In order to achieve the above object, the transportation system charging method of the present invention comprises:
A power storage device is mounted on a vehicle and travels a preset route using electric power,
In the traffic system charging method in which the vehicle is stopped at a plurality of charging locations along the route and the power storage device of the vehicle is charged from the charging facility provided at the charging location.
The voltage of the power storage device is detected, and charging is stopped when the detected voltage becomes equal to or higher than a preset charging end voltage.

  In the method of the present invention, the charging operation is completed by detecting the voltage of a power storage device (for example, a secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery) and comparing the detected value with a preset charging end voltage. Since the time point is determined, a complicated control procedure is unnecessary. In Patent Document 2, the temperature of the power storage device is detected, and the depth of discharge that can be charged at that temperature is calculated. However, in the present invention, the discharge is performed within a range having a margin with respect to the limit discharge depth that can be charged. Thus, temperature detection is unnecessary.

  In the method of the present invention, preferably, the vehicle stops at a charging place, the charging facility receives a charging start permission command from the vehicle, starts charging the power storage device, and the charging facility issues a charging end command from the vehicle. Then, the charging operation may be terminated to ensure that the vehicle is charged.

The transportation system of the present invention
A vehicle body that moves along a predetermined route using electric power;
A power storage device mounted on the vehicle body and storing the electric power;
Consisting of charging facilities provided at a plurality of charging locations along the route,
In the traffic system for running the vehicle body while charging the power storage device of the vehicle body at the charging place,
Voltage detection means of the power storage device;
Means for setting a charge end voltage of the power storage device;
Comparison means for comparing the voltage of the power storage device detected by the voltage detection means and the charge end voltage;
And a control device that transmits a charge end command to the charging facility when the detected voltage becomes equal to or higher than the charge end voltage.

  In the traffic system of the present invention, the voltage of the power storage device detected by the voltage detecting means is compared with a preset charging end voltage by the comparing means, and when the detected voltage is equal to or higher than the charging end set voltage, A charge termination command is transmitted to the charging facility, the charging facility receives the charging termination command, and the charging operation is terminated. The power storage device uses a rechargeable secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery.

The charging end voltage is set with a sufficient margin so as to be maintained at a discharge depth DOD (Depth Of Discharge) that can be charged with respect to the temperature at which the power storage device is placed. This prevents the temperature of the power storage device from being detected.
Further, the charge end voltage is set in advance according to, for example, battery characteristic data shown in FIG.

  In the traffic system of the present invention, preferably, the vehicle main body includes an in-vehicle charging device that charges electric power from the charging facility, and an in-vehicle communication device that transmits and receives a command related to a charging operation between the charging facility, and the charging facility includes: Sending and receiving commands related to the charging operation between a charging power source provided with a charging current (power) setting means, a ground power transmission device that is disposed at a position facing the in-vehicle charging device and that supplies power to the in-vehicle charging device, and an in-vehicle communication device And a ground charge control device that receives a command related to the charging operation from the vehicle body and controls the charging operation.

The charging power source has charging current (power) setting means, so that it has at least a constant current charging (or constant power charging) function, has charging current (or charging power) setting means, A preset charging current (or charging power) is output. As a result, the voltage rise width and the amount of heat generated during charging by the internal resistance can be made substantially constant, and the management accuracy of the state of charge SOC that is easily affected by temperature can be improved.
An in-vehicle power receiving device mounted on the vehicle and a ground power transmitting device installed on the ground side are attached to positions facing each other when the vehicle stops for charging, and power is transmitted and received. In addition, the charging operation is reliably and smoothly performed by transmitting and receiving commands to and from the charging operation between the in-vehicle communication device mounted on the vehicle and the ground communication device installed on the ground.

In the present invention, preferably, a temperature adjusting means for the power storage device is provided. The temperature adjusting means can maintain a desired temperature with respect to the state of charge SOC of the power storage device. The desired temperature is economically around 15 ° C. Accordingly, it is possible to improve the management accuracy of the charged state that is easily affected by temperature, and it is possible to prevent overcharging and suppress deterioration of the power storage device.
Preferably, if the charging end voltage setting value is adjusted based on the boarding rate at each station where the vehicle main body stops, the charging current can be reduced when the load (number of passengers, etc.) is small. A rapid temperature rise of the device can be prevented, thereby suppressing deterioration of the power storage device and extending its life.

  The charging end voltage setting means and the comparison means may be mounted on the vehicle body or installed on the ground. For example, when the on-vehicle power receiving device and the ground power transmitting device are configured to supply power in a contactless manner, the voltage detection means, the charging end voltage setting means, and the comparison means are mounted on the vehicle body.

  In addition, when the vehicle power reception device and the ground power transmission device are configured to supply power by contacting each other, the voltage detection means, the charge end voltage setting means, and the comparison means are installed on the ground side. In this case, the vehicle weight is reduced, the in-vehicle device can be saved, and the charging control device can be integrated with the charging equipment on the ground side, thus simplifying the device configuration and facilitating operation. And reliability is improved.

Further, the present invention is suitable for a traffic system in which a predetermined route forms a track and the vehicle body travels on the track. For example, in an urban short-distance track system vehicle called LRT (Light Rail Transit), in order to reduce the floor, etc., there is a floating body in which a bogie is not attached to a car body such as a three-car body, a three-car body, and a two-car body. The present invention is suitable for a transportation system in which a vehicle having a vehicle structure or a vehicle having rubber tire wheels is operated, or can be applied to a transportation system such as a road bus having no track.
In the present invention, a chargeable place is generally a stop station or the like, and a charging facility is installed there. However, the place is not limited to a stop station and may be a place temporarily installed for charging.

  According to the method of the present invention, the voltage of the power storage device is detected during charging, and the charging is stopped when the detected voltage becomes equal to or higher than a preset charging end voltage. Complex control procedures such as detection can be eliminated, the device can be simplified, the state of charge SOC can be managed with a simple system, overcharge can be prevented, and deterioration of the power storage device can be suppressed.

  Further, in the traffic system of the present invention, the voltage detection means of the power storage device, the means for setting the charge end voltage of the power storage device, and the comparison means for comparing the voltage of the power storage device detected by the voltage detection means with the charge end voltage. And when the detected voltage becomes equal to or higher than the charging end voltage, the charging end command is transmitted to the charging facility, so that the apparatus can be simplified and the state of charge SOC can be changed by a simple steering procedure. In addition to management, overcharge can be prevented and deterioration of the power storage device can be suppressed.

Preferably, the charging operation can be performed smoothly by transmitting and receiving commands to and from the on-board communication device mounted on the vehicle and the ground communication device installed on the ground.
Preferably, by providing a temperature adjusting means for the power storage device, it is possible to maintain a desired temperature with respect to the charge state SOC of the power storage device, thereby improving the management accuracy of the charge state that is easily affected by the temperature. Thus, overcharge can be prevented and deterioration of the power storage device can be suppressed.

  Preferably, if the charging end voltage setting value is adjusted based on the boarding rate at each station where the vehicle main body stops, the charging current can be reduced when the load (number of passengers, etc.) is small. A rapid temperature rise of the device can be prevented, thereby suppressing deterioration of the power storage device and extending its life.

  Preferably, the power receiving unit of the power storage device mounted on the vehicle main body and the power transmission unit of the charging facility provided on the ground side so as to face the power receiving unit are configured in a contact manner, and the voltage detecting means and the charging end voltage By installing the setting means and the comparison means on the ground side, the vehicle weight is reduced, and the on-vehicle device can be saved, and the control device for charging can be integrated with the ground-side charging equipment, The ground side charging facility is simplified, the operation becomes easy, and the reliability is improved.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings. However, the dimensions, materials, shapes, relative arrangements, and the like of the component parts described in this embodiment are not intended to limit the present invention to that only, unless otherwise specified.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a first embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an operation procedure of the first embodiment, and FIG. 3 is a line showing a method for setting a charge end voltage in the first embodiment. 4 and FIG. 4 are diagrams for explaining the operation of the traffic system in the first embodiment, FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the second embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 6 is the occupancy rate and charging in the third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship with the set current, and FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the fourth embodiment of the present invention.

  In FIG. 1 showing the first embodiment, a vehicle 1 is a vehicle that travels on a predetermined track (not shown) such as a rail, for example, a vehicle that travels in an LRT transportation system. The vehicle 1 is mounted with a control device 11 that controls the entire vehicle such as traveling. In addition, a rechargeable secondary battery 16 such as a lithium ion secondary battery 16 is mounted on the vehicle 1, the voltage of the secondary battery 16 is detected by the voltage detection means 17, and the detection signal is mounted on the vehicle 1. It is sent to the vehicle charge control device 12.

  The vehicle charge control device 12 is equipped with a charge end voltage setting means 13 and a comparison means 14 for comparing the voltage detection value detected by the voltage detection means 17 with the set charge end voltage. The in-vehicle communication device 15 installed in the vehicle 1 performs a charging operation while keeping in contact with the ground communication device 24 of the ground charge control device 21 installed on the ground. Further, the vehicle 1 is equipped with an in-vehicle power receiving device 18, and the in-vehicle power receiving device 18 receives electric power from the ground power transmitting device 25 in a non-contact manner when the vehicle 1 stops at a position facing the ground power transmitting device 25 for charging. The secondary battery 16 is supplied with power.

  A ground charging facility 20 is provided in a place such as a station where the secondary battery 16 of the vehicle main body 1 can be charged. A charging power source 22 and a ground charging control device 21 are installed in the facility 20. Electric power is supplied to the vehicle 1 via the ground power transmission device 25. The charging power source 22 is provided with charging current (power) setting means 23, and is configured to output a preset charging current (power) from the charging power source 22 by the charging current (power) setting means 23. The charging power supply 22 stops energization when it receives a charging end command from the control device 21.

  The charge end set voltage is set in advance by, for example, battery characteristic data shown in FIG. 3 according to the target charge state SOC and the charge set current set by the setting means 23. In FIG. 3, one of the target charge states SOC1 to SOC5 is selected, for example, the charge state SOC3 is selected, and the corresponding charge end voltage is set. Even in the same target charging state SOC, the charging end voltage is increased in proportion to the set charging current due to the influence of the internal resistance. In addition, rapid charging becomes possible as the charging current increases. Normally, charging is terminated so that the target state of charge SOC is within a range of about 20 to 80% so that overcharge and overdischarge do not occur during traveling even when characteristics variation due to temperature of the secondary battery 16 is taken into consideration. Set the voltage. Note that the selection of the target state of charge SOC1 to SOC5 may be changed for each station, and the setting of the charge end voltage may be changed.

The operation of the charging apparatus will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. The operation by the double line in the figure is the operation of the in-vehicle charging control device 12, and the operation by the single line shows the operation by the ground charging control device 21. First, the vehicle 1 communicates with the ground communication device 24 of the ground charging control device 21 by the in-vehicle communication device 15 while receiving power, that is, a position where the in-vehicle power receiving device 18 and the ground power transmission device 25 face each other in a non-contact manner. (Step 1).
Next, a power reception start permission command is transmitted from the in-vehicle communication device 15 to the ground communication device 24, the ground charge control device 21 receives this, and energization is started from the charging power source 22 to the vehicle 1 side via the ground power transmission device 25. (Step 2).

When charging of the in-vehicle secondary battery 16 is started, the set value of the charging voltage and the charging end voltage is compared, and when the charging voltage gradually increases and the charging voltage becomes higher, charging is performed via the in-vehicle communication device 15. An end command is transmitted to the ground charge control device 21 (step 3).
When the ground charging control device 21 receives the charging end command, the charging power source 22 stops energization of the vehicle 1 (step 4).
Next, a transmission permission command is transmitted from the control device 11 of the vehicle 1 to the ground charging control device 21 and received by the ground charging control device 21, and then the vehicle 1 transmits (step 5).

  Next, an example of the operation of the traffic system in the first embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG. 4, the left end shows a state where the vehicle is stopped at station A, and the vehicle speed C is zero. Further, the current B of the secondary battery 16 has a small amount of current for auxiliary machines (air conditioners, lighting, etc.) in the vehicle. Next, when the station A is departed in the time zone (1), the battery current B starts to increase, and the voltage of the secondary battery 16 starts to decrease due to the discharge. In time zone (2), an increase in battery current B is suppressed by a controller (not shown) of vehicle 1.

Next, when the target speed is reached and reached a constant speed in the time zone (3), the output of the vehicle is reduced, so that the battery current B decreases and becomes constant.
When the vehicle 1 decelerates in the time zone (4), the secondary battery 16 collects kinetic energy, performs a regenerative operation, and the secondary battery 16 is charged. Next, when the vehicle stops at the station B, in the time zone (5), since it communicates with the ground charging control device 21, it waits for a while, and only the auxiliary current flows through the battery current B. Next, the secondary battery 16 is charged in the time zone (6). During this time, the charging current (power) preset by the charging power source 22 by the charging current (power) setting means 23 is supplied to the secondary battery 16.

When the charging voltage rises and reaches the charging end setting voltage, the charging is terminated. Thereafter, only the auxiliary current flows in the time zone (7). Time zone (7) is a waiting time until departure.
Next, when leaving from station B, when traveling from station B to station C, the same operation as when traveling from station A to station B as described above is performed.
The charging end setting voltage may be changed for each station by the vehicle charging control device 11.

  According to the first embodiment, when the charging voltage becomes larger than the set value of the charging end voltage, the charging end command is transmitted to the charging facility, thereby eliminating the complicated control procedure and simplifying the apparatus. In addition, the state of charge SOC can be accurately managed with a simple system, and overcharge can be prevented and deterioration of the power storage device can be suppressed.

  Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG. 5, the second embodiment is characterized in that the secondary battery 16 is provided with a temperature adjusting means 31. Other configurations are the same as those in the first embodiment. Parts having the same configuration and functions as those of the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals as those of the first embodiment, and description of these parts is omitted.

For example, a forced air cooling means using a fan may be used as the temperature adjusting means 31, or the temperature adjusting means 31 may be cooled with air-conditioned room air. Characteristics such as the internal resistance of the secondary battery 16 that is easily affected by temperature can be kept constant by the temperature adjusting means 31, and the voltage increase value due to the internal resistance is almost constant under the same set charging current (power). It becomes. As a result, the SOC at the end of charging can be accurately managed by the charging end voltage.
The target temperature is preferably about 15 ° C. economically.
According to the second embodiment, it is possible to improve the accuracy of management of the state of charge SOC that is easily affected by temperature, to more effectively prevent overcharge, and to further suppress the deterioration of the secondary battery. . In the second embodiment, the temperature of the secondary battery is not detected and the detected temperature is not controlled to the set value as in Patent Document 2.

  Next, a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. In the third embodiment, the configuration of the traffic system and the power receiving system is the same as that of the first or second embodiment, but in addition to the configuration of these embodiments, after the station stops, during the waiting time before charging. The charging current is set according to the load state such as the boarding rate. That is, as shown in FIG. 6, the charging set currents are determined according to the respective boarding rates in consideration of the boarding rates of the A station to the E station, and based on the set currents, as shown in FIG. The charging end setting voltage is determined according to the state of charge SOC to be performed.

  According to the third embodiment, since the charging current can be reduced when the load (passenger number, etc.) is small, the rapid temperature rise of the secondary battery can be reduced, the deterioration of the secondary battery can be suppressed, and the life can be extended. be able to.

  Next, a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG. 7, in the fourth embodiment, when compared to the configuration of the first embodiment, the in-vehicle power receiving device 48 and the ground power transmission device 45 are in a contact system, and the vehicle 1 stops in front of the ground charging control device 21. The in-vehicle power receiving device 48 and the ground power transmitting device 45 are in contact with each other to receive power. As a result, the voltage of the secondary battery 16 can be measured on the ground side, so that it is not necessary to install the voltage detection means 47, the charge end voltage setting means 43, and the comparison means 44 on the vehicle 1 side, and these devices Is installed on the ground charge control device 21 side.

  Since the other configuration is the same as that of the first embodiment, parts having the same configuration and function as those of the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals as those of the first embodiment, and description of those parts is omitted. The charging start permission command is transmitted to the ground communication device 15 or the vehicle 1 is transmitted in response to the transmission permission command from the ground communication device 24, as in the first embodiment. Performed by the communication device 15.

  According to the fourth embodiment, on-vehicle devices such as the voltage detection means 47, the charge end voltage setting means 43, the comparison means 44 and the like can be installed on the ground, so that the vehicle weight can be reduced and the on-vehicle equipment can be saved. There is an advantage that the space can be made and the charging control device can be installed on the ground side in a lump so that the reliability is improved.

  According to the present invention, in an overhead line-less traffic system in which a vehicle travels on a set route, a simple control procedure is performed and a highly reliable charging facility is provided, and overcharging is performed even during rapid charging at a stop station. It can be surely prevented.

It is a block diagram which shows 1st Example of this invention. It is a flowchart which shows the operation | movement procedure of the said 1st Example. It is a diagram which shows the setting method of the charge end voltage of the said 1st Example. It is operation | movement explanatory drawing of the traffic system in the said 1st Example. It is a block diagram of 2nd Example of this invention. It is a diagram which shows the relationship between a boarding rate and charge setting current in 3rd Example of this invention. It is a block diagram of 4th Example of this invention. It is a block diagram of the charging device of the conventional secondary battery for electric vehicles.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Electric vehicle 11 Vehicle control apparatus 12 Vehicle charging control apparatus 13, 43 Charging end voltage setting means 14, 44 Comparison means 15 In-vehicle communication apparatus 16 Secondary battery 17, 47 Voltage detection means 18, 48 In-vehicle power receiving apparatus 20 Ground charging equipment 21 Ground charging control device 22 Charging power source 23 Charging current (power) setting means 24 Ground communication device 25, 45 Ground power transmission device 31 Temperature adjusting means

Claims (9)

A power storage device is mounted on a vehicle and travels a preset route using electric power,
In the traffic system charging method in which the vehicle is stopped at a plurality of charging locations along the route and the power storage device of the vehicle is charged from the charging facility provided at the charging location.
A charging method for a traffic system, wherein the voltage of the power storage device is detected, and charging is stopped when the detected voltage is equal to or higher than a preset charging end voltage.   The vehicle stops at the charging place, the charging facility receives a charging start permission command from the vehicle and starts charging the power storage device, and the charging facility receives a charging end command from the vehicle and ends the charging operation. The method for charging a traffic system according to claim 1. A vehicle body that moves along a predetermined route using electric power;
A power storage device mounted on the vehicle body and storing the electric power;
Consisting of charging facilities provided at a plurality of charging locations along the route,
In the traffic system for running the vehicle body while charging the power storage device of the vehicle body at the charging place,
Voltage detection means of the power storage device;
Means for setting a charge end voltage of the power storage device;
Comparison means for comparing the voltage of the power storage device detected by the voltage detection means and the charge end voltage;
A traffic system comprising: a control device that transmits a charge end command to the charging facility when the detected voltage becomes equal to or higher than the charge end voltage. The vehicle body is
An in-vehicle charging device for charging power from the charging facility;
An in-vehicle communication device that transmits and receives a command related to a charging operation with the charging facility,
The charging facility is
A charging power source having a charging current (power) setting means;
A ground power transmission device arranged at a position facing the in-vehicle charging device and supplying power to the in-vehicle charging device;
A ground communication device that transmits and receives a command related to a charging operation with the in-vehicle communication device; and
The traffic system according to claim 3, comprising a ground charge control device that receives a command related to a charging operation from the vehicle body and controls the charging operation.   The traffic system according to claim 3, further comprising temperature adjusting means for the power storage device.   The traffic system according to claim 3, wherein the charging end voltage setting value is adjusted based on a boarding rate at each station where the vehicle main body stops. A configuration in which the in-vehicle power receiving device and the ground power transmission device are fed in a contactless manner,
5. The traffic system according to claim 4, wherein the voltage detection means, the charging end voltage setting means, and the comparison means are mounted on the vehicle body. It is configured to supply power by bringing the in-vehicle power receiving device and the ground power transmission device into contact with each other,
5. The traffic system according to claim 4, wherein the voltage detection means, the charging end voltage setting means, and the comparison means are installed on the ground side.   The traffic system according to claim 3, wherein the route forms a track, and the vehicle main body travels on the track.

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