JP2007072277A5 - - Google Patents

Description

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, method for manufacturing electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a manufacturing method of an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and to a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Photoconductive materials (charge generating materials and charge transport materials) used for electrophotographic photoreceptors mounted on electrophotographic apparatuses include inorganic photoconductive materials such as selenium, cadmium sulfide, and zinc oxide. , no pollution, high productivity, and, in view of ease of material design, development of organic photoconductive substances has been actively conducted.

  An electrophotographic photosensitive member (organic electrophotographic photosensitive member) using an organic photoconductive substance is obtained by applying a coating liquid obtained by dissolving and dispersing an organic photoconductive substance or a binder resin in a solvent on a support, It usually has a photosensitive layer formed by drying it. The layer structure of the photosensitive layer is generally a laminate type (normal layer type) in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order from the support side.

  An electrophotographic photosensitive member using an organic photoconductive substance has the above-mentioned advantages, but does not satisfy all of the characteristics required as an electrophotographic photosensitive member. In particular, the image quality and durability of an output image are not satisfactory. Further improvement is desired.

  As an effort to improve the image quality of the photoreceptor, many proposals have been made to increase the mobility of the charge transport material and increase the sensitivity of the photoreceptor. In Patent Document 1, characteristics such as high sensitivity and low residual power are expressed by including a specific charge transport material in the photosensitive layer.

  Regarding the improvement of durability, polycarbonate resin has been often used as a binder resin for the surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member. However, in recent years, polyarylate resin having higher mechanical strength than polycarbonate resin has been used. There has been a proposal to further improve the durability of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by using it (Patent Document 2). The polyarylate resin is one type of aromatic dicarboxylic acid polyester resin.

  There has also been proposed a photosensitive member with improved durability and high sensitivity by containing the charge transport material and polyarylate resin disclosed in Patent Document 1 in the photosensitive layer (Patent Documents 3 to 6).

  However, in the photosensitive layer containing the polyarylate resin disclosed in Patent Documents 3, 4 and 6 and the charge transport material disclosed in Patent Document 1, a photoreceptor having improved durability, high mobility and low residual power is obtained. However, if the content of the charge transport material in the photosensitive layer is increased so that the high mobility of the charge transport material can be expressed more, the stability of the photoreceptor coating solution is deteriorated and the coating film at the time of photoconductor production is reduced. In some cases, it became cloudy and a phase separation state was formed. This seems to be due to the fact that the compatibility between the charge transport material and the polyarylate resin is not sufficient. By using the polyarylate resin having the specific structure disclosed in Patent Documents 4 and 6, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the stability of the photosensitive layer coating solution that has occurred in the conventional polyarylate resin (U-polymer in the specification). However, it is the optimization of the bisphenol portion, which is a partial structure of the polyarylate resin, and the dicarboxylic acid portion (terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid) is not optimized compared to the conventional polyarylate resin. When the content of the charge transport material disclosed in Patent Document 1 in the photosensitive layer is lowered in combination with the polyarylate resin disclosed in Patent Document 4, the stability of the coating solution and the phase separation state of the coating film are improved. Sufficient results have not been obtained in terms of potential fluctuations during repeated use of the body. Even if the content of the charge transporting material is lowered, it is considered that a phase separation state is formed in a minute region and a potential fluctuation occurs.

In Patent Document 5, biphenyldicarboxylic acid is used for the dicarboxylic acid site in the polyarylate resin to further enhance the durability. As a result, the durability has been improved, but the photosensitive layer containing the charge transport material disclosed in Patent Document 1 has a higher mobility of the charge transport material, like the polyarylate resin disclosed in Patent Document 4. If the content of the charge transport material in the photosensitive layer is increased so that it can be expressed, the stability of the photoreceptor coating solution may deteriorate and the coating film during the production of the photoreceptor may become cloudy and form a phase separation state. Improvement of the photoreceptor characteristics has been desired.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-312072 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-039521 JP 2001-215741 A JP 2001-242645 A JP 2001-265021 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-322982

The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems. By incorporating a polyarylate resin having high compatibility with a highly sensitive charge transporting material and the charge transporting material into the photosensitive layer, a photoreceptor is provided. An electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of providing a good image because it does not easily generate a potential fluctuation even during repeated use without producing a cloudy coating film or the like at the time of production, a manufacturing method thereof , and a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic apparatus.

The present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive support and the conductive support a photosensitive layer formed on the support, the photosensitive layer, a polyarylate resin having a repeating structural unit represented by the following formula (1) And an electric charge transport material represented by the following formula (4).

(In the formula (1), ^R 11 ^{~R 18} and ^R 21 ^{to R 28} each independently represent hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or, shown to .X is an alkoxy group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or , .Y showing a divalent organic residue having a structure represented by the following formula (2) represents a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a divalent organic having the structure represented by the following formula (3) Indicates residue.

(In the formula (2), ^{R 31} and ^{R 32} each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl Motowaka properly an aryl group, or, cycloalkylidene group and R ³¹ and ^{R 32} are formed by bonding. )

(In the formula (3), ^{R 41} and ^{R 42,} respectively independently, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, fluorinated alkyl group, alkoxy Motowaka properly aryl group, or, by bonding with R ⁴¹ and ^{R 42} cycloalkylidene Motowaka properly being represents a fluorenylidene group.))

(In the formula (4), ^R 51 ^{to R 54} each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or, shows the monovalent organic residue represented by the following formula (5). Here, R at least one of ⁵¹ to R ⁵⁴ is a monovalent organic residue represented by the following formula (5).

(In Formula (5) , R ⁶¹ and R ⁶² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group. ))

The present invention also provides a method for producing the above-described electrophotographic photoreceptor,
And having a front Symbol polyarylate resin, and the charge transportation Okuzai fee, the step of forming the photosensitive layer by the coating of the coating liquid having containing an ether solvent or an aromatic hydrocarbon SOLVENTS This is a method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor .

Further, the present invention integrally supports the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member and at least one means selected from the group consisting of a charging means, a developing means, and a cleaning means, and is detachable from the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus. Is a process cartridge.
The present invention also provides an electrophotographic apparatus comprising the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, and a cleaning unit.

  By including a charge transport material with high sensitivity and low residual power and a polyarylate resin, it does not produce a cloudy coating film when producing a photoreceptor, and it is difficult to cause potential fluctuations even during repeated use. Can be provided.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, as described above, an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive support and the conductive support a photosensitive layer formed on the support, the photosensitive layer is represented by the following formula (1) It contains a polyarylate resin having a repeating structural unit and a charge transport material represented by the following formula (4).

(In the formula (1), ^R 11 ^{~R 18} and ^R 21 ^{to R 28} each independently represent hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or, shown to .X is an alkoxy group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or , .Y showing a divalent organic residue having a structure represented by the following formula (2) represents a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a divalent organic having the structure represented by the following formula (3) Indicates residue.

(In the formula (2), ^{R 31} and ^{R 32} each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl Motowaka properly an aryl group, or, cycloalkylidene group and R ³¹ and ^{R 32} are formed by bonding. )

(In the formula (3), ^{R 41} and ^{R 42,} respectively independently, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, fluorinated alkyl group, alkoxy Motowaka properly aryl group, or, by bonding with R ⁴¹ and ^{R 42} cycloalkylidene Motowaka properly being represents a fluorenylidene group.))

(In the formula (4), ^R 51 ^{to R 54} each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or, shows the monovalent organic residue represented by the following formula (5). Here, R at least one of ⁵¹ to R ⁵⁴ is a monovalent organic residue represented by the following formula (5).

(In Formula (5) , R ⁶¹ and R ⁶² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group. ))

R ^{11 to} R ¹⁸ and R ^{21 to} R ²⁸ in the formula (1) representing the repeating structural unit contained in the polyarylate resin contained in the photosensitive layer of the present invention are each independently hydrogen, an alkyl group, An aryl group or an alkoxy group is shown. Examples of the alkyl group of R ^{11 to} R ¹⁸ and R ^{21 to} R ²⁸ include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and a butyl group. Examples of the alkoxy group include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. Among these, a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and a phenyl group are preferable.

X in the formula (1) represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a divalent organic residue having a structure represented by the formula (2). ^{R 31} and ^{R 32} in the formula (2) each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl Motowaka properly aryl group, or a cycloalkylidene group and R ³¹ and ^{R 32} are formed by bonding. ^Examples of the alkyl group represented by R ³¹ and R ³² in the formula (2) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and a butyl group. Examples of the alkoxy group include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. In addition, examples of the cycloalkylidene group formed by combining R ³¹ and R ³² in the formula (2) include a cyclopentylidene group, a cyclohexylidene group, and a cycloheptylidene group. Of these, X is preferably an oxygen atom.

Y in the formula (1) represents a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a divalent organic residue having a structure represented by the formula (3). ^{R 41} and ^{R 42} in the formula (3) are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, fluorinated alkyl group, alkoxy Motowaka properly aryl group, or is formed by bonding the R ⁴¹ and ^{R 42} that cycloalkylidene Motowaka properly represents a fluorenylidene group. ^Examples of the alkyl group of R ⁴¹ and R ⁴² in the formula (3) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and a butyl group. Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group include a trifluoromethyl group and a pentafluoroethyl group. Examples of the alkoxy group include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. Examples of the cycloalkylidene group formed by combining R ⁴¹ and R ^{42 in} Formula (3) include a cyclopentylidene group, a cyclohexylidene group, and a cycloheptylidene group. Y is a single bond, an oxygen atom, or a divalent organic residue having a structure represented by the formula (3), and R ⁴¹ and R ⁴² are methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl It is preferably a cyclohexylidene group formed by combining the groups R ⁴¹ and R ⁴² .

  Specific examples of the repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1) are shown below, but are not limited to these as long as they have the above-described substituent / residue.

The polyarylate resin used for the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1), and the content ratio is arbitrary, but the compatibility with the charge transport material is improved. terms such as, repeating structural unit represented by the above formula is no in polyarylate resin (1) is, in all the repeating structural units have the polyarylate resin, is 100% or less than 80% at a molar ratio in terms It is preferable.

Further, the polyarylate resin having a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula used in the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention (1) is, if it has a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1), the other may have a repeating structure units, for example, a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1), formed by a variety selected from the substituents and / or an organic residue as defined in the formula (1) It may be a copolymer of a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1) different from the repeating structural unit, or a repeating structural unit composed of another divalent carboxylic acid and a divalent organic residue. In that case, the polymerization form may be a polymerization form such as block copolymerization or random copolymerization, and is arbitrary, but is preferably a random copolymerization form.

In the present specification, the repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1) is different from the repeating structural unit selected from various substituents and / or organic residues defined in the above formula (1) (1). repeating structural units represented by), or copolymerization ratio of a molar ratio in terms of the resin was having a repeating structural unit consisting of other divalent carboxylic acid and divalent organic residue is a: B In the description, the dicarboxylic acid ester moiety represented by the above formula (1) is (1-C), the bisphenol moiety is (1-B), various substituents and / or organic residues defined in the above formula (1). repeating structural units represented by the different above formula (1) and the repeating structural unit formed by selecting or dicarboxylic acid ester moiety as shown in the repeating structural unit consisting of other divalent carboxylic acid and divalent organic residue The 6-C), when the bisphenol moiety is (6-B), the dicarboxylic acid ester moiety (1-C) :( 6-C) is the molar ratio equivalent A: B in terms of molar ratio, and the bisphenol moiety (1-B): (6-B) means a molar ratio A: B.

  Examples of the divalent carboxylic acid used in the repeating structural unit comprising the other divalent carboxylic acid and divalent organic residue described above include terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, diphenyldicarboxylic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 3,4 Aromatic divalent carboxylic acids such as' -diphenyl ether dicarboxylic acid and 3,3'-diphenyl ether dicarboxylic acid; linear aliphatic divalent carboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid and dodecanic acid; cyclohexylene dicarboxylic acid And the like. Among them, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, adipic acid, and sebacic acid are preferable. Divalent organic residues include bisphenols such as 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (bisphenol A) and 2,2-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (bisphenol C). Biphenols such as 4,4′-hydroxybiphenyl; and the like. The structural example of the repeating structural unit which consists of another bivalent carboxylic acid and a bivalent organic residue is shown.

The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyarylate resin having the repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1) used in the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is arbitrary, but the weight average molecular weight is 80,000 or more. In this case, it is preferable because the stability of the potential considered to be accompanied by the improvement of the mechanical strength and the improvement of the compatibility is improved.

On the other hand, when the molecular weight of the polyarylate resin having the repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1) is too large, the coating property of the coating liquid containing this may be deteriorated. The weight average molecular weight of the polyarylate resin having a repeating structural unit is preferably 300000 or less, and more preferably 200000 or less.

The polyarylate resin having a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1) used for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention or the coating solution for the electrophotographic photosensitive member is a compound having a dicarboxylic acid ester and a hydroxyl group. It may be synthesized by a transesterification method, or may be synthesized by a polymerization reaction of a divalent acid halide such as dicarboxylic acid halide and a compound having a hydroxyl group such as bisphenol, and control of the molecular weight of the resulting product From the viewpoint of properties, it is preferable to synthesize by the latter synthesis method.

(Synthesis Example 1)
Below, as a synthetic example, in all the repeating structural units have the polyarylate resin, a method of synthesizing polyarylate resin repeating structural units is 100% at a molar ratio in terms of the above formula (1-2) Show.

  Diphenyl ether dicarboxylic acid chloride having a structure represented by the following formula (1-2-1) was dissolved in dichloromethane to prepare an acid chloride solution.

  In addition to this acid chloride solution, 2,2-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane having a structure represented by the following formula (1-2-2) is dissolved in a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. To this was added tributylbenzylammonium chloride as a polymerization catalyst and stirred to prepare a 2,2-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane solution.

Next, the acid chloride solution was added to the 2,2-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane solution with stirring to initiate polymerization. The polymerization was carried out for 3 hours while maintaining the reaction temperature at 25 ° C. or lower and stirring.

  Thereafter, acetic acid was added to stop the polymerization reaction, and washing with water was repeated until the aqueous layer became neutral.

  After washing, the solution was dropped into methanol with stirring to precipitate a polymer, and this polymer was vacuum-dried to obtain a polyarylate resin having a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1-2). The polystyrene-reduced weight average molecular weight of the polyarylate resin (hereinafter referred to as weight average molecular weight (Mw)) was 130,000.

  In the present invention, the weight average molecular weight of the resin was measured as follows according to a conventional method.

  That is, the measurement target resin is put in tetrahydrofuran and allowed to stand for several hours, and then the measurement target resin and tetrahydrofuran are mixed well while shaking (mix until the measurement target resin is no longer united), and then allowed to stand for 12 hours or more. did.

  Thereafter, the obtained mixture was passed through a sample processing filter Mysholy disk H-25-5 manufactured by Tosoh Corporation to obtain a sample for GPC (gel permeation chromatography).

  Next, the column is stabilized in a heat chamber at 40 ° C., tetrahydrofuran is flowed through the column at this temperature at a flow rate of 1 ml / min, 10 μl of GPC sample is injected, and the weight average molecular weight of the measurement target resin Was measured. As the column, a column TSKgel SuperHM-M manufactured by Tosoh Corporation was used.

  In measuring the weight average molecular weight of the measurement target resin, the molecular weight distribution of the measurement target resin was calculated from the relationship between the logarithmic value of the calibration curve prepared from several monodisperse polystyrene standard samples and the number of counts. Ten standard polystyrene samples for preparing a calibration curve were used from Aldrich monodisperse polystyrene having a molecular weight of 800 to 2,000,000. An RI (refractive index) detector was used as the detector.

R ^{51 to} R ⁵⁴ in the above formula (4) representing the charge transport material contained in the photosensitive layer of the present invention are each independently represented by a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or formula (5). It shows the monovalent organic residue which is. ^However, and at least one of R 51 ^{to R 54} is a monovalent organic residue represented by the formula (5). Examples of the alkyl group represented by R ^{51 to} R ⁵⁴ in the formula (4) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and a butyl group, and examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. R ⁶¹ and R ⁶² in the formula (5) each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group. Examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and a butyl group. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. Examples of the heterocyclic group include a pyridyl group, a furanyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a thiophenyl group, and a benzothiophenyl group. Among these, R ^{51 to} R ⁵⁴ in the formula (4) are a methyl group and a phenyl group, and R ⁶¹ and R ⁶² are a methyl group and a phenyl group as monovalent organic residues represented by the formula (5). Preferably there is.

  Specific examples of the charge transport material represented by the above formula (4) are shown below.

The content of the charge transport material represented by the formula (4) contained in the photosensitive layer in the photosensitive layer is arbitrary, but in order to fully develop the characteristics of the charge transport material, the total solid content in the photosensitive layer The content is preferably 20% by mass or more. Moreover, since an excessive charge transport material causes a decrease in mechanical strength, it is preferably 60% by mass or less based on the total solid content.

  The mass ratio of the charge transport material represented by formula (4) contained in the photosensitive layer and the polyarylate resin of the present invention is arbitrary, but in order to fully develop the characteristics of the charge transport material, polyarylate The mass ratio of the charge transport material to the resin is preferably 30% by mass or more. In addition, by including the polyarylate resin of the present invention, the mass ratio of the charge transport material to the polyarylate resin may be increased, and in order to express high mechanical strength, 120 mass% or less is preferable.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is that the photosensitive layer contains at least a charge transporting material represented by the polyarylate resin and the formula (4) to have a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1), the photosensitive layer It is possible to significantly suppress the occurrence of light scattering (decrease in transmittance) due to white turbidity due to a decrease in compatibility between the charge transport material and the binder. In the present specification, the transmittance at a wavelength of 680 nm of the photosensitive layer constituting the electrophotographic photosensitive member to be evaluated is the same film thickness as the contrast of the resin serving as a reference constituting the 10 μm-thick photosensitive layer. The transmittance ratio of the photosensitive layer of the present invention. A higher value indicates that light scattering (decrease in transmittance) due to white turbidity is less likely to occur. The phenomenon in which the photosensitive layer becomes clouded may become cloudy during the preparation of the photosensitive coating film even if the photosensitive layer coating solution is transparent, and the white turbidity is the ratio of the charge transport material in the photosensitive layer. This is likely to occur when the value is high. Although the mechanism of the white turbidity of the photosensitive layer has not been clarified in detail, the white turbidity is a micro-aggregation of the charge transport material, which seems to be caused by the compatibility between the charge transport material in the photosensitive layer and the binder resin. . Further, as an influence on the photoreceptor characteristics which the white turbidity of the photosensitive layer exerts, there is a decrease in potential stability during repeated use. Although there is no clear reason why the white turbidity of the photosensitive layer leads to a decrease in potential stability, the micro-aggregation of the charge transport material, which is the cause of the white turbidity, causes the charge memory phenomenon, and the charge memory by repeating the photosensitive process of the photoconductor. Is considered to be acting. In order to improve the characteristics of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, the transmittance of the photosensitive layer is preferably a transmittance higher than 90% at a wavelength of 680 nm in the above evaluation. Repeating structural unit represented by the above formula is no in polyarylate resin (1) is, in all the repeating structural units have the polyarylate resin, an electrophotographic photosensitive 100% or less than 80% at a molar ratio in terms In the case of a body, the transmittance is more preferably 95% or more.

The solvent used in the preparation of the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, acetone, ketone solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl acetate, ester solvents such as ethyl acetate: toluene, xylene, aromatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene Solvents; ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran; hydrocarbon solvents such as chloroform substituted with halogen atoms; These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these solvents, it is preferable to use an ether solvent or an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent in terms of resin solubility. In preparing the photosensitive layer, by using in these solvents, so I charge transporting material and a union shown in polyarylate resin and the above formula (4) having a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1), the coating An electrophotographic photosensitive member that is excellent in properties and does not cause white turbidity even after coating, and is less susceptible to potential fluctuations even during repeated use.

Next, the configuration of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention includes a conductive support and a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive support. Photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention may be a single-layer type containing a charge generating material and a charge transporting material, which contains a charge transporting material and a charge generating layer containing a charge-generating material charge A laminated type (function separation type) having a transport layer may be used, but a laminated type photoreceptor is preferred in that it exhibits good photoreceptor characteristics. Among them, it is preferable that the charge generating layer from a conductive support side and the charge transport layer is a forward layer type photosensitive layer formed by laminating in this order this. Furthermore, a protective layer intended to protect the photosensitive layer may be provided on the photosensitive layer and / or the charge transport layer.

As the conductive support described above, it has a conductivity rather, for example, may be used aluminum, a support an aluminum alloy, such as stainless steel made of a metal (steel alloy). In addition, a metal support or a plastic support having a layer in which aluminum, an aluminum alloy, an indium oxide-tin oxide alloy, or the like is formed by vacuum deposition may be used. In addition, a support in which conductive particles such as carbon black, tin oxide particles, titanium oxide particles, and silver particles are impregnated into plastic or paper together with an appropriate binder resin, or a plastic support having a conductive binder resin, etc. May be used. In addition, examples of the shape of the conductive support include a cylindrical shape and a belt shape, and a cylindrical shape is preferable.

The surface of the conductive support may be subjected to cutting treatment, roughening treatment, alumite treatment, etc. for the purpose of preventing interference fringes due to scattering of laser light or the like.

Between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer (charge generation layer, charge transport layer) or an intermediate layer described later for the purpose of preventing interference fringes due to scattering of laser light and the like and covering the scratches on the conductive support An electrically conductive layer may be provided.

  The conductive layer can be formed by dispersing conductive particles such as carbon black, metal particles, and metal oxide particles in a binder resin.

  The thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 1 to 40 μm, and more preferably 2 to 20 μm.

Further, the conductive support or the conductive layer and the photosensitive layer (charge generating layer, charge transport layer) between a may be provided an intermediate layer having a barrier function and an adhesion function. The intermediate layer may be used for the purpose of improving the adhesion of the photosensitive layer, improving the coating property, improving the charge injection property from the conductive support, and protecting the photosensitive layer from electrical breakdown.

  The intermediate layer is acrylic resin, allyl resin, alkyd resin, ethyl cellulose resin, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, epoxy resin, casein resin, silicone resin, gelatin resin, polyamide, phenol resin, butyral resin, polyacrylate resin, polyacetal resin, polyamide Imide resin, polyamide resin, polyallyl ether resin, polyimide resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, polyethylene resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, polysulfone resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polybutadiene resin, polypropylene resin, urea resin, etc. It can be formed using a material such as aluminum.

  The thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 0.05 to 5 μm, and more preferably 0.3 to 1 μm.

Examples of the charge generating material used in the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention include azo pigments such as monoazo, disazo, and trisazo; phthalocyanine pigments such as metal phthalocyanine and nonmetal phthalocyanine; indigo pigments such as indigo and thioindigo; , Perylene pigments such as perylene imides; polycyclic quinone pigments such as anthraquinone, pyrenequinone, dibenzpyrenequinone; squarylium dyes; pyrylium salts and thiapyrylium salts; triphenylmethane dyes; selenium, selenium-tellurium, amorphous silicon Inorganic materials; quinacridone pigments; azurenium salt pigments; cyanine dyes such as quinocyanine; anthanthrone pigments; pyranthrone pigments; xanthene dyes; quinoneimine dyes; styryl dyes; Include; inorganic pigments. These charge generation materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among them, oxytitanium phthalocyanine is preferably having strong peaks at a specific angle of Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction, 9.3 °, in 13.2 °及 beauty 27.1 ° Those having a strong peak are particularly preferred.

  When the photosensitive layer is a laminated photosensitive layer and the charge generation layer is not a surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member, examples of the binder resin used for the charge generation layer include acrylic resins, allyl resins, and alkyd resins. , Epoxy resin, diallyl phthalate resin, silicone resin, styrene-butadiene copolymer, polyamide, phenol resin, butyral resin, benzal resin, polyacrylate resin, polyacetal resin, polyamideimide resin, polyamide resin, polyallyl ether resin, polyarylate resin, Polyimide resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, polyethylene resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, polysulfone resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, polybutadiene resin, polypropylene resin, methacrylic resin, urea resin Vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl acetate resins, and vinyl chloride resins. In particular, a butyral resin is preferable. These may be used alone or in combination as a mixture or a copolymer.

  The charge generation layer can be formed by applying a charge generation layer coating solution obtained by dispersing a charge generation material together with a binder resin and a solvent and drying the coating solution. Examples of the dispersion method include a method using a homogenizer, an ultrasonic disperser, a ball mill, a sand mill, a roll mill, a vibration mill, an attritor, a liquid collision type high-speed disperser, and the like. The ratio between the charge generating material and the binder resin is preferably in the range of 1: 0.3 to 1: 4 (mass ratio).

  The solvent used in the coating solution for the charge generation layer is selected from the solubility and dispersion stability of the binder resin and charge generation material to be used. As the organic solvent, alcohol, sulfoxide, ketone, ether, ester, aliphatic Examples thereof include halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds.

  The thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 5 μm or less, and more preferably 0.1 to 2 μm.

  In addition, various sensitizers, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, plasticizers, and the like can be added to the charge generation layer as necessary.

  Examples of the charge transport material used in the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention include triarylamine compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, stilbene compounds, pyrazoline compounds, oxazole compounds, thiazole compounds, and triarylmethane compounds. These charge transport materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

Contained in the charge transport layer, as a binder resin, at least, all the repeating structural units have the repeating structural unit represented by the polyarylate resin by the above formula (1), 100% or less than 80% at a molar ratio in terms A polyarylate resin is used. Other resins exemplified below can be used in combination as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. In that case, the repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1) in the charge transport layer is used as the polyarylate resin . the total repeating structural units Yes, the proportion of the polyarylate resin chromatic 100% or less at 80% or more by molar ratio terms is less than 50% by weight based on the total weight of the binder resin contained in the charge transport layer It is preferable that it is 70% by weight or more. Examples of resins that can be used in combination include acrylic resin, acrylonitrile resin, allyl resin, alkyd resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, polyamide, phenol resin, phenoxy resin, butyral resin, polyacrylamide resin, polyacetal resin, polyamideimide resin, polyamide Resin, polyallyl ether resin, polyarylate resin, polyimide resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, polyethylene resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, polystyrene resin, polysulfone resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyphenylene oxide resin, polybutadiene resin, polypropylene resin, methacrylic resin Resins, urea resins, vinyl chloride resins, vinyl acetate resins and the like can be mentioned. In particular, polyarylate resin, polycarbonate resin and the like are preferable. These may be used alone or in combination as a mixture or a copolymer.

  The charge transport layer can be formed by applying a charge transport layer coating solution obtained by dissolving a charge transport material and a binder resin in a solvent and drying it.

  Solvents used in the charge transport layer coating solution include ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; ethers such as 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran; And hydrocarbons substituted with halogen atoms such as chlorobenzene, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride;

  The thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 5 to 40 μm, and more preferably 10 to 35 μm.

  Moreover, you may add antioxidant, a ultraviolet absorber, a plasticizer, etc. to a charge transport layer as needed.

  Further, as described above, a protective layer may be provided on the photosensitive layer for the purpose of protecting the photosensitive layer. The protective layer can be formed by applying a protective layer coating solution obtained by dissolving a binder resin in a solvent and drying the coating solution.

  The thickness of the protective layer is preferably 0.5 to 10 μm, and particularly preferably 1 to 5 μm.

  When applying the coating liquid for each of the above layers, for example, a coating method such as a dip coating method (dip coating method), a spray coating method, a spinner coating method, a roller coating method, a Meyer bar coating method, a blade coating method, or the like should be used. Can do.

(Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus)
Figure 1 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a process cartridge and / or an electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.

  In FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 denotes a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member, which is rotationally driven in a direction of an arrow about a shaft 2 at a predetermined peripheral speed.

  The surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 that is rotationally driven is uniformly charged to a predetermined positive or negative potential by a charging unit (primary charging unit: charging roller or the like) 3, and then subjected to slit exposure, laser beam scanning exposure, or the like. Exposure light (image exposure light) 4 output from exposure means (not shown) is received. In this way, electrostatic latent images corresponding to the target image are sequentially formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1.

  The electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is developed with toner contained in the developer of the developing unit 5 to form a toner image. Next, the toner image formed and supported on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is transferred from the transfer material supply means (not shown) to the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 by a transfer bias from a transfer means (transfer roller or the like) 6. The image is sequentially transferred to a transfer material (paper or the like) P fed between the means 6 (contact portion) in synchronization with the rotation of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1.

  The transfer material P that has received the transfer of the toner image is separated from the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 and introduced into the fixing means 8 to receive the image fixing, and is printed out as an image formed product (print, copy). Is done.

  On the other hand, the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 after the transfer of the toner image is cleaned by a cleaning means (cleaning blade or the like) 7 to remove the developer (toner) remaining after the transfer, and further, a pre-exposure means (not shown). After the charge removal process using pre-exposure light (not shown), the image is repeatedly used for image formation.

  The above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 and a plurality of components such as the charging unit 3, the developing unit 5, the transfer unit 6 and the cleaning unit 7 are housed in a container and integrally combined as a process cartridge. The process cartridge may be configured to be detachable from an electrophotographic apparatus main body such as a copying machine or a laser beam printer.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to specific examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these. In the examples, “part” means “part by mass”. “Mw” means “weight average molecular weight”.

Example 1
As a coating solution for producing a photosensitive layer (charge transport layer) of the photoreceptor of the present invention, 6 parts of a charge transport material represented by the above formula (4-5) and a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1-2) are used. 10 parts of polyarylate resin (Mw: 130000) was dissolved in 80 parts of 1,4-dioxane to prepare a coating solution for charge transport layer. This coating solution was applied onto a polyethylene terephthalate film using a Mayer bar, and then dried at 120 ° C. for 1 hour to form a 10 μm-thick charge transport layer. This charge transport layer was formed into a polyethylene terephthalate film. The charge transport layer for transmittance measurement was obtained.

  Next, examples of the electrophotographic photoreceptor having the photosensitive layer of the present invention will be shown.

  A liquid honing treatment was performed on an aluminum cylinder support having a diameter of 30 mm and a length of 357.5 mm under the following conditions.

<Liquid honing conditions>
Abrasive grains: Zirconia beads 70-125 μm (trade name: Zilblast B120, made by Material Science Co., Ltd.)
Suspension medium: Water Abrasive / Suspension medium = 1/9 (volume ratio)
The cylinder surface roughness after honing was measured using a Kosaka Laboratory surface roughness meter Surfcoder SE3500 in accordance with JIS B 0601 (1994). As a result, the maximum height (RmaxD) = 2.55 μm, the ten-point average roughness (Rz) = 1.52 μm, and the arithmetic average roughness (Ra) = 0.22 μm.

After the above treatment, an intermediate layer coating solution prepared by dissolving 3 parts of N-methoxymethylated nylon and 3 parts of copolymer nylon in a mixed solvent of 65 parts of methanol / 30 parts of n-butanol was supported on an aluminum cylinder. It was dip coated on the body and dried at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an intermediate layer having a thickness of 0.7 μm.

Next, Bragg angles ( 2θ ± 0.2 ° ) of 9.3 °, 10.6 °, 13.2 °, 15.1 °, 15.7 °, 16.1 ° in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction, 4 parts of an oxytitanium phthalocyanine pigment having strong peaks at 20.8 °, 23.3 °, and 27.1 °, 2 parts of polyvinyl butyral (ESREC BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.), 60 parts of cyclohexanone, Was dispersed for 4 hours in a sand mill using glass beads having a diameter of 1 mm, and then 100 parts of ethyl acetate was added to prepare a charge generation layer dispersion. This was applied onto the above-mentioned intermediate layer by a dip coating method and dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.25 μm.

  Next, the above-described coating solution for charge transport layer was dip coated on the charge generation layer and dried at 120 ° C. for 1 hour to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 30 μm.

  Next, evaluation will be described.

  The transmittance of the charge transport layer was evaluated using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (V-570) (manufactured by JASCO Corporation). A solution obtained by dissolving only the polyarylate resin having a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1-2) used in Example 1 in 1,4-dioxane was placed on a polyethylene terephthalate film using a Mayer bar. Application was performed to prepare a resin film having a thickness of 10 μm. This resin film was peeled off from the polyethylene terephthalate film and used as a control sample for measuring transmittance. The transmittance was measured using this control sample for transmittance measurement and the charge transport layer for transmittance measurement. The results are shown in Table 20.

  Potential fluctuation evaluation during repeated use of the photoconductor is made by Canon Co., Ltd. iR400 (AC / DC charging in which a DC voltage superimposed with an AC voltage is applied from a charging member placed in contact with the photoconductor to charge the photoconductor. Method). Evaluation was performed in an environment of room temperature 20 ° C. and humidity 10%. The surface potential of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is measured at the position of the developing device by exchanging the jig and the developing device fixed so that the potential measuring probe is positioned 180 mm from the upper end of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Went. After adjusting the potential so that the initial dark portion potential of the photoreceptor is Vd = −700 V, 10000 sheets were copied under evaluation conditions for continuously copying A4 size plain paper, and then the dark portion after repeated use The potential Vd (10000) was measured, and the potential fluctuation ΔVd = (Vd) − (Vd (10000)) was calculated. The results are shown in Table 20.

(Examples 2 to 14)
In Example 1, the charge transport material, the content of the charge transport material in the photosensitive layer, and the polyarylate resin contained in the photosensitive layer were as shown in Table 19, and the transmission was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. A rate measuring photosensitive layer and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 20.

(Example 15)
In Example 1, instead of 10 parts of the polyarylate resin (Mw: 130000) having a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1-2), a poly having a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1-2) Example 1 except that 8 parts of arylate resin (Mw: 130000) and 2 parts of polycarbonate resin (Iupilon Z400, manufactured by Mitsubishi Engineering Plastics) represented by the following structural formula (7) were used. In the same manner as above, an electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 20.

(Example 16)
In Example 1, instead of 10 parts of polyarylate resin (Mw: 130000) having a repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1-2), the resin contained in the photosensitive layer is represented by the above formula (1-2). 8 parts of a polyarylate resin (Mw: 130000) having the repeating structural units shown and 2 parts of a 5: 5 copolymer polyarylate resin (Mw: 130000) of the above structural formulas (6-4) and (6-15) An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a mixture of was used. The results are shown in Table 20.

(Comparative Examples 1 to 6)
In Example 1, the transmittance was the same as in Example 1 except that the charge transport material, the content of the charge transport material in the photosensitive layer and the polyarylate resin contained in the photosensitive layer were as shown in Table 19. A photosensitive layer for measurement and an electrophotographic photoreceptor were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 20.

(Comparative Examples 7 and 8)
In Example 1, instead of 10 parts of the polyarylate resin (Mw: 130000) having the repeating structural unit represented by the above formula (1-2), the repeating structural unit represented by the following formula (8) and the above structural formula Implementation was carried out except that a 6: 4 copolymer polyarylate resin (Mw: 90000) with the repeating structural unit represented by (6-15) was used and the charge transport material content in the photosensitive layer shown in Table 19 was used. An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 20.

As is clear from the comparison between the examples and the comparative examples, in the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention containing a highly sensitive charge transport material, the structure of the polyarylate resin contained in the photosensitive layer simultaneously causes the film of the photoreceptor. Differences occurred in the properties and electrophotographic characteristics. In particular, when the content of the charge transport material in the photosensitive layer is increased so as to improve the sensitivity of the photoreceptor, the tendency becomes remarkable. When the results are compared in detail, the results of Examples and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 show that the dicarboxylic acid portion of the polyarylate resin affects the compatibility between the charge transport material and the polyarylate resin in the present invention. It is suggested. In the polyarylate resin of the present invention, the characteristics are improved by using a dicarboxylic acid having a specific structure as the dicarboxylic acid moiety. Further, the results of Examples and Comparative Examples 7 and 8 indicate that the dicarboxylic acid used in the polyarylate resin of the present invention is effective for improving the properties as the dicarboxylic acid portion of the polyarylate resin.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a contact charging type process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Electrophotographic photoreceptor 2 Axis 3 Charging means 4 Exposure light 5 Developing means 6 Transfer means 7 Cleaning means 8 Fixing means 9 Process cartridge 10 Guide means P Transfer material

Claims (9)

In the conductive support and an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive support, said photosensitive layer comprises a polyarylate resin having a repeating structural unit represented by the following formula (1), the following formula An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising the charge transport material represented by (4).

(In the formula (1), ^R 11 ^{~R 18} and ^R 21 ^{to R 28} each independently represent hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or, shown to .X is an alkoxy group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or , .Y showing a divalent organic residue having a structure represented by the following formula (2) represents a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a divalent organic having the structure represented by the following formula (3) Indicates residue.

(In the formula (2), ^{R 31} and ^{R 32} each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl Motowaka properly an aryl group, or, cycloalkylidene group and R ³¹ and ^{R 32} are formed by bonding. )

(In the formula (3), ^{R 41} and ^{R 42,} respectively independently, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, fluorinated alkyl group, alkoxy Motowaka properly aryl group, or, by bonding with R ⁴¹ and ^{R 42} cycloalkylidene Motowaka properly being represents a fluorenylidene group.))

(In the formula (4), ^R 51 ^{to R 54} each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or, shows the monovalent organic residue represented by the following formula (5). Here, R at least one of ⁵¹ to R ⁵⁴ is a monovalent organic residue represented by the following formula (5).

(In Formula (5) , R ⁶¹ and R ⁶² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group. )) Said polyarylate resin to said formula is no (1) repeating structural unit represented by the said in polyarylate resin in all the repeating structural units have, Ru der 100% or more and 80% or less by molar ratio terms 請 The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1. The polyarylate weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the resin is an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to 請 Motomeko 1 or 2 Ru der 80000 or 300,000. Formula (1) an electrophotographic photosensitive member of X is any crab described Ah Ru請 Motomeko 1 to 3 oxygen atoms in the. The photosensitive layer is a pre Kishirube conductive support side or et conductive load generating layer and a charge transporting layer of the photosensitive layer which are laminated in this order, the charge transport layer before Symbol polyarylate resin and the charge transportation Okuzai fees the electrophotographic photosensitive member any crab described 請 Motomeko 1 to 4 you containing and. A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member of any crab of claims 1 to 4,
And having a front Symbol polyarylate resin, and the charge transportation Okuzai fee, the step of forming the photosensitive layer by the coating of the coating liquid having containing an ether solvent or an aromatic hydrocarbon SOLVENTS A method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor. A method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5, comprising:
  Forming the charge transport layer by applying a coating solution containing the polyarylate resin, the charge transport material, and an ether solvent or an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.
A process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, comprising: An electrophotographic photosensitive member of any crab of claims 1 to 5, charging means, and at least one means that is selected from the group consisting of developing hand Dan及 beauty cleaning means integrally supported, in an electrophotographic apparatus main body A process cartridge that is detachable. The electrophotographic photosensitive member any crab of claims 1 to 5, a charging means, an exposure means, a developing means, an electrophotographic apparatus characterized by having a transfer means and a cleaning means.