JP2006508547A - Organic and inorganic photoactive device and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

  The photoactive device includes semiconductor particles (10) dispersed in a carrier material (12). A first contact layer (14) is provided, and by applying the field, a charged carrier having one polarity is injected through the carrier material into the semiconductor particles. By providing a second contact layer (14) and applying an electric field to the second contact layer, charged carriers having opposite polarity are injected through the carrier material into the semiconductor particles. The semiconductor particles include at least one of an organic and inorganic semiconductor. The semiconductor particles (10) may contain organic photoactive particles.

Description

  The present invention relates to organic and inorganic photoactive devices, hybrids thereof, and manufacturing methods thereof. Specifically, the present invention includes general lighting, display backlighting, video display, Internet equipment, electronic books, digital newspapers and maps, stereoscopic visual aids, head mounted indicators, modern vehicle windshields, The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for manufacturing photoactive devices that can be used in applications such as solar cells, cameras, and photodetectors. A multicolor single layer photoactive device is disclosed. Also disclosed is a continuous burst drive scheme for a multicolor single layer display. Furthermore, a method for producing not only photoactive material particles but also organic photoactive fibers is disclosed. Further disclosed are methods for manufacturing injection molded and other plastic molded organic photoactive devices. Further disclosed are compositions for photoactive materials.

  A polymer is composed of organic molecules bonded together. In order for a polymer to be electrically conductive, it must act like a metal in which the electrons in the bond move and are not bound by the atoms that make up the organic molecule. The conducting polymer must have alternating single and double bonds called conjugated double bonds. Polyacetylene is a single conjugated polymer. It is produced by the polymerization of acetylene. In the early 1970s, a researcher named Shirakawa was studying the synthesis of acetylene. The mixture appears to have a metallic appearance when too much catalyst is added. However, unlike metals, the resulting polyacetylene film was not an electrical conductor. In the mid-1970s, this material was reacted with iodine vapor. The result was an extreme increase in the conductivity of the polymer film, which eventually resulted in a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the researchers who discovered it.

  Polyacetylene can be produced as having the same conductivity as certain metals, but its conductivity decreases rapidly when in contact with air. This has led to the development of more stable conjugated polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, and polythiophene.

  Extensive development studies are currently underway for conjugated polymers in their undoped semiconducting state. Certain conjugated polymers have been found to exhibit electroluminescence when a voltage is applied. Furthermore, the absorption of light by the semiconducting polymer gives positive and negative charges, which result in an electric current. Thus, the conjugated polymer can be used to manufacture solar cells and photodetectors.

  Organic photoactive materials [OLAM ™] take advantage of the fact that relatively recently discovered polymers can be made into conductors. Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) convert electrical energy into light and behave as pn junctions with forward bias. The OLAM can be a light emitter or photodetector depending on the material composition and device structure. For purposes of this disclosure, the terms OLAM and OLED can be interchanged. The OLED is basically composed of a hole transport material layer and an electron transport material layer formed thereon. The interface between these layers forms a heterojunction. These layers are placed between the two electrodes, with the hole transport layer adjacent to the anode electrode and the electron transport layer adjacent to the cathode electrode. When a voltage is applied to these electrodes, electrons and holes are injected from the cathode and anode electrodes. Electrons and hole carriers recombine at the heterojunction to form excitons and emit light.

  The basic structure of an OLED display is similar to a conventional LCD, in which a reactive material (liquid crystal in the case of LCD, conjugated polymer in the case of OLED) is sandwiched between electrodes. When an electric field is applied by the electrodes, the OLED material transitions to an excited energy state, which falls by emitting photons that are luminous fluxes. In this way, each pixel of the OLED display can be controlled to emit light as needed to produce the displayed image.

  OLEDs used as pixels in flat panel displays have significant advantages over backlit active matrix LCD displays. OLED displays have a larger viewing angle, are light and have a quick response. Since only the portion of the display that is actually illuminated consumes power, the OLED uses less power. Based on these advantages, OLEDs are not only computer monitors, televisions, large micro-displays, wearable head mounted computers, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, smart pagers, virtual reality games, and mobile phones It has been proposed for a wide range of display applications, including medical, automotive, and other industrial applications. Endless technological advances are changing the way we see the world. Currently, our view of the world is being transformed by a new kind of display technology. The discovery of organic light-emitting polymer technology (OLED) creates a new kind of flat panel display set to change not only the properties of all display products around us, but also the way they are manufactured. I am doing. With the associated technology, the latest natural color OLED display manufacturing method has been developed. One of the biggest problems for the OLED display industry is due to water and oxygen contamination. Small molecules and materials contained in polymer OLEDs are susceptible to contamination by oxygen and water vapor, which can quickly cause failures. This problem increases when a substrate that is not glass is used. Since OLEDs have expectations for bendable displays, attempts have been made to use plastic substrates instead of glass. Elaborate barrier mechanisms have been proposed to wrap the OLED device and protect its organic stack from water and oxygen ingress. Desiccants have been used to reduce contamination. None of these solutions are appropriate, increasing costs and complicating the formation of OLED devices. Eventually, the problems caused by the penetration of water and oxygen into the organic laminate continue to pose serious technical problems. FIG. 111 illustrates a conventional OLED device. Very basicly, OLEDs are composed of very thin layers of organic materials that form an organic stack. These layers are sandwiched between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode. When a voltage is applied to these electrodes, holes and electrons are injected into the organic stack. Holes and electrons combine to form unstable excitons. When the exciton decays, light is emitted.

  Any available OLED manufacturing method currently requires the formation of a very thin film of organic light emitting material. These thin films are formed by various known techniques such as vacuum deposition, screen printing, transfer printing, and spin coating, or by reusing existing techniques such as ink jet printing. In any case, the current state of the art must form a very thin film layer of organic material at the root. These thin films must be deposited uniformly and accurately. Such thin layers of organic material are subject to major problems such as reduced film integrity, especially when applied to flexible substrates. FIG. 112 illustrates a conventional OLED device, in which one dust particle causes an electrical short between the electrodes. The layer of organic material between the conductors can be very thin, and even very small particles of dust or other contaminants can result in an electrical short being easily formed. Because of this limitation, expensive clean room facilities must be built and maintained using conventional OLED thin film manufacturing techniques. Currently, inkjet printing is firmly established as a promising manufacturing method for manufacturing OLED displays. However, there are several important drawbacks to employing inkjet printing for OLED display manufacturing. Inkjet printing does not adequately solve the problem of material degradation due to oxygen and water vapor. FIG. 113 illustrates a conventional OLED device, in which a thin organic film laminate is degraded by the penetration of oxygen and / or water. There remains a need for elaborate and expensive materials and manufacturing methods to provide suitable encapsulation to protect and maintain thin organic films. It is difficult to align the display pixel compartment electrodes with the ink-jet printed OLED material with the accuracy necessary to provide a high resolution display.

  In addition to attractive image quality, OLED display devices consume less power than liquid crystal display technology. This is because it emits light by itself and does not require backlighting. The OLED display is thin and lightweight and could be manufactured on a flexible material such as plastic.

  Unlike a liquid crystal display, an OLED emits light that can be viewed from any angle, similar to a television screen. Compared to LCDs, OLEDs are far less expensive to manufacture, use less power for operation, emit brighter light, make images clearer, and “switch” images faster. , Which means that the behavior of video or animation becomes smoother.

  Recently, efforts have been made to make equipment for producing OLED screens and to provide services for it. The potential OLED display market includes a wide range of electronic products such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, camcorders, micro displays, personal computers, Internet equipment, and other consumer and military products. included.

  For example, there is still a need for a thin, lightweight, flexible and bright wireless display. Such devices have a built-in power supply, are rugged, include a built-in user input mechanism, and have an ideal function as a multi-purpose display for Internet, entertainment, computer, and communication applications. The discovery of the OLED phenomenon captures this purpose in the field of view.

However, there are still some technical obstacles that still need to be resolved before OLED displays can achieve their commercial status. OLED light emitting materials do not have a long useful life. Currently, optimal performance in commercially viable mass production can only be achieved for small screens of about 3.5 in ² or less. A shelf life of at least 5 years is typically required by most consumer and business products, and an operating life longer than 20,000 hours is appropriate for most applications.

  Organic light emitting diode technology provides a view of flexible displays on plastic substrates and provides a roll-to-roll manufacturing method. One of the biggest problems for the OLED display industry is about contamination with water and oxygen. The materials contained in small molecules and polymer OLEDs are susceptible to contamination by oxygen and water vapor, which triggers failure earlier. As an example of an OLED device, US Pat. No. 5,247,190 by Friend et al. Discloses at least one sandwiched between two contact layers that inject holes and electrons into a thin polymer film. Teaching an electroluminescent device comprising a semiconductor layer in the form of a dense polymer film comprising a conjugated polymer. The injected holes and electrons result in the emission of light from the polymer film.

  There has been recent activity to develop thin flexible displays using pixels of electroluminescent materials such as OLEDs. Such a display does not require backlighting since each pixel element itself generates light. The organic material is typically deposited by solution processing such as spin coating, vacuum evaporation or evaporation. As an example, US Pat. No. 6,395,328 by May teaches an organic light emitting color display that forms a multicolor device by depositing and patterning a thin layer of light emitting material. ing. US Pat. No. 5,965,979 by Friend et al. Describes a method of manufacturing a light emitting device by laminating two self-supporting components, at least one of which has a thin layer of a light emitting layer. Teaching. US Pat. No. 6,087,196 by Strum et al. Teaches a manufacturing method for forming organic semiconductor devices using ink jet printing to form a thin layer of organic light emitting material. US Pat. No. 6,416,885 B1 by Towns et al. Discloses a thin conductive polymer layer between a thin organic light-emitting layer and a thin charge injection layer that prevents lateral diffusion of charge carriers. An electroluminescent device is taught which is arranged and improved in display characteristics. U.S. Pat. No. 6,48,200 B1 by Yamazaki et al. Teaches a method for manufacturing electro-optical devices using letterpress or screen printing techniques to print thin layers of electro-optical material. . US Pat. No. 6,402,579 B1 by Pichler et al. Teaches an organic light emitting device that forms a multilayer structure by DC magnetron sputtering to form multiple thin layers of organic light emitting material. is doing.

  An electrophoretic display is another type of display that has recently been the subject of research. US Pat. No. 6,50,687 B1 by Jacobson teaches an electrically addressable microencapsulated ink and display. According to the teaching of this document, a microcapsule having a reflective side and a light absorbing side is formed. The microcapsules act as pixels that can flip between these two states and maintain that state without using any additional power. According to the teaching of this document, a reflective display is produced, in which case the orientation of the microcapsules causes the pixels to reflect or absorb ambient light.

  US Pat. No. 5,858,561 by Epstein et al. Shows another example of an OLED type display. This document teaches a light emitting bipolar device consisting of a thin layer of organic light emitting material sandwiched between two layers of insulating material. The device can be operated using AC voltage or DC voltage. US Pat. No. 6,433,355 B1 by Riess et al. Describes an organic thin film between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, at least one of the electrodes including a semiconductor having a wide non-degenerate band width. An organic light emitting device is taught in which regions are arranged to improve the operating characteristics of the issuing device. U.S. Pat. No. 6,445,126 B1 by Arai et al. Teaches an organic light emitting device in which a thin organic layer is disposed between electrodes. In order to improve the efficiency of the light emitting device, extend the useful life, and reduce the cost, an inorganic electrode or hole injection thin film is provided.

  It is known to form thin OLED layers by various methods including vacuum evaporation, evaporation, or spin coating. A thin layer of hole transport material and subsequent electron transport material is formed on the grid of anode electrodes by these known methods. The anode electrode is formed on a glass plate. Next, a grid of cathode electrodes is placed adjacent to the electron transport material supported by the second glass plate. Thus, the basic OLED organic laminate is sandwiched between the electrode and the glass plate substrate. In general, it is generally very difficult to form the electrodes in the exact arrangement necessary to form a pixelated display. This task becomes even more difficult with multicolor displays that form natural color displays by, for example, forming OLED pixels side by side that emit red, green, and blue. The OLED material and electrodes can be made transparent so that color OLED pixels can be stacked on top of each other, allowing for a higher pixel packing density and thereby enabling a display with greater resolution. However, the electrode arrangement remains a problem. In order to produce the pixel components, it is typical to use well-known shielding masks. Shielding masks are difficult to arrange and require extreme accuracy.

  Inkjet printing has now become popular as a promising manufacturing method for manufacturing OLED displays. The heart of this technology is very well developed and can be found in millions of computer printers worldwide. However, there are several significant drawbacks to applying inkjet printing to OLED display manufacturing. It is still difficult to write an accurate layer of material using an inkjet printer spray head. Inkjet printing has not yet adequately solved the problem of material deterioration caused by oxygen and water vapor. In order to prevent premature degradation of the OLED material due to water and oxygen ingress, sophisticated and expensive materials and manufacturing methods that provide adequate encapsulation of the display elements are required. As one attempt to solve this contamination problem, Witex Systems, Sunnyvale, California, has developed a barrier material that deposits monomer vapor onto a polymer substrate and then polymerizes the monomer. We are developing. On top of the polymerized surface is deposited a thin layer of aluminum oxide that is several hundred angstroms thick. This process is repeated many times to form an encapsulation barrier on the OLED display. This sophisticated encapsulation barrier is an example of an effort taken to prevent water and oxygen from contaminating the easily degraded OLED film that forms conventional OLED displays. Even with this sophisticated encapsulation method, the edges of the OLED display still need to be sealed.

  It is difficult to align the electrodes of the display pixel section and the ink-jet printed OLED material with the accuracy required to provide a high resolution display. All of the known manufacturing methods for manufacturing OLED devices require that a very thin layer of reactive organic material be formed and stored. These ultrathin layers are placed between the oppositely charged electrodes. When these organic thin film layers are formed, the inclusion of even very small foreign particles causes electrical shorts and pixel destruction. In order to reduce this serious drawback, conventional production methods require the use of expensive clean rooms or vacuum production facilities. Even with such clean or vacuum chambers, typical OLED displays must use glass substrates or sophisticated encapsulation systems to solve the water and oxygen ingress problem. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improved manufacturing methods for forming OLED devices.

  There is also a need for a multicolor OLED structure that can produce more than one color of light from a single pixel or OLED device. U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,567 to Andersson et al. Teaches a light-emitting polymer device for obtaining a voltage-controlled color based on a polymer film blended with two or more electroluminescent conjugated polymers. ing. The polymer thin film is sandwiched between two electrodes. When different voltages are applied to the electrodes, light of different colors is emitted from the conjugated polymer contained in the thin film. It is expected that multicolor OLED films will somewhat promote the formation of natural color light emitting display screens.

  A natural color indicator is typically obtained by forming a pixel composed of three separately controllable subpixels. Each subpixel can control emission of one wavelength of light of three primary colors of red, green, and blue.

  Edwin Land introduced the theory of color vision based on the center / perimeter retinex ["An Alternative Technical for the Design of the Design". the Retinex Theory of Color Vision, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 83, 3078-3080, 1986]. Rand describes his Retinex theory in “Color Vision and The Natural Image”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Vol. 45, p. 115-p. 129 (1959). These Retinex concepts are models of human color perception. Others have shown that digital images can be improved using the Retinex phenomenon [Rahman et al., US Pat. No. 5,991,456, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference. See)]. The inventor of the 5,991,456 patent has devised a digital image improvement method that uses Land's Retinex theory to initially represent an image with digital data indexed to represent the position on the display. According to the inventors of the 5,991,456 patent, an improved digital image is then displayed based on the adjusted intensity values for each i th spectral band so filtered for each position. can do. In the case of a color image, a new color restoration process is added so as to give the image a realistic color that almost matches human observation.

  For unrelated applications such as drug delivery devices, nanoparticles are used. Others have shown that very small polymer-based particles can be produced by various methods. These drug delivery nanoparticles have a particle size in the range of 10 to 1000 nm. The drug can be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to the nanoparticle matrix. Nanoparticles, nanospheres, or nanocapsules can be obtained by the production method [K. S. Sopimath and others, “Biodegradable Polymer Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery Device” (Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticulates as Drug Delivery Devices), Journal of Controlled Release, 70 (2001) 1-20].

  Recently, researchers have demonstrated a method of producing a composite material composed of a polymer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed. The optical response of this material can be controlled by applying a voltage and has been used to create photonic crystals that modulate the transmission of light (Graham P. Collins). "Liquid-Crystal Holograms Form Photonic Crystals" (Scientific American, July, 2003) A mixture of monomer molecules and liquid crystal molecules is placed between two substrates. The substrate can be, for example, glass plated with a thin layer of conductive material, which is irradiated with two or more types of laser beams, which are specific holographic interferences with alternating light and dark regions. It will produce a pattern The monomer undergoes polymerization in the bright areas of the pattern, and as the polymerization reaction proceeds, the monomer moves from the dark areas to the bright areas and the liquid crystal is concentrated in the dark areas. A solid polymer in which liquid crystal droplets are embedded in the pattern corresponding to the dark region of the holographic interference pattern is finally obtained.

  The current state of OLED manufacturing technology requires the formation of very thin films of organic light emitting materials. These thin films are formed by reuse of known techniques such as vacuum deposition, screen printing, transfer printing, and spin coating, or existing techniques such as ink jet printing. In any case, the current state of the art has to form a very thin film layer of organic material in the center. These thin films must be deposited very uniformly and accurately, which has proven extremely difficult. These thin layers of organic material are susceptible to major problems such as reduced device life due to water and oxygen ingress and particularly delamination when applied to flexible substrates. The extreme thinness of the organic material layer between conductors also results in electrical shorts being easily formed by even very small pieces of dust or other contaminants. Because of this limitation, costly clean room facilities must be built and maintained using conventional OLED thin film manufacturing techniques. While organic light emitting devices offer enormous potential due to the inherent quality of organic materials, the current state of manufacturing in the field limits the provision of that potential to consumers.

  One object of the present invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the conventional methods. One object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a photoactive device by three-dimensionally dispersing semiconductor particles in a carrier material. The resulting structure has individual light emitting point sources dispersed within the protective barrier material. The barrier material provides strength to the device, provides adhesion to electrodes and / or other films, and prevents contamination of semiconductor particles. The manufacturing method of the present invention emits multiple colors from the mixture of the present invention between a pair of electrodes forming a pixel or device. In the display driving scheme of the present invention, such an array of pixels causes a rapid and continuous emission of color, resulting in perception by the human eye in the color range of the visible spectrum. Thus, according to this aspect of the invention, a natural color video display can be created using a single light emitting layer and a pair of electrodes. The organic photoactive material [OLAM ™] structure of the present invention can also be used to detect the color spectrum when the device is configured as a photodetector.

  Another object of the present invention is to provide a photoactive fiber having the advantages of the OLED phenomenon. The photoactive fibers of the present invention comprise a long cured conductive carrier material. Semiconductor particles are dispersed within the conductive carrier material. Application of an electric field provides a first contact region such that a first type of charged carrier is injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. A second contact layer is provided such that upon application of an electric field to the second contact layer, a second type of charged carrier is injected through the conductive carrier material and into the semiconductor particles. The semiconductor particles may contain at least one organic and inorganic semiconductor.

  The conductive carrier material may include a binder material along with one or more property adjusting additives. The additive for property adjustment is a granular material and / or a fluid, and is a desiccant, a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength increasing phase, an adhesion increasing phase, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, Low work function metals, blocking materials, and luminescence enhancing materials may be included.

  The first and second contact portions may include a first conductive member disposed longitudinally within a long cured conductive carrier material. Other than the first and second contact portions include a second conductive member disposed adjacent to the first conductive member, and at least a portion of the semiconductor particles includes the first conductive member and the second conductive member. You may make it arrange | position between conductive members. The first conductive member includes a conductive material composed of at least one metal and a conductive polymer disposed within a long cured conductive carrier material, and the second conductive member includes a long cured conductive material. A conductive material composed of at least one metal and a conductive polymer disposed as an outer coating of the conductive carrier material.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, an injection moldable photoactive material is provided comprising semiconductor photoactive particles dispersed in a curable carrier material. The semiconductor photoactive particles may contain at least one of an organic and inorganic semiconductor. The organic photoactive particles can include particles that include at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material. The organic photoactive particles can include particles comprising a polymer mixture. The polymer mixture may include an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Further organic emitters may be included in the polymer mixture. The organic photoactive particles can include microcapsules that include a polymer shell that encloses an internal phase composed of a polymer mixture.

  The carrier material can be a curable binder material combined with one or more property-adjusting additives. The property adjusting additive may include at least one of particles and fluid. Properties adjusting additives include desiccant, scavenger, conductive phase, semiconductive phase, insulating phase, mechanical strength increasing phase, adhesion increasing phase, hole injection material, electron injection material, low work function metal, blocking material , And a luminescence enhancing material. The granular material may include an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance improving material. The carrier may include organic emitters, inorganic emitters, hole transport materials, inhibitor materials, electron transport materials, and performance enhancing materials (eg, property adjusting additives).

  In accordance with the present invention, an injection moldable photoactive material can be provided, wherein the semiconductor photoactive particles are of a first color in response to a first turn-on voltage applied to the electrode. It consists of first luminescent particles for emitting a number of photons and for emitting a number of photons different from the first color in response to another operating voltage. The semiconductor photoactive particles may further contain second luminescent particles. The second luminescent particles emit a number of photons of the second color in response to the second actuation voltage and emit a different number of photons of the second color in response to another actuation voltage. With this composition and structure, a polychromatic photoactive material is obtained.

  The particles can be configured to have a first end having one electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity. The particles are conductive carriers such that a first type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the first end and a second type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the second end. Can be arranged within.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a photoreceptive photoactive device is provided. The first electrode and the second electrode are disposed adjacent to each other so as to define a gap therebetween. A photoactive mixture composed of photon acceptor particles and a carrier material for receiving photons of light and converting the photons into electrical energy is provided. The photoactive mixture is disposed in a gap between the first electrode and the second electrode such that electrical energy is generated when light energy is received by the photon-accepting particles, the electrical energy being between the first electrode and the first electrode. It can be derived from an electrical connection with the second electrode. With this composition and structure, a light-energy conversion device can be obtained, from which a solar cell, photodetector or camera element can be made.

  The photon acceptor particles may include at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. The carrier can include at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. Furthermore, an additional layer may be formed in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode. These additional layers serve to define the mechanical, electrical and optical properties of the device of the present invention. These additional layers may include at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, an inhibitor material, an electron transport material, and a performance improving material (for example, a property adjusting additive). Good.

  Applicants have discovered that the ultra-thin nature of conventional organic photoactive devices results in many disadvantages. These drawbacks include the inclusion of small foreign particles, crosstalk between pixels in the display array, thin film delamination, thin film degradation due to oxygen and water intrusion, and other important defects. It is not limited. According to the present invention, the disadvantages caused by having a very small gap between the electrodes are solved by increasing the distance of this gap. Thus, according to the present invention, the organic photoactive device includes a first electrode and a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode. The first and second electrodes define a gap between them. The organic light emitting layer is disposed in the gap. In order to solve the thin film problem and improve the performance of the apparatus of the present invention, a gap widening composition is also placed in the gap. This gap widening composition is effective in increasing the gap distance between the upper and lower electrodes.

  The gap widening composition may contain at least one of an insulator, a conductor, and a semiconductor. The gap widening composition can include at least one additional layer formed between the first electrode and the second electrode. These additional layers may include at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, a radiation emitting material, and a performance enhancing material. The composition for expanding the gap includes a desiccant, a scavenger, a conductive material, a semiconductive material, an insulating material, a mechanical strength increasing material, an adhesion increasing material, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, a low work function metal, and a blocking material. , And at least one of a light emission enhancing material.

  The emissive layer can include luminescent particles dispersed in a carrier.

  The luminescent particle has a first end having one electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity. The particles are conductive so that the first type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the first end and the second type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the second end. It can be arranged in a carrier.

  The light emitting layer may be an organic thin film layer. A gap widening composition is a conductive, insulating, and / or semiconductive material that reduces the luminous efficiency of the light emitting layer while increasing the effectiveness of the photoactive device by increasing the gap distance between the electrodes. Can be included. By carefully selecting the components, this reduction in efficiency can be reduced so that the advantage of increasing the gap distance between the electrodes can be obtained without losing too much device efficiency.

  In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the photoactive device includes semiconductor particles dispersed within a carrier material. The first contact layer is provided such that when an electric field is applied, charged particles having one polarity are injected through the conductive carrier material and into the semiconductor particles. A second contact layer is provided such that when an electric field is applied to the second contact layer, charged particles of opposite polarity are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. The semiconductor particles include at least one of organic and inorganic semiconductors. The semiconductor particles may contain organic photoactive particles containing at least one kind of conjugated polymer. When an electric field is applied between the first and second contact layers to the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material, the second contact layer is positive with respect to the first contact layer, and charged particles of opposite polarity Injected into. Charge carriers of opposite polarity combine to form a charge carrier pair in the conjugated polymer, which emits radiation and decays, releasing radiation from the conjugated polymer. In this case, the photoactive device of the present invention acts as a light emitting diode.

  Importantly, the present invention can be used not only for small molecule OLED materials, but also for large molecule OLED materials. It is very difficult or impossible to dissolve small molecule OLED materials in liquids, and therefore the state of the art is, for example, a method similar to the method of manufacturing computer microprocessor chips. Must be vacuum deposited as a very thin film to form an OLED device. However, since the display is typically much larger than the chip, the manufacturing method becomes too expensive to form a large display. However, according to the present invention, particles of small molecule OLED material can be mixed together with a carrier material placed in the gap between the electrodes. The particles can include other materials such as organic and inorganic property enhancing materials to adjust the electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the photoactive device.

  The organic photoactive particles may include particles composed of a polymer mixture. The polymer mixture includes at least one organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, a blocking material, and an electron transport material. The organic photoactive particles may include microcapsules having a polymer shell that encloses the internal phase. The internal phase and / or shell can be composed of a polymer mixture comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, a blocking material, and an electron transport material.

  To form a display device, the first contact layer and the second contact layer can be arranged to form an array of pixel electrodes. Each pixel includes a portion of semiconductor particles dispersed within a conductive carrier material. Each pixel can be selectively addressed by applying a drive voltage to the appropriate first and second contact electrodes.

  Another aspect of the invention provides a voltage controlled photoactive device for emitting two or more colors of light. The first electrode and the second electrode are arranged adjacent to each other with a gap between them. A mixture of organic photoactive particles and a conductive carrier material is placed in the gap. Because of the particle / carrier mixture, the gap between the electrodes can be much wider than the thickness of the luminescent particles (whatever layers sandwich the organic luminescent layer). The particles are dispersed three-dimensionally throughout the conductive carrier. This structure solves many of the disadvantages such as electrical shorts, delamination, etc. associated with the method of producing very thin polymer films.

  In the voltage controlled multicolor embodiment, the organic photoactive particles are composed of first luminescent particles comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The first luminescent particles emit a number of photons of a first color in response to a first operating voltage applied to the electrode. The first luminescent particles also emit zero or more different numbers of photons of the first color in response to another operating voltage. The organic photoactive particles further include second luminescent particles containing a second conjugated polymer. The second luminescent particles emit a number of photons of the second color in response to the second actuation voltage and emit a different number of photons of the second color in response to another actuation voltage. In this way, in the case of multicolor diodes or displays, different colors can be perceived by the human eye due to the applied operating voltage.

  The organic photoactive layer may include third light emitting particles including a third electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The third luminescent particle emits a number of photons having a third color and / or intensity in response to a third operating voltage applied to the electrode, and a third color in response to another operating voltage. And / or emit different numbers of photons with intensities. Obtaining a natural color display by incorporating an array of pixels that can emit different colors, such as first color, red, second color, green, and third color, blue Can do. The color emitter can be a mixture of organic and inorganic materials. For example, an organic conjugated polymer emitter can be used as a red emitter, and an inorganic rare earth metal or metal alloy, or a doped inorganic semiconductor can be used as a green emitter. This combination of organic and inorganic emitters can expand what is possible as a luminescent material candidate that allows the device of the present invention to be tailored for specific applications.

  The voltage controlled organic photoactive device can be configured as a display. In this case, the first electrode is a part of the x-grid electrode and the second electrode is a part of the y-grid electrode. The mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode constitutes the light emitting component of the pixel of the display device. Depending on the structure of the device, it can be driven as a receiving matrix or active matrix device.

  In accordance with the present invention, an organic photoactive display device includes a substrate and a first grid of drive electrodes formed on the substrate. A second grid of electrodes is disposed adjacent to the first grid of electrodes and defines a gap therebetween. A mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material is placed in the gap. The organic photoactive particle includes a first particle including a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a first operating voltage, and a second electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a second operating voltage different from the first operating voltage. Contains second particles. When the first operating voltage is applied, the first color is emitted by the first electroluminescent conjugated polymer. In response to the second operating voltage applied to the first electrode and the second electrode, light having the second color is emitted by the second electroluminescent conjugated polymer. Additional light emitters can be included, including emitters that emit photons that fall primarily in the visible and / or invisible range of the photon emission spectrum. These light emitters can also be composed of other organic or inorganic materials.

  In accordance with the present invention, a method for driving a multicolor light emitting device is provided, which can emit two or more colors in succession. Each color is emitted in response to a different applied actuation voltage. During the light emission cycle, a first operating voltage is applied to the light emitting device having a duration that emits a dominant number of photons of the first color as a sudden first emission. Next, during the light emission cycle, a second operating voltage having a magnitude and polarity different from the magnitude and polarity of the first operating voltage and a duration is applied. For example, the dominant emission of red photons can occur at an operating voltage of 5V and the dominant emission of green photons can occur at an operating voltage of 10V. In response to the second operating voltage duration, a dominant number of photons of the second color are suddenly emitted as second radiation. In this way, during the radiation cycle, the first sudden radiation and the second sudden radiation (and possibly the third or more sudden radiation) are caused to occur rapidly and continuously. Stimulates the human eye and vision system that has received the first sudden radiation, the second sudden radiation, etc. to perceive as one color different from the first color and the second color (radiated sudden color) Is done.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method for forming layered organic photoactive material particles is provided. The layered organic photoactive material particles are mixed with a conductive carrier material and placed between the electrodes to form the light emitting device of the present invention. To form the particles, a first mixture of a first organic photoactive component material and a first carrier fluid is formed. A second mixture of the second organic photoactive component material and the second carrier fluid is formed. A first mist of the first mixture is generated in the environment such that the first particles of the first organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment. A second mist of the second mixture is generated in the environment such that the second particles of the second organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment. First particles and second particles are mixed and sucked together in the environment to form first layered organic photoactive material particles. A charge of opposite polarity can be applied to the components in each mist to facilitate electrical attraction. When the charged particles are bonded together, electrically neutral organic photoactive particles are obtained. The layered organic photoactive particles have a first layer composed of a first organic photoactive component material and a second layer composed of a second organic photoactive component material. By forming another mixture of another organic photoactive component material and another carrier fluid, and forming yet another mixture of the previously formed layered organic photoactive material particles and a further carrier fluid, Additional layers can be added to the multilayer structure. As described above, the resulting particles are suspended in the environment, mixed and aspirated together to form a multi-layered particle structure. This process can be repeated to produce multilayer organic photoactive material particles having a range of selectable electrical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Furthermore, depending on the desired particle properties, the components of the multilayer optical structure can be organic and / or inorganic materials. The use of organic and inorganic materials broadens the range of potential materials that can be brought together to form multilayer particles. Furthermore, the method of the present invention can be applied to produce multilayer particles for other applications such as pharmaceutical delivery vehicles, electrical circuit components, bipolar electrophoresis microdevices, nanomachines and the like.

  The environment in which the particles are formed can be an inert gas, reactive gas, vacuum, liquid, or other suitable medium. For example, it may be advantageous for the environment to contain catalyzing elements that promote chemical reactions in or between the components in the mist. The property enhancement treatment may be performed on the formed layered organic photoactive material particles. The treatment may be a temperature treatment, a chemical treatment, such as a light energy treatment that causes photoactivated crosslinking, a shell-forming treatment, or other property enhancing treatment to impart the desired properties to the formed particles. Let's go. Furthermore, it may be advantageous to form particles under controlled conditions such as weightlessness. These treatments can be performed on the component materials and / or multilayer particles to provide special properties or improved quality. For example, heat treatment may be performed to remove moisture or oxygen or other contaminants to increase particle life and luminous efficiency. In order to improve the interface between the component particle layers, a hot isostatic heat treatment can be performed. The particles can be taken up to about 80% of the melting temperature and can be placed under pressure in an inert atmosphere. At that time, the interface between the multilayers can be in a diffused state, which can result in improved particle properties.

  In accordance with the present invention, the OLED device includes a first electrode and a second electrode. The second electrode is disposed adjacent to the first electrode such that a gap is defined therebetween. Unlike conventional methods, the present invention does not require the formation and storage of a thin film of OLED material that has a very large surface area (compared to the thickness of the film) and very little material between the electrodes. . Instead, the present invention utilizes OLED particles dispersed within a conductive carrier. OLED particles are dispersed in a carrier material disposed in the gap between the electrodes. Application of a potential to the electrodes results in electrical energy passing through the carrier material, increasing the energy state of the OLED particles and emitting light.

  In a simple form, the OLED particles may include layered organic particles, each particle including a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer. A heterojunction is formed at the interface between the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer. Each layered organic particle also includes a blocking layer adjacent to the electron transport layer and a light emitting layer (or another stacking sequence and component layer) adjacent to the hole transport layer, thereby forming a stacked organic layer structure. Also good. A blocking layer is provided to facilitate electron and hole injection and coupling, and a light emitting layer is provided to facilitate photon emission when the energy state of the OLED particles is increased.

  According to one embodiment of the invention, the OLED particles comprise microcapsules. Each microcapsule includes an internal phase and a shell. The internal phase and / or shell includes an OLED material. The internal phase and / or shell may include a field reactive material. Depending on the OLED manufacturing method and the desired OLED characteristics, the field reactive material may be an electrostatic material and / or a magnetically reactive material.

  As further described herein, the composition of the microcapsules or particles can be effective to enable the “natural healing” capability of the manufactured OLED device. In this case, the microcapsules contain a composition that breaks or otherwise changes shape when electrical energy higher than the threshold is applied to the microcapsules. For example, certain microcapsules may result in being placed in a location that is a short between electrodes while using an OLED device. The microcapsules may result in placement adjacent to dust particles or other foreign material containing parts that cause a short circuit. In this case, when electric energy exceeding a predetermined threshold value passes through the microcapsule, the capsule is broken and the short circuit is interrupted. This structure automatically removes the microcapsules from the electrical energy conduction path when a short circuit occurs. Further, the particle mixture can include different types of emitters. Each of these different types can have a specific operating voltage. Two or more types may emit the same color of light, but can have different operating voltages. Different colored emitters typically have different useful lifetimes. For example, a blue emitter may have a shorter useful lifetime than a red emitter, and a blue emitter may have a useful lifetime that falls between the two. If one color emitter loses its effectiveness, the indicator loses its color vibration and display effect. However, according to this aspect of the invention, two or more substances of a particular color of OLED particles can be included in the particle mixture. Each material has a different operating power that most effectively emits colored light. For example, a decrease in intensity of the blue emitter can be detected, and other blue emitter materials can be driven by changing the pixel drive voltage.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the microcapsule shell and / or internal phase may include a composition effective to provide a barrier to OLED material degradation. OLED microcapsules are dispersed in a carrier fluid. This carrier fluid also provides a barrier to entry of substances that degrade the OLED material.

  The OLED microcapsule includes at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a field reactive material, a solvent material, a coloring material, a shell forming material, a barrier material, a desiccant material, a scavenger material, and a heat-meltable material. You can have a part. The components form at least one inner layer and at least one shell. The components are selected to have electrical properties that provide a favorable electrical conduction path through the hole transport material and the electron transport material. With this structure, for example, the microcapsule behaves as a pn junction when a potential is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode.

  The OLED device can be constructed of a material appropriately selected such that the carrier material is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED particles, thereby allowing the OLED particles to pass through a path that has a lower electrical resistance than the carrier material. Make sure to give. The potential applied to the electrode in this way will pass through a carrier material having some electrical conductivity and OLED particles having a relatively high electrical conductivity. In this way, the preferred electrical conduction path passes through the OLED particles. Similarly, the OLED microcapsule shell is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED material itself, so that the OLED material provides a lower electrical resistance path than the shell.

  A typical OLED includes an OLED component that is a hole transport material and an OLED component that is an electron transport material. In accordance with the formation of the microcapsules of the present invention, the shell includes an OLED component material that is a hole transport material or an electron transport material, and the internal phase of the microcapsule is other than the hole transport material and the electron transport material. Contains materials. Depending on the desired optical quality of the manufactured OLED device, the carrier material has optical properties that are transparent, diffusive, absorptive and / or reflective to light energy while using the OLED device. Can be selected. During the carrier curing process, light transmission is better through the volume between the top and bottom electrodes and light transmission through the volume not between the electrodes. In other words, the carrier can be selectively cured to have greater light absorption. With this structure, the contrast of the display is improved, ambient light is absorbed rather than reflected from the display, and glare is reduced. Also, depending on the composition of the carrier material and the property enhancing material incorporated therein, the conductivity of the electrical energy therethrough can be adjusted by selective curing of the carrier fluid. In this way, the volume between pixels is controlled to be less conductive than the volume between the top and bottom electrodes of each pixel. This mechanism further reduces crosstalk between pixels. Furthermore, the OLED particles may be more conductive than the carrier material. The composition of the OLED particles can be selected such that the electrical properties of the OLED particles include electrical or magnetorheological properties. This rheological property is effective for the OLED particles to move within the carrier and align in response to an applied electric or magnetic field. Due to the movement of OLED particles into the area of the pixel during the particle alignment process, the volume of carrier material between the pixels will have a lower conductivity than the volume between the top and bottom electrodes. This will also reduce crosstalk between pixels.

  According to another composition of the OLED microcapsule, the internal phase includes OLED material and the magnetically responsive material is disposed in the first shell. The electrolyte and curable fluid material are placed around the shell. The second shell encloses the first shell, the electrolyte, and the curable material. In response to the applied magnetic field, the position of the first shell can change relative to the second shell. When the curable material is cured, the position of the first shell relative to the second shell is fixed in place. As described in detail herein, this microcapsule structure can be used to form capacitor / OLED microcapsules, which would be particularly useful for use in passive matrix displays. This structure can be used to form other electronically active microcapsules for forming electronic circuit components. For example, the semiconductor properties of OLED-type polymers and / or inorganic materials enable the formation of transistors, capacitors, and other electronic circuit elements, such as storage, processing, transceivers, power supplies, and other electronic circuit devices. Can be formed.

  In accordance with the present invention, a method for forming an OLED device is provided. Top and bottom electrodes are provided to define a gap between them. Applying an arraying field between the top electrode and the bottom electrode, wherein field reactive OLED particles are randomly distributed within the fluid carrier and disposed within the fluid carrier. The desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles within is formed. The fluid carrier includes a curable material. While maintaining the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles, the carrier is cured to form a cured support structure in which the OLED particles are fixed in place. In some cases, it may be unnecessary to align the particles by moving them through the carrier fluid. They can remain randomly distributed or simply rotate, for example by properly orienting the bipolar particles between the electrodes, from electricity to light, or from light to electricity. Try to improve the energy conversion rate.

  The OLED particles may include bipolar OLED microcapsules. OLED particles are formed by the following steps. First, first particles composed of a hole transport material are provided. The hole transport material has a true first charge. A second particle having a true second charge composed of an electrotransport material is provided. The first charge has the opposite polarity to the second charge. Combining the first particles and the second particles forms an integrated OLED particle having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer, and a hetero bond is formed between the layers. The first particles may further include a photon active layer. The photon active layer may be a light emitting layer, in which case the OLED forms a light emitting device or may be a light receiving layer, in which case the OLED forms a light detecting device.

  OLED particles can be formed by microencapsulating the internal phase within a shell. The internal phase or shell includes an OLED material, and either the internal phase or the shell includes a field reactive material. Field reactive materials include either or both of electrostatic reactive materials and magnetic reactive materials. In accordance with another composition of the microcapsules of the present invention, the internal phase includes OLED emitter materials and other materials (eg, OLED hole transport materials) dispersed in solutions and / or suspensions, or polymer mixtures. A colored dye may be contained in the internal phase or the shell. The fluid in the internal phase may be a carrier fluid or solvent. Either the internal phase or the shell may contain a field reactive component to provide the microcapsule alignment capability.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a stacked OLED device is provided. The OLED device of the present invention includes a first OLED pixel layer composed of a first layer electrode. The second layer electrode is disposed adjacent to the first layer electrode. A first layer gap is defined between the electrodes. OLED particles are dispersed in the carrier and placed in the first layer gap. Over the first OLED pixel layer, at least one subsequent OLED pixel layer is formed. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer includes a first subsequent layer electrode. A second subsequent layer electrode is disposed adjacent to the first subsequent layer electrode and defines a second layer gap therebetween. OLED particles in a carrier material are placed between the electrodes.

  In order to achieve a natural color OLED display, the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in a first wavelength range in response to a driving voltage applied to the first layer electrode and the second layer electrode. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer can emit light in a different wavelength range in response to the drive voltage applied to each electrode pair, thereby forming an RGB color display.

  In addition, a two-color pixel layer can be formed adjacent to the last subsequent OLED pixel layer. The dichroic pixel layer can be formed from an LCD display type layer or from an electrophoretic microcapsule display layer along the lines described in US Pat. No. 6,50,687 B1 by Jacobson. As described more fully herein, this dichroic pixel layer is not only directly visible in bright sunlight, but can also be viewed with improved contrast in ambient lighting conditions in the room. Results in an indicator. In addition, another subsequent OLED pixel layer can be provided that emits a further color gamut of light having a color and / or light intensity different from the color and / or light intensity of the other OLED pixel layer. With this structure, for example, the display can be driven as an infrared display for stealth night vision applications.

  Furthermore, the OLED device of the present invention can be configured to direct light incident on a pixel grid formed in accordance with the present invention. In this case, the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit electrical energy in response to receiving photons and apply the electrical energy to the first and second layer electrodes as a detectable signal. In addition, a natural color CCD type camera can be formed by adjusting the wavelength range in which subsequent layers of OLED pixels are photoresponsive.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a photoactive device is provided. A mixture comprising monomer and photoactive material is provided. The photoactive material includes at least one material that converts from energy to light in order to emit light in response to applied electrical energy, and to generate electrical energy in response to radiation. It contains at least one material that converts from energy to energy. The monomer is selectively patterned and cross-linked to form a polymer. As the cross-linking reaction proceeds, the monomer migrates in response to the selective cross-linking pattern so that the cross-linked monomer (polymer) and photoactive material are concentrated in separate regions. The end result is a solid polymer in which the photoactive region is embedded in a pattern corresponding to the selective crosslinking pattern.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a photoactive device is provided. A photoactive material is provided in the first region. A polymer is provided in the second region. The polymer is formed by selectively crosslinking the monomer from a mixture containing the monomer and the photoactive material. Selective cross-linking causes concentration of the photoactive material in the first region and concentration of the polymer in the second region.

  According to another aspect of the invention, a method for manufacturing a light emitting device is provided. The invention includes the steps of providing a bottom substrate and a bottom electrode covering the bottom substrate. A light emitting layer is disposed to cover the bottom electrode. The emissive layer includes a mixture of OLED particles dispersed in a monomer fluid carrier. The monomer is selectively polymerized, the OLED particles are concentrated in the light emitting region, and the polymerized monomer is concentrated in the polymerization region.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a light emitting device is provided. A bottom substrate is provided and a bottom electrode is provided over the bottom substrate. A light emitting layer comprising a mixture comprising a light emitting / high conductivity material and a non-light emitting / low conductivity material is disposed over the bottom substrate. The mixture is selectively patterned to concentrate the luminescent / high conductivity material into the light emitting region and concentrate the non-luminescent / low conductivity material into the non-luminescent region.

  For purposes of facilitating understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe it. However, this is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and it is to be understood that changes and modifications may be made to the apparatus illustrated which would normally occur to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains, and of the principles of the invention disclosed herein. It will be appreciated that further applications are also contemplated.

  FIG. 1 shows the thin and light possible of the present invention, which has parts that can be manufactured by the display manufacturing method of the present invention and shows the simultaneous display of illustrated multiple access content, video phone flow, and TV broadcast flow. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a flexible wireless display. FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the thin, light and flexible bright wireless display of the present invention showing the simultaneous display of three received display signals. The wireless indicator uses a single DSP and transceiver. It has a unique printed battery power source and a printed user input mechanism.

  The thin, light and flexible bright wireless display of the present invention includes a flexible substrate that provides a support structure on which components can be manufactured by a single manufacturing method. Applicant's US Patent Application Serial No. “Thin, Lightweight, Flexible, Bright, Wireless Display” entitled “Thin, Light, Flexible Bright Wireless Display”. 10 / 234,302 (the descriptions of which are hereby incorporated by reference) by a unique and effective way to communicate display information to one or more displays, Such an indicator may not need to have substantially on-board storage or processing capabilities. In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, the energy consumption, bulk, weight and cost normally associated with such devices is eliminated, and the durability and convenience of the display is increased. Furthermore, as schematically shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of flows of display information can be simultaneously received and displayed. For example, the video broadcast content such as a TV program is shown in the first part of the display, the personal video content such as a video phone conversation is shown in the second part, and the web page containing the illustrated multiple access content is shown in the third part. Can show. Most of the processing, networking, signal conditioning, data storage, etc. that cause such a set of display content flows is not performed by the wireless display of the present invention. Other devices such as a centralized computer, A / V, or gateway device perform these functions, thereby giving the situation that the display of the present invention can have tremendous mobility and convenience. .

  FIG. 1 shows the thin and light flexibility of the present invention with the parts that can be manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention and showing the simultaneous display of illustrated multiple access content, video phone flow, and TV broadcast flow. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a bright wireless display. According to the present invention, a thin, light and flexible bright wireless display having components that can be manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention is obtained. The present invention makes it possible to obtain a flexible, rugged, natural color video display at low cost. This wireless display can receive multiple display information signals and simultaneously display the received display information in a reconfigurable format on the screen. For example, with a relatively simple signal receiving and processing circuit, such as a digital signal processor available from Texas Instruments of Texas or Oxford Microdevices of Connecticut Multiple video and even video screens can be displayed. Patent application by the Applicant entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays” (herein incorporated by reference) and the invention described herein. This manufacturing method allows the wireless display of the present invention to be manufactured at low cost and with the advantageous features described herein. As described in more detail, a flexible substrate provides a support structure on which a part can be manufactured by a single manufacturing method. The display layer includes light emitting pixels for displaying information. The light emitting pixels are formed by printing or otherwise forming the pixel layer (s) of light emitting conductive polymer. The electronic circuit layer includes a signal transmission component for transmitting a user input signal to the display signal generator in order to control display information transmitted from the display signal generator. The signal receiving component receives display information transmitted from the display signal generator. The display driving component drives the display layer according to the received display information. The user input layer receives user input and generates a user input signal. The battery layer provides electrical energy to the electronic circuit layer, user input layer, and display layer components. The signal receiving component has a first radio frequency receiving component for receiving a first display signal having first display information carried at a first radio frequency, and a second display information carried at a second radio frequency. A second radio frequency receiving component for receiving the second display signal may be included. In this way, two or more simultaneously transmitted video displays can be made simultaneously. The display drive component receives the first display signal and the second display signal, displays the first display information at the first position of the display layer, and simultaneously displays the second display information at the second position of the display layer. May include a single processor component that generates the display drive signal. At least some of the components in the battery, display, user input, and electronic circuit layers are electrically active materials for forming circuit elements including resistors, capacitors, inductors, antennas, conductors, and semiconductor devices. It can be formed by printing.

  The thin and light wireless display of the present invention includes OLAM manufacturing as described herein. In accordance with the present invention, microcapsules 10 or particles are randomly dispersed in a monomer carrier fluid 12 that is injected or otherwise disposed between two electrodes 14. In general, the term “particle” refers herein to a particle of a material or microcapsule 10 and vice versa. The microcapsule 10 may contain an additive that imparts rheological properties and / or electrophoretic properties. The microcapsule 10 forms a chain between the electrodes 14 when a voltage is applied. When the voltage is maintained to maintain the chain formed, the carrier fluid 12 polymerizes and the OLAM microcapsule chain is secured in an array between the electrodes 14. The OLAM pixel thus formed emits light (or is detected or converts light into electricity). The problem of contaminating OLAM materials is a major factor in shortening the life of the display and has thus been an obstacle to commercial success. The manufacturing method of the present invention results in the moisture-sensitive OLAM material being protected by the microcapsule shell and the cured carrier 12. Since the microcapsule chain is formed only between the electrodes 14, the pixel arrangement is automatic. This pixel array structure can also significantly limit crosstalk between pixels and control the optical properties of the cured monomer to improve contrast, display brightness, transparency, and the like.

  Solar cell components or layers can be used to “recycle” the energy emitted by the OLED emitter. Some of the energy of the emitted light and ambient light is incident on the solar cell and generates electricity. This, together with the sheet battery described in the present invention described herein and in the above-mentioned patent application by the applicant entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Indicators” A lightweight, relatively inexpensive dichroic newspaper that can be recharged (even in ambient light) can be displayed as a natural light emitting video (as described herein in FIG. 1).

  FIG. 2 illustrates the particles of OLED material dispersed in the carrier fluid 12 according to the display manufacturing method of the present invention. A typical OLED organic stack consists of a layer of hole transport material and a layer of electron transport material. Conventionally, these layers are formed by spin coating, vacuum evaporation, or ink jet printing. In accordance with the present invention, the OLED material is provided as a dispersion of particles within the carrier material 12. A carrier material 12 containing dispersed particles is disposed between the electrodes 14. The potential applied to the electrode 14 causes light emission in the OLED particles. According to the present invention, a general or special light-emitting device, a single color or color display, a stereoscopic image visual assistance device, a digital map and a newspaper, a windshield of a latest vehicle, or the like can be manufactured using the OLED phenomenon. The particles can also be an organic photoactive material (OLAM ™) that can generate a flow of electrons in response to incident light energy. Using this phenomenon, a photodetector, a camera, a solar cell, and the like can be manufactured. In this application, where appropriate, the term OLED may refer to the composition of a luminescent or photodetectable material.

  FIG. 3 illustrates a microcapsule 10 of the present invention composed of an internal phase of OLAM material encased in a polymer shell. In order to create a minimum resistance path through the OLED material, the shell composition is selected to be less conductive than the OLED material.

  FIG. 4 illustrates an electrostatically active microcapsule 10 of the present invention constructed from the internal phase of an OLED material encased in a polymer shell. The shell is made of a material that can be oriented by the application of an electric field. The electrical properties of the shell allow the microcapsules 10 to be arranged in the desired form in the fluid carrier 12 in response to the applied electric field.

  FIG. 5 shows a micro of the present invention composed of a first microcapsule 10 containing the internal phase of the OLED material and magnetic material, all enclosed in a polymer shell, together with a mixture of electrolyte and uncured monomer. A capsule 10 is illustrated. Due to the magnetic properties of the magnetic material, the microcapsules 10 can be arranged in a desired configuration within the fluid carrier 12 in response to an applied magnetic field.

  FIG. 6 shows the internal phase of the OLED material within a double wall shell, each wall having a composition selected to give the microcapsules the desired electrical, optical, magnetic and / or mechanical properties. The microcapsule 10 of this invention comprised from what was wrapped is illustrated. According to the invention, the OLED particles comprise microcapsules 10. For example, the microcapsule 10 includes an internal phase and a shell that is composed of a material selected according to the desired combination of electrical, mechanical, optical, and magnetic properties. The internal phase and / or the shell may include an OLED material. The internal phase and / or shell may include a field reactive material. Depending on the OLED manufacturing method and the desired OLED characteristics, the field reactive material may be an electrostatic material and / or a magnetically reactive material. The composition of the microcapsules 10 can be effective to enable the “natural healing” capability of the manufactured OLED device. In this case, the microcapsule 10 includes a composition that breaks the microcapsule when electrical energy higher than the threshold is applied to the microcapsule 10. Applying electrical energy above the threshold allows the heated hot melt material to be incorporated as a microcapsule shell. For example, when using an OLED device, when a potential is applied between the electrodes 14, it may result in certain microcapsules 10 being placed in a short circuit between the electrodes 14, Or, when the microcapsule 10 is adjacent to the contained dust particles or other foreign matters and causes such a short circuit, energy exceeding a predetermined threshold value passes through the microcapsule 10 and destroys the capsule. And cut off the short circuit. With this structure, the microcapsule 10 is automatically removed from the electrical energy conduction path in the event of a short circuit.

  FIG. 7 shows a microcapsule 10 of the present invention comprising an internal phase consisting of a mixture of OLED material and other components to adjust the electrical, optical, magnetic, and / or mechanical properties of the microcapsule. Illustrated. The other components can be field reactive, such as magnetically or electrostatically reactive materials, to provide orientation and alignment. In order to provide the capsule 10 with the ability to block the microcapsule 10 in response to an electrical short and rupture or otherwise change its shape or electrical properties to eliminate the electrical short, It can be included. Coloring agents such as dyes and colored particles can be included to control the light emitted from the microcapsules. Desiccant and / or scavenger materials can be included to provide protection against contamination of the OLED material.

  FIG. 8 illustrates a microcapsule 10 of the present invention composed of a first microcapsule 10 comprising an internal phase composed of an OLED material and a corrosion barrier material, all encased in a polymer shell. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the microcapsule shell and / or internal phase may comprise a composition effective to provide a barrier to degradation of the OLED material. OLED microcapsules 10 are dispersed in a carrier fluid 12. This carrier fluid 12 also provides a barrier to entry of materials that degrade the OLED material.

  FIG. 9 illustrates a microcapsule 10 of the present invention comprised of a multi-wall microcapsule 10 in which a layer of barrier material is encased in a polymer shell with the internal phase of the OLED material. Other components of field reactivity, such as magnetically or electrostatically reactive materials for imparting orientation and alignment within the shell of microcapsule 10 as in the case of microcapsule 10 shown in FIG. Can be contained. A thermally expansible material can be included to give the microcapsule 10 the ability to rupture in response to an electrical short and block the microcapsule 10 to eliminate the electrical short. Coloring agents such as dyes and colored particles can be included to control the light emitted from the microcapsules. Desiccant, getter, and scavenger materials can be included to provide protection against contamination of the OLED material.

  FIG. 10 illustrates an ink jet or other nozzle 36 fabrication method for forming a layer of OLED microcapsules 10 dispersed in a photocurable monomer carrier 12. The OLED microcapsules 10 dispersed in the uncured monomer carrier fluid 12 are used in an inkjet printing technique to create a film consisting of a flexible curable monomer and the OLED microcapsules 10 contained therein. be able to. Other nozzle manufacturing techniques such as ink jet type or slot die can be used to form the OLED deposit in which the OLED is contained within the curable carrier 12 in a controlled manner. As described elsewhere herein, desiccant particles can be included in the carrier 12 to improve protection of the OLED material.

  FIG. 11 illustrates a layer of OLED microcapsules 10 secured in a cured monomer barrier disposed between the top electrode 14 and the bottom electrode 14. The curing monomer and the shell of the microcapsule 10 provide a barrier to contamination by water vapor and oxygen. A suitably selected material so that the carrier material 12 is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED particles, thereby ensuring that the OLED particles provide a path of lower electrical resistance than the carrier material 12. The OLED device can be configured from the above. Thereby, the potential applied to the electrode 14 will pass through the carrier material 12 having some electrical conductivity and through the OLED particles having a relatively high electrical conductivity. In this manner, the preferred electrical conduction path passes through the OLED particles. Similarly, the shell of OLED microcapsule 10 has a relatively lower electrical conductivity than the OLED material itself, so that the OLED material provides a path with less electrical resistance than the shell. A field attractive microcapsule 10 comprising OLED material is injected between the two electrodes 14 or otherwise disposed in a random dispersion in a monomer carrier fluid 12. The microcapsule 10 may contain an additive that imparts electrical or magnetorheological properties. When used for a pixelated display layer, the microcapsules 10 form a chain between the electrodes 14 when an arraying field is applied. When the carrier fluid is polymerized while holding the alignment field such that the chains remain formed, the OLED microcapsule chains are fixed in alignment between the electrodes 14.

  The problem of contamination of OLED materials is a major factor that shortens the life of the display, and thus has been an obstacle to commercial success. The manufacturing method of the present invention results in a moisture and oxygen sensitive OLED material protected by a microcapsule shell and a cured carrier 12, wherein the microcapsule chain is formed only between the electrodes 14, or Since the array field is only formed where applied, the pixel array is automatic. This pixel array structure can also significantly limit crosstalk between pixels and adjust the optical properties of the cured carrier 12 to improve contrast, display brightness, transparency, and the like. Using OLED particles in a carrier 12 placed between two or more electrodes 14 to make a display or roll-to-roll sheet used as a “filament” in a light bulb. And can be used to form solar cells, bands surrounding solar cells, photodetectors, cameras, visual aids, head-up indicators, windshields, and the like. The OLAM structure can even be formed as a fiber for light-emitting flooring, wall coverings, special lighting, clothing, shoes, building materials, furniture, and the like. The OLAM material can be injection molded or otherwise formed using known polymer manufacturing methods.

  FIG. 12 illustrates a sealed manufacturing site 22 for forming a barrier protected OLED microcapsule display layer. The microcapsules 10 are dispersed in the carrier fluid 12. The upper plate and the lower plate 16 control the suction toward the flexible substrate 24 and the sheet-like electrode 14 and / or the suction between them. The seal 18 uses a vacuum air lock to keep water and air out of it. The cure location 20 cures the carrier fluid 12 to a flexible water / oxygen barrier. The microcapsules 10 can be used to form emitters, detectors, and various electronic circuit elements (described in the cited applicant's patent applications). The microcapsule 10 can be other mechanical (structure, expandable, meltable, dry, etc.), optical (reflective, diffuse, opaque, colored, etc.), electrical (conductive, resistive, semiconductive, insulating). For example). The upper and lower plates 16 are adjusted to change the aspiration and / or alignment field and adjust the accumulation and alignment of the resulting microcapsules 10. The viscosity of the fluid can also be controlled to adjust the accumulation of the microcapsules 10 (three-dimensional accumulation, control of pixel spread, etc.). As one example, it may be preferable to reduce the viscosity of the carrier fluid 12 with an agitator. For example, two magnetic and electrostatic alignment fields can be applied simultaneously. Mixtures of microcapsules 10 (eg, magnetically conductive OLED microcapsules 10 and electrostatically conductive insulators may be dispersed to create a lowest resistance path that can be better controlled).

  FIG. 13 illustrates the process of manufacturing the display of the present invention using a modular printer to form the various layers of a thin lightweight flexible wireless display. The display manufacturing process uses a combination of different manufacturing locations 22. An example of manufacturing location 22 is US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 234,301, entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays” (Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays). Can be found in the gazette. The various layers of the display include battery, electronic circuitry, user input, and display layers, which are formed at different manufacturing locations 22. In accordance with the present invention, a manufacturing location 22 is provided for forming an OLED light emitting device. The top electrode 14 and the bottom electrode 14 define a gap therebetween. Field reactive OLED particles are randomly dispersed within a fluid carrier 12 disposed within the gap. Depending on the device being manufactured, an alignment field is applied between the top electrode 14 and the bottom electrode 14 and the fluid carrier between the top electrode 14 and the bottom electrode 14. The desired orientation of field reactive OLED particles can be formed within 12. The carrier 12 includes a curable material such as a photocurable liquid monomer. The carrier 12 is cured to form a cured carrier 12 that maintains the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles within the cured carrier 12. The OLED particles may include bipolar OLED microcapsules 10 or other OLED-based structures that can form chains between electrodes 14.

  Depending on the quality of the barrier created by the manufacturing method of the present invention, the additional barrier layer 30 other than the substrate 24 may be unnecessary. This is because the cured carrier 12 and the microcapsule shell protect the OLED material from water vapor and oxygen. Alternatively, an additional barrier layer 30, including a monomer, polymer, ceramic, or thin metal layer, can be included in the structure as needed to protect the OLED material from the environment. Each color layer can be formed on the previous one by a manufacturing method. The OLED microcapsule 10 structure can also be manufactured by using the conductor 26 constituting the pixel electrode 14. In this case, the substrate 24 and the pixel electrode 14 grid become an integral part of the completed OLED device. Furthermore, the OLED capsules 10 can be arranged in a chain shape as shown elsewhere in the text using an electric field generated by applying a voltage to the electrode 14. The mechanism for this arrangement is similar to the phenomenon of causing the electrorheological fluid to form chains in the carrier fluid 12. In this case, the OLED microcapsule 10, or the OLED particles themselves, contain suitable material components that enable the electrorheological effect. Additionally or alternatively, a magnetic material can be applied and used as an array field with a magnetic field. The light surrounding the microcapsule 10 can be cured using light emitted from the OLED material when excited by an applied voltage. Thus, during device manufacture, the voltage applied to the electrode 14 is used to form pixel orientations while simultaneously curing the barrier material.

  FIG. 14 illustrates a highly organized OLED microcapsule 10 structure formed according to the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. The pixels can be controlled to reduce to the particle size of the microcapsules 10 spaced as needed. The conductor shell has semi-insulating or semi-conductor electrical properties. An insulating or semiconducting shell provides a preferred electron transfer path. By adjusting the conductivity of the cured carrier fluid 12, the preferred path can be made clearer through the OLED material.

  FIG. 15 illustrates the chain structure of the OLED microcapsule 10 formed according to the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. The chains of microcapsules 10 can be formed encapsulated in a somewhat opaque cured carrier 12, resulting in a stronger column of light and defined pixels, or the carrier 12 becomes an optical diffusing layer, Mixing of light from adjacent pixels can occur (electrical crosstalk between pixels is reduced or eliminated by the OLED device structure of the present invention). Depending on the desired optical quality of the manufactured OLED device, the carrier material is selected to have optical properties that are transparent, diffusive, absorptive, and / or reflective to light energy during use of the OLED device. be able to. During the curing process of the carrier, it becomes more light transmissive through the volume between the top and bottom electrodes, making it more difficult to transmit light through the volume not between the electrodes, i.e. The carrier can be selectively cured to make it light absorbing. This structure improves the contrast of the display, absorbs ambient light rather than the light reflected from the display, and reduces glare. Also, depending on the composition of the carrier material and property-enhancing material incorporated therein, the electrical energy conductivity therethrough can be adjusted by selective curing of the carrier fluid. In this way, the volume between the bicells is adjusted to be less conductive than the volume between the top and bottom electrodes of each pixel. This mechanism further reduces crosstalk between pixels. In accordance with the present invention, the OLED device includes a first electrode 14 and a second electrode 14. The second electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first electrode 14 so that a gap is defined between them. OLED particles are dispersed in the carrier material 12 and placed in the gap. Application of a potential to the electrode 14 results in electrical energy passing through the carrier material 12, increasing the energy state of the OLED particles and emitting light. A typical OLED includes an OLED component that is a hole transport material and an OLED component that is an electron transport material. According to the formulation of the microcapsule 10 of the present invention, the shell includes an OLED component material that is a hole transport material or an electron transport material, and the internal phase of the microcapsule 10 is an OLED other than the hole transport material or the electron transport material. Contains component materials. Depending on the desired optical properties of the manufactured OLED device, the carrier 12 material may have optical properties that are transparent, diffusive, absorbing and / or reflective to light energy during use of the OLED device. And / or can be selected to have such optical properties tailored for a particular wavelength of light.

  FIG. 16 illustrates a natural color OLED display formed according to the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. A natural color light emitting display is created using the microcapsule / particle production of the present invention. Pixels can be scaled down to microcapsule / particle sizes separated from each other as needed. The conductive shell can be semiconductive, conductive, or insulating over the shell. Its composition provides a favorable path for electron movement. By adjusting the conductivity of the cured carrier fluid 12, the preferred path can be made clearer. The OLED device of the present invention includes a first OLED pixel layer with a first layer electrode 14. The second layer electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first layer electrode 14. A first layer gap is defined between the electrodes 14. OLED particles are dispersed in the carrier 12 and placed in the first layer gap. At least one subsequent OLED pixel layer is formed over the first OLED pixel layer. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer includes a first subsequent layer electrode 14. A second subsequent layer electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first subsequent layer electrode 14 and defines a second layer gap therebetween. A carrier material 12 with OLED particles is placed between the electrodes 14. In order to achieve a natural color OLED display, the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in the first wavelength range in response to the drive voltage applied to the first layer electrode 14 and the second layer electrode 14. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer can emit light in a different wavelength range in response to the drive voltage applied to the electrode 14 pair, thereby forming an RGB color display.

  FIG. 17 illustrates layers of conductive microcapsules 10 for forming an electrode layer according to the device manufacturing method of the present invention. The microcapsule layers can be stacked by a continuous manufacturing method. The conductor 26 may be microencapsulated or a field attractive material. For example, iron metal powder can be attracted by magnetism to form one or more conductors. The OLED microcapsule 10 can be electrostatically or magnetically attractable. The carrier substrate 24 must pass through the applied field and a second, more rugged substrate may be added later, or a barrier layer may be formed if desired. The carrier fluid 12 can be cured with heat or light by the energy released from the curing energy source 28 to secure the microcapsules 10 in place. Alternatively, the carrier fluid 12 can be a plastic material that can be injection molded or a multi-component mixture such as epoxy, conductive powder, and hardener.

  FIG. 18 illustrates the formation of an OLED microcapsule chain formed on the electrode layer. Conductive pixels can be etched into a magneto-optical or opto-electrical coating to improve resolution. Alternatively, the position of the excited pixel can be controlled by light or laser pulses or other mechanisms. The photocurable polymer can be cured to the desired depth and the aspirated microcapsules 10 can be captured and thereby fixed, for example, as microcapsule chains having the desired length.

  FIG. 19 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed between the top and bottom electrode layers. The electrode 14 can be formed in a previous manufacturing process and may be attracted by a mechanism other than the mechanism that orients the OLED particles.

  FIG. 20 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains within the cured carrier 12 to form a corrosion and / or contamination barrier. The substrate 24 with the microcapsules 10 printed thereon may be a multilayer composition of polymer, curing monomer, ceramic, and fiber, such as glass, forming a durable flexible substrate 24, which ( It becomes a corrosion barrier for OLEDs (such as microcapsule shells and cured carrier fluid 12). The conductors 26 that make up the pixel electrode 14 can also be used to apply an array field that is used to fabricate OLED microcapsule structures.

  FIG. 21 illustrates a natural color display formed according to the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. Due to the quality of the barrier created by the manufacturing method of the present invention, the additional carrier layer 30 other than the substrate 24 may be unnecessary because the cured carrier 12 and the microcapsule shell protect the OLED material from water vapor and oxygen. . Alternatively, the additional barrier layer 30 comprising monomers, polymers, ceramics, fibers, desiccants, getters, scavengers, and / or thin metal layers may be structured as needed to protect the OLED material from contamination. It can be contained in the body. Each color layer can be formed on top of the previous one depending on the manufacturing location. An OLED microcapsule structure can also be manufactured by using the conductor 26 constituting the pixel electrode 14. In this case, the substrate 24 and the pixel electrode grid become an integral part of the completed OLED device. Using the electric field generated by applying a voltage to the electrode 14, the OLED microcapsules 10 can be arranged in a chain as shown elsewhere in the text. This arrangement mechanism is similar to the phenomenon of forming chains of electrorheological particles within the carrier fluid 12. In this case, the OLED capsule 10, or the OLED particles themselves, contain suitable material components that allow for rheological or electrophoretic effects (ie movement of the OLED particles within the carrier). Additionally or alternatively, a magnetic material can be used when applying a magnetic field as an array field. When excited by an applied drive voltage, the light emitted from the OLED material can be used to cure the monomer surrounding the microcapsule 10. In this way, the barrier material can be cured while the pixel orientation is formed using the voltage applied to the electrode 14 during device fabrication.

  22-27 illustrate the steps of forming an OLED device according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 22 illustrates step 1 of one embodiment of the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. Step 1: Give top and bottom flexible substrates. Step 2: A barrier layer 30 is formed on the uppermost and lowermost flexible substrates 24 (FIG. 23). Step 3: The uppermost and lowermost electrodes 14 are formed on the barrier layer 30 (FIG. 24). Step 4: Fill the gap between the top and bottom electrodes 14 with the dispersion of OLED microcapsules 10 in the uncured carrier fluid 12. (FIG. 25). Step 5: An electric potential is applied to the electrode 14, and OLED microcapsules and / or particles 10 are arranged in a chain (FIG. 26). Step 6: The carrier 12 is cured to fix the OLED microcapsule chains between the electrodes 14 to form pixels (FIG. 27). The composition of the OLED particles can be selected such that the properties of the OLED particles include electrical or magnetorheological or electrophoretic properties. This rheological or electrophoretic property is useful for orienting and / or moving the OLED particles within the applied alignment field.

  FIG. 28 shows a magnetically reactive OLED microcapsule 10 for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule 10 when the alignment field from the orientation field source 32 is turned off. An OLED microcapsule 10 having a capacitor capability is formed. The OLED material internal phase is wrapped in a first shell. An electrolyte surrounds the first shell, and a second shell encapsulates the first shell and the electrolyte. The OLED material internal phase includes a field reactive material. The field reactive material includes at least one of a magnetic reactive material and an electroreactive material effective to orient the OLED microcapsules 10 within the array field applied from the array field source 32. With this structure, field attractive materials, such as OLED materials and magnetic materials, are microencapsulated in an electrically conductive shell to form an OLED / Mag inner core. The OLED / Mag inner core is microencapsulated with a mixture of electrolyte and photocurable monomer liquid phase in a second electrically conductive shell. The microcapsule shell material is selected to have an appropriate breakdown voltage at which charge conduction takes place. The microcapsule 10 functions as a capacitor element that is charged with a charging voltage, for example. When it is desired to emit an OLED pixel, a trigger voltage is applied.

  Figures 28-30 illustrate the formation of OLED / capacitor microcapsules. Field attractive materials such as OLED materials and magnetic materials are microencapsulated within an electrically conductive shell to form an OLED / Mag core. The OLED / Mag core is microencapsulated with a mixture of electrolyte and photocurable monomer liquid phase in a second electrically conductive shell. The microcapsule shell material is selected to have an appropriate breakdown voltage at which charge conduction takes place. FIG. 29 shows a magnetically responsive OLED microcapsule 10 for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule 10 containing an uncured electrolyte mixture, with the alignment magnetic field turned on. FIG. 30 shows a magnetically responsive OLED microcapsule 10 for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule 10 containing a cured electrolyte mixture, with the alignment magnetic field turned on. According to this composition of OLED microcapsules, the internal phase includes an OLED material and a magnetically responsive material disposed within the first shell. An electrolyte and a curable fluid material surround the first shell. A second shell encapsulates the first shell, electrolyte, and curable material. In response to the applied magnetic field, the position of the first shell can change relative to the second shell. When the curable material is cured, the position of the first shell relative to the second shell is fixed in place. This microcapsule 10 structure can be used to form capacitor / OLED microcapsules 10, which would be particularly useful for use in passive matrix displays. A passive matrix display is typically driven with a relatively large driving energy, and thus the light emission intensity of the driving pixel is typically high. This intensity overcomes the short drive time of the pixel (compared to a more controllable active matrix backplane). This passive matrix drive scheme results in a shorter display lifetime, greater power consumption, and lower display quality. When a charging voltage is applied (as during charging scanning of the passive matrix OLED display grid), the capacitor element of the microcapsule 10 stores the applied electrical energy. The charging voltage is controlled and applied to the selected pixel, and the charge stored in the microcapsule 10 associated with each pixel can be changed by multiple scanning. When a trigger voltage is applied (during display write scanning), the OLED material emits light in a manner dependent on the stored charge in response to the trigger voltage. By appropriate selection of the microcapsule 10 material, an RC circuit is formed, giving the OLED pixel an increased and better controlled emission time and intensity.

  FIG. 31 shows a pixel composed of a chain of capacitor OLED microcapsules charged by a charging voltage. FIG. 32 shows a pixel composed of a chain of capacitor OLED microcapsules that are activated by a trigger voltage to emit light. The microcapsule 10 functions as a capacitor element that is charged by a charging voltage. When it is desired to cause the OLED pixel to emit light, a trigger voltage is applied. Alternatively, the charging voltage may result in just light emission, but the nature of the OLED capsule's RC circuit results in a light emission pulse that is longer than the voltage charging pulse, giving a higher quality passive matrix display image. Result.

  FIG. 33 shows OLED microcapsules that are fluid but randomly dispersed in a curable carrier fluid 12. A first electrode 14 and a second electrode 14 are provided so as to define a gap therebetween. Within the gap, field reactive OLED particles are randomly distributed within the fluid carrier 12. The electrode 14 can be formed in advance on a substrate such as glass. Alternatively, one or both grids of the electrodes 14 can be pre-formed on the flexible carrier 12 to allow for winding manufacture. The manufacturing method of the present invention overcomes the last hurdle to widespread commercialization of OLED devices. In the first step of the manufacturing method of the present invention, a mixture of randomly dispersed OLED particles in a conductive fluid carrier is placed between the x and y electrode grids. The electrodes are pre-patterned on the top and bottom substrates (eg shown in FIGS. 13, 107 and 108). The substrate is a flexible polymer. Because of the quality as a carrier barrier, a precise encapsulation layer is unnecessary.

  FIG. 34 shows OLED microcapsule chains arranged in an application array field formed in the uncured carrier fluid 12. Upon application of the arraying field, the OLED field reactive material is oriented along the field line and forms a chain within the carrier 12 (similar to an electrorheological fluid mechanism) that is still fluid. The next step is to selectively apply an alignment field to the volume between the x- and y-electrodes. The randomly dispersed particles are oriented and moved under the influence of the arraying field to form pixels of the aligned OLED particles. The space between the pixels preferably does not contain any particles. The composition of the carrier and particles is chosen so that the preferred electrically conductive passages pass through the arranged particles. This structure allows the most efficient use of OLED materials and avoids crosstalk between display pixels.

  FIG. 35 shows the OLED microcapsule chains arranged in the applied array field, maintained in alignment in the cured carrier 12. The array field is left applied and the carrier 12 is cured (eg, using light or heat) to form a solid phase that locks the OLED field reactive material chains in place. By appropriate selection of the carrier 12 material, the OLED can be excited to generate curing light and simplify the manufacturing process. Alternatively, the light source 28, such as a laser or other light emitter, can be used while controlling the curing light. The alignment field maintains the position of the particles while curing the carrier. By applying ultraviolet light, the carrier changes from a fluid monomer to a cured cross-linked polymer. Formation and storage of an ultra-thin layer of organic material is unnecessary. The gap between the x- and y-electrodes is much wider, thus avoiding many of the problems of current state-of-the-art OLED manufacturing methods. The resulting display structure is flexible, solid and extremely rugged.

  FIG. 36 is a diagram showing that the drive voltage is applied and light is emitted from the OLED microcapsule chain in the structure of the OLED microcapsule 10 shown in FIG. When a voltage is applied to the electrode 14, the OLED chain allows movement of holes and electrons, increasing the energy state of the OLED material and generating light. The completed indicator consists of a luminescent point source (arrayed particles) in a solid phase protection matrix (cured carrier). The resulting device structure is impermeable to water and oxygen. The much wider gap between the electrodes significantly reduces contamination problems due to dust and particles. When a short circuit occurs between the electrodes, it naturally heals by automatically shutting off the short circuit without losing the pixel. During manufacturing, the arrangement of pixel electrodes is automatic and accurate. A natural color, large video display with extremely high resolution can be obtained. There is no crosstalk between pixels and there is no need for precise device encapsulation. The production method of the present invention can be easily adapted as a winding method for a flexible plastic substrate by adopting a well-established polymer film production method.

  FIG. 37 illustrates a method for forming OLED particles having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer. The hole transport material and the hole transport material are combined to form stable particles. FIG. 37 illustrates the formation of OLED particles. A hole transport material having a net positive charge and an electron transport material having a net negative charge are mixed together in a liquid, and the opposite polarity of the particles creates an attractive force, Result in stable particles. OLED particles are formed as follows. A first particle composed of a hole transport material having a true positive charge is provided. A second particle composed of an electron transport material having a true negative charge is provided. The hole transport particles and electron transport particles are combined in a liquid and bonded to form an integrated OLED particle having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer with a heterojunction formed therebetween.

  FIG. 38 illustrates a method for forming encapsulated OLED particles. The hole transport material and the electron transport material can be combined into one particle by releasing the component particles in the direction of each other. Positive and negative charges will attract and form electrically neutral bipolar particles. The particles may be coated with an encapsulating shell or may be left uncoated.

  39-41 show the process for forming multilayer OLED particles. In this case, as shown in FIG. 39, each particle of the electron transport material is given a true negative charge by the charging source 34 and is discharged from the nozzle 36. The blocking material particles are imparted with a true positive charge and are ejected from the nozzle 36 towards the flow of electron transport material particles. A field application electrode 38 may be provided to deliver each charged particle, and the particles may be bonded together to form an electrically neutral double layer particle. The field application electrode 38 may also serve to attract and remove charged particles that have not been combined as bilayer particles from the combined particle flow. In a similar manner, bilayer hole transporting photoactive layer particles having induced charges can be emitted and sent and combined into bilayer particles comprising a hole transporting material and a photoactive material. As shown in FIG. 41, two double layer particles are imparted with opposite charges and emitted from nozzle 36 in the direction of each other and combined to form a finished multilayer OLED particle. The amount of charge induced in the particles can be controlled to adjust the arrangement of the aspirated components. The number of layers and their order can also be controlled as needed.

  OLED particles include layered organic particles including a hole transport layer and an electron emitter layer. A heterojunction is formed at the interface between the hole transport layer and the electron emitter layer. Each layered organic particle can also include a blocking layer adjacent to the electron emitter layer and a light emitting layer adjacent to the hole transport layer, thereby forming a stacked organic layered structure. A blocking layer is provided to facilitate the proper flow of electrons and holes, and a light emitting layer is provided to facilitate the emission of photons when increasing the energy state of the OLED particles.

  FIG. 40 illustrates a second step of forming multi-layer OLED particles. The amount of charge induced on the particles can be controlled to adjust the arrangement of the aspirated components. FIG. 41 illustrates a third step of forming multi-layer OLED particles. The relatively weak suction field ensures that the layered particles are properly arranged and maintained without causing the particles to adhere to the electrode 41. The ETL side, which is relatively more negatively charged, is attracted to a positive suction force. HTL / EML layered particles have a true total positive charge, but there are more positive charges towards one end, and ETL / BL layered particles have a true total negative charge but towards the other end There are more negative charges. By appropriate selection of the component materials, the electrical properties of the HTL and ETL materials should be effective to ensure that a greater degree of dielectric charge is generated at the ends of the layered particles.

  The OLED particles may include bipolar OLED microcapsules. OLED particles are formed by the following steps. First, first particles composed of a hole transport material are provided. The hole transport material has a true first charge. A second particle having a true second charge composed of an electron transport material is provided. The first charge has the opposite polarity to the second charge. The first particles and the second particles are combined to form an integrated OLED particle that has a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer with a heterojunction formed therebetween. The first particles may further include a photon active layer. This photon active layer may be a light emitting layer, in which case the OLED forms a light emitting device or may be a light receiving layer, in which case the OLED forms a light detecting device.

  FIG. 42 schematically illustrates a natural color OLED display device having a bicolor display layer constructed in accordance with the present invention to improve display contrast, power efficiency, and provide a display that can be seen in bright sunlight. ing. The dichroic display layer can be formed, for example, using a conventional LCD pixelated light modulation layer. Further, the dichroic display layer can be composed of dichroic microcapsules that can be oriented to reflect or absorb incident light using an array field. The microcapsules 40 can be made electrophoretic and oriented using an applied electric field. In this case, the electrophoretic microcapsules 40 are electrically reactive. Alternatively, the two-color microcapsules may be made magnetically responsive in accordance with the present invention. In this case, it is possible to configure a microcapsule having both poles of the north pole and the south pole, each pole being accompanied by the respective color of the two-color microcapsule (for example, reflected light / absorbed light). Microcapsules that can be oriented and controlled in an applied magnetic field can be created using a structure similar to the capacitor / OLED microcapsules shown in FIGS. The dichroic display layer not only provides a light reflective display for use in bright sunlight and other suitable ambient light conditions, but also provides other display enhancement effects. A dichroic pixel layer can be formed adjacent to the last subsequent OLED pixel layer. This dichroic pixel layer results not only in direct bright sunlight, but also provides a display with improved contrast under room ambient lighting conditions. In addition, additional subsequent OLED pixel layers can be provided that emit light in yet another color range having a different color and / or light intensity than the color and / or light intensity of other OLED pixel layers.

  In order to control the reflection of light emanating from the OLED RGB pixels in an automatic manner, the OLED brightness and reflection / absorption dichroic microcapsules 40 are automatically controlled to optimize power consumption and display quality. In order to determine the level of ambient light and adjust the reflection / absorption / image display capabilities of the display of the present invention, a light detection element is used. Furthermore, the OLED device of the present invention can be configured to detect light incident on a pixel grid formed in accordance with the present invention. In this case, the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer generate electrical energy in response to receiving photons and apply the electrical energy to the first and second layer electrodes 14 as a detectable signal. . In addition, black and white and / or natural color CCD type cameras can be formed by adjusting the wavelength range that makes the subsequent layers of OLED pixels photoreactive. The photodetector is used to determine when to use the two-color display element. If the two-color pixel (eg, two-color microcapsule 40) is tuned to the reflective side, the OLED radiation becomes reflected and more light is emitted from the display. If it is adjusted to the absorption side, a better display contrast can be obtained. If the OLED layer is turned off, the two-color pixel becomes a reflective (or two-color) display and is used in bright light or energy saving conditions. This drive scheme requires very little power, and power must be applied only when changing the orientation of the pixel, and then the state remains until power is applied again. For applications such as mobile phones, it is important to be able to see the display in bright light. When the phone is in bright sunlight, a two-color display element is used and the OLED is turned off and clear [the display becomes responsive and can be single color (eg black and white display) or natural color ]. If the phone is in the room or in low levels of ambient light, radioactive pixels are used (natural color display). As an example of how a dichroic display layer improves the display of the present invention, the dichroic microcapsule 40 under normal ambient light (room, office lighting) improves the contrast of the display. It can be oriented to absorb reflected light.

  In low levels of ambient light (airplane, automobile, twilight), the dichroic display element can be tuned and oriented to reflect OLED emission, so that the OLED display element can be driven with low energy consumption. become able to. The bicolor display element can be automatically oriented and controlled to save power and improve contrast. Light filters and side / side pixels can be combined with the display stack to create a variety of display options. In addition, IR and other emitters and detectors can also be included to produce “invisible” graphics that can only be read using night vision aids. Other possible indicators include windshields that automatically block from high-level light sources such as the sun and incoming high beams, and increased visibility to give night vision, telescopes and stereoscopic vision Includes goggles with abilities.

  FIG. 43 schematically shows a display having two-color pixels oriented to reflect the emitted OLED light in the natural color OLED display shown in FIG. If the two-color image element is reflective (orientated so that the reflective side of the sphere faces toward the light emitting side of the display), the light emitted from the OLED element is reflected to form a display image. Used for The orientation of the dichroic image element can be automatically controlled by the ambient light detected by the photodetector.

  FIG. 44 schematically illustrates the natural color OLED display shown in FIG. 42, showing the relative intensity of light reflected by the two-color pixel orientation. The orientation of each pixel stacked dichroic pixel element determines the contrast, ambient light and the reflectivity of the emitted light.

  FIG. 45 shows a magnetically active OLED microcapsule 10 randomly dispersed in a fluid but curable carrier fluid 12 with desiccant particles. The carrier fluid 12 can include, for example, a conductive element, carbon, or powdered iron. The carrier fluid 12 should be selected to have appropriate electrical properties so that the minimum electrical resistance path in the finished display device passes through the OLED material and not through the carrier 12. Accordingly, the carrier fluid 12 may have a semiconducting composition. In order to improve protection against contamination, desiccant and / or scavenger particles 42 are included in the carrier fluid 12. The desiccant can be, for example, finely divided silica-based particles, and special oxygen scavenger materials can be included to further increase the protection of OLAM and other components. Examples of oxygen scavenger materials include dimethylpropanolamine, diethylaminoethanol, cyclohexylamine, nn-diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, other amines, or other suitable materials A composition is included. The particular scavenger material is selected to optimize its effectiveness by other components in the device, taking into account factors such as the optical, electrical and mechanical properties of the device. This desiccant / scavenger can be included in the shell and / or internal phase of the OLAM microcapsules depending on the composition of the microcapsules.

  FIG. 46 shows a magnetically active OLED microcapsule chain arranged in an aligning magnetic field applied in uncured carrier fluid 12. The applied magnetic field can be obtained by a permanent magnet that has been brought into position relative to the display electrode, or by an electromagnet that is controlled so that the magnetic field can be applied as needed to cause the desired microcapsule arrangement and orientation.

  FIG. 47 shows a magnetically active OLED microcapsule chain aligned within an applied alignment magnetic field that is maintained in place within the cured carrier 12. The carrier fluid 12 can include a conductive element, such as carbon. To improve protection against contamination, desiccant (water and / or oxygen scavenger) particles 42 are included in the carrier fluid 12.

  FIG. 48 shows a magnetically active OLED microcapsule structure in which light is emitted from the OLED microcapsule chain in response to a drive voltage applied to the electrodes. FIG. 49 schematically illustrates a natural color OLED display having a high intensity visible light display layer and an infrared display layer.

  FIG. 50 shows the OLED display layer and the liquid crystal light modulation layer 44. The liquid crystal light modulation layer 44 can be used as the two-color display layer described above. The liquid crystal light modulation layer 44 can also provide a display of the present invention that can be selectively reflective. This capability results in the light shielding windshield described with respect to FIGS. In addition, a window can be formed that becomes transparent when needed, can be switched to become a radioactive indicator (visible from both sides or only from one side), selectively light-shielding, bicolor or It can be a reflective indicator.

  FIG. 51 shows an OLED display of the present invention manufactured using a thin film of an organic material together with a light detection element. The photodetector elements can be incorporated into each pixel stack or placed in a grid of different resolution. Whether it is sunlight, lamp light, or fire light, the ambient light received by the photodetector can be used to adjust the light characteristics of the OLED pixels associated with each photodetector. This structure can be used with microcapsule based manufacturing or other indicator structures. This allows for features such as windshields that block bright light sources (eg, using LCD-type shutters) such as bright sunlight, overhead street lights, or headlights illuminated from another vehicle. OLED solar cell components or pixel layers can be used to “recycle” the energy emitted by the OLED emitter. Some of the emitted light energy enters the solar cell and emits light. This, together with the invention described herein and the sheet battery described in the above-referenced patent application entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronic Circuits and Displays” referred to above, is relatively light and relatively Enables an inexpensive dichroic newspaper (as described here for FIG. 1), which is recharged with sunlight (even with ambient light in the room), allowing a natural color luminescent video or still image .

  FIG. 52 shows the OLED microcapsule 10 when the shell has a slightly lower conductivity than the encapsulated OLED material. Since the shell is slightly more resistive than the OLED material, current does not flow around the shell, but instead flows through the OLED material. The particles can be organic or inorganic, and the LED material chip is combined with other materials and oriented as required, as described herein for the OLAM material.

  FIG. 53 shows the OLED microcapsule 10 when the OLED material is encapsulated with an electrolyte. The hole transport material includes a shell, and the shell around the MAG is insulating to prevent the magnetic material from being undesirably affected by the electrical behavior of the microcapsules. The OLED material is contained in the electrolyte solution, and the electron carrier in the electrolyte can be controlled according to the specifications required for the microcapsule 10. For example, the conditions required for electrolyte microcapsule 10 charge retention can be tailored to match the electrical flow for a particular OLED component material. In this way, the microcapsules 10 can be formulated based on their empirical or otherwise determined properties, even for a particular formulation or even a specific batch of OLAM. Other additional materials can be included in the internal phase or shell of the microcapsules, or can be added to the carrier material, or included as other microcapsules 10 in the carrier 12. For example, phosphorescent OLED microcapsules 10 may require different light-induced applied electrical energy. Certain wavelengths of light, such as infrared, can trigger OLED emission at other wavelengths. In this case, other materials such as OLAM or inorganic semiconductors are included to generate electricity in response to IR light. Using the generated electricity, light of other wavelengths is emitted by the OLED pixel layer. Alternatively, other wavelengths of light can be generated by particles having a fluorescent or phosphorescent phenomenon. This capability allows a map that can be read with an infrared flashlight (while maintaining stealth benefits) while eliminating the need for the reader to have night vision, such as when the map is IR illuminated. .

  FIG. 54 shows the OLED microcapsule 10 when the OLED material and the hole transport material are contained in a conductive shell as a solution. This structure can be driven by AC or DC current. OLED particles are formed by microencapsulating the internal phase in a shell. The inner layer or shell includes an OLED material, and either the inner phase or the shell includes a field reactive material. Field reactive materials include one or both of electrostatic and magnetic reactive materials. According to another composition of the microcapsules of the present invention, the internal phase includes an OLED emitter material and an OLED hole transport material dispersed as a solution. A colored dye may be contained in the internal phase. The solvent may be a fluid organic solvent. To provide the ability to align the microcapsules 10, either the internal phase or the shell may contain field reactive components.

  FIG. 55 shows the OLED microcapsule 10 shown in FIG. 54 that includes a magnetically active material. Magnetic material is included as separate microcapsules 10 and an electrically insulating shell is included within the internal phase of the second conductive shell encapsulating a solution of OLED materials (electron transport material and hole transport material). Yes. The electrically isolated magnetic material allows for the arrangement of the microcapsules in a magnetic field without it becoming an electrical short in the microcapsules. The OLED microcapsule 10 is a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a field reactive material, a solvent material, a color material, a shell forming material, a barrier material, a desiccant material, a scavenger material, a colorant material, a photocurable material, and a thermal expansibility. A component including at least one of a material, a heat-shrinkable material, a thermosetting material, and a heat-meltable material can be included. The components of the microcapsule 10 form at least one internal phase and at least one shell. The components are selected to have electrical properties that result in a favorable path for electrical conduction (or electron and hole movement) through the hole transport material and the electron transport material. With this structure, the microcapsule 10 behaves as a pn junction by applying a potential to the first electrode 14 and the second electrode 14.

  FIG. 56 illustrates the OLED microcapsule 10 shown in FIG. 54 that is typically used to create a lighting or display backlit OLED device. For general lighting purposes, OLEDs and hole transport materials can be microencapsulated in the form of solutions. The microcapsules 10 are randomly dispersed in a conductive carrier 12 material, such as a conductive epoxy mixture. The microcapsule 10 can be placed between two planar electrodes 14. The “self-healing” capability described herein is used to correct electrical shorts between the planar electrodes 14.

  FIG. 57 illustrates a transparent flexible OLED display manufactured for use as part of a vehicle windshield. A liquid crystal (or other) light modulation grid may be included. A light modulation grid is used to provide a shutter for shielding light sources 28 with high light intensity, such as the sun or incoming headlights. Photodetector elements (which may be included in a grid in the windshield and / or as another array such as an array) detect when the light source 28 has a greater intensity than the ambient light. At the location of the detected high-intensity light source 28, the light is blocked (eg, the liquid crystal in a pixel is oriented to block incoming light). An IR camera of a radar device or other object detection device can be used to determine when an object such as a deer, a pedestrian, or a dog is on the road. If such an object is detected, an image of the object or some indication will appear on the OLED display at a position on the windshield corresponding to where the object can be viewed by the driver. . Information such as speed, radio channel, incoming mobile phone call number, etc. can be displayed as an agile display image from the OLED display. As an example of a driving circuit for an optical shutter, the photoactive grid generates a potential between two electrodes 14. The potential is effective (if necessary) to align the structures (molecules or crystals or molecular chains) so that light is selectively shielded. This mechanism can also be used to produce a Fresnel lens system [creating the curvature (capability of focusing) of the received image using an essentially flat optical element].

  FIG. 58 is a block diagram showing basic components of a driver display system using an OLED display. The controller controls the display grid and receives input from the photodetector grid. The display driver drives the display grid in response to a light detector grid, IR camera, and / or other detection system such as radar, sonar, ultrasound, etc. under the control of the controller.

  FIG. 59 illustrates an OLED light emitting element. This OLED element can be composed of a sheet of OLED organic material laminate 46, formed on a glass or plastic substrate 24, and cut to the required size. Electrode conductors can be secured to the cut OLED stack 46 and placed in a vacuum or inert gas filled valve. The bulb can be solid, transparent or light diffusive, and can form a rugged solid light bulb for flashlights or other applications if conventional LEDs may be otherwise used.

  FIG. 60 shows an OLED light emitting device having a conventional bulb form factor. OLED lights can be manufactured to have the same form factor as conventional bulbs so that they can be easily fitted into existing bulb sockets. Light can be emitted from the light bulb by the orientation of the organic laminate 46, the reflective electrode, and the transparent electrode. The arrangement of devices can be configured so that the light is emitted in an omnidirectional or directional manner. The OLED element can be composed of a sheet of OLED light laminate 46, can be formed on a glass or plastic substrate 24, and cut to the required size. The electrode lead can be fixed to the cut light stack and placed in a bulb filled with vacuum or inert gas. The threaded portion of the bulb may contain ac to dc conversion circuitry so that conventional sockets, umbrellas, etc., already in the home or office can still be used. Alternatively, other forming factors such as festival lighting, rope lighting, etc. can be used. The cut OLED light stack can be shaped like a square, long, thin, etc. as desired. The same basic structure can also be used to manufacture OLED lights in conventional LED packages.

  FIG. 61 illustrates an OLED device manufactured using a light emitting layer and a light detection layer. The OLED display device may include a light emitting pixel layer and a light detection pixel layer. The light detection pixel can be used to detect ambient light and control the intensity of the light emitting pixel. Using some of the other device structures described herein, the formation of the OLED pixel layer can be accomplished by inkjet, spin coating, vacuum deposition, It can be performed using a combination with other manufacturing methods such as evaporation.

  FIG. 62 illustrates a stereoscopic field goggle having an OLED display device element 48. The light detection pixels can be formed to provide a camera incorporated within the OLED display device 48. The camera optics may include a lens that changes shape and / or focus depending on whether the image is focused on the human eye or on the camera pixel element. Alternatively or additionally, a CCD camera 50 can be deployed adjacent to the OLED display element 48.

  FIG. 63 illustrates a flexible OLED display with a curvature that compensates for the range of human eye movement. The image displayed on the curved and wrapped OLED display is refreshed to compensate for the movement of the head as well as the movement of the user's eyes. Using this stereoscopic visual aid, the movement of the user's head can be determined by an accelerometer and a gyroscope circuit. Eye movement reflects IR (or some wavelength depending on the ambient light) emanating from the retina and detecting the reflection by a photodetector that can be incorporated into or adjacent to the OLED display. Determined by

  FIG. 64 illustrates a flexible OLED display having a microlens element 52 to focus the emitted light to an appropriate physical location in the human eye. It is possible to create a microlens element 52 that uses an optical lens to focus the light on the CCD type element and focuses the pixel light source 54 to the focus of the human eye. The optical properties of the microlens element 52 can compensate for visual problems.

  FIG. 65 illustrates a winding visor 56 having a curved flexible OLED display and a speaker 58. The stereoscopic vision aid of the present invention has a large resolution OLED display. The OLED display is shaped to widen the field of view as it actually is.

  FIG. 66 (a) illustrates a house wall 60 having an OLED display window 62 of the present invention. The window 62 is driven to be transparent so that the tree 64 outside the house is visible through the window 62. The window 62 of the present invention can be configured along the lens of the OLED display described herein. As with all applications for the OLED technology of the present invention, the various elements, including the various cases of the present invention described herein, can be combined for use intended for a particular OLED display or device. Can be adapted to. Thus, in this case, the window 62 of the present invention can be driven so that it is transparent if necessary, so that it becomes a light emitting display (viewable from both sides or only from one side). To selectively block light, resulting in a natural, multicolor, single color, or reflective display.

  FIG. 66 (b) illustrates a house wall 60 having an OLED display window 62 of the present invention, which includes a plurality of video streams including video telephony, internet web pages, and television programs. 66 is driven to display simultaneously. Multiple streams of display information 66 can be received and displayed simultaneously. For example, broadcast video content such as a television program is shown in the first part of the display, personal video content such as a videophone conversation is shown in the second part, and a web page with illustrated multiple access content is shown in the third part. Can be shown in the part. Using the LCD light modulation layer, the content displayed on the OLED display window 62 of the present invention can be viewed from outside the house (e.g., from the poolside), or the LCD light modulation layer can display the radiant display light. It can be controlled so that it can be shielded from view outside the house.

  FIG. 66 (c) illustrates a house wall 60 having an OLED display window 32 of the present invention, which can be driven to become a mirror. In this case, the LCD light modulation layer can be controlled to prevent light from being transmitted through the window. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 57, relatively high intensity light (eg, light from the sun entering the window) is selectively used to prevent glare in the house and keep the house cooler in summer. Can be shielded.

  FIG. 67 (a) illustrates the use of the large format flexible indicator of the present invention as part of a camouflage system for a vehicle such as a military tank. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, a camouflage system is provided that includes a video camera system that captures the field of view in a direction far from the object to be camouflaged, such as a military tank. On the opposite side of the tank to the field of view, a large format flexible indicator is used to display an image of the captured field of view to an external viewer. FIG. 67 (b) illustrates the camouflage system shown in FIG. 67 (a), where the display area has a curved field of view. As shown in FIG. 67 (b), displaying the captured field of view on a flexible display has the effect of creating an illusion to the viewer from the outside, which effectively eliminates the military tank in the background Make it possible. FIG. 67 (c) illustrates the use of the flexible clothing indicator of the present invention as part of a camouflage system for a person. As mentioned above, the camera system captures the field of view. This captured image is displayed on the wearer's clothing, creating an illusion that causes the wearer to disappear into the background. FIG. 67 (d) shows a case where the garment camouflage system of the present invention shown in FIG. 67 (b) is used. The garment can be manufactured in the manner described here.

  FIG. 68 (a) illustrates the use of a flexible and light solar panel as a solar to energy conversion system for powering an airplane such as a military observation drone. FIG. 68B is a block diagram illustrating a system element of the military observation drone shown in FIG. In accordance with the present invention, a flexible light solar panel manufactured can allow an airplane, such as an observation drone, to fly continuously while being propelled, for example, by a propeller driven by an electric motor. Electric motors and other on-board electrical systems are powered directly from the solar panel or from a battery that is recharged by the solar panel.

  FIG. 69 illustrates one embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention and shows semiconductor particles randomly dispersed within a conductive carrier. The photoactive device includes semiconductor particles dispersed in a carrier material. The carrier material can be conductive, insulating, or semiconducting, through which charge is transferred to the semiconductor particles. Charges of opposite polarity that move into the semiconductor material together form a charge carrier pair. Charged carrier pairs emit photons and decay, emitting light radiation from the semiconductor material. Alternatively, the semiconductor material and other components of the photoactive device of the present invention may be selected such that the light received by the semiconductor particles causes a flow of electrons. In this case, the photoactive device acts as a photosensor.

  A first contact layer or first electrode is provided such that a charged carrier having one polarity upon application of an electric field is injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. When an electric field is applied to the second contact layer or the second electrode, charged carriers having the opposite polarity are injected through the conductive carrier material and into the semiconductor particles. To form a display device, the first contact layer and the second contact layer can be arranged to form an array of pixel electrodes. Each pixel includes a portion of semiconductor particles dispersed within a conductive carrier material. Each pixel can be selectively addressed by applying a drive voltage to the appropriate first and second contact electrodes.

  The semiconductor particles include at least one of an organic and inorganic semiconductor. For example, the semiconductor particles can be doped inorganic particles such as the light emitting components of conventional LEDs. As another example, the semiconductor particles can be organic light emitting diode particles. The semiconductor particles may contain a combination of organic and inorganic so as to give characteristics such as voltage-controlled light emission, array field attractiveness, light emission color, light emission efficiency, and the like.

  The electrodes can be made from any suitable conductive material, including electrode materials that can be metals, modified semiconductors, and conductive polymers. Examples of such materials include metals such as indium tin oxide (ITO), gold, aluminum, calcium, silver, copper, indium, and magnesium, alloys such as magnesium and silver, conductive materials such as carbon fiber. Highly conductive organic polymers such as conductive fibers, highly conductive doped polyaniline, highly conductive doped polypyrrole, or polyaniline salts (eg PAN-CSA), or polypyridylvinylene A very wide variety of conductive materials are included, including but not limited to other pyridyl nitrogen-containing polymers. Other examples include materials that allow the devices to be configured as hybrid devices by using semiconductor materials, such as n-doped silicon, n-doped polyacetylene, n-doped polyparaphenylene. Will be included.

  In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a photon-accepting photoactive device is provided. A first electrode and a second electrode are placed adjacent to each other and a gap is defined between them. A photoactive mixture composed of carriers and photon-accepting particles is provided, receives photons, and converts the photons into electrical energy. The photoactive mixture is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and generates electrical energy when the photon receiving particle receives light energy, which is electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode. To be able to be guided from. With this composition and structure, a light-to-energy converter can be obtained, from which a solar cell, photodetector or camera element can be manufactured.

  The photoreceptive particles may include at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, an inhibitor material, an electron transport material, and a performance improving material. The carrier can include at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. Furthermore, an additional layer may be formed in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode. These additional layers serve to define the mechanical, electrical and optical properties of the device of the present invention. These additional layers may include at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, an inhibitor material, an electron transport material, and a performance improving material (for example, a property adjusting additive). Good.

  As shown in FIG. 70, one embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention may include semiconductor particles arranged between the electrodes. When holes and electrons are injected and recombined to form excitons, the luminescent particles act as point light sources in the carrier material. Excitons decay by emitting radiation, such as light energy. In accordance with the present invention, the radioactive particles are automatically arranged and a significant portion of the point light source is properly oriented and placed between the electrodes (or electrode arrangement in the display). This maximizes the light output from the device, significantly reduces crosstalk between pixels, and results in a luminescent structure that is protected within the water, oxygen, and contamination boundaries provided by the cured carrier material.

  In this case, the mixture disposed in the gap between the top electrode and the bottom electrode comprises field reactive OLED particles that are randomly dispersed within the fluid carrier. Yes. An array field is applied between the top electrode and the bottom electrode. The field reactive OLED particles move within the carrier material under the influence of the arraying field. Depending on the particle composition, carrier material, and alignment field, OLED particles may form chains between electrodes (similar to particles in an electric or magnetorheological fluid in an electric or magnetic field) or otherwise align. It becomes oriented in the field. An arraying field is applied to form the desired orientation of field reactive OLED particles within the fluid carrier. The fluid carrier includes a curable material. It may be organic or inorganic. While maintaining the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles by the alignment field, the carrier is cured to form a cured support structure and the OLED particles arrayed therein are fixed in place.

  FIG. 71 illustrates one embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention showing semiconductor particles and other performance enhancing particles randomly dispersed within a conductive carrier material. The semiconductor particles may contain organic photoactive particles containing at least one kind of conjugated polymer. The concentration of the externally charged carrier contained in the conjugated polymer is sufficiently low. An electric field applied between the first and second contact layers causes holes and electrons to be injected through the conductive carrier material into the semiconductor particles. For example, the second contact layer becomes positive with respect to the first contact layer, and charged particles of opposite polarity are injected into the semiconductor particles. These oppositely charged carriers combine to form charged carrier pairs or excitons within the conjugated polymer, which emit radiation in the form of light energy.

  Depending on the mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties desired for the photoactive device, the conductive carrier material can be a binder material with one or more property-modifying additives. For example, the binder material may be a crosslinkable monomer, or epoxy, or other material capable of dispersing semiconductor particles therein. The property adjusting additive may be in a particulate and / or fluid state within the binder. The additive for property adjustment includes, for example, desiccant, scavenger, conductive phase, semiconductive phase, insulating phase, phase for increasing mechanical strength, phase for increasing adhesion, hole injection material, electron injection material, low Work function metals, blocking materials, and radiation enhancing materials will be included. Add particles such as ITO particles, or conductive metals, semiconductors, doped inorganic, doped organic, conjugated polymers, etc. to adjust conductivity and other electrical, mechanical and optical properties be able to. Color absorbing dyes can be included to control the light emitted from the device. Fluorescent and phosphorescent components may be blended. A reflective or diffusive material can be included to increase the absorbency of the received light (eg, in the case of a display or photodetector) or to improve the emission quality. For solar collectors, a random dispersed orientation of particles would be preferred. This is because it allows the solar cell to have randomly oriented light-receiving particles that can effectively receive light from the sun as it passes over the head. The orientation of the particles may be controlled in the solar cell to provide a bias for the preferred direction of captured light.

  The property adjusting additive may include a material that acts as a heat absorbing part to improve the thermal stability of the OLED material. Low work function metal additives can be used, thereby allowing more effective materials to be used as electrodes. The property adjusting additive can also be used to improve the mobility of the carrier in the organic material and helps to improve the luminous efficiency of the light emitting device.

  FIG. 72 illustrates one embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention showing different materials of organic photoactive particles dispersed in a carrier material. The operating voltage for each substance can vary in polarity and / or magnitude. Emissions of different wavelengths or colors can be obtained from one layer of a mixture of organic photoactive particles and carrier material. Thus, the color, duration, and intensity of the light emission depends on the application control of the electric field to the electrode. This structure has significant advantages over other natural or polychromatic light devices and can also be configured as a broad spectrum photodetector for applications such as cameras. The organic photoactive particles can include organic and inorganic particle components including at least one of hole transport materials, organic emitters, electron transport materials, magnetic and electrostatic materials, insulators, semiconductors, conductors, and the like. As described herein, multilayer organic photoactive particles can be formed such that their optical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties are controlled by various particle components.

    FIG. 73 illustrates organic photoactive particles formed from a polymer mixture, and FIG. 74 illustrates polymer mixture organic photoactive particles dispersed in a conductive carrier. The organic photoactive particles may include particles composed of a polymer mixture including at least one organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. The polymer mixture may consist of emitters that respond to different operating voltages to provide a multicolor device. The polymer mixture particles can be dispersed in a carrier that includes at least one of hole transport, electron transport, hole blockers, and other OLED components. The carrier includes other performance enhancing materials such as lithium, calcium, low work function metals, charge injection promoters, light-to-light emitters (similar to fluorescent lamp tube coatings) to achieve the desired emission. You may do it. As described elsewhere herein, other particles and carrier additives can be formulated to improve the properties of the OLED device. FIG. 75 illustrates polymer mixture organic photoactive particles showing photoactive sites. When an electric field is applied to the electrodes, those sites in the polymer mixture will serve as the point source of light emission. These photoactive sites are located where appropriate components of the polymer mixture gather, so that the electrons and holes injected into the semiconductor material together form excitons, and photons To collapse. The organic photoactive particles may include microcapsules having a polymer shell that encloses the internal phase. The internal phase and / or shell can be composed of a polymer mixture comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. As with other configurations and material compositions of the OLAM device of the present invention, the polymer composition can be used to emit radiation of different wavelengths, depending on the material composition and device structure, and so on. It can also be used for light-to-energy converters such as detectors. These structures and compositions can also be used for biosensors and other organic photoactive applications.

  One method of producing polymer blend particles is to precipitate the particles from a solution consisting of the OLED components in a common solvent. Applicant has identified the component poly [2-methoxy-5- (2'-ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylenevinylene]; N, N-di- (naphthalen-a-yl) -N, N-diphenyl. Polymer mixture particles were experimentally formed from -benzidine; and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,1-phenanthroline. These OLED materials are available from H.P. W. Obtained from Sands Corp. The three OLED components were first dissolved in a common solvent, chloroform, and then a non-solvent was added to form a mixture polymer precipitate.

  Nanoparticles are used in applications such as drug delivery devices. Others have shown that very small polymer-based particles can be produced by various methods. These particles typically have a particle size in the range of 10 to 1000 nm. The medicament can be dissolved, incorporated, encapsulated, or attached to the nanoparticle matrix. Nanoparticles, nanospheres, or nanocapsules can be obtained by the production method. [K. S. “Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticulates as a Drug Delivery Device” (Journal of Control 1) (Journal of Control 1) (Journal of Control 1). See)]. In accordance with the present invention, OLED particles having very small particle sizes can be formed. Its small particle size offers many advantages. For example, the final resolution obtained with the display will depend on the size limit of the OLED particles. Therefore, the OLED nanoparticles used by the manufacturing method of the present invention will enable an extremely high resolution display device. Also, a very small OLED particle size will allow more point light sources within a given volume, such as the volume that forms the display pixel. A large number of point sources results in more uniform pixel characteristics, longer device life, and more efficient power consumption. In accordance with the present invention, various methods can be used to form OLED nanoparticles. Various methods described in this document for forming drug delivery nanoparticles can be employed to form OLED nanoparticles. These methods include solvent evaporation, natural emulsification, solvent diffusion, salting out / emulsion diffusion, production of OLED nanoparticles using supercritical fluid technology, monomer polymerization, and hydrophilic polymers. Includes the production of nanoparticles.

  FIG. 76 illustrates a polymer mixture organic photoactive particle having a field attractive component for aligning particles in an alignment field. In this case, the particles include field reactive materials such as magnetically reactive small particles. Magnetically reactive small particles can be included in the particles by suitable encapsulation, mixing, blending, or coating techniques.

  FIG. 77 illustrates a composite microcapsule comprising multi-layer organic photoactive particles, each having a different wavelength emission and actuation voltage. This composite microcapsule or different material particles can be used to form a single layer voltage controlled photoactive device for emitting two or more colors of light. Instead of requiring a separate set of electrodes and a separate semiconductor layer and carrier material mixture, the present invention provides a single layer device that uses a pair of electrodes to control and emit two or more colors of light. enable.

  FIG. 78 illustrates another composite microcapsule comprising multi-layer organic photoactive particles, at least one of which has a field attractive component. A field attractive component may be required to allow particles to be arranged between the drive electrodes. When the alignment field is applied, the field reactive OLED particles move within the carrier material under the influence of the alignment field. An arraying field is applied to form the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles within the fluid carrier.

  FIG. 79 illustrates three types of light emitting microcapsule materials, each having an operating voltage that is adjusted by the composition of the internal phase and the composition of the encapsulation shell. The shell may be formed from a polymer having a conductivity based on thickness and / or composition such that the specific operating voltage of the encapsulated conjugated polymer particles is a desired magnitude. With this additional operating voltage control enabled by the shell / internal phase electrical properties, the photons emitted by the respective materials of the conjugated polymer in response to the applied voltage can be adjusted as needed. The carrier fluid can be formulated to be more insulating before it cures and to have a suitable degree of conductivity after curing. In this case, the carrier fluid can act more or less like oil in an oil / particle electrorheological fluid. The high voltage required to align the particles between the electrodes can be applied without causing too much current to pass through the particles and burn them. Once aligned, the electric field can be reduced or eliminated as the carrier fluid hardens. The carrier fluid may also contain additives that affect the operating voltage of the different emitter materials so that an appropriate number of photons are emitted by the operating voltage applied from each point source.

  FIG. 80 illustrates one embodiment of the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention showing composite microcapsule particles randomly dispersed in a carrier. The internal phase may be a polymer mixture comprising two or more conjugated polymers each having a specific operating voltage for a controlled emission color. In one embodiment of the voltage controlled multicolor light emitting device, a first electrode is provided, a second electrode is disposed adjacent thereto, and a gap is defined therebetween. A mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material is disposed in the gap. The organic photoactive particles are composed of first luminescent particles containing a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The first luminescent particles emit a number of photons of a first color in response to a first operating voltage applied to the electrode. The first luminescent particles emit zero or more different numbers of photons of the first color in response to other operating voltages. The organic photoactive particles further include second luminescent particles including a second conjugated polymer. The second luminescent particles emit a number of photons of the second color in response to the second operating voltage and emit a different number of photons of the second color in response to the other operating voltage. In this way, in the case of a multicolor diode or display, different colors are perceived by the human eye due to the applied actuation voltage. The organic photoactive layer may include third light emitting particles including a third electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The third luminescent particles emit a number of photons of a third color and / or intensity in response to a third operating voltage applied to the electrode, and a third color and / or in response to other voltages. It emits a number of photons with different intensities. By having the first color, red, second color, green, and third color, blue, a natural color indicator can be obtained.

  The composite microcapsule can include three types of OLED particles or microcapsules, or it can be other materials such as conjugated and non-conjugated polymers, organic photoactive materials, field attractive materials, inorganic It can be manufactured from a photoactive material or the like. Each emitter emits light of a specific color range, R, G, or B. Each color particle is blended so as to emit light when a voltage within a specific voltage range is applied between the electrodes. A plurality of composite microcapsules are dispersed in the carrier fluid. The carrier fluid may be a curable material such as an epoxy, a resin, a curable organic or inorganic material, a heat or photocurable monomer, and the like.

  FIG. 81 illustrates one embodiment of the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention showing composite microcapsule particles arranged between electrodes. An array field applied between the top and bottom electrodes moves the field reactive OLED particles under the influence of the array field. Depending on the particular composition, carrier material, and alignment field, the OLED particles form chains between the electrodes (similar to particles in an electrical or magnetorheological fluid when an electric or magnetic field is applied), or else Otherwise, light is emitted within the array field. An array field is applied to form the desired orientation of the carrier-reactive OLED particles within the fluid carrier. The fluid carrier may include a curable material. While maintaining the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles by the alignment field, the carrier is cured to form a cured support structure in which the aligned OLED particles are fixed in place.

  FIG. 82 illustrates the retina of the human eye responsive to light of a wavelength in the visible spectrum. When light enters the eye, it first passes through the cornea in front of the eye and finally reaches the retina behind the eye. The retina is a structure that senses the light of the eyes. The retina contains two types of cells called rods and cones. Rods play an important role for vision at low levels of light, and cones play an important role for color vision and detail. There are three types of cones, each type playing a key role for a specific part of the visible spectrum. The light received by these rods and cones causes complex chemical reactions. The chemical that is formed (activated rhodopsin) causes electrical stimulation to the optic nerve. The brain interprets these electrical stimuli in the visual cortex. Chemicals that respond to the color in the cones are called cone pigments and are very similar to the chemicals in the rods. There are three types of color sensitive pigments, red sensitive pigments, green sensitive pigments, and blue sensitive pigments.

  Each cone cell has one of these pigments and is therefore sensitive to its color. The human eye can feel almost any color change when red, green and blue are mixed. Because of the responsiveness of the three types of cones, humans can perceive colors throughout the visible spectrum. Red absorbing cones absorb best at a relatively long wavelength with a peak at 565 nm. The green absorbing cone has a maximum absorption at 535 nm and the blue absorbing cone has a maximum absorption at 440 nm. The three types of cones respond best to different parts of the visible spectrum (R, G, B), but some of the responsiveness overlaps. The light of a given wavelength (color), for example, 500 nm (green) stimulates all three types of cones, but the green absorbing cone is most strongly stimulated.

  Typically, a natural color display has RGB pixels arranged side by side and generates three simultaneously emitting RGB colored lights, resulting in a mixture of light wavelengths. By simultaneous stimulation of the three types of cones, the color is perceived by the eye as a mixture of colored light. In accordance with the present invention, a single color is obtained by driving a multicolor generating photoactive device in a light emission cycle in which an appropriate number of photons of different colors occur as a burst of continuous light. A dominant number of photons of one color are generated during a sudden emission in response to the application of an operating voltage. In response to the application of different operating voltages, a dominant number of photons of different colors are suddenly generated separately. A portion of the emission cycle is determined by applying each actuation voltage so that the appropriate number of photons for each color occurs at each burst emission. The eyes perceive the desired color by the dominant continuous stimulation of each type of cone cell. The color is obtained by the combination of red photon Xd # + green photon Yd # + blue photon Zd #. Empirically, other wavelengths of light can be used to stimulate the visual system to perceive various colors from the sudden emission of photons, using different numbers and wavelengths of colors along the emission spectrum. it can.

  Each particle shell can have a controlling effect on the operating voltage of the encapsulated OLED. The composition of the encapsulated OLED adjusts the color of the emitted light. The thickness and composition of the shell can be adjusted so that the operating voltage of each first color particle is different from the other operating voltages. For example, each RGB particle has a special shell structure selected, and when a large actuation voltage is applied, the movement of electrons through the low voltage shell and / or the internal phase is too slow, resulting in complete encapsulation of the encapsulated emitter. Or, partial activation cannot occur (ie, the number of emitted photons is reduced).

  Each color emitter can be formulated so that it has a different threshold actuation voltage and / or a different threshold actuation pulse width and / or a different threshold actuation polarity. As an example, a high voltage emitter made to have a small pulse width will emit the same number of photons as a low voltage emitter with a large pulse width, as more electrons and holes move at higher potentials. However, when driving a high voltage emitter, the voltage threshold for the low voltage emitter is exceeded, but the pulse width of the high voltage is too short to activate the low voltage emitter. As an example, hole and / or electron transport materials can be formulated to slow down the progression of electrons and holes in low voltage materials, so that even when more electrons and holes are injected at higher voltages, Voltage emitters cannot recombine across the material (recombination of holes and electrons results in photons).

  A variable DC / AC voltage / current source applies electrical energy to the electrodes. In response to the applied energy, light is emitted from the particles through the top electrode. When AC voltage is applied, each cycle has a predetermined voltage. In each cycle, dominant color light (eg, R, G, B) is emitted in response to a predetermined voltage (or colorless is emitted). The emitted color depends on the operating voltage of the R, G or B particles. Various known particle construction techniques and the techniques described herein can yield dichromatic or trichromatic particles (or four colors, including IR, for example). The burst radiation cycle is fast enough that the eye perceives the desired color in the visible spectrum. For example, the rods and cones of the eye are stimulated separately by the three primary colors, but when fast and continuous, for example, each frame of the video is perceived as a natural color. Due to the very fast operating time of the luminescent particles and the sudden radiation drive scheme, a passive matrix can still be used while still obtaining excellent video images. An individual scanning cycle of an electrode pair can have a large number of sudden cycles. In each sudden cycle, a particularly dominant color is emitted. Thus, in each scan cycle, the eye sees a separate burst of colored light, but the cones and rods are stimulated in such a fast sequence to produce three primary colors (or, if preferred, two or more other Color) is perceived by the brain from the optic nerve.

  By selecting the appropriate formulation of the conductive carrier, it can be made into a hole transport vehicle and an electron transport vehicle. The organic emitter need not be a multilayer particle, but rather it can be a pure organic emitter particle.

  Depending on the composition and composition of the various components, the voltage-controlled photoactive device of the present invention can be driven with AC, using a first operating voltage having one polarity and a second operating voltage having the opposite polarity. Different operating voltages can be a mixture of voltages of different polarity and magnitude.

  The organic photoactive layer may comprise at least one additional light emitting particle comprising another electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The additional luminescent particles emit a certain number of photons in response to the operating voltage and a different number of photons in response to another operating voltage. Photons emitted by the additional luminescent particles can have a color in the visible spectrum. In this case, the additional luminescent particles can increase the visual display capability. For example, the intensity of light emitted by one of the primary color emitters may become degraded due to the useful life of the emitter. Another emitter with the same color but different operating voltage can be put into use to maintain the effectiveness of the entire display. Photons emitted by the luminescent particles can be outside the visible spectrum. For example, infrared photons can control radiation to enable stealth military applications of the display of the present invention.

  The voltage controlled organic photoactive device can be configured as a display. In this case, the first electrode is the x-grid portion of the electrode, and the second electrode is the y-grid portion of the electrode. The mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode constitutes the light emitting component of the pixel of the display device.

  As an example of a voltage-controlled emitter, the first and second electroluminescent conjugated polymers include a plurality of compounds selected from the group consisting of polythiophene, poly (paraphenylene), and poly (paraphenylenevinylene), alkyl, alkoxy , Cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, fluoroalkyl, alkylphenylene, and at least some of the above compounds having substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxyphenylene vinylenes.

  The organic photoactive display device includes a substrate having a first grid of drive electrodes formed on the substrate. A second grid of electrodes is placed adjacent to the first grid of electrodes and a gap is defined therebetween. A mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material is placed between the gaps. The organic photoactive particle comprises a first particle comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a first operating voltage and a second electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a second operating voltage different from the first operating voltage. Including two particles. When the first operating voltage is applied, the first color is emitted by the first electroluminescent conjugated polymer. Light having the second color is emitted by the second electroluminescent conjugated polymer in response to a second operating voltage applied to the first electrode and the second electrode.

  FIG. 83 illustrates the primary color burst drive method of the present invention for producing a natural color image perceived by rapid continuous burst of primary color light. The present invention provides a method of driving a multicolor light emitting device, which can emit two or more colors in succession. Each color is emitted in response to a different applied actuation voltage. During the light emission cycle, a first operating voltage having a duration is applied to the light emitting device so that a first sudden emission of the predominant number of photons of the first color occurs. Next, a second operating voltage having a magnitude and polarity different from the magnitude and polarity of the first operating voltage and duration is applied during the radiation cycle. During the second operating voltage duration, a second burst emission of the dominant number of photons of the second color is performed. In this way, the first sudden radiation and the second sudden radiation occur rapidly and continuously during the radiation cycle. The human eye that has received the first sudden radiation and the second sudden radiation is stimulated to perceive one color different from the first color and the second color.

  During the radiation cycle, a third operating voltage having one of a magnitude and polarity different from the magnitude and polarity of another operating voltage and the duration can be applied. A third sudden emission of a dominant number of photons of the third color is performed. During the radiation cycle, the first sudden radiation, the second sudden radiation, and the third sudden radiation occur rapidly and continuously, and the human eye that receives these sudden radiations has the first color, the second color, and the third color. Stimulated to perceive one color different from the color.

  According to the present invention, the first color is in the red part of the visible spectrum, the second color is in the green part of the visible spectrum, and the third color is in the blue part of the visible spectrum. The light emitting device controls so that the number of photons of each color emitted during each burst of light emission cycle results in a predetermined color in the visible spectrum that can be recognized by the human eye. Even if it is not the three simultaneous emission of R, G and B emitted by a typical natural color indicator, according to the present invention, the continuous sudden emission results in perceiving a predetermined color in the visible spectrum. .

  FIG. 84 illustrates the Retinex burst drive method of the present invention for producing a perceived natural color image by rapid and continuous burst of colored light. According to another aspect of the invention, the intensity, duration and color emitted by the multicolor light emitting device is adjusted by Retinex display operation. Edwin Land introduced the theory of color vision based on center / surround retinex ["Another technique for indicator calculation in Retinex theory of color vision" (An Alternative native). (Technique for the Computation of the Design in the Retinex Theory of Color Vision), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 30-78, 1988. Rand disclosed his Retinex theory in “Color Vision and The Natural Image” [National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 45, pp. 115-129 (1959)]. ing. These Retinex concepts are models for human color perception. Early Retinex concepts included calculations based on the case where color boundaries intersected with light emitted from an image. Land's Retinex concept for human vision is center / ambient space calculation with a center that has a diameter of 2-4 arc · min and a perimeter that is an inverse square function with a diameter of about 200-250 times the diameter of the center. Have. Others have shown that digital images can be improved using the Retinex phenomenon. [See US Pat. No. 5,991,456 by Rahman et al., The description of which is hereby incorporated by reference]. The inventor of the 5,991,456 patent uses Land's Retinex theory to improve the digital image when it is first represented by digital data indexed to represent the position on the display. Devised. The digital image has an intensity value I.D for each position (x, y) in each i th spectral band. sub. i (x, y) is shown. The intensity value for each position in each i th spectral band is adjusted to produce an adjusted intensity value for each position in each i th spectral band according to an equation based on the total number of unique spectral bands. Ambient functions are used to improve certain features of the digital image, such as dynamic range compression, color invariance, and brightness representation. Filter the adjusted intensity values for each position in each i th spectral band using a common function. According to the inventors of the 5,991,456 patent, in that case, an improved digital image is displayed based on the intensity value adjusted for each i th spectral band so filtered for each position. be able to.

  FIG. 85 illustrates the adjusted color burst drive method of the present invention for producing a natural color image perceived by rapid and continuous burst emission of adjusted colored light. The Retinex display operation may include providing digital data indexed to represent the position on the display. The digital data has an intensity for each position in each spectral band. The intensity at each position of each spectral band is adjusted to produce an adjusted intensity value according to a predetermined mathematical formula. The adjusted intensity value is filtered for each position using a general function. The actuation voltage controls the emission of photons of each color based on the adjusted intensity value for each filtered spectrum for each position.

  FIG. 86 is a process diagram showing the steps of the method of the present invention for forming multilayer organic photoactive material particles. FIG. 87 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of a hole transport material and particles of a light emitting layer material. In this example, the first mist includes a hole transport material (HT) and a carrier, and the second mist includes an emissive layer material (EL) and a carrier. FIG. 88 illustrates the method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a hole transport material and a light emitting layer component. 86-88, a first mixture (HT and carrier) is formed from an organic photoactive component material and a first carrier fluid (Step 1). A second mixture (EL and carrier) is formed from the second organic photoactive ingredient material and the second carrier fluid (step 2). A first mist, ie very fine droplets, are generated from the first mixture in the environment, and the first particles of the first organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment (step 3). A second mist is generated from the second mixture in the environment, and the second particles of the second organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment (step 4). The first and second particles are mixed and sucked together in the environment to form first layered organic photoactive material particles [(HT) (EL)] (step 6). The layered organic photoactive particles have a first layer of a first organic photoactive component material and a second layer of a second organic photoactive component material.

  FIG. 89 illustrates multilayer organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing layered particles of a hole transport / light emitting layer material and particles of an electron transport material. FIG. 90 illustrates the inventive method of forming multilayer organic photoactive material particles from a hole transport / light emitting layer component and an electron transport component. Organic photoactive material particles having multiple layers can be formed. A third mixture is formed from the third organic photoactive component material (EL) and the third carrier fluid. A fourth mixture is formed from the first layered organic photoactive material particles [(HT) (EL)] and a fourth carrier fluid. A third mixture mist is generated in the environment to temporarily suspend the third particles of the third organic photoactive ingredient material. A mist of the fourth mixture is generated to temporarily suspend the first layered organic photoactive material particles in the environment. Third particles and first layered organic photoactive material particles are mixed and aspirated together in an environment to form second layered organic photoactive material particles. The second layered organic photoactive material particles include first organic photoactive material particles and a third organic photoactive component material. The organic photoactive material particles thus obtained have a multilayer structure including those in which all three organic photoactive component materials are arranged in the desired order [(HT) (EL) (ET)]. .

  According to the present invention, a multilayer particle structure can be obtained to obtain electrophosphorescent OLED particles. FIG. 91 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing blocking material particles and electron transport material particles. FIG. 92 illustrates the inventive method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a blocking component and an electron transporting component. FIG. 93 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing light emitting layer material particles and hole transport material particles. FIG. 94 illustrates the method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a light emitting layer component and a hole transport component. FIG. 95 illustrates multilayer organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing layered particles of blocking / electron transport material and layered particles of light emitting layer / hole transport material. FIG. 96 illustrates the inventive method of forming multilayer organic photoactive material particles from a blocking / electron transport component and a hole transport / light emitting layer component. As shown in FIGS. 89-96, multilayer particles having component portions arranged in a desired manner can be formed such that the multilayer particles are effective point source emitters.

  Forming another mixture of another organic photoactive component material and another carrier fluid, and forming yet another mixture of the previously formed layered organic photoactive material particles and further carrier fluid. Additional layers can be added to the structure. As described above, the resulting particles are suspended in the environment, mixed and aspirated together to form a multilayer particle structure.

  At least one of the first, second, and subsequent organic active component materials may include at least one of a hole transport material, a light emitting layer material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Other organic active component materials can include at least one of magnetic materials, electrostatic materials, desiccants, hole injection materials, and electron injection materials. In this way, the selection of components can be made such that a multilayer particle structure having the desired electrical, optical, mechanical, field attractive, and chemical properties can be formed. The number of layers and their order and composition can be adjusted according to the desired particle attributes.

  FIG. 97 illustrates the layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the particles of the field attractive material and the particles of the electron transport material. FIG. 98 illustrates the method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a field attractive component and an electron transport component. FIG. 99 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of a light emitting layer material and particles of a hole transport material. FIG. 100 illustrates the method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a light emitting layer component and a hole transport component. FIG. 101 exemplifies multilayer organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing field attractive / electron transport material layered particles and light emitting layer / hole transport material layered particles. FIG. 102 illustrates the inventive method of forming multi-layer organic photoactive material particles from a field attractive / electron transport component and a hole transport / light emitting layer component. As shown in FIGS. 97 to 102, the point light source luminescent particles can be made field absorptive by including a material such as a magnetically reactive material as one of the components of the particles.

  At least one of the first, second, and subsequent carrier fluids may be a solvent for the organic photoactive ingredient material, which is removed by evaporation or otherwise leaves the particles suspended in the environment. You may leave it. Alternatively, the precipitate can be obtained by an appropriate chemical reaction with the component materials and the solvent. The chemical reaction can occur by adding material to the solution before or after forming the mist. The chemical reaction may be caused by the opposite polarity mist carrier material or otherwise the precipitation material may be applied while the solution is in the mist state. The environment can be gaseous, liquid, or vacuum. A flow such as an inert gas flow may be used to carry away the evaporated solvent and / or even very fine droplets and mixed particles. The first, second, and subsequent organic photoactive component materials may be fine particles that are insoluble in each first, second, and subsequent carrier fluid.

  The third and subsequent organic photoactive particles may be multi-layer organic photoactive material particles, which are the method of the invention, microencapsulation, chemical reaction of two or more components, electrical or magnetic attraction of two or more components, Alternatively, it can be formed by other means for forming multilayer organic photoactive material particles. Organic photoactive material particles formed according to the method of the present invention may be encapsulated in a shell to impart chemical, magnetic, electrical, or optical properties to the particles. For example, in the case of a voltage controlled emitter, the microcapsule shell was selected so that the applied operating voltage prevents unwanted photon emission from occurring from the internal phase emitter and / or promotes the desired photon emission from the emitter. It can consist of materials.

  The environment in which the particles are formed can be an inert gas, reactive gas, vacuum, liquid, or other suitable medium. For example, it may be advantageous for the environment to include catalytic elements that promote chemical reactions in or between the components in the mist. The formed layered organic photoactive material particles may be subjected to a property improving treatment. The treatment may be a temperature treatment, a chemical treatment, for example, a light energy treatment for causing photoactivated crosslinking, or a property enhancing treatment for imparting desired attributes to the formed particles.

  Components that attract and form particles may be charged to facilitate mixing to form particles. For example, the first mist may be given a charge having a certain polarity, and the second mist may be given an opposite polarity charge. In this way, electrical attraction between the first organic photoactive particles and the second organic photoactive particles is promoted.

  FIG. 103 is a cross-sectional view of a coated cathode fiber having a blocking layer formed on the cathode fiber and an electron transport layer formed on the blocking layer. FIG. 104 is a cross-sectional view of a coated anode fiber having a hole transport layer formed on the anode fiber and a light emitting layer formed on the hole transport layer.

  FIG. 105 illustrates a coated cathode fiber and a coated anode fiber twisted together to form a luminescent fiber. According to this aspect of the invention, the conductive fibers are coated with an organic light emitting material. A single conductive fiber can be coated thereby with all or any number of layers of the organic laminate including blocking layers, electron transport layers, light emitting layers, hole transport layers, and the like. Furthermore, a second conductor, such as ITO, can be formed over the organic stack and the light generated in the organic stack can be emitted through the transparent ITO layer. Alternatively, a conductive wire can be wound around the organic laminate and act as a second conductor. As shown in FIGS. 35 and 36, as an alternative, the cathode and anode fibers are coated with respective organic laminate layers and then twisted together as shown in FIG. 105 to form the luminescent fibers. Can be formed.

  FIG. 106 illustrates a method of coating electrode fibers with an organic photoactive device material. The electrode fibers may be spray coated, spin coated, dip coated, and / or plated with a suitable layer of organic laminate. Alternatively, the electrode fibers can be coated with vacuum coating, evaporation coating, or the like. These luminescent fibers can be used to produce light emitting products such as lighting, clothes, wall hangings, and carpets.

  FIG. 107 is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing process using the OLED particle / conductive carrier mixture of the present invention. In accordance with the present invention, conventional polymer film manufacturing techniques can be applied to form a solid state flexible high resolution indicator. These manufacturing techniques can also be used to form solid state photoactive devices such as lighting components and solar panels.

  An example of the manufacturing method of the present invention performed by the winding method starts with the lowermost substrate supply roll and the uppermost substrate supply roll. These substrates have a transparent electrode pattern formed in advance on them. In the slot die coating step, a fluid carrier film containing randomly dispersed OLED particles on the bottom substrate is applied. The top substrate is placed on this film. A pressure roller brings the particle / carrier mixture between the substrates to a uniform and appropriate thickness. In the alignment stage, an alignment field is applied to the OLED particles. This applied electric field orients the particles and still arranges them in a fluid carrier. The carrier is cured during the curing stage while maintaining the position of the aligned particles in the applied field. The aligned particles are fixed in place in the now solid state carrier between the top and bottom electrode grids. If necessary, the display can be subjected to a heat or pressure treatment, or other processing step, before the finished indicator is taken up by the take-up reel.

  The production method of the present invention has the advantage of utilizing the existing polymer film substrate and completing the winding technique. Furthermore, the OLED particle / carrier fluid composition of the present invention can be used in other manufacturing methods including screen and lithographic printing, injection molding, resin casting.

  Using the OLED material composition and method of manufacture of the present invention, OLED display encapsulation problems can be addressed with carrier properties, desiccant and scavenger protective particles (if necessary) of the cured carrier of the present invention, and pharmaceuticals. This is solved by the well-known water / oxygen polymer film barrier combination used in other applications. Subtle organic thin films are replaced by rugged OLED particles or microcapsules protected in a solid state matrix. By selecting the appropriate optical quality of the cured carrier, the contrast of the display is improved, eliminating the need for costly alternatives such as antireflective layers. The manufacturing method of the present invention will actually realize the production of flexible displays that are extremely fast, material efficient, inexpensive, thin, light and bright in the near future.

  FIG. 108 shows a polymer sheet substrate with an electrode pattern printed thereon. Pre-patterned electrodes can be formed on the substrate using drum printing, screen printing, spraying, offset, inkjet, or other suitable printing techniques. The electrode may be composed of, for example, a conductive printable ink containing a conductive polymer as a solution. After printing the electrode pattern, the solvent is evaporated, leaving behind a patterned conductive electrode. Electrochemically produced polythieno [3,4-b] thiophene is extremely transparent and conductive. This material or other suitable conductive polymer, metal, or other material can be used as a pre-patterned conductive electrode.

  One of the biggest problems for the OLED display industry is the problem of contamination with water and oxygen. Small molecules and materials contained in polymer OLEDs are susceptible to contamination by oxygen and water vapor, which can cause premature failure. This problem increases when a substrate that is not glass is used. Since OLEDs promise a bendable display, attempts have been made to use plastic substrates instead of glass. Precise barrier mechanisms have been proposed to encapsulate OLED devices and protect the organic stack from water and oxygen ingress. Also, externally applied desiccants have been used to reduce contamination. None of these solutions were appropriate, which increased the cost and complexity of forming OLED devices. Eventually, the problems caused by the penetration of water and oxygen into the organic laminate continue to pose serious technical problems. FIG. 111 illustrates a conventional OLED device. Quite fundamentally, OLEDs are composed of very thin organic material layers that form an organic stack. These layers are sandwiched between the ano electrode and the cathode electrode. When a voltage is applied to these electrodes, holes and electrons are injected into the organic laminate. Holes and electrons combine to form unstable excitons. When excitons decay, they emit light.

  Any available OLED manufacturing method currently requires the formation of a very thin film of organic light emitting material. These thin films are formed by various known techniques such as vacuum deposition, screen printing, transfer printing, and spin coating, or by reusing existing techniques such as ink jet printing. In any case, the current state of the art must form a very thin film layer of organic material at the root. These thin films must be deposited uniformly and accurately. Such thin layers of organic material are subject to major problems such as reduced film integrity, especially when applied to flexible substrates. FIG. 112 illustrates a conventional OLED device, in which one dust particle causes an electrical short between the electrodes. The layer of organic material between the conductors can be very thin, and even very small particles of dust or other contaminants can result in an electrical short being easily formed. Because of this limitation, expensive clean room facilities must be built and maintained using conventional OLED thin film manufacturing techniques. Currently, inkjet printing is firmly established as a promising manufacturing method for manufacturing OLED displays. However, there are several important drawbacks to adapting inkjet printing for OLED display manufacturing. Inkjet printing does not adequately solve the problem of material degradation due to oxygen and water vapor. FIG. 113 illustrates a conventional OLED device, in which a thin organic film laminate is degraded by the penetration of oxygen and / or water. There remains a need for elaborate and expensive materials and manufacturing methods to provide suitable encapsulation to protect and maintain thin organic films. It is difficult to align the display pixel compartment electrodes and inkjet printed OLED material with the accuracy necessary to provide a high resolution display.

  FIG. 109 illustrates the enlarged gap spacing between the electrodes according to the present invention. For illustrative purposes, FIG. 111 of the prior art shows the difference in gap distance between the electrodes in the thin film organic stack so that it can be compared with the larger gap distance between the electrodes according to the present invention shown in FIG. . In fact, the gap distance difference can even be made much larger than that illustrated by the composition of the particle / carrier matrix and the applied voltage. Thin film OLED devices typically have an organic stack deposited with a thickness on the order of about 100 nm. Depending on the material, desired structure, and thin film formation method, some layers are thin and some layers are thick. However, in any case, conventional methods of forming thin film OLED devices give the result that only a very thin amount of material can be placed between electrodes that are all very closely spaced. One salient point is that the significantly increased gap distance between the electrodes enabled by the OLED device structure of the present invention provides many advantages over the thin film OLED device structure. Among these benefits are the reduction or elimination of crosstalk between pixels, a much greater tolerance for inclusion of foreign particles, the addition of performance enhancing materials to the matrix structure, and others elsewhere in the text. There are many mechanical, electrical, and optical advantages discussed in and other such unlisted advantages. Furthermore, the composition of the particles and carrier can be adjusted according to the desired OLED properties. The particles can include a single component or mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport materials, blocking agents, electron transport materials, and performance enhancing materials. The carrier can also include a single component or mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport materials, blocking agents, electron transport materials, and performance enhancing materials. An additional layer can be formed between the electrode and the particle / carrier layer. These additional layers can include a single component or mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport materials, blocking agents, electron transport materials, and performance enhancing materials.

  Applicants have discovered that the ultra-thin nature of conventional organic photoactive devices results in a number of drawbacks. These drawbacks include electrical shorts caused by the inclusion of small foreign particles, crosstalk between pixels in the display array, thin film delamination, thin film degradation due to oxygen and water ingress, and other significant defects. Including, but not limited to. According to the present invention, the disadvantage caused by the extremely small gap distance between the electrodes is eliminated by increasing the gap distance. For example, according to the present invention, an organic photoactive device includes a first electrode and a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode define a gap between them. An organic light emitting layer is disposed between the gaps. In order to solve the thin film problem and improve the performance of the device of the present invention, a gap widening composition is placed in the gap. This gap widening composition is effective in increasing the gap distance between the top and bottom electrodes.

  The gap expanding composition may include at least one of an insulator, a conductor, and a semiconductor. The gap widening composition can include at least one additional layer that can be formed between the first electrode and the second electrode. These additional layers may include at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, a radiation emitting material, and a performance enhancing material. Gap expanding compositions include desiccants, scavengers, conductive materials, semiconductive materials, insulating materials, mechanical strength increasing materials, adhesion increasing materials, hole injection materials, electron injection materials, low work function metals, blocking materials , And at least one of a light emission enhancing material.

  The emissive layer can include luminescent particles dispersed in a carrier. The luminescent particles have a first end with one electrical polarity and a second end with the opposite electrical polarity, the particles are more easily injected into the first end of the first type of charge carrier, The second type of charge carrier can be arranged in a conductive carrier so that it can be more easily injected into the second end.

  The light emitting layer may be an organic thin film layer. A gap expanding composition is a conductive, insulating and / or semiconducting material composition that reduces the luminous efficiency of the light emitting layer while increasing the effectiveness of the photoactive device by increasing the gap distance between the electrodes. Can be included. By carefully selecting the components, this reduction in efficiency can be limited so that the advantage of increasing the gap distance between the electrodes can be obtained without losing too much device efficiency.

  FIG. 110 illustrates a single layered multicolor pixel according to the present invention. According to one aspect of the present invention, a multicolor OLED device is formed that includes particles capable of emitting photons corresponding to the visible (or invisible) radiation spectrum by an applied voltage or other radiation activation mechanism.

  FIG. 114 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the extrusion of photoactive fibers having aligned OLED particles. FIG. 115 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the extrusion of photoactive fibers. FIG. 116 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the extruded photoactive fiber. FIG. 117 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of an extruded photoactive fiber driven by a voltage applied between electrodes. The photoactive fibers of the present invention comprise a long cured conductive carrier material. Semiconductor particles are dispersed in the conductive carrier material. As shown in FIG. 117, application of an electric field provides a first contact region such that a first type of charged carrier is injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. Applying an electric field to the second contact layer provides the second contact layer such that a second type of charged carrier is injected through the conductive carrier material and into the semiconductor particles. As shown in FIGS. 114 and 115, particles randomly dispersed in a carrier may be placed in a container and extruded to form a luminescent fiber. For example, the fibers are formed in a manner similar to that of the single fiber finishing process. The particle / carrier mixture may exit the container through the outlet and then enter the alignment field to arrange the particles before the carrier cures. The semiconductor particles may contain at least one of organic and inorganic semiconductors. The particles can include organic photoactive particles that include at least one conjugated polymer. The concentration of the exogenous charge carrier in the conjugated polymer is sufficiently low so that when an electric field is applied between the first and second contact layers and applied to the semiconductor particles (through the conductive carrier material), the second contact layer is Positive with respect to one contact layer, the first and second types of charge carriers are injected into the semiconductor particles. The injected charged particles together form a charged carrier pair in the conjugated polymer, which emits radiation and decays, thereby releasing radiation from the conjugated polymer. The organic photoactive particles can include particles that include at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material. The organic photoactive particles can include particles comprising a polymer mixture. The polymer mixture includes an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Depending on the way of expression, the emitter can be considered as an electron transport material and / or a blocking material or the like. The salient point is to form particles that can emit photons in response to the applied voltage. The organic photoactive particles may include microcapsules that include a polymer shell that encloses an internal phase. For example, the internal phase may comprise a polymer mixture comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. The conductive carrier material may include a binding material along with one or more property adjusting additives. Properties adjusting additives are particles and / or fluids, desiccant, conductive phase, semiconductive phase, insulation phase, mechanical strength increasing phase, adhesion increasing phase, hole injection material, electron injection material, low Work function metals, blocking materials, and luminescence enhancing materials may be included. For example, low work function metal particles can be included as a material for adjusting properties in the carrier material and / or as a component of the luminescent particles.

  For example, the photoactive fibers can be used in lighting, light to energy conversion devices, indicators (as described below), or other applications. For example, the fiber can be the active ingredient in an optical fiber data transmission line. A portion of the photoactive fiber that converts light to energy can be provided to receive the optical signal and convert it to electrical energy. The electrical energy can be amplified and used as a signal to drive another portion of the photoactive fiber that is luminescent. In this way, the photoactive fibers of the present invention can be used to amplify signals and improve transmission quality and distance along the path of an optical fiber data transmission line.

  FIG. 118 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating an extruded photoactive fiber having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. FIG. 119 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the extrusion of a photoactive fiber having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. FIG. 120 illustrates an extruded photoactive fiber connected to a voltage source having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. The first and second contact portions may include a first conductive member disposed longitudinally in a long cured conductive carrier material. The portion other than the first and second contact portions includes a second conductive member disposed adjacent to the first conductive member, and at least a part of the semiconductor particles is formed of the first conductive member and the second conductive member. It is arranged between. The first conductive member may be a conductive material composed of at least one of a metal and a conductive polymer disposed within a long cured conductive carrier material, and the second conductive member may be a metal and A conductive material composed of at least one of conductive polymers arranged as an outer coating of a long cured conductive carrier material. Furthermore, the composition of the particles and carrier can be adjusted according to the desired OLED properties. The particles can include one component or mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport materials, blocking agents, electron transport materials, and performance enhancing materials. The carrier can also include a component or mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport materials, blocking agents, electron transport materials, and performance enhancing materials. Additional layers can be formed between the electrode and the particle / carrier layer. These additional layers can include one component or mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport materials, blocking agents, electron transport materials, and performance enhancing materials.

  FIG. 121 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the extrusion of a photoactive ribbon having aligned OLED particles. FIG. 122 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the extrusion of the photoactive ribbon. FIG. 123 is a diagram of a portion of an extruded photoactive ribbon. FIG. 124 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an extruded photoactive ribbon that incorporates a wire electrode within the ribbon and is driven by a voltage applied between the electrodes. The extruded shape and orientation of the aligned particles can be adjusted by the desired properties of the photoactive fiber.

  FIG. 125 illustrates a photoactive fiber extrusion and cutting mechanism to form a uniform length OLED photoactive fiber. In this case, the extruded fibers can be formed and cut to a uniform length. Those of these lengths can be dispersed within the carrier and become particles in the particle / carrier mixture described herein.

  FIG. 126 illustrates OLED photoactive fibers randomly distributed between two electrodes. FIG. 127 illustrates OLED photoactive fibers arranged between two electrodes. FIG. 128 illustrates OLED photoactive fibers randomly distributed between two electrodes having a gap distance close to the uniform length of the fibers. FIG. 129 illustrates OLED photoactive fibers arranged between two electrodes having a gap distance close to the uniform length of the fibers. As indicated elsewhere in this text, organic photoactive devices can be formed using luminescent particles dispersed in a carrier in accordance with the present invention. According to this embodiment, the luminescent particles can be long fibers having the composition described herein. The advantage of long particles is that light channels can be formed in the carrier. These light channels may be effective to improve efficiency and / or display or device quality.

  FIG. 130 illustrates photoactive fibers woven into a carpet. FIG. 131 illustrates the weaving method of the photoactive cloth. The photoactive fibers described herein can be spun into yarn and then woven and yarnd. These photoactive yarns and yarns can be formed into a variety of articles, including carpets, wall hangings, garments, and other similar articles.

  FIG. 132 illustrates a curved large encircling indicator formed in accordance with the present invention and formed by tiling a length of indicator portion. One of the many advantages of a flexible display is that it can create a surrounding display and more fully immerse itself in the display content. According to the invention, the length of the display that can be manufactured is very long due to the winding manufacturing method. A large winding display can be obtained by tiling together the strips of the display manufactured by winding.

  FIG. 133 illustrates a method of forming two ultrathin OLED multilayer fibers by drawing and thinning. FIG. 134 illustrates a method of forming four ultra-thin OLED multilayer fibers by drawing and thinning. Thin multilayer fibers can be formed by drawing the component OLED material through a die (if necessary) adjacent to each other and pulling into the fibers. The electrode layers can be formed simultaneously and later coated or otherwise applied, or the multi-layer fibers can be granulated to form particles of the particle / carrier mixture of the present invention. Granulation can include low temperatures to improve the process. In addition, another particle manufacturing method is to form layers of component OLED material on a smooth surface such as a Teflon surface or a smooth surface such as glass, and then chop the layers, if necessary. This is a method of cutting the cut pieces into particles or fibers.

  FIG. 135 is a cross-sectional view showing a wire having an electron transport coating layer. FIG. 136 is a cross-sectional view showing a wire having a hole transport coating layer. FIG. 137 illustrates a covered wire crossing electrode for forming a light emitting pixel at the intersection. By coating an appropriate electrode wire and crossing the coated wires, an OLED layered laminate can be obtained at the point of wire intersection. These wires can then be driven to form an indicator or illumination.

  FIG. 138 illustrates an OLED particle / conductive carrier mixture of the present invention formulated so that it can be formed into a useful product by plastic molding techniques. The carrier material can be configured such that it can be formed into an article using conventional plastic molding techniques such as injection molding or vacuum molding. Depending on the desired properties of the molding apparatus, the particles can be arranged or left in a random state while the carrier is in fluid. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, an injection moldable photoactive material is provided comprising semiconductor photoactive particles dispersed in a curable carrier material. The semiconductor photoactive particles may contain at least one of organic and inorganic semiconductors. The organic photoactive particles can include particles that include at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material. The organic photoactive particles can include particles comprising a polymer mixture. The polymer mixture may include an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Additional organic emitters can be included in the polymer mixture. The organic photoactive particles can include microcapsules that include a polymer shell that encloses an internal phase composed of a polymer mixture.

  The carrier material can be a curable binder material with one or more property adjusting additives. The property adjusting additive may include at least one of a particle and a fluid. Properties adjusting additives include desiccant, scavenger, conductive phase, semiconductive phase, insulating phase, mechanical strength increasing phase, adhesion increasing phase, hole injection material, electron injection material, low work function metal, blocking material , And a light emission enhancing material. The particles may include at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. The carrier may include at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material (eg, a property adjusting additive).

  In accordance with the present invention, an injection-moving photoactive material can be provided, in which case the semiconductor photoactive particles emit a number of photons of a first color in response to a first operating voltage applied to the electrode. And a first luminescent particle that emits a different number of photons of a first color in response to another operating voltage. The semiconductor photoactive particles may further contain second luminescent particles. The second luminescent particles emit a number of photons of the second color in response to the second actuation voltage and emit a different number of photons of the second color in response to another actuation voltage. With this composition and structure, a polychromatic photoactive material is obtained.

  The particles can be configured to have a first end having one electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity. The particles are contained within the conductive carrier such that the first type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the first end and the second type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the second end. Can be arranged.

  FIG. 139 illustrates an OLED solid state light of the present invention having a conventional bulb form factor. Lighting around the world is now a $ 40 billion global industry, with more than $ 12 billion sold annually. The US Department of Energy predicts that by 2010, 20% of all lighting will be LEDs and that energy savings will be 10% worldwide by 2025. The OLED solid state light of the present invention includes a built-in voltage converter and can use conventional bulb form factors, and the OLED solid state light can easily replace the inefficient conventional bulb.

  FIG. 140 illustrates the step of spray coating the reflective conductive layer of the OLED device. FIG. 141 illustrates the step of spray coating the light emitting layer of the OLED device. FIG. 142 illustrates the step of spray coating the transparent electrode of the OLED device. A reflective electrode can be applied or sprayed onto the surface to form the first electrode. The particle / carrier mixture can then be sprayed or rolled over the first electrode layer. The carrier can be composed of an adhesive material and a solvent so that the mixture acts like a conventional spray paint. A second electrode can be formed over the particle / carrier mixture. Appropriate contact land and insulating components are also applied to drive the electrodes so that the photoactive particles emit radiation and / or convert light into energy.

  FIG. 143 illustrates the steps of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, showing a photoactive mixture disposed between the x and y electrode grids. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a photoactive device is provided. A mixture comprising monomer and photoactive material is provided. The photoactive material includes at least one of a material that converts energy to light to emit light in response to applied electrical energy, and a material that converts radiation to energy that generates electrical energy in response to radiation. .

  In accordance with the present invention, a photoactive device is manufactured using a self-assembly technique. A photoactive material is applied to the first region. A polymer is provided in the second region. The polymer is formed by selectively crosslinking the monomer from a mixture containing the photoactive material and the monomer. Selective crosslinking concentrates the photoactive material in the first region and concentrates the polymer in the second region. A first electrode and a second electrode are provided, and a polymer and a photoactive material are disposed between them.

  The photoactive material may be an organic light emitting diode material for emitting light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive material may include an inorganic light emitting diode material for emitting light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. Depending on the intended use, the photoactive material may include a radiation-to-energy conversion material to generate an electric current in response to the radiation, and the radiation will be in the visible and / or invisible spectrum.

  The photoactive material may include an organic photoactive material containing at least one conjugated polymer. The concentration of the external charge carrier in the conjugated polymer is sufficiently low so that when electric energy is applied to the photoactive material, the charge carrier is injected into the photoactive material and together forms a charge carrier pair in the conjugated polymer. , It disintegrates and emits radiation, which releases radiation from the conjugated polymer. The photoactive material may include organic and / or inorganic semiconductors. The photoactive material may include organic particles including a polymer mixture. The polymer mixture can be an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a blocking material, and a liquid crystal. Photoactive materials can be provided as nanostructures and could include synthesized molecules having components that provide functionality different from nanostructures. For example, liquid crystal molecules can provide alignment and mobility, chromophore molecules can provide luminescence, and crosslinkable monomers can provide selective curing and mobility.

  The photoactive material may include microcapsules that include a polymer shell that encloses an internal phase that includes an organic emitter. The mixture may contain a property adjusting additive. Properties adjusting additives include, for example, desiccant, conductive phase, semiconductive phase, insulating phase, mechanical strength increasing phase, adhesion increasing phase, hole injection material, electron injection material, low work function metal, blocking material , A light emission enhancing material, and a liquid crystal.

  FIG. 144 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, showing a polymerization / transfer step. The monomer is selectively crosslinked in a pattern to form a polymer. As crosslinking proceeds, the monomer migrates in response to the selective crosslinking pattern, concentrating the crosslinking monomer (polymer) and photoactive material in separate regions. FIG. 145 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device showing the alignment step. The final result is a solid polymer with photoactive regions embedded in a pattern corresponding to the selective crosslinking pattern.

  FIG. 146 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device that exhibits controlled pixelated emission. The mixture may be disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, which may form an electrode grid of a pixelated display or photosensor. The photoactive material may include an organic light emitting diode material for emitting light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive material may include an inorganic light emitting diode material for emitting light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive material may include a radiation-to-energy conversion material to generate an electric current in response to radiation in the visible spectrum and / or it is radiation that is in the non-visible spectrum, eg, X-rays , Ultraviolet or infrared.

  FIG. 147 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, showing the bottom substrate with the bottom electrode pattern formed thereon. According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a light emitting device is provided. The process of the present invention includes providing a bottom substrate and covering the bottom substrate to provide a bottom electrode.

  FIG. 148 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, showing a photoactive mixture disposed in the photoactive layer over the bottom electrode pattern. A light emitting layer is disposed to cover the bottom electrode. The emissive layer includes a mixture of OLED particles dispersed in a monomer fluid carrier. FIG. 149 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device that illustrates patterning the photoactive layer by irradiating through a mask. When the monomer is selectively polymerized, the OLED particles are concentrated in the light emitting region, and the polymerized monomer is concentrated in the polymerization region.

  FIG. 150 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device showing the migration of photoactive material to the photoactive region. The photoactive material may include at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. The particles of photoactive material may have a first end having one electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity. The particles are arranged within the carrier such that the first type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the first end and the second type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the second end. be able to.

  FIG. 151 illustrates the composition of the components in the polychromatic photoactive mixture. According to the invention, the energy-to-light or light-to-energy conversion material may be a component of a crosslinkable monomer material, or may be formulated as such a material. As shown in FIG. 151, the red, green, and blue luminescent components are each monomer or curable material, each having specific polymerization parameters such as wavelength or radiation, catalyst, temperature, etc. Can accompany the material.

  The photoactive material emits a number of photons of a first color in response to a first operating voltage and emits a different number of photons of a first color in response to another operating voltage. It may contain luminescent particles. The photoactive material may further contain second luminescent particles. The second luminescent particles emit a number of photons of the second color in response to the second actuation voltage and emit a different number of photons of the second color in response to another actuation voltage. The photoactive material may further contain third luminescent particles. The third luminescent particle emits a number of photons of the third color in response to a third operating voltage applied to the electrode, and a different number of photons of the third color in response to another operating voltage. Radiate.

  As shown in FIGS. 152-155, a natural color photoactive device can be formed using the method of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 152, the method of the present invention for manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device includes disposing a multicolor photoactive mixture disposed over a patterned bottom electrode grid. The red, green, and blue light-emitting components can be accompanied by respective monomers or curable materials, each with specific polymerization parameters such as wavelength or radiation, catalyst, temperature, and the like. The light emitting component can be accompanied by a movement assisting material such as liquid crystal.

  FIG. 153 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device showing one selective patterning of colored photoactive regions. In this case, the red light emitting component moves into the column (or pixel) due to the selective patterning and polymerization of monomer 1 associated with the red light emitting component.

  FIG. 154 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device showing a patterned colored photoactive region. As shown, when the mixture is irradiated through the patterned mask at the bright areas of the pattern, monomer 1 undergoes polymerization. As the polymerization reaction proceeds, the monomer 1 and the red component move from the dark region to the bright region, and the other components, green and blue, are concentrated in the dark region. The final result is a solid polymer containing a red light emitting component formed in a selected pattern.

  FIG. 155 illustrates a natural color photoactive device having patterned colored photoactive regions arranged beside red, green, and blue. By patterning and illuminating the mixture in a manner similar to patterning the red component, the green and blue components are formed in a row. A fourth monomer (not shown) having yet another polymerization parameter can also be included, which is then polymerized between the light emission columns.

  FIG. 156 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a pixelated photoactive device, showing a mixture of photoactive materials with a patterned bottom electrode placed over the grid. A mixture containing a photoactive material such as luminescent particles (ep) is dispersed in the monomer carrier. The monomer can be selectively polymerized using a radiation source that is passed through a patterned mask to form bright and dark regions corresponding to the polymerized and light emitting regions. FIG. 157 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a pixelated photoactive device showing selective patterning through a pixel grid mask. The light emitting areas can be formed as individual pixels surrounded by the overlapping areas. FIG. 158 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a pixelated photoactive device showing the movement of the photoactive material to the pixel region. The patterned mask includes at least one of a bottom electrode and a top electrode provided over the light emitting layer.

  FIG. 159 illustrates the composition of components in a photoactive device having pixels and conductive paths formed by a natural assembly method. Photoactive materials such as luminescent components (ep) can be accompanied by monomers or curable materials, each having specific polymerization parameters such as wavelength or radiation, catalyst, temperature, etc. Alternatively, the photoactive material can be accompanied by a migration promoting material such as a liquid crystal, magnetic, paramagnetic, or electrostatic material. Conductive material (C) can also be provided. The conductive material can be accompanied by another or curable material, each having specific polymerization parameters such as wavelength or radiation, catalyst, temperature, etc. Alternatively, the photoactive material can be accompanied by a migration promoting material such as a liquid crystal, magnetic, paramagnetic, or electrostatic material.

  FIG. 160 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device having pixels and conductive paths formed by a natural assembly method. The photoactive mixture is placed over the bottom electrode formed on the substrate. FIG. 161 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for fabricating a photoactive device by natural assembly, which illustrates selectively patterning conductive paths by irradiating through a mask. A non-conductive monomer (not shown) is selectively patterned to form a light emitting region and to form a conductive path between the polymerized regions. The conductive path can form an electrode grid of the display device. The mixture can further include a conductive material that can be patterned as a conductive path. FIG. 162 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device by natural assembly, showing a patterned conductive path. Conductive components [(ep) and (C)] are patterned as conductive paths.

  FIG. 163 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for fabricating a photoactive device by natural assembly, which illustrates selectively patterning pixel areas by illuminating through a mask. The monomer can be polymerized under first polymerization conditions such as the first irradiation wavelength, temperature, or other parameters that cause polymerization. The conductive material can include a second monomer that can be polymerized under second polymerization conditions, such as second irradiation wavelength, temperature, or other parameters that cause polymerization. FIG. 164 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for fabricating a photoactive device by natural assembly, showing patterned pixel areas and conductive paths. The luminescent particles and conductive material are patterned as conductive pathways by selectively polymerizing the conductive material, concentrating the luminescent particles into luminescent pixels, and condensing the conductive material into non-luminescent regions between the luminescent pixels. Can be The arraying field can be applied during the polymerization process or at other times when the luminescent or photoactive particles can move. The array field can be magnetic or electrical, and patterned electrodes can be used to define the array field.

  FIG. 165 schematically illustrates a photoactive device manufactured by natural assembly showing a light emitting / high conductivity region, a non-light emitting / high conductivity region, and a non-light emitting / low conductivity region. The photoactive particles can include a liquid crystal component and a chromophore component. The top electrode covering the emissive layer can be patterned as an electrode grid so that the device acts as a pixelated display or photosensor. At least one performance enhancing layer (not shown) can be provided between the bottom substrate and the light emitting layer. This performance enhancing layer can include, for example, a light absorbing or reflecting layer, a charge injection blocking or facilitating layer, and / or a barrier layer, for example, to prevent moisture or oxygen ingress. According to the present invention, a light emitting device can be manufactured using a natural assembly technique. A bottom substrate is provided and a bottom electrode is provided over the bottom substrate. A light emitting layer comprising a mixture comprising a light emitting / high conductivity material and a non-light emitting / low conductivity material is disposed over the bottom substrate. The mixture is selectively patterned to concentrate the luminescent / high conductivity material into the luminescent region and concentrate the non-luminescent / low conductivity material into the non-luminescent region.

  FIG. 166 illustrates a cubic volume of photoactive particulate material randomly dispersed in a photopolymerizable monomer carrier. The mixture of photoactive particles and photopolymerizable monomer fills one volume portion. The mixture is irradiated with two or more types of laser beams. The laser beam is aligned and polarized to produce a specific holographic interference pattern with alternating dark and bright areas. FIG. 167 illustrates the cubic volume portion shown in FIG. 166 showing the photoactive material and polymerized carrier after holographic patterning using the interference pattern produced by the laser beam. In the bright region of the pattern, the monomer is polymerized. As polymerization proceeds, the monomer moves from the dark area to the bright area, concentrating the photoactive particles into the dark area. As a result, a solid polymer in which liquid crystal droplets are embedded in a pattern corresponding to a dark region of the holographic interference pattern is finally obtained. Thus, according to the present invention, the mixture can be selectively patterned using the laser interference pattern to form a three-dimensional array of non-light-emitting areas and bright and dark areas corresponding to the light-emitting areas. The three-dimensional pattern can be used to selectively pattern the mixture to form a three-dimensional structure containing a photoactive material (ep), such as a conductor material (C) (not shown) Other components can be included to create the desired pattern of conductive channels and luminescent materials within the mixture volume. The light emitting areas are formed as individual pixels surrounded by non-light emitting areas. The mixture can further include a non-luminescent / highly conductive material. The light emitting / high conductivity material and the non-light emitting / high conductivity material can be patterned as a conductive path between the non-light emitting regions. The light emitting / high conductivity material and / or the non-light emitting / high conductivity material may include a liquid crystal component.

  With regard to the above description, the optimal shape relationships for the various parts of the present invention, including changes in size, material, shape, form, function and method of operation, assembly and use, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. You will understand that it is considered to be done. All relationships equivalent to those described in the specification and illustrated in the drawings are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.

  Accordingly, what has been described above is considered merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. Further, since many modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desirable to limit the invention to the precise construction and operation described and shown. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents are within the scope of the invention and fall within it.

FIG. 1 shows the thin and light possible of the present invention, which has parts that can be manufactured by the display manufacturing method of the present invention and shows the simultaneous display of illustrated multiple access content, video phone flow, and TV broadcast flow. It is a figure which shows one aspect | mode of a flexible radio display. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing particles of OLED material dispersed in a carrier fluid 12 according to the display manufacturing method of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows a microcapsule of the present invention comprising an internal phase of an OLED material encased in a polymer shell. FIG. 4 shows a bipolar microcapsule of the present invention comprising an internal phase of an OLED material encased in a polymer shell. FIG. 5 shows a first microcapsule comprising an internal phase of an OLED material and a magnetic material with a mixture of electrolyte and uncured monomer, all of which are composed of microcapsules encased in a polymer shell. It is a figure which shows a microcapsule. FIG. 6 illustrates an OLED material encased in a double wall shell with each wall having a composition selected to impart the desired electrical, optical, magnetic, and / or mechanical properties to the microcapsule. It is a figure which shows the microcapsule of this invention containing an internal phase. FIG. 7 shows a microcapsule of the present invention comprising an internal phase consisting of a mixture of OLED material and other components to adjust the electrical, optical, magnetic, and / or mechanical properties of the microcapsule. FIG. FIG. 8 shows a microcapsule of the present invention composed of a first microcapsule comprising an internal phase composed of an OLED material and a corrosion barrier material, all encased in a polymer shell. FIG. 9 illustrates a microcapsule of the present invention composed of a multi-wall microcapsule structure in which a layer of corrosion barrier material is encased in a polymer shell with the internal phase of the OLED material. FIG. 10 illustrates an inkjet or other nozzle fabrication method for forming a layer of OLED microcapsules dispersed in a photocurable monomer carrier. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a layer of OLED microcapsules fixed in a cured monomer barrier disposed between the top electrode and the bottom electrode 14. FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a sealed manufacturing site for forming a barrier-protected OLED microcapsule display layer. FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating the process of manufacturing the display of the present invention using a modular location for forming various layers of a thin and light flexible wireless display. FIG. 14 shows a highly organized OLED microcapsule structure formed according to the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a chain structure of OLED microcapsules formed according to the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 16 is a view showing a natural color OLED display formed according to the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 17 is a diagram showing layers of conductive microcapsules for forming an electrode layer according to the device manufacturing method of the present invention. FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating the formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed on the electrode layer. FIG. 19 shows the formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed between the top and bottom electrode layers. FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating the formation of OLED microcapsule chains within a cured carrier to form a corrosion barrier. FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a natural color display formed according to the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 22 is a diagram showing step 1 of one embodiment of the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 23 is a diagram showing step 2 of one embodiment of the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 24 is a diagram showing step 3 of one embodiment of the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 25 is a diagram showing step 4 of one embodiment of the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 26 is a diagram showing step 5 of one embodiment of the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 27 is a diagram showing step 6 of one embodiment of the method for manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention. FIG. 28 shows a magnetically responsive OLED microcapsule for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule with the arraying field turned off. FIG. 29 is a diagram showing a magnetically responsive OLED microcapsule for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule with an uncured electrolyte mixture and turning on the alignment magnetic field. FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating a magnetically responsive OLED microcapsule for forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule with a cured electrolyte mixture, with the alignment magnetic field turned on. FIG. 31 shows a pixel composed of a chain of capacitor OLED microcapsules charged with a charging voltage. FIG. 32 shows a pixel composed of a chain of capacitor OLEDs that are activated by a trigger voltage and emit light. FIG. 33 shows an OLED microcapsule that is a fluid but randomly dispersed in a curable carrier fluid. FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating OLED microcapsule chains arranged in an application array field formed in an uncured carrier fluid. FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating OLED microcapsule chains arranged in a field for application alignment maintained in alignment in a cured carrier. FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating a structure in which a driving voltage is applied and light is emitted from the OLED microcapsule chain in the OLED microcapsule structure illustrated in FIG. 35. FIG. 37 is a diagram illustrating a method for forming OLED particles having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer. FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a method for forming encapsulated OLED particles. FIG. 39 is a diagram showing a first step in forming multilayer OLED particles. FIG. 40 is a diagram showing a second step in forming multilayer OLED particles. FIG. 41 is a diagram showing a third step in forming multilayer OLED particles. FIG. 42 schematically illustrates a natural color OLED display constructed in accordance with the present invention and having a two-color display layer to provide a display that is improved in display contrast, power efficiency, and viewed in bright sunlight. FIG. FIG. 43 is a diagram schematically showing a display having two-color pixels oriented to reflect the emitted OLED light in the natural color OLED display shown in FIG. FIG. 44 schematically shows the natural color OLED display shown in FIG. 42 and shows the relative intensity of light reflected by the two-color pixel orientation. FIG. 45 shows magnetically active OLED microcapsules randomly dispersed in a fluid but curable carrier fluid with desiccant particles. FIG. 46 shows a magnetically active OLED microcapsule chain arranged in an alignment magnetic field applied in an uncured carrier fluid. FIG. 47 shows a magnetically active OLED microcapsule chain aligned within an applied alignment magnetic field, maintained in place within a cured carrier. FIG. 48 is a diagram illustrating a magnetically active OLED microcapsule structure in which light is emitted from the OLED microcapsule chain. FIG. 49 is a diagram schematically showing a natural color OLED display having a high-intensity visible light display layer and an infrared display layer. FIG. 50 is a diagram illustrating an OLED display layer and a liquid crystal light modulation layer. FIG. 51 is a diagram showing an OLED display of the present invention manufactured using a thin film of an organic material together with a light detection element and a light detection pixel element. FIG. 52 shows an OLED microcapsule where the shell is slightly less conductive than the encapsulated OLED material. FIG. 53 is a diagram showing an OLED microcapsule in which an OLED is encapsulated together with a magnetic inner microcapsule having an electrically insulating shell and an electrolyte. FIG. 54 shows an OLED microcapsule when the OLED material and the hole transport material are contained in a conductive shell as a solution. FIG. 55 shows the OLED microcapsule shown in FIG. 54 that includes a magnetically active material and a colored dye in the internal phase and a heat-meltable material in the shell. FIG. 56 is a diagram showing the microcapsules used to create a general illumination or display backlit OLED device with the OLED microcapsules shown in FIG. FIG. 57 is a diagram showing a transparent flexible OLED display manufactured for use as part of a windshield of a vehicle. FIG. 58 is a block diagram showing basic components of an active windshield display system using an OLED display. FIG. 59 is a diagram showing an OLED light emitting element. FIG. 60 is a diagram illustrating an OLED light emitting device having a conventional bulb form factor. FIG. 61 is a diagram showing an OLED device manufactured using a light emitting layer and a light detection layer. FIG. 62 is a diagram showing a stereoscopic field goggle having an OLED display device element. FIG. 63 is a diagram illustrating a flexible OLED display with a curvature that compensates for the range of motion of the human eye. FIG. 64 is a diagram illustrating a flexible OLED display having an optical lens element for focusing the emitted light to an appropriate physical location in the human eye. FIG. 65 shows a wound visor having a curved flexible OLED display and a speaker. In FIG. 66, FIG. 66 (a) is a view showing a wall of a house having the OLED display window of the present invention, which is driven so that the window is transparent, and trees outside the house can be seen through the window. It is. FIG. 66 (b) has the OLED display window of the present invention, which is driven to simultaneously display multiple video streams including video telephony, internet web pages, and television programs. It is a figure which shows the wall of a house. FIG. 66 (c) is a view showing a wall of a house having a window that can be driven to become a mirror in the OLED display window of the present invention. In FIG. 67, FIG. 67 (a) illustrates the use of the large format flexible indicator of the present invention as part of a camouflage system for a vehicle such as a military tank. FIG. 67 (b) is a diagram showing a system having a field of view in which the display area is curved in the camouflage system shown in FIG. 67 (a). FIG. 67 (c) illustrates the use of the flexible clothing display of the present invention as part of a camouflage system for a person. FIG. 67 (d) is a diagram showing a case where the garment camouflage system of the present invention shown in FIG. 67 (b) is used. In FIG. 68, FIG. 68 (a) is a diagram showing a case where a flexible and light solar panel is used as a conversion system from sunlight to energy for powering an airplane such as a military observation drone. is there. FIG. 68 (b) is a block diagram showing certain system elements of the military observation drone shown in FIG. 68 (a). FIG. 69 is a diagram showing semiconductor particles randomly dispersed in a conductive carrier in one embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention. FIG. 70 is a diagram showing one embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention showing semiconductor particles arranged between electrodes. FIG. 71 is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of a photoactive device of the present invention showing semiconductor particles and other performance enhancing particles randomly dispersed in a conductive carrier material. FIG. 72 is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of a photoactive device of the present invention showing different materials of organic photoactive particles dispersed in a carrier material. FIG. 73 is a diagram showing organic photoactive particles formed from a polymer mixture. FIG. 74 is a diagram showing polymer mixture organic photoactive particles dispersed in a conductive carrier. FIG. 75 is a diagram showing polymer mixture organic photoactive particles showing photoactive sites. FIG. 76 shows a polymer mixture organic photoactive particle having a field attractive component for aligning particles in an alignment field. FIG. 77 is a diagram showing a composite microcapsule including multilayer organic photoactive particles each having light emission and operating voltage of different wavelengths. FIG. 78 shows another composite microcapsule comprising multi-layer organic photoactive particles, at least one of which has a field attractive component. FIG. 79 is a diagram showing three types of light-emitting microcapsule materials each having an operating voltage adjusted by the composition of the internal phase and the composition of the encapsulation shell. FIG. 80 illustrates one embodiment of the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention showing composite microcapsule particles randomly dispersed within a carrier. FIG. 81 is a diagram showing one embodiment of the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention showing composite microcapsule particles arranged between electrodes. FIG. 82 is a diagram showing the retina of the human eye responding to light of a wavelength in the visible spectrum. FIG. 83 is a diagram illustrating the primary color burst drive method of the present invention for producing a natural color image perceived by rapid continuous burst of primary color light. FIG. 84 is a diagram showing the Retinex burst driving method of the present invention for producing a perceived natural color image by rapid continuous burst emission of colored light. FIG. 85 is a diagram illustrating the adjusted color burst driving method of the present invention for producing a natural color image perceived by rapid continuous burst emission of adjusted colored light. FIG. 86 is a process diagram showing the steps of the method of the present invention for forming multilayer organic photoactive material particles. FIG. 87 is a diagram showing layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of a hole transport material and particles of a light emitting layer material. FIG. 88 is a diagram showing a method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a hole transport component and a light emitting layer component. FIG. 89 is a diagram showing multilayer organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing layered particles of a hole transport / light emitting layer material and particles of an electron transport material. FIG. 90 is a diagram showing a method of the present invention for forming multilayer organic photoactive material particles from a hole transport / light emitting layer component and an electron transport component. FIG. 91 is a diagram showing layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing blocking material particles and electron transport material particles. FIG. 92 is a diagram showing a method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a blocking component and an electron transporting component. FIG. 93 is a diagram showing layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing light emitting layer material particles and hole transport material particles. FIG. 94 is a diagram showing the method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a light emitting layer component and a hole transport component. FIG. 95 is a diagram showing multilayer organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing layered particles of blocking / electron transporting material and layered particles of light emitting layer / hole transporting material. FIG. 96 is a diagram illustrating a method of the present invention for forming multilayer organic photoactive material particles from a blocking / electron transport component and a hole transport / light emitting layer component. FIG. 97 is a diagram showing layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the particles of the field attractive material and the particles of the electron transport material. FIG. 98 is a diagram showing a method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a field attractive component and an electron transport component. FIG. 99 is a diagram showing layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of a light emitting layer material and particles of a hole transport material. FIG. 100 is a diagram showing a method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a light emitting layer component and a hole transport component. FIG. 101 is a diagram showing multilayer organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing layer attractive particles of field attractive / electron transport material and light emitting layer / hole transport material layered particles. FIG. 102 is a diagram showing the method of the present invention for forming multilayer organic photoactive material particles from a field attractive / electron transport component and a hole transport / light emitting layer component. FIG. 103 is a cross-sectional view of a coated cathode fiber having a blocking layer formed on the cathode fiber and an electron transport layer formed on the blocking layer. FIG. 104 is a cross-sectional view of a coated anode fiber having a hole transport layer formed on the anode fiber and a light emitting layer formed on the hole transport layer. FIG. 105 shows a coated cathode fiber and a coated anode fiber twisted together to form a luminescent fiber. FIG. 106 is a diagram illustrating a method of coating an electrode wire with an organic photoactive device material. FIG. 107 is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing process using the OLED particle / conductive carrier mixture of the present invention. FIG. 108 is a diagram showing a process of printing an electrode pattern on a polymer sheet substrate. FIG. 109 is a diagram showing an enlarged gap distance between electrodes according to the present invention. FIG. 110 illustrates a single layered multicolor pixel according to the present invention. FIG. 111 is a diagram showing a conventional OLED device. FIG. 112 is a diagram illustrating a conventional OLED device showing a single dust particle that causes an electrical short between electrodes. FIG. 113 is a diagram showing a conventional OLED device showing deterioration of an organic thin film laminate due to intrusion of oxygen and water through a substrate. FIG. 114 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the extrusion of photoactive fibers having aligned OLED particles. FIG. 115 is a schematic perspective view showing the extrusion of the photoactive fiber. FIG. 116 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the extruded photoactive fiber. FIG. 117 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of an extruded photoactive fiber driven by a voltage applied between electrodes. FIG. 118 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an extruded photoactive fiber having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. FIG. 119 is a schematic perspective view showing extrusion of a photoactive fiber having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. FIG. 120 shows an extruded photoactive fiber connected to a voltage source having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. FIG. 121 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing extrusion of a photoactive ribbon having aligned OLED particles. FIG. 122 is a schematic perspective view showing the extrusion of the photoactive ribbon. FIG. 123 is a diagram of a portion of an extruded photoactive ribbon. FIG. 124 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an extruded photoactive ribbon that incorporates a wire electrode within the ribbon and is driven by a voltage applied between the electrodes. FIG. 125 is a diagram showing a photoactive fiber extrusion and cutting mechanism to form OLED photoactive fibers of uniform length. FIG. 126 is a diagram showing OLED photoactive fibers randomly dispersed between two electrodes. FIG. 127 is a diagram showing OLED photoactive fibers arranged between two electrodes. FIG. 128 shows OLED photoactive fibers randomly distributed between two electrodes having a gap distance close to the uniform length of the fibers. FIG. 129 shows an OLED photoactive fiber arranged between two electrodes having a gap distance close to the uniform length of the fiber. FIG. 130 is a diagram showing photoactive fibers woven into a carpet. FIG. 131 is a diagram showing a weaving method of the photoactive cloth. FIG. 132 is a diagram illustrating a large curved envelop indicator formed in accordance with the present invention and formed by tiling a length of indicator portion. FIG. 133 is a diagram illustrating a method of forming two ultrathin OLED multilayer fibers by drawing and thinning. FIG. 134 is a diagram showing a method of forming four ultrathin OLED multilayer fibers by drawing and thinning. FIG. 135 is a cross-sectional view showing a wire having an electron transport coating layer. FIG. 136 is a cross-sectional view showing a wire having a hole transport coating layer. FIG. 137 shows a covered wire crossing electrode for forming a light emitting pixel at the intersection. FIG. 138 shows an OLED particle / conductive carrier mixture of the present invention formulated so that it can be formed into a useful product by plastic molding techniques. FIG. 139 shows an OLED solid state light of the present invention having a conventional bulb form factor. FIG. 140 is a diagram illustrating a process of spray-coating the reflective conductive layer of the OLED device. FIG. 141 is a diagram showing a step of spray coating the light emitting layer of the OLED device. FIG. 142 is a diagram showing a process of spray-coating the transparent electrode of the OLED device. FIG. 143 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, showing a photoactive mixture disposed between the x and y electrode grids. FIG. 144 is a diagram illustrating another process of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device showing a polymerization / migration process. FIG. 145 shows another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactivity device showing the alignment step. FIG. 146 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device showing controlled pixelated emission. FIG. 147 is a diagram illustrating a step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, showing the bottom substrate with the bottom electrode pattern formed thereon. FIG. 148 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, showing the photoactive mixture disposed in the photoactive layer over the bottom electrode pattern. FIG. 149 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, which illustrates patterning the photoactive layer by irradiating through a mask. FIG. 150 is a diagram illustrating another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device, showing the movement of the photoactive material to the photoactive region. FIG. 151 is a diagram showing the composition of the components in the polychromatic photoactive mixture. FIG. 152 is a diagram illustrating one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device, showing a multicolor photoactive mixture placed over the patterned bottom electrode grid. FIG. 153 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device showing one selective patterning of colored photoactive regions. FIG. 154 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device showing a patterned colored photoactive region. FIG. 155 shows a natural color photoactive device having patterned colored photoactive regions arranged side by side in red, green, and blue. FIG. 156 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for fabricating a pixelated photoactive device showing a mixture of photoactive materials with a patterned bottom electrode placed over the grid. . FIG. 157 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a pixelated photoactive device that illustrates selective patterning through a pixel grid mask. FIG. 158 is a diagram illustrating another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a pixelated photoactive device, showing the movement of photoactive material to the pixel region. FIG. 159 is a diagram showing the composition of components in a photoactive device having pixels and conductive paths formed by a natural assembly method. FIG. 160 illustrates one step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device having pixels and conductive paths formed by a natural assembly method. FIG. 161 is a diagram illustrating another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device by natural assembly, showing selective patterning of conductive paths by irradiation through a mask. FIG. 162 is a diagram illustrating another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device by natural assembly, showing a patterned conductive path. FIG. 163 is a diagram illustrating another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device by natural assembly, which illustrates selectively patterning pixel regions by irradiating through a mask. FIG. 164 illustrates another step of the method of the present invention for manufacturing a photoactive device by natural assembly, showing patterned pixel areas and conductive paths. FIG. 165 schematically illustrates a photoactive device manufactured by natural assembly showing a light emitting / high conductivity region, a non-light emitting / high conductivity region, and a non-light emitting / low conductivity region. FIG. 166 shows a cubic volume portion of photoactive particulate material randomly dispersed in a photopolymerizable monomer carrier. FIG. 167 shows the cubic volume portion shown in FIG. 166 showing the photoactive material and polymerized carrier after holographic patterning using the interference pattern generated by the laser beam.

Explanation of symbols

10 Microcapsule 12 Carrier fluid 14 Electrode 18 Seal 24 Flexible substrate 26 Conductor 30 Barrier layer 42 Desiccant and / or scavenger particles

Claims (151)

  Providing a top electrode and a bottom electrode and defining a gap therebetween; placing a randomly dispersed field reactive OLED particle in a fluid carrier in the gap; Applying an array field between the top electrode and the bottom electrode, and the field reaction in the fluid carrier between the top electrode and the bottom electrode Forming a desired orientation of the luminescent OLED particles.   The fluid carrier comprises a curable material and further comprises curing the carrier to form a cured carrier and maintaining a desired orientation of field reactive OLED particles within the cured carrier. OLED light emitting device formation method.   The method for forming an OLED light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the OLED particles include dielectric OLED microcapsules.   An OLED microcapsule comprising: an internal phase of the OLED material in a first shell; an electrolyte; and a second shell encapsulating the first shell and the electrolyte.   The OLED microcapsule of claim 4, wherein the OLED material internal phase further comprises a field reactive material.   6. The OLED microcapsule of claim 5, wherein the field reactive material comprises at least one of a magnetically reactive material and a magnetically reactive material effective to orient the OLED microcapsule within the arraying field.   An OLED comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode disposed adjacent to said first electrode and a gap defined therebetween; OLED particles; and a carrier material disposed within said gap and comprising said OLED particles; apparatus.   8. The OLED device of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise organic layered particles; each organic layered particle comprises a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer, with a heterojunction therebetween.   The OLED device according to claim 8, wherein each organic layered particle further includes at least one of a blocking layer and a light emitting layer.   The OLED particles include microcapsules, each microcapsule includes an internal phase and a shell, at least one of the internal phase and the shell includes an OLED material, and at least one of the internal phase and the shell includes a field reactive material. The OLED device of claim 7, wherein the field reactive material comprises at least one of an electrostatic material and a magnetic reactive material.   The OLED particles include microcapsules, each microcapsule includes an internal phase and a shell, at least one of the internal phase and the shell includes an OLED material, and at least one of the internal phase and the shell has an electrical power above a threshold value. The OLED device of claim 7, comprising a composition that breaks the microcapsules when energy is applied to the microcapsules.   OLED particles include microcapsules, each microcapsule includes an internal phase and a shell, at least one of the internal phase and the shell includes an OLED material, and at least one of the internal phase and the shell is a degradation of the OLED material. The OLED device of claim 7 comprising a composition effective to provide a barrier to   A micro with a component in which the OLED particles comprise at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a field reactive material, a solvent material, a coloring material, a shell forming material, a barrier material, a desiccant material, and a thermally meltable material Including a capsule, wherein the component has at least one inner layer and at least one shell, the component having electrical characteristics that provide a preferred electrical conduction path through the hole transport material and the electron transport material. The OLED device according to claim 7, wherein the microcapsule behaves as a pn junction when a potential is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode.   The OLED device of claim 7, wherein the carrier material is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED particles, thereby providing a path for the OLED particles to have a lower electrical resistance than the carrier material.   OLED particles include microcapsules, each microcapsule includes an internal phase and a shell, the internal phase includes an OLED material, and the shell is relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED material, whereby the OLED particles The OLED device of claim 7, wherein provides a path with lower electrical resistance than the shell.   The OLED particles include microcapsules, each microcapsule includes an internal phase and a shell, the shell includes an OLED component material that is one of a hole transport material and an electron transport material, and the internal phase includes a hole transport material and an electron. The OLED device of claim 7 comprising an OLED component material that is other than a transport material.   8. The carrier material has optical properties such that while using an OLED device, the carrier material has one of transparency, diffusivity, absorptivity, and reflectivity for light energy. The OLED device according to 1.   8. The OLED device of claim 7, wherein the material properties of the OLED particles include at least one of magnetorheological properties or electrorheological properties that orient the OLED particles within an applied electric field.   OLED particles include microcapsules, each microcapsule being an internal phase composed of an OLED material and a magnetically responsive material disposed in a first shell; an electrolyte and a curable material; and the first shell, the electrolyte, And a second shell enclosing the curable material, wherein in response to an applied magnetic field, the position of the first shell can change relative to the second shell and the curable The OLED device of claim 7, wherein when the material is cured, the position of the first shell relative to the second shell is fixed in place.   Providing an first electrode and a second electrode and defining a gap therebetween; placing a randomly dispersed field reactive OLED particle in a fluid carrier in the gap; Device forming method.   The method further includes applying an alignment field between the first electrode and the second electrode to form a desired orientation of field reactive OLED particles in a fluid carrier between the first electrode and the second electrode. The method for forming an OLED device according to claim 20.   21. The method of claim 20, wherein the carrier fluid comprises a curable material and further comprises curing the carrier to form a cured carrier and maintaining a desired orientation of field reactive OLED particles within the cured carrier. An OLED device forming method as described.   Providing a first particle composed of a hole transport material having a true first charge, and providing a second particle composed of an electron transport material having a true second charge, wherein the first charge is A process having a polarity opposite to that of two charges; an OLED particle obtained by integrating the first particle and the second particle together, and having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer, and a heterojunction therebetween The method of forming an OLED device according to claim 20, wherein the OLED particles are formed by: forming particles in which are formed.   21. The method of forming an OLED device according to claim 20, wherein the first particles further comprise at least one radioactive or receptive photon active layer. OLED particles are formed by microencapsulating an internal phase within a shell, wherein at least one of the internal phase and the shell comprises an OLED material, and at least one of the internal phase and the shell comprises a field reactive material. 21. The method of forming an OLED device according to claim 20, wherein the field reactive material includes at least one of an electrostatic material and a magnetic reactive material.   21. The method of forming an OLED device according to claim 20, wherein the OLED particles are formed by microencapsulating an internal phase in a shell, and the internal phase includes at least one of an OLED emitter material and an OLED hole transport material as a solution. .   21. The method of forming an OLED device according to claim 20, wherein at least one of the internal phase and the shell includes a field reactive component.   21. The method of forming an OLED device according to claim 20, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode includes an electrode grid for forming an OLED pixel between the first electrode and the second electrode.   21. The method of forming an OLED device according to claim 20, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode include sheet electrodes so as to form a general illumination OLED device.   A first layer electrode, a second layer electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode, and a first layer gap defined therebetween, OLED particles, and the first layer gap disposed within the first layer gap, the OLED A first OLED pixel layer composed of a carrier material comprising particles; and a first subsequent layer electrode, a second subsequent layer electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode, and a second layer defined therebetween An OLED device comprising: a gap, at least one subsequent OLED pixel layer composed of OLED particles; and a carrier material disposed in the second layer gap and comprising the OLED particles.   The OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in a first wavelength range in response to drive voltages applied to the first layer electrode and the second layer electrode; each OLED of each subsequent OLED pixel layer 31. The OLED device of claim 30, wherein the particles emit light in different wavelength ranges in response to a drive voltage applied to each first subsequent layer electrode and each second subsequent layer electrode.   The OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in the red range; the OLED particles of the first subsequent OLED pixel layer emit light in the green range; the OLED particles of the second subsequent OLED pixel layer are blue range 32. The OLED device according to claim 31.   Further, a two-color pixel layer disposed adjacent to the last subsequent OLED pixel layer, a first two-color electrode, a second two-color electrode disposed adjacent to the first two-color electrode, and their 32. The OLED device of claim 31, comprising a two-color pixel layer including a two-color pixel gap defined therebetween, and a two-color element disposed within the two-color pixel gap.   31. The OLED device of claim 30, wherein the second layer electrode comprises the same electrode as the first subsequent layer electrode.   The OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in the red range; the OLED particles of the first subsequent OLED pixel layer emit light in the green range; the OLED particles of the second subsequent OLED pixel layer are blue range The OLED particles of at least one additional subsequent OLED pixel layer emit at least one additional color gamut of light or differ from the color and / or light intensity of other OLED particles 31. The OLED device according to claim 30, having color and / or light intensity.   The OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer receive photons in the first wavelength range, emit electric energy in response, and apply the electric energy to the first layer electrode and the second layer electrode as a detectable signal Each OLED particle of each subsequent OLED pixel layer receives a photon in a different wavelength range and emits electrical energy in response thereto, each first subsequent layer electrode as a detectable signal, and 31. The OLED device of claim 30 applied to each second subsequent layer electrode.   The OLED particles of at least one of the subsequent OLED pixel layers receive photons and emit electrical energy in response, and the electrical energy is detected as a signal that can be detected as the first of the at least one subsequent OLED pixel layer. 31. The OLED device of claim 30, applied to a subsequent layer electrode and the second subsequent layer electrode.   Semiconductor particles dispersed in a conductive carrier material; in the first contact layer, when an electric field is applied to the first contact layer, a first type of charged carrier passes through the conductive carrier material in the semiconductor particle. A first contact layer selected to be injected into the second contact layer; when an electric field is applied to the second contact layer, a second type of charged carrier passes through the conductive carrier material and A photoactive device comprising: a second contact layer selected to be injected into the semiconductor particles.   40. The photoactive device of claim 38, wherein the semiconductor particles comprise at least one of an organic and inorganic semiconductor.   The semiconductor particles include organic photoactive particles containing at least one conjugated polymer, and the external charge carrier concentration of the at least one conjugated polymer is sufficiently low, so that an electric field between the first and second contact layers Is applied to the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material, the second contact layer becomes positive with respect to the first contact layer, and the first and second types of charged carriers enter the semiconductor particles. 39. The photoactive activity of claim 38, wherein the photoactive activity is injected and together forms a charge carrier pair in the conjugated polymer that collapses and emits radiation, thereby emitting radiation from the conjugated polymer. apparatus.   41. The photoactive device of claim 40, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material.   41. The organic of claim 40, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise particles comprising a polymer mixture, the polymer mixture comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Photoactive device.   The organic photoactive particles comprise a microcapsule comprising a polymer shell enclosing an internal phase composed of a polymer mixture comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Item 43. The organic photoactive device according to Item 42.   43. The organic photoactive device of claim 42, wherein the conductive carrier material comprises a binder material with one or more property-modifying additives.   The additive for adjusting properties is at least one of particles and fluid, and is a desiccant, a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength increasing phase, an adhesion increasing phase, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, 45. The organic photoactive device of claim 44, comprising a low work function metal, a blocking material, and an emission enhancing material.   The first contact layer and the second contact layer are arranged to form an array of pixels, each pixel including a portion of semiconductor particles dispersed in a conductive carrier material, each pixel comprising the first contact layer. 39. The organic photoactive device of claim 38, wherein the organic photoactive device can be selectively addressed by applying a driving voltage to the contact layer and the second contact layer.   In a voltage controlled photoactive device for emitting two or more colors of light, a first electrode; a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode; and a gap defined therebetween; A photoactive layer composed of a mixture of particles and a conductive carrier material, wherein the mixture is disposed in the gap, the photoactive particles comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer. Comprising a luminescent particle, wherein the first luminescent particle emits a number of photons of a first color in response to a first operating voltage applied to the electrode and a first responsive to a different operating voltage. Emitting a number of photons of different colors, the photoactive particle further comprising a second luminescent particle, wherein the second luminescent particle is a number of photons of a second color in response to a second operating voltage. And emit a different number of photons of the second color in response to another operating voltage Voltage controlled photoactive device comprising it.   48. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device of claim 47, wherein the second luminescent particles comprise at least one second conjugated polymer and an inorganic luminescent material.   The photoactive layer further comprises a third luminescent particle, wherein the third luminescent particle emits a number of photons of a third color in response to a third operating voltage applied to the electrode for another operation. 48. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device of claim 47, which emits a different number of photons of a third color in response to a voltage.   50. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device of claim 49, wherein the first color is red, the second color is green, and the third color is blue.   The photoactive layer comprises at least one additional emitter particle comprising a further electroluminescent conjugated polymer or inorganic emitter, said at least one additional emitter being a certain number of colors in response to the operating voltage. 50. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device according to claim 49, which emits a number of photons and emits a different number of photons in response to another operating voltage.   52. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device of claim 51, wherein the color falls within the visible spectrum.   52. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device of claim 51, wherein the color does not fall within the visible spectrum.   52. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device of claim 51, wherein the color is infrared.   Organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material in which the first electrode is the x-grid portion of the electrode, the second electrode is the y-grid portion of the electrode, and is in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode 48. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device according to claim 47, wherein the mixture of comprises a radiation component of a pixel of the display device.   At least one electroluminescent conjugated polymer is a compound selected from the group consisting of polythiophene, poly (paraphenylene), and poly (paraphenylenevinylene), alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, fluoroalkyl, 48. The voltage controlled organic photoactive device of claim 47, comprising at least some of the compounds having a substituent selected from the group consisting of alkylphenylene and alkoxyphenylene vinylene.   A first grid of drive electrodes formed on the substrate; a second grid of electrodes disposed adjacent to the first grid of electrodes; and a gap defined therebetween; and organic photoactive particles; A mixture with a conductive carrier material, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a first operating voltage. Particles and a second particle comprising a second electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a second operating voltage different from the first operating voltage, the first operating voltage applied to the first electrode and the second electrode In response, light having a first color is emitted by the first electroluminescent conjugated polymer and in response to a second operating voltage applied to the first electrode and the second electrode, Light having a second color by Nessensu conjugated polymer including being emitted, the organic photoactive display device.   Forming a first mixture of a first organic photoactive component material and a first carrier fluid; forming a second mixture of a second organic photoactive component material and a second carrier fluid; Generating a first mist of the mixture and temporarily suspending the first particles of the first organic photoactive ingredient material in the environment; generating a second mist of the second mixture in the environment; Temporarily suspending the second particles of the two organic photoactive component materials in the environment; mixing the first particles and the second particles and sucking them together in the environment; Forming a first layered organic photoactive material particle comprising a first layer of an active component material and a second layer of the second organic photoactive component material.   And forming a third mixture of the third organic photoactive component material and the third carrier fluid; forming a fourth mixture of the first layered organic photoactive material particles and the fourth carrier fluid; Generating a third mist of the third mixture and temporarily suspending the third particles of the third organic photoactive ingredient material in the environment; generating a fourth mist of the fourth mixture in the environment Temporarily suspending the first layered organic photoactive material particles in the environment; mixing the third particles and the first layered organic photoactive material particles and sucking them together in the environment 59. forming a second layered organic photoactive material particle comprising a layer of the first layered organic photoactive material particle and a layer of the third organic photoactive component material. Of forming layered organic photoactive material particles.   Further forming another mixture of another organic photoactive component material and another carrier fluid; forming another mixture of previously formed layered organic photoactive material particles and another carrier fluid. Generating another mist of said another mixture in the environment and temporarily suspending another particle of said another organic photoactive ingredient material in the environment; further of said further mixture in the environment; Generating another mist and temporarily suspending the first layered organic photoactive material particles in the environment; mixing the other particles with previously formed layered organic photoactive material particles; and Inhaling together to form second layered organic photoactive material particles comprising a layer of the first layered organic photoactive material particles and a layer of the third organic photoactive component material; The method for forming layered organic photoactive material particles according to claim 59.   61. The layered organic photoactive of claim 60, wherein at least one of the first, second, and subsequent organic active component materials comprises at least one of a hole transport material, an emissive layer material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Method for forming material particles.   64. The at least one of the first, second, and subsequent organic active ingredient materials comprises at least one of a magnetic material, an electrostatic material, a desiccant, a hole injection material, and an electron injection material. Method for forming layered organic photoactive material particles.   61. The layered of claim 60, wherein at least one of the first and second and subsequent carrier fluids is a first solvent, and the first, second, and subsequent organic photoactive component materials are each soluble in the solvent. Method for forming organic photoactive material particles.   64. Layered organic photoactive material particles according to claim 63, wherein at least one of the first, second, and subsequent organic photoactive component materials are fine particles insoluble in each first, second, and subsequent carrier fluid. Forming method.   61. The method for forming layered organic photoactive material particles according to claim 60, wherein the third organic photoactive particles include multilayer organic photoactive material particles.   60. The method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles of claim 59, wherein the environment comprises one of a gas mixture, an inert gas, a liquid, or a vacuum.   68. The method for forming layered organic photoactive material particles according to claim 66, further comprising a step of performing a property improving process on the formed layered organic photoactive material particles.   60. The method for forming layered organic photoactive material particles according to claim 59, further comprising the step of microencapsulating the organic photoactive material particles.   And forming a first mist having a charge of a certain polarity; forming a second mist having a charge of the opposite polarity, and electrically connecting the first organic photoactive particle and the second organic photoactive particle. 60. The method for forming layered organic photoactive material particles according to claim 59, comprising the step of increasing the attractive force.   In a method of driving a multicolor light emitting device capable of continuously emitting two or more kinds of light emitted in response to different applied voltages, a first operating voltage having a certain duration during a light emission cycle is provided. Applying to the light emitting device and emitting a dominant number of photons of a first color as a first sudden emission; a magnitude different from the magnitude and polarity of the first operating voltage during a light emission cycle; Applying a second actuation voltage having at least one of polarity and duration and emitting a dominant number of photons of a second color as a second sudden emission, whereby during the light emission cycle, the second The first sudden radiation and the second sudden radiation are caused to occur quickly and continuously, and the human eye that has received the first sudden radiation and the second sudden radiation is stimulated to produce the first color and the second Know one color different from the other color Methods including, for driving the multi-color light-emitting device to be.   During the light emission cycle, a third operating voltage having a magnitude and / or polarity that is different from the magnitude and polarity of the other operating voltage and duration is applied, and the dominant number of photons of the third color is applied to the third. As a result, the first sudden radiation, the second sudden radiation, and the third sudden radiation are caused to occur quickly and continuously during the light emission cycle, and the human eye receiving the sudden radiation is stimulated. 71. The method of driving a multicolor light emitting device according to claim 70, further comprising the step of perceiving one color different from the first color, the second color, and the third color.   The first color is in the red part of the visible spectrum, the second color is in the green part of the visible spectrum, the third color is in the blue part of the visible spectrum, 72. Driving a multicolor light emitting device according to claim 71, wherein the number of photons of each color emitted to the light is controlled to result in a predetermined color in the visible spectrum that is not necessarily red, blue, or green. how to.   The method of driving a multicolor light emitting device according to claim 72, wherein the intensity, duration, and color emitted by the multicolor light emitting device are adjusted according to a Retinex display operation.   A Retinex display operation provides digital data indexed to represent a position on the display, such that the data indicates the intensity for each position in each spectral band; Adjusting the intensity value of the position to generate an adjusted intensity value according to a predetermined mathematical equation, filtering the adjusted intensity value for each position with a common function; and adjusting the operating voltage; 74. A method of driving a multicolor light emitting device according to claim 73, comprising: causing the emission of photons of each color to be based on an intensity value adjusted for each filtered spectrum at each location.   A long cured conductive carrier material; semiconductor particles dispersed within the conductive carrier material; by applying an electric field to the first contact region in the first contact region, a first type of charged carrier is A first contact region provided to be injected into the semiconductor particles through the carrier material; in the second contact layer, by applying an electric field to the second contact layer, a second type of charged carrier is A photoactive fiber comprising: a second contact layer applied to be injected into the semiconductor particles through a functional carrier material.   The photoactive fiber according to claim 75, wherein the semiconductor particles contain at least one of an organic and inorganic semiconductor.   The semiconductor particles include organic photoactive particles containing at least one conjugated polymer, and the external charge carrier concentration of the at least one conjugated polymer is sufficiently low, so that an electric field between the first and second contact layers Is applied to the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material, the second contact layer becomes positive with respect to the first contact layer, and the first and second types of charged carriers enter the semiconductor particles. 76. The photoactive fiber of claim 75, wherein the photoactive fibers are injected and together form a charged carrier pair in the conjugated polymer that collapses and emits radiation, thereby emitting radiation from the conjugated polymer. .   78. The photoactive fiber of claim 77, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material.   78. The light of claim 77, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise particles comprising a polymer mixture, and wherein the polymer mixture comprises an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Active fiber.   The organic photoactive particles comprise a microcapsule comprising a polymer shell enclosing an internal phase composed of a polymer mixture comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Item 78. The photoactive fiber according to Item 77.   78. The photoactive fiber of claim 77, wherein the conductive carrier material comprises a binder material with one or more property modifying additives.   The additive for adjusting properties is at least one of particles and fluid, and is a desiccant, a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength increasing phase, an adhesion increasing phase, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, 90. The photoactive fiber of claim 88, comprising a low work function metal, a blocking material, and an emission enhancing material.   One of the first and second contacts includes a first conductive member disposed longitudinally within a long cured conductive carrier material, and other than the first and second contacts are adjacent to the first conductive member. 76. The photoactive device of claim 75, comprising: a second conductive member disposed in a manner wherein at least a portion of the semiconductor particles are disposed between the first conductive member and the second conductive member. fiber.   The first conductive member includes a conductive material composed of at least one of a metal and a conductive polymer disposed within the long cured conductive carrier material; the second conductive member has a long cured conductivity 84. The photoactive fiber of claim 83, comprising a conductive material composed of at least one of a metal and a conductive polymer disposed as an outer coating on the carrier material.   The particles comprise at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material; the carrier is an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, At least one of an electron transport material and a performance enhancing material; the photoactive fiber further comprises an additional layer formed between the electrode and the particle / carrier layer, the additional layer comprising an organic emitter, inorganic 76. The photoactive fiber of claim 75, comprising at least one of an emitter, a hole transport material, an inhibitor material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material.   The particles have a first end having one electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity; a first type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the first end; 76. The photoactive fiber of claim 75, wherein the particles are arranged in a conductive carrier such that a mold charge carrier is more easily injected into the second end.   An injection moldable photoactive material comprising semiconductor photoactive particles dispersed in a curable carrier material.   88. The injection moldable photoactive material of claim 87, wherein the semiconductor photoactive particles comprise at least one of an organic and inorganic semiconductor.   88. The injection moldable photoactive material of claim 87, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material.   88. The emission of claim 87, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise particles comprising a polymer mixture, and the polymer mixture comprises an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Moldable photoactive material.   The organic photoactive particles comprise a microcapsule comprising a polymer shell enclosing an internal phase composed of a polymer mixture comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Item 88. The photoactive material capable of injection molding according to Item 87.   90. The injection moldable photoactive material of claim 87, wherein the carrier material comprises a binder material that is curable with one or more property modifying additives.   The additive for adjusting properties is at least one of particles and fluid, and is a desiccant, a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength increasing phase, an adhesion increasing phase, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, 94. The injection moldable photoactive material of claim 92 comprising a low work function metal, a blocking material, and a light emission enhancing material.   The particles comprise at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material; the carrier is an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, 90. The injection moldable photoactive material of claim 87, comprising at least one of an electron transport material and a performance enhancing material.   The semiconductor photoactive particles include first luminescent particles including first luminescent particles, wherein the first luminescent particles emit a number of photons of a first color in response to a first operating voltage applied to an electrode. Emitting a different number of photons of a first color in response to another operating voltage, the semiconductor photoactive particle further comprising a second luminescent particle, the second luminescent particle being a second activating particle 88. The injection moldable of claim 87, emitting a number of photons of a second color in response to a voltage and emitting a different number of photons of a second color in response to another operating voltage. Photoactive material.   The particles have a first end having one electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity; a first type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the first end; 96. The injection moldable photoactive material of claim 95, wherein the particles can be arranged within a conductive carrier such that a mold charge carrier is more easily injected into the second end. .   A first electrode; a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode; and a gap defined therebetween; comprising photon receiving particles and a carrier material for receiving photons and converting the photons into electrical energy Wherein the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode is such that electrical energy is generated when the photon receiving particles receive light energy. A photon-accepting photoactive device, wherein the photon-accepting photoactive device is disposed within and produced such that the electrical energy can be derived from an electrical connection between the first electrode and the second electrode.   The photon acceptor particle comprises at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material; the carrier particle comprises an organic photon acceptor, 98. The photon-accepting photoactive device of claim 97, comprising at least one of an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, an inhibitor material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material.   And an additional layer formed in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the additional layer comprises an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, an inhibitor material, an electron 99. The photon-accepting photoactive device according to claim 98, comprising at least one of a transport material and a performance enhancing material.   A first electrode; a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode; and a gap defined therebetween; an organic light emitting layer disposed within the gap; and a first electrode disposed within the gap. A gap expanding composition effective to increase the gap distance between the top and bottom electrodes.   101. The photoactive device of claim 100, wherein the gap widening composition comprises at least one of an insulator, a conductor, and a semiconductor.   101. The photoactive device of claim 100, wherein the gap widening composition comprises at least one additional layer formed between the first electrode and the second electrode.   105. The light of claim 102, wherein the additional layer comprises at least one of an organic photon acceptor, an inorganic photon acceptor, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, a radiation emitting material, and a performance enhancing material. Active device.   Gap expanding composition is desiccant, scavenger, conductive material, semiconductive material, insulating material, mechanical strength increasing material, adhesion increasing material, hole injection material, electron injection material, low work function metal, blocking material 101. The photoactive device of claim 100, comprising at least one of: and an emission enhancing material.   101. The photoactive device of claim 100, wherein the emissive layer comprises luminescent particles dispersed in a carrier.   The luminescent particles have a first end having one electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity, the particles being more easily loaded with the first type of charge carrier into the first end. 106. The photoactive device of claim 105, wherein the photoactive device can be arranged in a conductive carrier such that it is injected and a second type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the second end.   101. The photoactive device according to claim 100, wherein the light emitting layer is an organic thin film layer.   Conductive, insulating, and / or semiconducting material compositions that reduce the luminous efficiency of the light emitting layer while the gap expanding composition increases the effectiveness of the photoactive device by increasing the gap distance between the electrodes 108. The photoactive device of claim 107, comprising an article.   Monomer and photoactive material, a material that converts energy from light to emit light in response to applied electrical energy and a material that converts from radiation to energy that generates electrical energy in response to radiation. Providing a mixture comprising a photoactive material comprising at least one; and selectively cross-linking the monomers to form a polymer, concentrating the photoactive material in a first region, and bringing the polymer into a second region. A method for producing a photoactive device, comprising the step of concentrating.   110. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 109, further comprising disposing a mixture between the first electrode and the second electrode.   111. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 110, wherein the photoactive material comprises an organic light emitting diode material for emitting light when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode.   111. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 110, wherein the photoactive material includes an inorganic light emitting diode material for emitting light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode.   111. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 110, wherein the photoactive material includes a radiation-to-energy conversion material to generate an electric current in response to the radiation.   114. A method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 113, wherein the radiation is in the visible spectrum.   114. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 113, wherein the radiation is in a non-visible spectrum.   Photoactive material applied in the first region; a polymer provided in the second region to selectively crosslink the monomer from the mixture containing the monomer and the photoactive material and A polymer formed by concentrating the active material and concentrating the polymer concentration in the second region.   117. The photoactive device of claim 116, comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, and a polymer and photoactive material disposed therebetween.   118. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 117, wherein the photoactive material comprises an organic light emitting diode material for emitting light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode.   118. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 117, wherein the photoactive material includes an inorganic light emitting diode material for emitting light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode.   118. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 117, wherein the photoactive material includes a radiation-to-energy conversion material to generate an electric current in response to the radiation.   121. A method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 120, wherein the radiation is in the visible spectrum.   121. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 120, wherein the radiation is in the non-visible spectrum.   The photoactive material includes an organic photoactive material containing at least one conjugated polymer, and the external charge carrier concentration of the at least one conjugated polymer is sufficiently low so that when electric energy is applied to the photoactive material, First and second types of charge carriers are injected into the semiconductor particles and together form a charge carrier pair in the conjugated polymer, which collapses and emits radiation, thereby leaving the conjugated polymer. 117. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 116, wherein radiation is emitted.   117. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 116, wherein the photoactive material includes at least one of an organic semiconductor and an inorganic semiconductor.   117. The photoactive device of claim 116, wherein the photoactive material comprises a polymer mixture, and wherein the polymer mixture comprises an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a blocking material, and a liquid crystal. Manufacturing method.   117. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 116, wherein the photoactive material comprises a microcapsule comprising a polymer shell enclosing an internal phase comprising an organic emitter.   The mixture further comprises a property adjusting additive, the property adjusting additive being a desiccant, a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength increasing phase, an adhesion increasing phase, a hole injection material, 117. The photoactive device manufacturing method according to claim 116, wherein the photoactive device is at least one of an electron injection material, a low work function metal, a blocking material, a light emission enhancing material, and a liquid crystal.   The photoactive material emits a number of photons of a first color in response to a first operating voltage and emits a different number of photons of a first color in response to another operating voltage. Luminescent particles, wherein the photoactive material further includes second luminescent particles, wherein the second luminescent particles emit a number of photons of a second color in response to a second operating voltage; 117. A method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 116, wherein a different number of photons of the second color are emitted in response to the operating voltage.   The photoactive material further includes a third luminescent particle, wherein the third luminescent particle emits a number of photons of a third color in response to an operating voltage applied to the electrode and is responsive to another operating voltage. 129. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device of claim 128, wherein the method emits a different number of photons of a third color.   117. The method of manufacturing a photoactive device according to claim 116, wherein the photoactive material includes at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocking material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material.   A particle of photoactive material has a first end having one electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity, the particle having a first type of charge carrier in the first end. 117. The photoactive device of claim 116, wherein the photoactive device can be arranged in a conductive carrier such that it is more easily injected and a second type of charge carrier is more easily injected into the second end. .   Providing a bottom substrate; providing a bottom electrode covering the bottom substrate; including OLED particles dispersed in a monomer fluid carrier over the bottom electrode Disposing a light-emitting layer containing a mixture; selectively polymerizing monomers, concentrating OLED particles in the light-emitting region, and concentrating the polymerized monomer in the polymerization region; Production method.   135. The method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 132, wherein the step of selectively polymerizing the monomer includes forming a bright region and a dark region corresponding to the polymerization region and the light emitting region using a laser interference pattern.   135. The step of selectively polymerizing the monomer comprises using a radiation source transmitted through the patterned mask to form bright and dark regions corresponding to the polymerized and light emitting regions. The manufacturing method of the light-emitting device of description.   135. The method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 134, wherein the patterned mask includes at least one of a lowermost electrode and an uppermost electrode provided to cover the light emitting layer.   136. The method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 135, wherein the light emitting region is formed in each pixel surrounded by the overlap region.   135. The method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 132, wherein the step of selectively polymerizing the monomer includes patterning the light emitting regions and forming conductive paths between the polymerized regions.   138. The light emitting device manufacturing method of claim 137, wherein the conductive passage forms an electrode grid of the display device.   138. The method of manufacturing a light emitting device of claim 137, wherein the mixture further comprises a conductive material that can be patterned into a conductive path; and further comprising the step of patterning the conductive material into a conductive path.   The monomer is polymerized under a first polymerization condition; the conductive material includes a second monomer capable of polymerizing under a second polymerization condition; and the OLED particles and the conductive material in the conductive path are further connected to the conductive material. 139 comprising patterning by selectively polymerizing a luminescent material, concentrating the OLED particles in luminescent pixels, and condensing the conductive material in non-luminescent regions between the luminescent pixels. The manufacturing method of the light-emitting device of description.   Furthermore, the step of applying the arraying field can be applied during the polymerization process or at another time when the OLED particles are mobile; the arraying field can be magnetic or electrical; 143. A method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 132.   The method for manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 132, wherein the performance improving layer is provided between the lowermost substrate and the light-emitting layer.   The light emitting device manufacturing method according to claim 132, wherein the OLED particles include a liquid crystal component and a chromophore component.   135. The method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 132, further comprising the step of providing an uppermost electrode over the light emitting layer.   Providing a bottom substrate; covering the bottom substrate and providing a bottom electrode; covering the bottom substrate; a light emitting / high conductivity material and a non-light emitting / low conductivity material Disposing a light-emitting layer comprising a mixture comprising: condensing the light-emitting / high conductivity material in a light-emitting region and patterning the mixture to concentrate the non-light-emitting / low-conductivity material in a non-light-emitting region; A method for manufacturing a light emitting device.   146. The method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 145, wherein the step of selectively patterning includes forming a bright region and a dark region corresponding to the non-light emitting region and the light emitting region using a laser interference pattern.   145. The selectively patterning step comprises forming light and dark regions corresponding to non-light emitting regions and light emitting regions using a radiation source transmitted through the patterned mask. Light emitting device manufacturing method.   148. The light emitting device manufacturing method of claim 147, wherein the patterned mask includes at least one of a bottom electrode and a top electrode provided over the light emitting layer.   149. The method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 148, wherein the light emitting region is formed in each pixel surrounded by the non-light emitting region.   The mixture further includes a non-emissive / low-conductivity material; selectively patterning patterns the luminescent / high-conductivity material and the non-emissive / low-conductivity material as a conductive path between non-emissive regions 145. A method of manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 145.   146. A light emitting device manufacturing method according to claim 145, wherein the light emitting / highly conductive material comprising OLED particles comprises a liquid crystal component and a chromophore.

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